Great tit - Knowledge (XXG)

1722:(constriction of blood vessels) to reduce heat loss and cold injury. Reduced cold injury and heat loss is mediated by the great tits' counter-current vascular arrangements, and peripheral vasoconstriction in major vessels in and around the birds' bill and legs. This mechanism allows uninsulated regions (i.e., bill and legs) to remain close to the surrounding temperature. In response to food restriction, the great tits' bill temperature dropped, and once food availably was increased, bill temperatures gradually returned to normal. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the bill not only serves as an energy saving mechanism, but also reduces the amount of heat transferred from core body tissues to the skin (via cutaneous vasodilation), which, in turn, reduces heat loss rate by lowering skin temperature relative to the environment. 1762:(a city of half a million people) has been estimated at some 17,000 individuals. In adapting to human environments its song has been observed to change in noise-polluted urban environments. In areas with low frequency background noise pollution, the song has a higher frequency than in quieter areas. This tit has expanded its range, moving northwards into Scandinavia and Scotland, and south into Israel and Egypt. The total population is estimated at between 300 and 1,100 million birds in a range of 32.4 million km (12.5 million sq mi). While there have been some localised declines in population in areas with poorer quality habitats, its large range and high numbers mean that the great tit is not considered to be threatened, and it is classed as 626: 918: 387: 1465: 42: 1549: 931: 1514:. These territories are established in late January and defence begins in late winter or early spring. Territories are usually reoccupied in successive years, even if one of the pair dies, so long as the brood is raised successfully. Females are likely to disperse to new territories if their nest is predated the previous year. If the pair divorces for some reason then the birds will disperse, with females travelling further than males to establish new territories. Although the great tit is socially monogamous, 963: 1586: 1133: 1141: 215: 91: 1101: 1062:. Carotenoids cannot be synthesized by the bird and have to be obtained from food, so a bright colour in a male demonstrates his ability to obtain good nutrition. However, the saturation of the yellow colour is also influenced by environmental factors, such as weather conditions. The width of the male's ventral stripe, which varies with individual, is selected for by females, with higher quality females apparently selecting males with wider stripes. 1348: 233: 1526: 1124:. The eponymous hero of the novel propped dead soldiers against the battlements to give the impression that his fort was better defended than was really the case. Similarly, the multiplicity of calls gives the impression that the tit's territory is more densely occupied than it actually is. Whether the theory is correct or not, those birds with large vocabularies are socially dominant and breed more successfully. 1537: 66: 1093: 1112:, and has up to 40 types of calls and songs. The calls are generally the same between the sexes, but the male is much more vocal and the female rarely calls. Soft single notes such as "pit", "spick", or "chit" are used as contact calls. A loud "tink" is used by adult males as an alarm or in territorial disputes. One of the most familiar is a "teacher, teacher", often likened to a squeaky 1731: 1557: 1047: 1545:

of October to December. The amount of sunlight and daytime temperatures will also affect breeding timing. One study found a strong correlation between the timing of laying and the peak abundance of caterpillar prey, which is in turn correlated to temperature. On an individual level, younger females tend to start laying later than older females.

1629:. Feeding of the fledgeling may continue after independence, lasting up to 25 days in chicks from the first brood, but as long as 50 days in the second brood. Nestlings from second broods have weaker immune systems and body condition than those from first broods, and hence have a lower juvenile survival rate. 1712:

Great tits have been found to possess special physiological adaptations for cold environments. When preparing for winter months, the great tit can increase how thermogenic (heat producing) its blood is. The mechanism for this adaptation is a seasonal increase in mitochondrial volume and mitochondrial

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is smaller when birds start laying later, and is also lower when the density of competitors is higher. Second broods tend to have smaller clutches. Insularity also affects clutch size, with great tits on offshore islands laying smaller clutches with larger eggs than mainland birds. The eggs are white

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Chicks are fed by both parents, usually receiving 6 to 7 g (0.21–0.25 oz) of food a day. Both parents provision the chicks with food and aid in nest sanitation by removing faecal packets, with no difference in the feeding effort between the sexes. The nestling period is between 16 and

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duties, and is fed by the male during incubation. The bird is a close sitter, hissing when disturbed. The timing of hatching, which is best synchronised with peak availability of prey, can be manipulated when environmental conditions change after the laying of the first egg by delaying the beginning

