Participatory monitoring - Knowledge (XXG)

353:

entered onto monitoring forms) and data can be shared rapidly for analysis without transcription errors. The use of smartphones can incentivise young people to get involved in monitoring, sparking an interest in conservation. Some apps are especially designed to be usable by illiterate monitors. If local people risk threats or violence by monitoring illegal activities, the true purpose of the phones can be denied, and the monitoring data locked away. However, phones are expensive; are vulnerable to damage and technical issues; necessitate additional training - not least due to rapid technological change; phone charging can be a challenge (especially under thick forest canopies); and uploading data for analysis is difficult in areas without network connections.

151:

monitoring resources that are so valuable they attract powerful outsiders. Likewise, in areas where changes, threats, or interventions operate in complex fashions, where rural people do not depend on the use of natural resources and there are no real benefits flowing to the local people from doing monitoring work (or the costs to local people of involvement exceed the benefits), or where there is a poor relationship between the authorities and the local people, participatory monitoring is probably less likely to yield useful data and management solutions than conventional scientific approaches.

75:

can be logistically and technically difficult and is often perceived to be irrelevant by resource managers and the local communities. Involving local people and their communities in monitoring is often part of the process of sharing the management of land and resources with the local communities. It is connected to the devolution of rights and power to the locals. Aside from potentially providing high-quality information, participatory monitoring can raise local awareness and build the community and local government expertise that is needed for addressing the management of natural resources.

17: 345:

to transcription errors. Increasingly, participatory monitoring initiatives incorporate technology, from GPS recorders to georeference the data collected on paper, to drones to survey remote areas, phones to send simple reports via SMS, or smartphones to collect and store data. Various apps exist to create and manage data collection forms on smartphones (e.g.

111:

threats on their land and advance sustainable economic opportunities based on the use of natural resources". term ’participatory monitoring and management’ is particularly used in tropical, Arctic and developing regions, where communities are most often the custodians of valuable biodiversity and extensive natural ecosystems.

3445:

ELOKA (Exchange for Local Observations and Knowledge of the Arctic).2010. Exchanging and Sharing Knowledge: Toward an International Network Supporting Community-Based Monitoring and Local/Traditional Knowledge of the Arctic. A briefing paper for the State of the Arctic Conference, Miami, March 2010.

106:

Many of these approaches are directly linked to resource management, but the entities being monitored vary widely, from individual animals and plants, through habitats, to ecosystem goods and services. However, all of the approaches have in common that the monitoring is carried out by individuals who

3126:

Danielsen, F.; Burgess, N.D.; Balmford, A.; Donald, P.F.; Funder, M.; Jones, J.P.G.; Alviola, P.; Balete, D.S.; Blomley, T.; Brashares, J.; Child, B.; Enghoff, M.; Fjeldså, J.; Holt, S.; Hübertz, H.; Jensen, A.E.; Jensen, P.M.; Massao, J.; Mendoza, M.M.; Ngaga, Y.; Poulsen, M.K.; Rueda, R.; Sam, M.;

784:

Danielsen, F.; Jensen, P.M.; Burgess, N.D.; Altamirano, R.; Alviola, P.A.; Andrianandrasana, H.; Brashares, J.S.; Burton, A.C.; Coronado, I.; Corpuz, N.; Enghoff, M.; Fjeldså, J.; Funder, M.; Holt, S.; Hübertz, H.; Jensen, A.E.; Lewis, R.; Massao, J.; Mendoza, M.M.; Ngaga, Y.; Pipper, C.B.; Poulsen,

335:

Externally Driven, Professionally Executed Monitoring. Monitoring schemes of category E do not involve local stakeholders. Design of the scheme, analysis of the results, and management decisions derived from these analyses are all undertaken by professional scientists funded by external agencies. An

107:

live in the monitored places and rely on local natural resources, and that local people or local government staff are directly involved in formulation of research questions, data collection, and (in most instances) data analysis, and implementation of management solutions based on research findings.

74:

Participatory monitoring has emerged as an alternative or addition to professional scientist-executed monitoring. Scientist-executed monitoring is often costly and hard to sustain, especially in those regions of the world where financial resources are limited. Moreover, scientist-executed monitoring

344:

Traditional methods of data collection for participatory monitoring use paper and pen. This has advantages in terms of low cost of materials and training, simplicity, and reduced potential for technical hitches. However, all data must be transcribed for analysis, which takes time and can be subject

314:

Collaborative Monitoring with Local Data Interpretation. In these schemes, the original initiative was taken by scientists but local stakeholders collect, process and interpret the data, although external scientists may provide advice and training. The original data collected by local people remain

300:

A typology of monitoring schemes has been proposed, determined on the basis of relative contributions of local stakeholders and professional researchers. and supported by findings from statistical analysis of published schemes. The typology identified 5 categories of monitoring schemes that between

352:

Some initiatives find that the use of smartphones for data collection has advantages over paper-based systems. The advantages include that very little equipment need be carried on a survey, a large amount and variety of data can be stored (geographical locations, photos and audio, as well as data

321:

Collaborative Monitoring with External Data Interpretation. The third most distinct group is monitoring scheme category C. These schemes were designed by scientists who also analyse the data, but the local stakeholders collect the data, take decisions on the basis of the findings and carry out the

102:

The term ‘participatory monitoring’ embraces a broad range of approaches, from self-monitoring of harvests by local resource users themselves, to censuses by local rangers, and inventories by amateur naturalists. The term includes techniques labelled as ‘self-monitoring’, ranger-based monitoring’,

110:

Participatory monitoring is included in the term ’participatory monitoring and management’ which has been defined as "approaches used by local and Indigenous communities, informed by traditional and local knowledge, and, increasingly, by contemporary science, to assess the status of resources and

384:

Data classification: discussions in the communities can set out how different types of data can be used – for example a traffic light system can define ‘red’ data that is confidential to the community, ‘amber’ data which should be discussed prior to any use, and ‘green’ data that is approved for

307:

Autonomous Local Monitoring. In this category the whole monitoring process—from design, to data collection, to analysis, and finally to use of data for management decisions—is carried out autonomously by local stakeholders. There is no direct involvement of external agencies. For an example see.

391:

Reporting: the protocol can set out how data should be reported, for example specifying the manner and frequency with which findings are reported to the local community, and ensuring that technical data is presented in a way that is compatible with external systems (e.g. government databanks or

2834:

Danielsen, F.; Adrian, T.; Brofeldt, S.; Noordwijk, M. van; Poulsen, M.K; Rahayu, S.; Rutishauser, E.; Theilade, I.; Widayati, A.; An, N.T.; Bang, T.N.; Budiman, A.; Enghoff, M.; Jensen, A.E.; Kurniawan, Y.; Li, Q.; Mingxu, Z.; Schmidt-Vogt, D.; Prixa, S.; Thoumtone, V.; Warta, Z.; Burgess, N.

373:

are especially important for initiatives where diverse data is collected, of variable relevance to different stakeholders. For example, monitoring could on the one hand, investigate sensitive social problems within a community, or contested resources at the centre of local conflicts or illegal

328:

Externally Driven Monitoring with Local Data Collectors. This category of monitoring scheme involves local stakeholders only in data collection. The design, analysis, and interpretation of the monitoring results are undertaken by professional researchers—generally far from the site. Monitoring

150:

It has been suggested that participatory monitoring is unlikely to provide quantitative data on large-scale changes in habitat area, or on populations of cryptic species that are hard to identify or census reliably. It has also been suggested that participatory monitoring is not suitable for

985:

Constantino, P. A. L., R. A. Tavares, J. L. Kaxinawa, F. M. Macário, E. Kaxinawa e A. S. Kaxinawa. 2012. Mapeamento e monitoramento participativo da caça na Kaxinawá da Praia do Carapanã Indigenous Land, Acre, Amazônia Brasileira. In: Sistema de informações geográficas e a conservação da

71:, undertaken by local residents of the monitored area, who rely on local natural resources and thus have more local knowledge of those resources. Those involved usually live in communities with considerable social cohesion, where they regularly cooperate on shared projects. 2800:

Gardner, T.A.; Burgess, N.D.; Aguilar-Amuchastegui, N.; Barlow, J.; Berenguer, E.; Clements, T.; Danielsen, F.; Ferreira, J.; Foden, W.; Kapos, V.; Khan, S.M.; Lees, A.C.; Parry, L.; Roman-Cuesta, R.M.; Schmitt, C.B.; Strange, N.; Theilade, I.; Vieira, I.C.G. (2012).