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Great tits are seasonal breeders. The exact timing of breeding varies by a number of factors, most importantly location. Most breeding occurs between January and September; in Europe the breeding season usually begins after March. In Israel there are exceptional records of breeding during the months

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wheel, which is used in proclaiming ownership of a territory. In former times, English folk considered the "saw-sharpening" call to be a foretelling of rain. Tit calls from different geographic regions show some variation, and tits from the two south Asian groups recently split from the great tit do

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in the summer, but will consume a wider range of food items in the winter months, including small hibernating bats. Like all tits it is a cavity nester, usually nesting in a hole in a tree. The female lays around 12 eggs and incubates them alone, although both parents raise the chicks. In most years

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Great tits combine dietary versatility with a considerable amount of intelligence and the ability to solve problems with insight learning, that is to solve a problem through insight rather than trial and error. In England, great tits learned to break the foil caps of milk bottles delivered at the

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of the female is similar to that of the male except that the colours are overall duller; the bib is less intensely black, as is the line running down the belly, which is also narrower and sometimes broken. Young birds are like the female, except that they have dull olive-brown napes and necks,

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is much greyer, pale creamy white to washed out grey underparts, a larger white cheep patch, a grey tail, wings, back and nape. It is also slightly smaller, with a smaller bill but longer tail. The situation is similar for the two related subspecies in the Turkestan tit group.

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occurs when the offspring produced as a result of a mating between close relatives show reduced fitness. The reduced fitness is generally considered to be a consequence of the increased expression of deleterious recessive alleles in these offspring. In natural populations of

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nearly led to their introduction to some new areas particularly in the United States of America, however this plan was not implemented. A small population is present in the upper Midwest, believed to be the descendants of birds liberated in Chicago in 2002 along with

946:, black neck, throat, bib and head, and white cheeks and ear coverts. The breast is bright lemon-yellow and there is a broad black mid-line stripe running from the bib to vent. There is a dull white spot on the neck turning to greenish yellow on the upper 1680:

is exceedingly common in the nests of blue and great tits. It was originally a specialist tit flea, but the dry, crowded conditions of chicken runs enabled it to flourish with its new host. This flea is preferentially predated by the

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The great tit has generally adjusted to human modifications of the environment. It is more common and has better breeding success in areas with undisturbed forest cover, but it has adapted well to human-modified habitats, and can be

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from ATP production. As a result, the energy that would have been used to make ATP is released as heat and their blood becomes more thermogenic. In the face of winter food shortages, the great tit has also shown a type of peripheral

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also feeds on fleas and their larvae. Although these beetles often remain in deserted nests, they can only breed in the elevated temperatures produced by brooding birds, tits being the preferred hosts. Great tits compete with the

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Large food items, such as large seeds or prey, are dealt with by "hold-hammering", where the item is held with one or both feet and then struck with the bill until it is ready to eat. Using this method, a great tit can get into a

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by as much as 50%. Nestlings also undergo a period in their early development where they are fed a number of spiders, possibly for nutritional reasons. In autumn and winter, when insect prey becomes scarcer, great tits add

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species went for the more traditional classification, treating the Turkestan tit as a separate species but retaining the Japanese and cinereous tits with the great tit, a move that has not been without criticism.

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doorstep of homes to obtain the cream at the top. This behaviour, first noted in 1921, spread rapidly in the next two decades. In 2009, great tits were reported killing, and eating the brains of roosting

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is a predator of great tits, with the young from second broods being at higher risk partly because of the hawk's greater need for food for its own developing young. The nests of great tits are raided by

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bats. This is the first time a songbird has been recorded preying on bats. The tits only do this during winter when the bats are hibernating and other food is scarce. They have also been recorded using

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The great tit is a distinctive bird with a black head and neck, prominent white cheeks, olive upperparts and yellow underparts, with some variation amongst the numerous subspecies. It is predominantly

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where the two meet. Hybrids were rare, suggesting that there were some reproductive barriers between the two groups. The study recommended that the two eastern groups be split out as new species, the

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is like the nominate race but has a slightly longer bill, the mantle is slightly deeper green, there is less white on the tail tips, and the ventral mid-line stripe is broader on the belly.

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The colour of the male bird's breast has been shown to correlate with stronger sperm, and is one way that the male demonstrates his reproductive superiority to females. Higher levels of

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The great tit is a popular garden bird due to its acrobatic performances when feeding on nuts or seed. Its willingness to move into nest boxes has made it a valuable study subject in

341:. The great tit has adapted well to human changes in the environment and is a common and familiar bird in urban parks and gardens. The great tit is also an important study species in 1518:

are frequent. One study in Germany found that 40% of nests contained some offspring fathered by parents other than the breeding male and that 8.5% of all chicks were the result of

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The great tit was formerly treated as ranging from Britain to Japan and south to the islands of Indonesia, with 36 described subspecies ascribed to four main species groups. The

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in about twenty minutes. When feeding young, adults will hammer off the heads of large insects to make them easier to consume, and remove the gut from caterpillars so that the

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The great tit is large for a tit at 12.5 to 14.0 cm (4.9–5.5 in) in length, and has a distinctive appearance that makes it easy to recognise. The nominate race

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Lefebvre, Louis (1995). "The opening of milk bottles by birds: Evidence for accelerating learning rates, but against the wave-of-advance model of cultural transmission".

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata

553:. The dominance of a single, morphologically uniform subspecies over such a large area suggests that the nominate race rapidly recolonised a large area after the last 2215:

Mlíkovský, Jiří (26 August 2011). "Nomenclatural and taxonomic status of bird taxa (Aves) described by an ornithological swindler, Josef Prokop Pražák (1870–1904)".

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is still the largest in the family, but may be split again. Other than those species formerly considered to be subspecies, the great tit's closest relatives are the

4362: 4414: 1450:. In particularly severe winters they may consume 44% of their body weight in sunflower seeds. They often forage on the ground, particularly in years with high 515: 3086:

Van Noordwijk, A.J.; McCleery, R.H.; Perrins, C.M. (1995). "Selection for the timing of Great Tit breeding in relation to caterpillar growth and temperature".

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has led to greater synchrony of nesting between the two species and flycatcher deaths. Having killed the flycatchers, the great tits may consume their brains.

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Galván, Ismael; Amo, Luisa; Sanz, Juan J. (2008). "Ultraviolet-blue reflectance of some nestling plumage patches mediates parental favouritism in great tits

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Great tits are cavity nesters, breeding in a hole that is usually inside a tree, although occasionally in a wall or rock face, and they will readily take to

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year round, even in the northern parts of their range. Young birds will disperse from their parents' territory, but usually not far. Populations may become

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Hunter, Malcolm L.; Krebs, John R. (October 1979). "Geographical Variation in the Song of the Great Tit (Parus major) in Relation to Ecological Factors".

4323: 4058: 3859: 1742:; it has been particularly useful as a model for the study of the evolution of various life-history traits, particularly clutch size. A study of a 4375: 3183:

Wiggins, David A.; Moller, Anders P.; Sorensen, Martin; Brand, L. Arriana (1998). "Island Biogeography and the reproductive ecology of great tits

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for nesting boxes, and can kill prospecting flycatcher males. Incidences of fatal competition are more frequent when nesting times overlap, and

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Gosler, Andrew; Clement, Peter (2007). "Family Paridae (Tits and Chickadees)". In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Christie, David (eds.).

1568:. The nest inside the cavity is built by the female, and is made of plant fibres, grasses, moss, hair, wool and feathers. The number in the 994:

is similar to the nominate race but has much brighter green upperparts, bright yellow underparts and no (or very little) white on the tail.

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to the Middle East. The other subspecies have much more restricted distributions, four being restricted to islands and the remainder of the

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studies have shown these other subspecies to be distinct from the great tit and these have now been separated as two distinct species, the

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Götmark, Frank; Andersson (2005). "Predation by sparrowhawks decreases with increased breeding density in a songbird, the great tit".

2109: 521: 1640:, inbreeding is avoided by dispersal of individuals from their birthplace, which reduces the chance of mating with a close relative. 4029: 2136: 3310:

Wilkin, Teddy A.; King, Lucy E.; Sheldon, Ben C. (2009). "Habitat quality, nestling diet, and provisioning behaviour in great tits

3038:"Effect of age, haemosporidian infection and body condition on pair composition and reproductive success in Great Tits Parus major" 1734:

The great tit's willingness to use bird-feeders and nesting boxes makes it popular with the general public and useful to scientists

1263:; at higher altitudes it occupies habitats ranging from dense deciduous and coniferous forests to open areas with scattered trees. 3240:"How Great Tits maintain synchronisation of their hatch date with food supply in response to long-term variability in temperature" 4550: 4479: 481:

groups was estimated to have been about half a million years ago. The study also examined hybrids between representatives of the

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Päckert, Martin; Martens, Jochen; Eck, Siegfried; Nazarenko, Alexander A; Valchuk, Olga P; Petri, Bernd; Veith, Michael (2005).