366:, and prioritise the protection of the rights of those who generated the data, and/or those potentially affected by data-sharing. Local people can do much more than simply collect data: they can also define the ways that this data is used, and who has access to it. 361:

A key challenge for participatory monitoring is to develop ways to store, manage and share data and to do this in ways that respect the rights of the communities that supplied the data. A ‘rights-based approach to data sharing’ can be based on principles of

3402:

Lewis, J & Nkuintchu, T. 2012. Accessible technologies and FPIC: independent monitoring with forest communities in Cameroon. In IIED Biodiversity and culture: exploring community protocols, rights and consent. Participatory Learning and Action No.

2749:

Danielsen, F.; Skutsch, M.; Burgess, N.D.; Jensen, P.M.; Andrianandrasana, H.; Karky, B.; Lewis, R.; Lovett, J.C.; Massao, J.; Ngaga, Y.; Phartiyal, P.; Poulsen, M.K.; Singh, S.P.; Solis, S.; Sørensen, M.; Tewari, A.; Young, R.; Zahabu, E. (2011).

3559:

Nordic Council of Ministers 2015. Local knowledge and resource management. On the use of indigenous and local knowledge to document and manage natural resources in the Arctic. TemaNord 2015-506. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark.

2052:

1838:

Danielsen, F.; Jensen, A.E.; Alviola, P.A.; Balete, D.S.; Mendoza, M.M.; Tagtag, A.; Custodio, C.; Enghoff, M. (2005c). "Does monitoring matter? A quantitative assessment of management decisions from locallybased monitoring of protected areas".

1994:

Jones, J.P.G., Asner, G., Butchart, S.M. and Karanth, U. 2013. The ‘why’, ‘what’ and ‘how’ of monitoring for conservation. Pp. 329-343 in Macdonald, D.W. and Willis, K.J. (Eds.) Key Topics in Conservation Biology 2. Wiley-Blackwell,

141:"A process of routinely observing environmental or social phenomena, or both, that is led and undertaken by community members and can involve external collaboration and support of visiting researchers and government agencies". 315:

in the area being monitored, which helps create local ownership of the scheme and its results, but copies of the data may be sent to professional researchers for in-depth or larger-scale analysis. Examples are included in.

1506:

Becker, C.D.; Agreda, A.; Astudillo, E.; Constantino, M.; Torres, P. (2005). "Community-based surveys of fog capture and biodiversity monitoring at Loma Alta, Ecuador enhance social capital and institutional cooperation".

2069:

Constantino, P.A.L. et al. in press. Monitoramento Participativo Da Biodiversidade E Dos Recursos Naturais: Seminário Internacional E Formação Da Rede Internacional De Monitoramento E Manejo Participativo. Biodiversidade

3552:

Johnson, N. et al. 2015. Community-Based Monitoring in a Changing Arctic: A Review for the Sustaining Arctic Observing Network. Final report of Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks Task #9. Ottawa, ON: Inuit Circumpolar

2548:

374:

exploitation - data that community leaders might want to keep confidential and address locally; on the other hand, the same initiative could generate data on forest biomass, of greater interest to external stakeholders.

1320:

Oldekop, JA; Bebbington, AJ; Berdel, F; Truelove, NK; Wiersberg, T; et al. (2011). "Testing the accuracy of non-experts in biodiversity monitoring exercises using fern species richness in the Ecuadorian Amazon".

3179:

Sullivan, B.L.; Aycrigg, J.L.; Barry, J.H.; Bonney, R.E.; Bruns, N.; Cooper, C.B.; Damoulas, T.; et al. (2014). "The eBird enterprise: An integrated approach to development and application of citizen science".

123:"The systematic collection of information at regular intervals for initial assessment and for the monitoring of change. This collection is undertaken by locals in a community who do not have professional training". 1448:

Uychiaoco, AJ; Arceo, HO; Green, SJ; de la Cruz, MT; Gaite, PA; Alino, PM (2005). "Monitoring and evaluation of reef protected areas by local fishers in the Philippines: Tightening the adaptive management cycle".

1694:

EMAN (The Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network). 2003. Improving local decision making through community based monitoring: Toward a Canadian Community Monitoring Network. Ottawa: Environment Canada.

3571:

Special issue of Biodiversity and Conservation on the potential of locally based approaches to monitoring of biodiversity and resource use, available at www.monitoringmatters.org (Danielsen et al. 2005b).

1685:

Evans, K. and Guariguata, M.R. 2008. Participatory monitoring in tropical forest management: a review of tools, concepts and lessons learned. Center for International Forestry Research. Bogor, Indonesia.

131:"A process where concerned citizens, government agencies, industry, academia, community groups and local institutions collaborate to monitor, track, and respond to issues of common community concern". 2473:

Danielsen, F.; Topp-Jørgensen, E.; Levermann, N.; Løvstrøm, P.; Schiøtz, M.; Enghoff, M.; Jakobsen, P. (2014d). "Counting what counts: using local knowledge to improve Arctic resource management".

716:

JJones, J.P.G.; Andriamarovolona, M.M.; Hockley, N.; Gibbons, J.M.; Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2008). "Testing the use of interviews as a tool for monitoring trends in the harvesting of wild species".

388:

Processes for data sharing: this defines the roles and responsibilities of different people, and the processes to be followed for requests to access data, dependent on how that data is classified.

281: 2602:

Eira, I.M.G.; Jaedicke, C.; Magga, O.H.; Maynard, N.G.; Vikhamar-Schuler, D.; Mathiesen, S.D. (2013). "Traditional Sámi snow terminology and physical snow classification – two ways of knowing".

1590:

Topp-Jørgensen, E.; Poulsen, M.K.; Lund, J.F.; Massao, J.F. (2005). "Community-based monitoring of natural resource use and forest quality in montane forests and miombo woodlands of Tanzania".

381:

The infrastructure for data storage and management (computer programmes, hard drives and cloud storage). Local capacity should be strong enough to access, manage and retain control of the data.

3096:

Danielsen, F., Burgess, N.D., Jensen, P.M. and Pirhofer-Walzl, K. 2010. Environmental monitoring: the scale and speed of implementation varies according to the degree of people’s involvement"

2269:

Huntington, H.P.; Callaghan, T.; Fox, S.; Krupnik, I. (2004). "Matching traditional and scientific observations to detect environmental change: a discussion on Arctic terrestrial ecosystems".

2405:

Pulsifer, P.L.; Laidler, G.J.; Taylor, D.R.F.; Hayes, A. (2011). "Towards an indigenist data management program: Reflections on experiences developing an atlas of sea ice knowledge and use".

1545:

Hockley, N.J.; Jones, J.P.G.; Andriahajaina, F.B.; Manica, A.; Ranambitsoa, E.H.; Randriamboahary, J.A. (2005). "When should communities and conservationists monitor exploited resources?".

1877:

Danielsen, F; Mendoza, MM; Tagtag, A; Alviola, PA; Balete, DS; Jensen, AE; et al. (2007). "Increasing conservation action by involving local people in natural resource monitoring".

1136:

Alessa, L.; et al. (2015). "The role of Indigenous science and local knowledge in integrated observing systems: moving toward adaptive capacity indices and early warning systems".

2149:

Danielsen, F.; Jensen, P.M.; Burgess, N.D.; Coronado, I.; Holt, S.; Poulsen, M.K.; Rueda, R.M.; Skielboe, T.; Enghoff, M.; Hemmingsen, L.H.; Sørensen, M.; Pirhofer-Walzl, K. (2014b).