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increase the intensity of the yellow of the breast its colour, and also enable the sperm to better withstand the onslaught of

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Norris, K. J. (1990). "Female choice and the evolution of the conspicuous plumage coloration of monogamous male great tits".

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Jarvine, Antero (1991). "A meta-analytic study of the effects of female age on laying-date and clutch-size in the Great Tit

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were once lumped with the great tit but recent genetic and bioacoustic studies now separate that group as a distinct species

2035: 1406:), ants, flies (Diptera), caddisflies, beetles, scorpionflies, harvestmen, bees and wasps, snails and woodlice. During the 1278:

in poor or harsh winters, meaning that groups of up to a thousand birds may unpredictably move from northern Europe to the

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are green, the rest of the wing is bluish-grey with a white wing-bar. The tail is bluish grey with white outer tips. The

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Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments

1458: 804: 572:, but morphological and genetic studies led to the splitting of that large genus in 1998. The great tit was retained in 4471: 4196: 2299: 583: 3737:

Nord, Andreas; Metcalfe, Neil B.; Page, Jennifer L.; Huxtable, Anna; McCafferty, Dominic J.; Dawson, Neal J. (2021).

4045: 1326:, although sightings of some of these species pre-date the supposed introduction date. Birds were introduced to the 1293:

between 1872 and 1874 but failed to become established. Suggestions that they were an excellent control measure for

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Kvist, Laura; Martens, Jochen; Higuchi, Hiroyoshi; Nazarenko, Alexander A; Valchuk, Olga P.; Orell, Markku (2003).

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forest. Riverine woodlands of willows, poplars are among the habitats of the Turkestan subspecies, as well as low

4545: 4419: 4315: 4067: 2525: 2303: 1355:, great tits transport food with their beak, and then transfer it to their feet, where it is held while they eat 978:

also resembles the nominate form but has duller upperparts, less white in the tail and less yellow in the nape.

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of incubation, laying more eggs or pausing during incubation. The incubation period is between 12 and 15 days.

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The great tit has a wide distribution across much of Eurasia. It can be found across all of Europe except for

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is like the nominate subspecies, but has a larger bill, greyer-blue upperparts and slightly paler underparts.

4510: 90: 2902: 3525:"Opportunity makes a predator: Great Spotted Woodpecker predation on Tit broods depends on nest box design" 4183: 4100: 4033: 3801:

Winder, Lucy A.; White, Stewart A.; Nord, Andreas; Helm, Barbara; McCafferty, Dominic J. (20 April 2020).

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Götmark, Frank (2002). "Predation by sparrowhawks favours early breeding and small broods in great tits".

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Harvey, Paul H; Greenwood, Paul J; Perrins, Christopher M (1979). "Breeding area fidelity of Great Tits (

4453: 4201: 2380:"Yellow plumage colour of Great Tits Parus major correlates with changing temperature and precipitation" 2137:"Taxonomic pitfalls in tits – comments on the Paridae chapter of the Handbook of the Birds of the World" 1661: 1632: 1515: 1121: 558: 510: 326: 286: 185: 3037: 1417:

to their young. A study published in 2007 found that great tits helped to reduce caterpillar damage in

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zones between the groups were the result of secondary contact after a temporary period of isolation.

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Royoma, T (1970). "Factors governing the hunting behaviour and selection of food by the Great Tit (

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but with a smaller bill, darker grey on the flanks and a more yellow wash on the juvenile birds.

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The great tit was unsuccessfully introduced into the United States; birds were set free near

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is like the nominate but with a greyer mantle and scapulars and pale yellow underparts, and

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in with the great tit. This taxonomy has been followed by some authorities, for example the

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it diverged from these two groups around 1.5 million years ago. The divergence between the

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Strohbach, Sabine; Curio, Eberhard; Bathen, Andrea; Epplen, Jorg; Lubjuhn, Thomas (1998).

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has darker, more olive-grey upperparts, and the underparts are more yellow to pale cream.

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Perrins, C. M.; McCleery, R. H. (1989). "Laying dates and clutch size in the Great Tit".

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Pigeault, Romain; Cozzarolo, Camille-Sophie; Glaizot, Olivier; Christe, Philippe (2020).

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The great tit occupies a range of habitats. It is most commonly found in open deciduous

1100: 962: 232: 4540: 4310: 4297: 4083: 3803:"Body surface temperature responses to food restriction in wild and captive great tits" 3398: 3373: 3341:

Dubiec, Anna; Cichoñ, Mariusz (2001). "Seasonal decline in health status of Great Tit (

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similar to their parents (in most species it is dun-coloured to avoid predation). The

1525: 557:. This hypothesis is supported by genetic studies which suggest a geologically recent 4529: 4388: 4224: 3953: 3928: 3844: 3780: 3524: 3327: 3296: 3264: 3239: 3072: 2823: 2155: 2019: 1998: 1861: 1767: 1763: 1669: 1613:

reflectance. This may be to make them easier to find in low light, or be a signal of

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The ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the county of Warwick, esq. ...

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groves. In the east of its range in Siberia, Mongolia and China it favours riverine

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In females and juveniles the mid-line stripe is narrower and sometimes discontinuous

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Laczi, Miklós; Hegyi, Gergely; Nagy, Gergely; Pongrácz, Rita; Török, János (2020).

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was isolated and described in 1981 from great tits in central Europe. The hen flea

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Skwarska, Joanna A.; Kalinski, Adam; Wawrzyniak, Jaroslaw; Banbura, Jerzy (2009).

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but the upperparts are duller and less green, and the underparts are pale yellow.

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Ageing and sexing (PDF; 2.5 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze

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Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees

1522:. Adult males tend to have a higher reproductive success compared to sub-adults. 4406: 4349: 4132: 1739: 1689: 1610: 1447: 1414: 1387: 1360: 1347: 1240: 1193: 1181: 1161: 1113: 855:. It was, along with following two subspecies, once treated as separate species. 852: 630: 542: 342: 317: 262: 41: 1556: 966:

The plumage of the male is typically bright, although this varies by subspecies

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was described by Pražák in 1894. It is found in north central and southwestern

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comprises a lineage of tits known as the "non-hoarders", with reference to the

309:) of East Asia. The great tit remains the most widespread species in the genus 281:

where it is generally resident in any sort of woodland; most great tits do not

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in 1905, and ranges from east Kazakhstan to extreme north west China and west

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usually come from deciduous trees and shrubs, like for instance the seeds of

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in 1960–61 and became established, although their present status is unclear.

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has a wider mid-line ventral stripe on the lower belly than the nominate race

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family Paridae. It is a widespread and common species throughout Europe, the

4258: 1986:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 104–110. 1759: 1668:, which are able to take nesting adults as well. A species of biting louse ( 1598: 1403: 1383: 1256: 1244: 1224: 611: 578: 447: 423: 402:

group had 13 subspecies across Europe, temperate Asia and north Africa, the

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resembles the previous two subspecies but has slightly paler upperparts.

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22 days, with chicks being independent of the parents eight days after

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is often very large, as many as 18, but five to twelve is more common.

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of the great tit is the most widespread, its range stretching from the

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to win the parents' attention. This patch turns white after the first

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Ehrlich, Paul; Dobkin, David; Wheye, Darryl; Pimm, Stuart (1994).

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not recognise or react to the calls of the temperate great tits.

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production. Great tits, along with other tits, will join winter

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respiration in red blood cells and increased uncoupling of the

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greyish rumps, and greyer tails, with less defined white tips.

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except in extremely harsh winters. Until 2005 this species was

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and also to Netherlands, Britain, even as far as the southern

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Mixed forests are one of the habitats great tits use in Europe

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Mols, C; Visser, M; Jones, Peter (2007). Jones, Peter (ed.).

1621:

at age two months, and diminishes in size as the bird grows.

1442:. Where it is available they will readily take table scraps, 3860:"Population fluctuations and clutch-size in the great tit, 1609:

is yellow and attracts the attention of the parents by its

1120:

One explanation for the great tit's wide repertoire is the

622:

There are currently 15 recognised subspecies of great tit:

598:

tits of southern Asia. Hybrids with tits outside the genus

446:

were examined, finding that the four groups were distinct (

321:

the pair will raise two broods. The nests may be raided by

2905:(1971). "Territory and breeding density in the Great Tit, 1913:

London, United Kingdom: A.C. for John Martyn. p. 240.