3450: 583:

Danielsen, F.; Balete, D.S.; Poulsen, M.K.; Enghoff, M.; Nozawa, C.M.; Jensen, A.E. (2000). "A simple system for monitoring biodiversity in protected areas of a developing country".

273:, where Indigenous and local communities have detailed knowledge of key components of their environment, such as sea-ice, snow, weather patterns, caribou and other natural resources. 103:‘event-monitoring’, ‘participatory assessment, monitoring and evaluation of biodiversity’, ‘community-based observing’, and ‘community-based monitoring and information systems’. 235: 1368:

Andrianandrasana, H.T.; Randriamahefasoa, J.; Durbin, J.; Lewis, R.E.; Ratsimbazafy, J.H. (2005). "Participatory ecological monitoring of the Alaotra wetland in Madagascar".

266:: in efforts to bring Indigenous and local knowledge systems into the science–policy interface such as the Intergovernmental Platform for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. 617:

ETFRN 2002. Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation of Biodiversity: Internet Workshop and Policy Seminar. Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

2656: 2022:

Danielsen F, Burgess ND, Balmford A, editors. 2005b. Special issue: Monitoring matters: examining the potential of locally-based approaches. Biodiv and Cons.14:2507-2820.

1496:

NAILSMA (North Australian Indigenous Land and Sea Management Alliance Ltd.). 2014. Looking After Country: The NAILSMA I-Tracker story. NAILSMA, Darwin, NT. goo.gl/Ng29co

163:, farmers, fishers and forest users have informally monitored resource conditions for even longer, their observations influencing survival strategies and resource use. 1713:

Danielsen, F.; Pirhofer-Walzl, K.; Adrian, T.; Kapijimpanga, D.; Burgess, N.D.; Jensen, P.M.; Bonney, R.; Funder, M.; Landa, A.; Levermann, N.; Madsen, J. (2014c).

3377:

Lewis, J. 2012. Technological Leap-Frogging in the Congo Basin, Pygmies and Global Positioning Systems in Central Africa: What has happened and where is it going?

1277:

Rist, J; Milner-Gulland, EJ; Cowlishaw, G; Rowcliffe, M (2010). "Hunter reporting of catch per unit effort as a monitoring tool in a bushmeat harvesting system".

2655:

Nakashima, D. et al. 2012. Weathering Uncertainty – Traditional knowledge for climate change assessment and adaptation. United Nations University. Available at:

3268: 1044:

Stuart-Hill, G.; Diggle, R.; Munali, B.; Tagg, J.; Ward, D. (2005). "The event book system: a community based natural resource monitoring system from Namibia".

996:

Gray, M.; Kalpers, J. (2005). "Ranger based monitoring in the Virunga-Bwindi Region of East-Central Africa: a simple data collection tool for park management".

3412:

Vitos, M et al. 2013. Making Local Content Matter - Supporting non-literate people to monitor poaching in Congo. DEV ’13, January 11–12, 2013, Bangalore, India

185:

In the Arctic, a symposium on data management and local knowledge was hosted by ELOKA and held in Boulder, USA, in November 2011. It led to a special issue of

3433:

M J Pacha. 2015. Community-based monitoring, reporting and verification know-how: sharing knowledge from practice. WWF, SilvaCarbon, Global Canopy Programme.

3127:

Skielboe, T.; Stuart-Hill, G.; Topp-Jørgensen, E.; Yonten, D. (2009). "Local participation in natural resource monitoring: a characterization of approaches".

3323:

M J Pacha. 2015. Community-based monitoring, reporting and verification know-how: sharing knowledge from practice. WWF, SilvaCarbon, Global Canopy Programme

136:"Monitoring of natural resources undertaken by local stakeholders using their own resources and in relation to aims and objectives that make sense to them". 3617: 2151:"Testing focus groups as a tool for connecting indigenous and local knowledge on abundance of natural resources with science-based land management systems" 1187:

Bennun, L.; Matiku, P.; Mulwa, R.; Mwangi, S.; Buckley, P. (2005). "Monitoring Important Bird Areas in Africa: towards a sustainable and scalable system".

3580:

Tebtebba 2013. Developing and Implementing Community‐Based Monitoring and Information Systems: The Global Workshop and the Philippine Workshop Reports.

1170:

Tebtebba 2013. Developing and Implementing Community‐Based Monitoring and Information Systems: The Global Workshop and the Philippine Workshop Reports.

1676:

Guijt, I. (ed.) 2007. Negotiated learning: Collaborative monitoring in forest resources management. Resources for the Future. Washington, D.C., USA.

861:

Bonney, R.; Shirk, J.L.; Phillips, T.B.; Wiggins, A.; Ballard, H.L.; Miller-Rushing, A.J.; Parrish, J.K. (2014). "Next steps for citizen science".

204: 2510:"The contributions of community-based monitoring and traditional knowledge to Arctic observing networks: Reflections on the state of the field" 1766:"The contributions of community-based monitoring and traditional knowledge to Arctic observing networks: Reflections on the state of the field" 3244: 1955:

Mascia, M.B.; Pailler, S.; Thieme, M.; Rowe, A.; Bottrill, M.C.; Danielsen, F.; Geldmann, J.; Naidoo, R.; Pullin, A.; Burgess, N.D. (2014).

3447: 2944:

Larrazábal, A; McCall, MK; Mwampamba, TH; Skutsch, M (2012). "The role of community carbon monitoring for REDD+: a review of experiences".

3549:

Gardner, T.A. 2010. Monitoring Forest Biodiversity: Improving Conservation through Ecologically Responsible Management. Earthscan, London.

3073: 2559:

Laidler, G.J. (2006). "Inuit and scientific perspectives on the relationship between sea ice and climate change: the ideal complement?".

166:

Participatory monitoring schemes are in operation on all the inhabited continents, and the approach is beginning to appear in textbooks.

2657:

http://unu.edu/publications/policy-briefs/weathering-uncertainty-traditional-knowledge-for-climate-change-assessment-and-adaptation.html

159:

Whereas government censuses of human populations, which date perhaps to the 16th century B.C., were likely the first formal attempts at

3469: 242: 1232:

Townsend, W.R.; Borman, A.R.; Yiyoguaje, E.; Mendua, L. (2005). "Cofán Indians' monitoring of freshwater turtles in Zábalo, Ecuador".

473: 818:

Constantino, P.A.L.; Carlos, H.S.A.; Ramalho, E.E.; Rostant, L.; Marinelli, C.; Teles, D.; Fonseca-Junior, S.F.; et al. (2012).

3612: 2094: 231: 212: 3602: 3597: 3255:

AIDESEP and Alianza Mesoamericana de Pueblos e Bosques, with Handcrafted Films. 2014. Detecting disasters using drone technology

363: 219: 3366: 3085: 2311:

Gofman, V. 2010. Community based monitoring handbook: lessons from the Arctic. CAFF CBMP Report No. 21. CAFF, Akureyri, Iceland.

3434: 632:

Danielsen, F.; Burgess, N.D.; Balmford, A. (2005a). "Monitoring matters: examining the potential of locally-based approaches".

528: 503: 175: 3267:

Forest Compass. 2015. RuaiSMS: an initiative that links text messaging and local media to report forest incursions in Borneo.

245:

Villagers from Batu Majang village, east Kalimantan, Indonesia, measuring trees for participatory carbon monitoring under the

3269:

http://forestcompass.org/case-studies/ruaisms-initiative-links-text-messaging-and-local-media-report-forest-incursions-borneo

277: 3299: 1764:

Johnson, N.; Alessa, L.; Behe, C.; Danielsen, F.; Gearheard, S.; Gofman-Wallingford, V.; Kliskey, A.; et al. (2015a).