434:, the Turkestan tit. This form was once thought to form a 414:

into northern southeast Asia and the 11 subspecies in the

3654: 3652: 3650: 2712:) Reduce Caterpillar Damage in Commercial Apple Orchards" 1810:

Estók, Péter; Zsebők, Sándor; Siemers, Björn M. (2009).

1223:, forest edges and gardens. In dense forests, including 3607:"New Species of Biting Lice (Mallophaga) of the genera 3562:

spp.) in relation to the density of tits and rodents".

2853:

Estók, Péter; Zsebők, Sándor; Siemers, Björn M (2010).

2432:

A dictionary of English and folk-names of British Birds

1758:. For example, the breeding population in the city of 1868:(in Latin). Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii). p. 189. 1498:

in the bill to extract larvae from a hole in a tree.

430:

subspecies were often treated as a separate species,

3669:

Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites

4107: 2564:

The danger of introducing noxious animals and birds

1929:"Evolution and genetic structure of the great tit ( 990:except with bluer upperparts and paler underparts. 586:behaviour of members of the other clade. The genus 568:once held most of the species of tit in the family 2624: 2530:) along the eastern and the southern Baltic coast" 1886:(5th ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. 2567:. US Department of Agriculture. pp. 104–105. 2503:. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 391–392. 2296:"Flashier Great Tit Birds Produce Stronger Sperm" 1799:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22735990A87431138.en 3683:Samplonius, Jelmer M.; Both, Christiaan (2019). 1793:. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. 741:, described by von Jordans in 1970, is found on 731:, described by von Jordans in 1970, is found on 406:group's nine subspecies occurred from southeast 1481:in the gut will not retard the chick's growth. 2114:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 662–709. 1870:P. capite nigro, temporibus albis, nucha lutea 1035:but with a larger bill and darker upperparts. 1022:, and lacks white on the tail. The plumage of 3970:"Birds sing at a higher pitch in urban noise" 2325:Fitze, PS; Kölliker M; Heinz Richner (2003). 1270:. Pairs will usually remain near or in their 663:in 1758, is found throughout much of Europe, 457:A study published in 2005 confirmed that the 8: 2599:. Terrey Hills, Sydney: Reed. p. 332. 1983:Check-list of birds of the world. Volume 11 1200:, as well as across northern Asia from the 970:There is some variation in the subspecies. 602:are very rare, but have been recorded with 4095: 3554:Dunn, Euan (1977). "Predation by weasels ( 2618: 2616: 2435:. Witherby & Co, London. p. 108. 2254: 2252: 2034:Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2010). 1577:with red spots. The female undertakes all 1468:Great tit feeding its young with an insect 561:followed by a rapid population expansion. 368:. Its scientific name is derived from the 213: 64: 40: 31: 3993: 3968:Slabbekoorn, Hans; Margriet Peet (2003). 3952: 3927:Fuller RA, Tratalos J, Gaston KJ (2009). 3818: 3754: 3708: 3397: 3263: 3238:Cresswell, Will; McCleery, Robin (2003). 3020: 3005:): a test of the "good genes" hypothesis" 2878: 2794: 2745: 2735: 2654: 2652: 2405: 2395: 2346: 2294:Dell'Amore, Christine (20 January 2010). 2210: 2208: 2182: 2180: 2135:Päckert, Martin; Martens, Jochen (2008). 2018: 2007:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1956: 1837: 1227:it prefers forest clearings. In northern 1018:is intermediate between the nominate and 4030:"Great tit – BirdLife species factsheet" 1463: 1050:Female great tit (left) and male (right) 27:Passerine bird in the tit family Paridae 3001:"Extrapair paternity in the great tit ( 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 1922: 1920: 1779: 1235:. In North Africa it rather resides in 383:had used the name in the 17th century. 2191:. Christopher Helm. pp. 353–371. 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 1785: 1783: 1750:for the period between 1969 and 2002. 1601:birds in having plumage coloured with 4084:Great tit videos, photos & sounds 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3672:. London: Collins. pp. 111, 249. 2499:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). 1168:islands. In North Africa it lives in 1108:The great tit is, like other tits, a 7: 4511:05A5AA4A-BBD8-4C20-80D1-D38C729BEF48 4316:0619a1ea-27d0-4382-b46a-2f0d8375acf8 2187:Harrap, Simon; Quinn, David (1996). 2036:"IOC World Bird Names (version 2.3)" 897:in 1954, and is found in north west 4536:IUCN Red List least concern species 2631:. Oxford University Press. p. 2261:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1128:Distribution, movements and habitat 357:under its current binomial name by 3151:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1991.tb04811.x 2771:"Opening of Milk Bottles By Birds" 2579:"THE CHANGING SEASONS: Expansions" 2348:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00222.x 2243:"Avibase. The world bird database" 1937:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 807:in 1910, is found in southeastern 522:Handbook of the Birds of the World 25: 2189:Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers 2003:) – a misclassified ring species" 1746:found 1,349 articles relating to 861:, was described by Zarudny & 835:in 1823. It is found in southern 633:, London. The British subspecies 509:), but that the Turkestan tit be 3954:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00537.x 3328:10.1111/j.1600-048X.2009.04362.x 3297:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04273.x 3265:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00701.x 2524:Nowakowski, Jarosław K. (2001). 2156:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2008.00871.x 2020:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00529.x 1510:breeders and establish breeding 289:with numerous other subspecies. 236:Great tit in Sweden, winter 2016 89: 4086:on the Internet Bird Collection 3807:Journal of Experimental Biology 1789:BirdLife International (2016). 1266:The great tit is generally not 549:subspecies representing former 3372:Szulkin M, Sheldon BC (2008). 1593:The chicks, like those of all 755:in 1901, is found in southern 337:, and adults may be hunted by 1: 3871:The Journal of Animal Ecology 2458:The Journal of Animal Ecology 1560:Great tit nesting in nest box 1459:mixed-species foraging flocks 1239:forests as well as stands of 649:in 1894, is found across the 2824:10.1016/0376-6357(94)00051-H 2737:10.1371/journal.pone.0000202 1980:Paynter Jr. RA, ed. (1967). 1180:. It also occurs across the 541:to the Amur Valley and from 461:group was distinct from the 301:) of southern Asia, and the 222:Range of current and former 4556:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 3933:Diversity and Distributions 3347:Canadian Journal of Zoology 1907:Willughby, Francis (1681). 469:groups and that along with 4572: 4090:Titbox and the jay - video 2627:The Birdwatcher's Handbook 2543:(1): 55–71. Archived from 1884:Cassell's Latin Dictionary 1756:very common in urban areas 1744:literature database search 1410:, the tits prefer to feed 1363:in the summer, feeding on 551:glacial refuge populations 3710:10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.063 3564:Journal of Animal Ecology 3443:10.1007/s00442-004-1715-z 3244:Journal of Animal Ecology 3088:Journal of Animal Ecology 2958:Journal of Animal Ecology 2665:Journal of Animal Ecology 2229:10.11646/zootaxa.3005.1.2 1655:great spotted woodpeckers 1430:to their diet. Seeds and 1359:Great tits are primarily 879:in 1912, and is found in 721:in 1913, is found in the 390:The 11 subspecies of the 221: 212: 191: 184: 86:Scientific classification 84: 62: 53: 49:Female in Lancashire, UK 48: 39: 34: 3628:: 161–68. Archived from 3316:Journal of Avian Biology 3285:Journal of Avian Biology 3133:and the Pied Flycatcher 1726:Relationship with humans 1540:Young chicks in the nest 1204:as far east as northern 781:in 1910. It is found in 4551:Birds described in 1758 4068:Feathers of great tit ( 4061:2 December 2014 at the 3858:Perrins, C. M. (1965). 