1715:"Linking public participation in scientific research to the indicators and needs of international environmental agreements" 1413:

Poulsen, M.K.; Luanglath, K. (2005). "Projects come, projects go: lessons from participatory monitoring in southern Laos".

1089:

Sheil, D.; Lawrence, A. (2004). "Tropical biologists, local people and conservation: new opportunities for collaboration".

2508:

Johnson, N.; Alessa, L.; Behe, C.; Danielsen, F.; Gearheard, S.; Gofman-Wallingford, V.; Kliskey, A.; et al. (2015).

523: 91: 269:

For monitoring rapidly changing environments: to inform resource management in rapidly changing environments such as the

433: 329:

schemes of category D are mostly long-running ‘citizen science’ projects from Europe and North America. See for example

3207: 948:

Noss, A.J.; Oetting, I.; Cuellar, R.L. (2005). "Hunter self-monitoring by the Isoseno-Guarani in the Bolivian Chaco".

912:

Shirk, J.L.; Ballard, H.L.; Wilderman, C.C.; Phillips, T.; Wiggins, A.; Jordan, R.; McCallie, E.; et al. (2012).

518: 463: 2911:

Brofeldt, S.; Theilade, I.; Burgess, N.D.; Danielsen, F.; Poulsen, M.K.; Adrian, T.; Bang, T.N.; et al. (2014).

1483:

Nagendra H, Ostrom E. 2011. The challenge of forest diagnostics. Ecology and Society 16 (art. 20). (7 November 2013;

3422: 2629:

Weatherhead, E.; Gearheard, S.; Barry, R.G. (2010). "Changes in weather persistence: Insight from Inuit knowledge".

2722:

Constantino, P.A.L. (2015). "Dynamics of hunting territories and prey distribution in Amazonian Indigenous Lands".

3468:

D Sabogal. 2015. Data sharing in community-based forest monitoring: lessons from Guyana. Global Canopy Programme.

3283: 3232: 1696: 672:"Reshaping conservation: The social dynamics of participatory monitoring in Tanzania's community-managed forests" 3622: 468: 288: 160: 2321:

Merkel, F.R. (2010). "Evidence of recent population recovery in common eiders breeding in Western Greenland".

2222:"Connecting diverse knowledge systems for enhanced ecosystem governance – the multiple evidence base approach" 1890: 1174:

books?download=890:developing‐and‐implementing‐cbmis‐the‐global‐workshop‐and‐ the‐philippine‐workshop‐reports.

3584:

books?download=890:developing‐and‐implementing‐cbmis‐the‐global‐workshop‐and‐ the‐Philippine‐workshop‐reports

3391: 553: 478: 3245:

http://forestcompass.org/case-studies/iges-fpcd-community-based-forest-monitoring-project-papua-new-guinea

1805:

Danielsen, F.; Mendoza, M.M.; Alviola, P.; Balete, D.S.; Enghoff, M.; Poulsen, M.K.; Jensen, A.E. (2003).

1554: 1377: 1241: 1196: 1053: 1005: 986:

biodiversidade. Paese, A., Uezu, A., Lorini, M. L., Cunha, A. (eds.). Oficina do Texto, São Paulo, Brasil.

558: 458: 377:

One way to establish the rules around data sharing is to set up a data sharing protocol. This can define:

2880:"Participating in REDD+ Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (PMRV): Opportunities for Local People?" 820:"Empowering local people through community-based resource monitoring: a comparison of Brazil and Namibia" 197: 3448:

https://eloka-arctic.org/sites/eloka-arctic.org/files/documents/eloka_soa_saon_white_paper_march2010.pdf

1920:

Missiakoulis, S (2010). "Cecrops, King of Athens: the first (?) recorded population census in history".

428: 3574:

Special issue of Polar Geography on local and traditional knowledge and data management in the Arctic

3074:

http://forestcompass.org/case-studies/community-monitoring-chico-mendes-extractive-reserve-acre-brazil

3607: 2568: 2437:"Arctic Borderlands Ecological Knowledge Cooperative: can local knowledge inform caribou management?" 1641: 870: 493: 418: 179: 87: 3470:

http://forestcompass.org/how/resources/data-sharing-community-based-forest-monitoring-lessons-guyana

1559: 1382: 1246: 1058: 1010: 1201: 508: 498: 403: 182:

in Denmark in April 2004. It led to a special issue of Biodiversity and Conservation October 2005.

3333:

Pratihast, A K; DeVries, B; Avitabile, V; de Bruin, S; Kooistra, L; Tekle, M; et al. (2014).

3152: 3072:

Forest Compass 2015. Community monitoring in the Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve in Acre, Brazil

3040: 3006:

Pratihast, AK; DeVries, B; Avitabile, V; de Bruin, S; Kooistra, L; Tekle, M; et al. (2014).

2988: 2971:

Lund, J.F. (2014). "Towards a more balanced view on the potentials of locally-based monitoring".

2773: 2584: 2531: 2490: 2387: 2338: 2294: 2172: 1937: 1902: 1856: 1787: 1746: 1607: 1572: 1524: 1466: 1430: 1395: 1338: 1302: 1259: 1214: 1153: 1071: 1023: 965: 894: 733: 649: 600: 538: 423: 1957:"Commonalities and complementarities among approaches to conservation monitoring and evaluation" 3243:

Forest Compass. 2014. IGES-FPCD Community-Based Forest Monitoring Project in Papua New Guinea.

2703:

Mustonen, T. And Mustonen, K. 2011. Eastern Sámi Atlas. SnowChange Cooperative, Vaasa, Finland.

258:

Thematically, participatory monitoring has considerable potential in several areas, including:

3144: 2790:

Skutsch, M. (Ed.). 2011. Community Forest Monitoring for the Carbon Market. Earthscan, London.

2379: 2286: 2251: 2131: 1894: 1659: 1294: 1106: 886: 263: 3367:

http://forestcompass.org/case-studies/community-based-forest-monitoring-north-rupununi-guyana

3086:

http://forestcompass.org/case-studies/community-based-forest-monitoring-north-rupununi-guyana

1985:

Sodhi, N.S. and Ehrlich, P.R. (Eds.). 2010. Conservation Biology for All. Oxford Univ. Press.

246: 3561: 3527: 3494: 3435:

http://wwf.panda.org/?239457/Community-based-Monitoring-Reporting-and-Verification-Know-how#

3346: 3189: 3136: 3114: 3055: 3019: 2980: 2953: 2924: 2891: 2858: 2848: 2814: 2763: 2731: 2684: 2638: 2611: 2576: 2521: 2482: 2448: 2414: 2369: 2330: 2278: 2241: 2233: 2199: 2162: 2121: 2054: 1968: 1929: 1886: 1848: 1818: 1777: 1736: 1726: 1649: 1599: 1564: 1516: 1458: 1422: 1387: 1330: 1286: 1251: 1206: 1145: 1098: 1063: 1015: 957: 925: 878: 841: 831: 798: 764: 725: 693: 683: 641: 592: 533: 513: 64: 25: 2913:"Community monitoring of carbon stocks for REDD+: Does accuracy and cost change over time?" 208: 3581: 3575: 3454: 3421:

Forest Compass. 2015. What are the disadvantages of mobile technology in data collection?

3287: 3169:

Dickinson, J.L and Bonney, R. Eds. 2012. Citizen Science. Cornell Press, Ithaca, New York.

3041:"Assessing carbon stocks using indigenous peoples' field measurements in Amazonian Guyana" 1171: 751:

Luzar, J.B.; Silvius, K.M.; Overman, H.; Giery, S.T.; Read, J.M.; Fragoso, J.M.V. (2011).

543: 186: 127:

Likewise, the term ’community-based monitoring of natural resources’ has been defined as:

79: 3483:"Integrating CBM into Land-Use Based Mitigation Actions Implemented by Local Communities" 3256: 322:

management interventions emanating from the monitoring scheme. Examples are provided in.

230:

The first global conference on Participatory Monitoring and Management was hosted by the

2572: 1645: 874: 3556:

Lawrence, A. (Ed.). 2010. Taking Stock of Nature. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.

3516:"Case Report Case Study Report: Community-Based Monitoring Systems for REDD+ in Guyana" 2246: 2221: 1123:

Lawrence, A. (Ed.). 2010. Taking Stock of Nature. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK.

488: 346: 83: 3231:

Forest Compass. 2015. What are the advantages of mobile technology in data collection

2615: 3591: 3140: 2768: 2751: 2588: 2418: 2391: 1941: 1933: 1290: 1157: 898: 729: 443: 3156: 2992: 2777: 2642: 2535: 2494: 2342: 2298: 2176: 2032: 1906: 1860: 1791: 1750: 1611: 1576: 1528: 1484: 1470: 1306: 1218: 1075: 1027: 737: 653: 604: 1434: 1399: 1342: 969: 438: 408: 370: 119:

Other definitions for participatory monitoring have also been proposed, including:

68: 60: 3365:

Forest Compass. 2015. Community-based forest monitoring in North Rupununi, Guyana

3279:

Rainforest Foundation UK. 2015. Forest Link Community-based real time monitoring.

2803:"A framework for integrating biodiversity concerns into national REDD+ programmes" 1263: 280:(PES) programs: to connect environmental performance with payment schemes such as 3423:

http://forestcompass.org/what-are-disadvantages-mobile-technology-data-collection

3335:"Combining Satellite Data and Community-Based Observations for Forest Monitoring" 3303: 3193: 3084:

Forest Compass 2015. Community-based forest monitoring in North Rupununi, Guyana

3059: 3008:"Combining Satellite Data and Community-Based Observations for Forest Monitoring" 2957: 2819: 2802: 2735: 2486: 2282: 1972: 1807:"Biodiversity monitoring in developing countries: what are we trying to achieve?" 787:"A multi-country assessment of tropical resource monitoring by local communities" 914:"Public participation in scientific research: a framework for deliberate design" 548: 52: 2673:"Inuit knowledge of long-term changes in a population of Arctic tundra caribou" 2203: 1102: 3233:

http://forestcompass.org/what-are-advantages-mobile-technology-data-collection

2984: 2580: 2237: 1852: 1823: 1806: 1697:

http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/ec/En40-883-2003-eng.pdf

1603: 1568: 1520: 1462: 1426: 1391: 1334: 1255: 1210: 1149: 1067: 1019: 961: 645: 596: 3101: 769: 752: 688: 671: 3215: 2853: 2837:"Community monitoring for REDD+: international promises and field realities" 2836: 2220:

Tengö, M.; Brondizio, E.; Elmqvist, T.; Malmer, P.; Spierenburg, M. (2014).

930: 913: 882: 836: 819: 803: 786: 453: 413: 241: 21: 3148: 2383: 2290: 2255: 2135: 1898: 1663: 1298: 1110: 890: 785:

M.K.; Rueda, R.M.; Sam, M.; Skielboe, T.; Sørensen, M.; Young, R. (2014a).

670:

Funder, M.; Danielsen, F.; Ngaga, Y.; Nielsen, M.R.; Poulsen, M.K. (2013).

287:

For reinforcing international agreements: in efforts to link international

3392:

http://forestcompass.org/case-studies/ashaninka-land-monitoring-initiative

2190:

Esa (2014). "Dispatches. Locals beat scientists in biodiversity surveys".

16: 1741: 483: 174:

An international symposium on participatory monitoring was hosted by the

2689: 2672: 2526: 2509: 2453: 2436: 1782: 1765: 24:

for seabirds as part of Greenland's documentation and management system

3565: 3280: 2752:"At the heart of REDD+: a role for local people in monitoring forests?" 2167: 2150: 2058: 1731: 1714: 448: 3039:

Butt, N.; Epps, K.; Overman, H.; Iwamura, T.; Fragoso, J.M.V. (2015).

2863: 2108:

Turnhout, E.; Bloomfield, B.; Hulme, M.; Vogel, J.; Wynne, B. (2012).

846: 698: 301:

them span the full spectrum of natural resource monitoring protocols:

3532: 3515: 3499: 3482: 3351: 3334: 3024: 3007: 2929: 2912: 2896: 2879: 2334: 270: 223: 2374: 2357: 2126: 2109: 1956: 1654: 1629: 2005: 1630:"Conservation management: Citizen science is not enough on its own" 240: 192:

In the Arctic, three circumpolar meetings were held in 2013-2014:

15: 2080: 78:

Participatory monitoring is sometimes included in terms such as

56: 2878:

Boissière, M; Beaudoin, G; Hofstee, C; Rafanoharana, S (2014).

981: 979: 3390:

Forest Compass. 2015. Ashaninka Land Monitoring Initiative

753:"Large-scale environmental monitoring by indigenous people" 3481:

Torres, A. B.; Acuña, L. A. S.; Vergara, J. M. C. (2014).

205:

Greenland Department of Fisheries, Hunting and Agriculture

3514:

Bellfield, H; Sabogal, D; Goodman, L; Leggett, M (2015).

3115:

http://forestcompass.org/why/international-forest-agendas

1891:

10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[566:icmabi]2.0.co;2

2666: 2664: 3582:

http://tebtebba.org/index.php/all‐resources/category/8‐

3576:

http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/tpog20/37/1#.VTd0oTrtU3Q

2095:"Community Monitoring: Great debates and local actions" 1172:

http://tebtebba.org/index.php/all‐resources/category/8‐

238:(ICMBio) and held in Manaus, Brazil in September 2014. 3257:

http://ifnotusthenwho.me/story/detectando-desastres-2/

2712:

Berkes, F. (2012). Sacred Ecology (3rd ed.) Routledge.

196:

In November 2013 in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, hosted by

2430: 2428: 2081:"Participatory Monitoring and Management Partnership" 3227: 3225: 236:

Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation

1872: 1870: 203:In December 2013 in Copenhagen, Denmark, hosted by 3464: 3462: 1628:Kennett, R.; Danielsen, F.; Silvius, K.M. (2015). 340:The use of technology for participatory monitoring 2468: 2466: 2464: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1485:http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss2/art20 627: 625: 623: 2946:Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 578: 576: 574: 218:In March 2014 in Kautokeino, Norway, hosted by 1540: 1538: 1131: 1129: 213:Nordic Foundation for Development and Ecology 8: 3113:Forest Compass 2015. International Agendas. 2048: 2046: 711: 709: 291:to decision-making in the ‘real world’.< 220:International Centre for Reindeer Husbandry 3102:http://bdown.astream.com/jpe/danielsen.mp3 1623: 1621: 3531: 3498: 3350: 3023: 2928: 2895: 2862: 2852: 2818: 2767: 2688: 2525: 2452: 2373: 2245: 2166: 2125: 1822: 1781: 1740: 1730: 1653: 1558: 1381: 1245: 1200: 1182: 1180: 1057: 1039: 1037: 1009: 929: 845: 835: 802: 768: 697: 687: 176:Nordic Agency for Development and Ecology 2215: 2213: 2192:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 665: 663: 357:Data sharing in participatory monitoring 1363: 1361: 943: 941: 570: 2671:Ferguson, M.A.D.; et al. (1998). 2006:"Natural Resources Monitoring Network" 28:, a participatory monitoring programme 7: 3281:http://monitor.mappingforrights.org/ 2110:"Listen to the voices of experience" 249:project. Photo: Michael Køie Poulsen 2604:Cold Regions Science and Technology 2435:Russell, D.E.; et al. (2013). 3618:Volunteered geographic information 474:Environmental resources management 392:processes to respond to findings). 14: 2616:10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.09.004 232:Brazilian Ministry of Environment 3141:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01063.x 2769:10.1111/j.1755-263x.2010.00159.x 2419:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2010.00348.x 1934:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2010.00124.x 1922:International Statistical Review 1291:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01470.x 730:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01487.x 364:free, prior and informed consent 2643:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.02.002 1091:Trends in Ecology and Evolution 529:Participation (decision making) 504:Integrated landscape management 51:) is the regular collection of 3381:, Suppl. 43: 15−44, March 2012 2323:Journal of Wildlife Management 278:Payment for Ecosystem Services 178:and the Zoology Department at 1: 3048:Forest Ecology and Management 2973:Biodiversity and Conservation 1841:Biodiversity and Conservation 1592:Biodiversity and Conservation 1509:Biodiversity and Conservation 1451:Biodiversity and Conservation 1234:Biodiversity and Conservation 634:Biodiversity and Conservation 585:Biodiversity and Conservation 524:Participatory action research 92:participatory action research 3194:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.11.003 3060:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.11.014 2958:10.1016/j.cosust.2012.10.008 2820:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.018 2736:10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.11.015 2487:10.1080/1088937x.2014.890960 2283:10.1007/0044-7447-33.sp13.18 1973:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.11.017 434:Conservation reliant species 90:in scientific research’ and 3208:"Protected Areas Programme" 2631:Global Environmental Change 519:Natural resource management 464:Environmental organizations 3639: 3098:Journal of Applied Ecology 2204:10.1890/1540-9295-12.8.428 1103:10.1016/j.tree.2004.09.019 718:Journal of Applied Ecology 41:community-based monitoring 2985:10.1007/s10531-013-0596-z 2581:10.1007/s10584-006-9064-z 2356:Huntington, H.P. (2011). 2238:10.1007/s13280-014-0501-3 1853:10.1007/s10531-005-8392-z 1824:10.1017/s0030605303000735 1604:10.1007/s10531-005-8399-5 1569:10.1007/s10531-005-8416-8 1521:10.1007/s10531-005-8402-1 1463:10.1007/s10531-005-8414-x 1427:10.1007/s10531-005-8390-1 1392:10.1007/s10531-005-8413-y 1335:10.1007/s10531-011-0094-0 1256:10.1007/s10531-005-8410-1 1211:10.1007/s10531-005-8389-7 1150:10.1007/s11625-015-0295-7 1068:10.1007/s10531-005-8391-0 1020:10.1007/s10531-005-8406-x 962:10.1007/s10531-005-8401-2 646:10.1007/s10531-005-8375-0 3613:Environmental monitoring 3379:African Study Monographs 3100:47: 1166–1168 (podcast: 770:10.1525/bio.2011.61.10.7 689:10.4103/0972-4923.121011 676:Conservation and Society 469:Environmental protection 289:environmental agreements 161:environmental monitoring 45:locally based monitoring 37:collaborative monitoring 33:Participatory monitoring 3603:Participatory budgeting 3598:Participatory democracy 3182:Biological Conservation 2854:10.5751/es-05464-180341 2807:Biological Conservation 2407:The Canadian Geographer 2358:"The local perspective" 1961:Biological Conservation 931:10.5751/es-04705-170229 883:10.1126/science.1251554 837:10.5751/es-05164-170422 597:10.1023/A:1026505324342 554:Sustainable agriculture 479:Environmental sociology 349:, Sapelli and others). 115:Alternative definitions 1138:Sustainability Science 559:Sustainable management 459:Environmental movement 250: 29: 2010:monitoringmatters.org 804:10.1093/biosci/biu001 429:Conservation movement 244: 20:Scanning the sea off 19: 3129:Conservation Biology 2756:Conservation Letters 2155:Conservation Letters 1719:Conservation Letters 1279:Conservation Biology 494:Habitat conservation 419:Conservation biology 369:Clear agreements on 180:Cambridge University 88:public participation 49:volunteer monitoring 2841:Ecology and Society 2690:10.14430/arctic1062 2573:2006ClCh...78..407L 2527:10.14430/arctic4447 2454:10.7557/2.33.2.2530 1783:10.14430/arctic4447 1646:2015Natur.521..161K 918:Ecology and Society 875:2014Sci...343.1436B 869:(6178): 1436–1437. 824:Ecology and Society 509:Natural environment 499:Holistic management 404:Adaptive management 226:and other partners. 198:Oceans North Canada 3566:10.6027/TN2015-506 3453:2020-05-18 at the 3286:2016-03-04 at the 2168:10.1111/conl.12100 2059:10.6027/TN2015-506 1732:10.1111/conl.12024 1547:Biodivers. Conserv 1415:Biodivers. Conserv 1370:Biodivers. Conserv 1189:Biodivers. Conserv 1046:Biodivers. Conserv 998:Biodivers. Conserv 950:Biodivers. Conserv 539:Renewable resource 424:Conservation ethic 251: 55:or other kinds of 30: 3493:(12): 3295–3326. 3212:www.unep-wcmc.org 2724:Applied Geography 2368:(7368): 182–183. 2120:(7412): 454–455. 1847:(11): 2633–2652. 1598:(11): 2653–2677. 1553:(11): 2795–2806. 1515:(11): 2695–2707. 1457:(11): 2775–2794. 1421:(11): 2591–2610. 1376:(11): 2757–2774. 1323:Biodivers Conserv 1240:(11): 2743–2755. 1195:(11): 2575–2590. 1052:(11): 2611–2631. 1004:(11): 2723–2741. 956:(11): 2679–2693. 640:(11): 2507–2542. 591:(12): 1671–1705. 264:knowledge systems 65:natural resources 3630: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533:10.3390/f6010133 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500:10.3390/f5123295 3478: 3472: 3466: 3457: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352:10.3390/f5102464 3330: 3324: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3311: 3302:. Archived from 3296: 3290: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3214:. Archived from 3204: 3198: 3197: 3176: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3045: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025:10.3390/f5102464 3003: 2997: 2996: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2932: 2930:10.3390/f5081834 2923:(8): 1834–1854. 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897:10.3390/f5081855 2875: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2856: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2771: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2668: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2567:(2–4): 407–444. 2556: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2539: 2529: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2470: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2432: 2423: 2422: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2377: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2335:10.2193/2009-189 2329:(8): 1869–1874. 2318: 2312: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2249: 2217: 2208: 2207: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2170: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2129: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2077: 2071: 2067: 2061: 2050: 2041: 2040: 2037:eloka-arctic.org 2033:"ELOKA Workshop" 2029: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2002: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1874: 1865: 1864: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1785: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1744: 1734: 1710: 1699: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1657: 1625: 1616: 1615: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1562: 1542: 1533: 1532: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1488: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1385: 1365: 1356: 1353: 1347: 1346: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1249: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1204: 1184: 1175: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1133: 1124: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1086: 1080: 1079: 1061: 1041: 1032: 1031: 1013: 993: 987: 983: 974: 973: 945: 936: 935: 933: 909: 903: 902: 858: 852: 851: 849: 839: 815: 809: 808: 806: 781: 775: 774: 772: 748: 742: 741: 724:(4): 1205–1212. 713: 704: 703: 701: 691: 667: 658: 657: 629: 618: 615: 609: 608: 580: 534:Renewable energy 514:Natural resource 3638: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3623:Citizen science 3588: 3587: 3546: 3544:Further reading 3541: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3467: 3460: 3455:Wayback Machine 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3345:(10): 2464–89. 3332: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3307: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3288:Wayback Machine 3278: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3223: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3043: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3018:(10): 2464–89. 3005: 3004: 3000: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2670: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2561:Climatic Change 2558: 2557: 2553: 2547: 2543: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2475:Polar Geography 2472: 2471: 2462: 2434: 2433: 2426: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2375:10.1038/478182a 2355: 2354: 2350: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2219: 2218: 2211: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2127:10.1038/488454a 2107: 2106: 2102: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2064: 2051: 2044: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1876: 1875: 1868: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1712: 1711: 1702: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1655:10.1038/521161d 1627: 1626: 1619: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1560:10.1.1.490.6306 1544: 1543: 1536: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1482: 1478: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1383:10.1.1.613.9156 1367: 1366: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1329:(12): 2615–26. 1319: 1318: 1314: 1276: 1275: 1271: 1247:10.1.1.517.8179 1231: 1230: 1226: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1169: 1165: 1135: 1134: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1097:(12): 634–638. 1088: 1087: 1083: 1059:10.1.1.475.8317 1043: 1042: 1035: 1011:10.1.1.509.5137 995: 994: 990: 984: 977: 947: 946: 939: 911: 910: 906: 860: 859: 855: 817: 816: 812: 783: 782: 778: 763:(10): 771–781. 750: 749: 745: 715: 714: 707: 669: 668: 661: 631: 630: 621: 616: 612: 582: 581: 572: 568: 563: 544:Rural sociology 399: 359: 342: 298: 262:For connecting 256: 187:Polar Geography 172: 157: 148: 117: 100: 80:citizen science 35:(also known as 12: 11: 5: 3636: 3634: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3526:(1): 133–156. 3506: 3473: 3458: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3405: 3395: 3383: 3370: 3358: 3325: 3316: 3291: 3272: 3260: 3248: 3236: 3221: 3218:on 2001-01-24. 3199: 3171: 3162: 3118: 3106: 3089: 3077: 3065: 3031: 2998: 2963: 2936: 2903: 2890:(8): 1855–78. 2870: 2826: 2792: 2783: 2762:(2): 158–167. 2741: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2683:(3): 201–219. 2660: 2648: 2637:(3): 523–528. 2621: 2594: 2551: 2541: 2500: 2460: 2424: 2397: 2348: 2313: 2304: 2261: 2232:(5): 579–591. 2209: 2198:(8): 428–432. 2182: 2161:(4): 380–389. 2141: 2100: 2086: 2072: 2062: 2042: 2024: 2015: 1997: 1987: 1978: 1947: 1928:(3): 413–418. 1912: 1866: 1830: 1817:(4): 407–409. 1797: 1756: 1700: 1687: 1678: 1669: 1617: 1582: 1534: 1498: 1489: 1476: 1440: 1405: 1357: 1348: 1312: 1285:(2): 489–499. 1269: 1224: 1202:10.1.1.336.452 1176: 1163: 1125: 1116: 1081: 1033: 988: 975: 937: 904: 853: 810: 797:(3): 236–251. 776: 743: 705: 682:(3): 218–232. 659: 619: 610: 569: 567: 564: 562: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 489:Global warming 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 400: 398: 395: 394: 393: 389: 386: 382: 358: 355: 341: 338: 297: 294: 293: 292: 285: 274: 267: 255: 252: 234:(MMA) and the 228: 227: 216: 201: 171: 168: 156: 153: 147: 144: 143: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 125: 124: 116: 113: 99: 96: 84:crowd-sourcing 63:), usually of 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3635: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3507: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3306:on 2016-08-17 3305: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3035: 3032: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2952:(6): 707–16. 2951: 2947: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2904: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2827: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2715: 2709: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2555: 2552: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2450: 2447:(21): 71–78. 2446: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2401: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2104: 2101: 2097:. 2014-10-08. 2096: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1991: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1951: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1916: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1885:(7): 566–70. 1884: 1880: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1801: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1742:11250/3085039 1738: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1640:(7551): 261. 1639: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1586: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1502: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1316: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1273: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1228: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1085: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1003: 999: 992: 989: 982: 980: 976: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 944: 942: 938: 932: 927: 923: 919: 915: 908: 905: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 857: 854: 848: 843: 838: 833: 829: 825: 821: 814: 811: 805: 800: 796: 792: 788: 780: 777: 771: 766: 762: 758: 754: 747: 744: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 712: 710: 706: 700: 695: 690: 685: 681: 677: 673: 666: 664: 660: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 628: 626: 624: 620: 614: 611: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 579: 577: 575: 571: 565: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 444:Crowdsourcing 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 396: 390: 387: 383: 380: 379: 378: 375: 372: 367: 365: 356: 354: 350: 348: 339: 337: 334: 330: 327: 323: 320: 316: 313: 309: 306: 302: 295: 290: 286: 283: 279: 275: 272: 268: 265: 261: 260: 259: 253: 248: 243: 239: 237: 233: 225: 221: 217: 214: 210: 206: 202: 199: 195: 194: 193: 190: 188: 183: 181: 177: 169: 167: 164: 162: 154: 152: 145: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 129: 128: 122: 121: 120: 114: 112: 108: 104: 97: 95: 93: 89: 85: 81: 76: 72: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 27: 23: 18: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3441: 3429: 3417: 3408: 3398: 3386: 3378: 3373: 3361: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3319: 3308:. Retrieved 3304:the original 3294: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3239: 3216:the original 3211: 3202: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3165: 3135:(1): 31–42. 3132: 3128: 3121: 3109: 3097: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3051: 3047: 3034: 3015: 3011: 3001: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2844: 2840: 2829: 2810: 2806: 2795: 2786: 2759: 2755: 2744: 2727: 2723: 2717: 2708: 2699: 2680: 2676: 2651: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2544: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2478: 2474: 2444: 2440: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2307: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2229: 2225: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2089: 2075: 2065: 2036: 2027: 2018: 2009: 2000: 1990: 1981: 1964: 1960: 1950: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1882: 1878: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1814: 1810: 1800: 1773: 1769: 1759: 1722: 1718: 1690: 1681: 1672: 1637: 1633: 1595: 1591: 1585: 1550: 1546: 1512: 1508: 1501: 1492: 1479: 1454: 1450: 1443: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1373: 1369: 1351: 1326: 1322: 1315: 1282: 1278: 1272: 1237: 1233: 1227: 1192: 1188: 1166: 1141: 1137: 1119: 1094: 1090: 1084: 1049: 1045: 1001: 997: 991: 953: 949: 921: 917: 907: 866: 862: 856: 827: 823: 813: 794: 790: 779: 760: 756: 746: 721: 717: 679: 675: 637: 633: 613: 588: 584: 439:Crowdmapping 409:Biodiversity 376: 371:data sharing 368: 360: 351: 343: 332: 331: 325: 324: 318: 317: 311: 310: 304: 303: 299: 257: 229: 191: 184: 173: 165: 158: 149: 126: 118: 109: 105: 101: 77: 73: 69:biodiversity 53:measurements 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 31: 3608:Measurement 3054:: 191–199. 2979:: 237–239. 2730:: 222–231. 2610:: 117–130. 2413:: 108–124. 2070:Brasileira. 1967:: 258–267. 1355:Burton 2012 549:Stewardship 336:example is 333:Category E. 326:Category D. 319:Category C. 312:Category B. 305:Category A. 170:Conferences 146:Limitations 3592:Categories 3310:2016-08-05 2864:10535/9160 1144:: 91–102. 847:10535/8679 791:BioScience 757:BioScience 699:10535/9175 566:References 254:Approaches 98:Definition 61:monitoring 3300:"Sapelli" 3188:: 31–40. 2847:(3): 41. 2813:: 61–71. 2589:153827833 2520:(5): 28. 2481:: 69–91. 2392:205067758 2277:: 18–23. 1942:120868478 1776:(5): 28. 1725:: 12–24. 1555:CiteSeerX 1378:CiteSeerX 1242:CiteSeerX 1197:CiteSeerX 1158:130746905 1054:CiteSeerX 1006:CiteSeerX 924:(2): 29. 899:206555629 830:(4): 22. 454:Ecosystem 414:Bioregion 189:in 2014. 22:Greenland 3553:Council. 3451:Archived 3284:Archived 3157:15143054 3149:18798859 2993:15041272 2835:(2013). 2778:55570944 2549:Council. 2536:56317966 2495:55155745 2441:Rangifer 2384:21993743 2343:86183797 2299:14467976 2291:15575178 2256:24659474 2177:21054325 2136:22914151 1907:24659006 1899:18074893 1861:20010036 1792:56317966 1751:29741921 1664:25971501 1612:24146400 1577:22710709 1529:24263291 1471:19989789 1307:13720586 1299:20491849 1219:14679464 1111:16701325 1076:36704147 1028:23378700 891:24675940 738:67803458 654:18110139 605:23374588 484:Forestry 397:See also 385:release. 296:Typology 3520:Forests 3487:Forests 3339:Forests 3012:Forests 2917:Forests 2884:Forests 2569:Bibcode 2247:4132468 1995:Oxford. 1642:Bibcode 1435:2862045 1400:1063617 1343:3238591 970:8776915 871:Bibcode 863:Science 449:Ecology 247:I-REDD+ 155:History 3155: 3147: 2991: 2776: 2677:Arctic 2587: 2534: 2514:Arctic 2493: 2390: 2382: 2362:Nature 2341: 2297: 2289: 2254: 2244: 2175: 2134: 2114:Nature 1940: 1905: 1897: 1859: 1790: 1770:Arctic 1749: 1662: 1634:Nature 1610: 1575: 1557: 1527: 1469: 1433: 1398: 1380: 1341: 1305: 1297: 1264:630675 1262: 1244: 1217: 1199: 1156: 1109: 1074: 1056: 1026: 1008: 968: 897: 889: 736: 652: 603: 271:Arctic 224:UNESCO 211:, and 26:PISUNA 3153:S2CID 3044:(PDF) 2989:S2CID 2774:S2CID 2585:S2CID 2532:S2CID 2491:S2CID 2388:S2CID 2339:S2CID 2295:S2CID 2271:Ambio 2226:Ambio 2173:S2CID 1938:S2CID 1903:S2CID 1879:Ambio 1857:S2CID 1788:S2CID 1747:S2CID 1608:S2CID 1573:S2CID 1525:S2CID 1467:S2CID 1431:S2CID 1396:S2CID 1339:S2CID 1303:S2CID 1260:S2CID 1215:S2CID 1154:S2CID 1072:S2CID 1024:S2CID 966:S2CID 895:S2CID 734:S2CID 650:S2CID 601:S2CID 282:REDD+ 209:ELOKA 47:, or 3145:PMID 2380:PMID 2287:PMID 2252:PMID 2132:PMID 1895:PMID 1811:Oryx 1660:PMID 1295:PMID 1107:PMID 887:PMID 67:and 57:data 3562:doi 3528:doi 3495:doi 3347:doi 3190:doi 3186:169 3137:doi 3056:doi 3052:338 3020:doi 2981:doi 2954:doi 2925:doi 2892:doi 2859:hdl 2849:doi 2815:doi 2811:154 2764:doi 2732:doi 2685:doi 2639:doi 2612:doi 2577:doi 2522:doi 2483:doi 2449:doi 2415:doi 2370:doi 2366:478 2331:doi 2279:doi 2242:PMC 2234:doi 2200:doi 2163:doi 2122:doi 2118:488 2055:doi 1969:doi 1965:169 1930:doi 1887:doi 1849:doi 1819:doi 1778:doi 1737:hdl 1727:doi 1650:doi 1638:521 1600:doi 1565:doi 1517:doi 1459:doi 1423:doi 1388:doi 1331:doi 1287:doi 1252:doi 1207:doi 1146:doi 1099:doi 1064:doi 1016:doi 958:doi 926:doi 879:doi 867:343 842:hdl 832:doi 799:doi 765:doi 726:doi 694:hdl 684:doi 642:doi 593:doi 347:ODK 276:In 86:, ‘ 3594:: 3522:. 3518:. 3489:. 3485:. 3461:^ 3403:65 3341:. 3337:. 3224:^ 3210:. 3184:. 3151:. 3143:. 3133:23 3131:. 3104:). 3050:. 3046:. 3014:. 3010:. 2987:. 2977:23 2975:. 2948:. 2919:. 2915:. 2886:. 2882:. 2857:. 2845:18 2843:. 2839:. 2809:. 2805:. 2772:. 2758:. 2754:. 2728:56 2726:. 2681:51 2679:. 2675:. 2663:^ 2635:20 2633:. 2608:85 2606:. 2583:. 2575:. 2565:78 2563:. 2530:. 2518:68 2516:. 2512:. 2489:. 2479:37 2477:. 2463:^ 2445:33 2443:. 2439:. 2427:^ 2411:55 2409:. 2386:. 2378:. 2364:. 2360:. 2337:. 2327:74 2325:. 2293:. 2285:. 2275:33 2273:. 2250:. 2240:. 2230:43 2228:. 2224:. 2212:^ 2196:12 2194:. 2171:. 2157:. 2153:. 2130:. 2116:. 2112:. 2045:^ 2035:. 2008:. 1963:. 1959:. 1936:. 1926:78 1924:. 1901:. 1893:. 1883:36 1881:. 1869:^ 1855:. 1845:14 1843:. 1815:37 1813:. 1809:. 1786:. 1774:68 1772:. 1768:. 1745:. 1735:. 1721:. 1717:. 1703:^ 1658:. 1648:. 1636:. 1632:. 1620:^ 1606:. 1596:14 1594:. 1571:. 1563:. 1551:14 1549:. 1537:^ 1523:. 1513:14 1511:. 1465:. 1455:14 1453:. 1429:. 1419:14 1417:. 1394:. 1386:. 1374:14 1372:. 1360:^ 1337:. 1327:20 1325:. 1301:. 1293:. 1283:24 1281:. 1258:. 1250:. 1238:14 1236:. 1213:. 1205:. 1193:14 1191:. 1179:^ 1152:. 1142:11 1140:. 1128:^ 1105:. 1095:19 1093:. 1070:. 1062:. 1050:14 1048:. 1036:^ 1022:. 1014:. 1002:14 1000:. 978:^ 964:. 954:14 952:. 940:^ 922:17 920:. 916:. 893:. 885:. 877:. 865:. 840:. 828:17 826:. 822:. 795:64 793:. 789:. 761:61 759:. 755:. 732:. 722:45 720:. 708:^ 692:. 680:11 678:. 674:. 662:^ 648:. 638:14 636:. 622:^ 599:. 587:. 573:^ 222:, 207:, 94:. 82:, 43:, 39:, 3568:. 3564:: 3536:. 3530:: 3524:6 3503:. 3497:: 3491:5 3355:. 3349:: 3343:5 3313:. 3196:. 3192:: 3159:. 3139:: 3062:. 3058:: 3028:. 3022:: 3016:5 2995:. 2983:: 2960:. 2956:: 2950:4 2933:. 2927:: 2921:5 2900:. 2894:: 2888:5 2867:. 2861:: 2851:: 2823:. 2817:: 2780:. 2766:: 2760:4 2738:. 2734:: 2693:. 2687:: 2645:. 2641:: 2618:. 2614:: 2591:. 2579:: 2571:: 2538:. 2524:: 2497:. 2485:: 2457:. 2451:: 2421:. 2417:: 2394:. 2372:: 2345:. 2333:: 2301:. 2281:: 2258:. 2236:: 2206:. 2202:: 2179:. 2165:: 2159:7 2138:. 2124:: 2083:. 2057:: 2039:. 2012:. 1975:. 1971:: 1944:. 1932:: 1909:. 1889:: 1863:. 1851:: 1827:. 1821:: 1794:. 1780:: 1753:. 1739:: 1729:: 1723:7 1666:. 1652:: 1644:: 1614:. 1602:: 1579:. 1567:: 1531:. 1519:: 1487:) 1473:. 1461:: 1437:. 1425:: 1402:. 1390:: 1345:. 1333:: 1309:. 1289:: 1266:. 1254:: 1221:. 1209:: 1160:. 1148:: 1113:. 1101:: 1078:. 1066:: 1030:. 1018:: 972:. 960:: 934:. 928:: 901:. 881:: 873:: 850:. 844:: 834:: 807:. 801:: 773:. 767:: 740:. 728:: 702:. 696:: 686:: 656:. 644:: 607:. 595:: 589:9 284:. 215:, 200:, 59:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index