2429:Swann, H Kirke (1913). 667:, northern and eastern 4034:BirdLife International 3390:10.1098/rspb.2007.0989 3359:10.1139/cjz-79-10-1829 3022:10.1093/beheco/9.4.388 2871:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0611 2595:Long, John L. (1981). 1949:10.1098/rspb.2002.2321 1882:Simpson, D.P. (1979). 1830:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0611 1735: 1686:Gnathoncus punctulatus 1678:Ceratophyllus gallinae 1590: 1561: 1553: 1541: 1533: 1516:extra-pair copulations 1469: 1371:which they capture by 1356: 1153: 1137: 1105: 1097: 1089: 1078: 1051: 967: 935: 922: 638: 471:P. m. bokharensis 418:group were found from 395: 237: 4454:Paleobiology Database 4342:great-tit-parus-major 4077:21 April 2015 at the 3756:10.1096/fj.202100107R 3494:10.1007/s004420100769 3209:10.1007/s004420050544 2812:Behavioural Processes 1733: 1633:Inbreeding depression 1588: 1559: 1551: 1539: 1528: 1467: 1350: 1312:European greenfinches 1164:, including numerous 1143: 1135: 1122:Beau Geste hypothesis 1103: 1095: 1087: 1076: 1049: 965: 933: 921:Great tit on a branch 920: 699:in 1903, is found in 628: 422:across south Asia to 389: 235: 4311:Fauna Europaea (new) 3622:Folia Parasitologica 3558:) on breeding tits ( 2769:Hawkins, T. (1950). 1650:Eurasian sparrowhawk 1300:European goldfinches 1104:Great tit twittering 525:volume treating the 277:, south to parts of 269:and east across the 3986:2003Natur.424..267S 3945:2009DivDi..15..328F 3883:1965JAnEc..34..601P 3701:2019CBio...29E.327S 3576:1977JAnEc..46..633D 3486:2002Oecol.130...25G 3435:2005Oecol.142..177G 3256:2003JAnEc..72..356C 3201:1998Oecol.115..478W 3100:1995JAnEc..64..451N 2970:1979JAnEc..48..305H 2923:1971Ecol...52....2K 2787:1950Natur.165..435H 2728:2007PLoSO...2..202M 2677:1970JAnEc..39..619R 2470:1979JAnEc..48..759H 2300:National Geographic 2165:on 22 February 2012 1943:(1523): 1447–1454. 1674:Rostrinirmus hudeci 1231:it lives in boreal 1029:P. m. turkestanicus 942:has a bluish-black 893:, was described by 875:, was described by 859:P. m. turkestanicus 576:, which along with 535:nominate subspecies 516:IOC World Bird List 56:Conservation status 3820:10.1242/jeb.220046 3660:Rothschild, Miriam 3635:on 11 October 2008 3135:Ficedula hypoleuca 3009:Behavioral Ecology 2561:Palmer TS (1893). 2306:on 24 January 2010 2273:10.1007/bf00171582 1736: 1715:electron transport 1591: 1562: 1554: 1542: 1534: 1470: 1357: 1308:common chaffinches 1154: 1138: 1106: 1098: 1096:Great tit sonagram 1090: 1079: 1052: 1037:P. m. ferghanensis 1008:P. m. terrasanctae 968: 936: 923: 873:P. m. ferghanensis 775:P. m. terrasanctae 639: 559:genetic bottleneck 396: 353:The great tit was 333:and infested with 238: 4521: 4520: 4441:Open Tree of Life 4101:Taxon identifiers 3743:The FASEB Journal 3695:(2): 327–331.e2. 3605:Balat, F (1981). 3353:(10): 1829–1833. 3057:10.1111/ibi.12774 2781:(4194): 435–436. 2642:978-0-19-858407-0 2606:978-0-589-50260-7 2510:978-0-7011-6907-7 2442:978-0-7158-1239-6 2397:10.1111/ibi.12761 2198:978-0-7136-3964-3 2121:978-84-96553-42-2 1893:978-0-304-52257-6 1693:Microglotta pulla 1664:(in Britain) and 1529:Eggs, Collection 1088:Another song type 1085: 1074: 1041:P. m. bokharensis 1033:P. m. bokharensis 1024:P. m. bokharensis 1000:P. m. niethammeri 847:and far north of 831:was described by 829:P. m. bokharensis 811:and northwestern 777:was described by 739:P. m. niethammeri 539:Iberian Peninsula 444:mitochondrial DNA 432:Parus bokharensis 381:Francis Willughby 230: 229: 79: 16:(Redirected from 4563: 4546:Birds of Eurasia 4514: 4513: 4501: 4500: 4488: 4487: 4475: 4474: 4462: 4461: 4449: 4448: 4436: 4435: 4423: 4422: 4410: 4409: 4407:NHMSYS0000530533 4397: 4396: 4384: 4383: 4371: 4370: 4358: 4357: 4345: 4344: 4332: 4331: 4319: 4318: 4306: 4305: 4293: 4292: 4280: 4279: 4267: 4266: 4254: 4253: 4241: 4240: 4228: 4227: 4215: 4214: 4205: 4204: 4192: 4191: 4179: 4178: 4169: 4168: 4166:7296BC772F2643AD 4156: 4155: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4096: 4037: 4016: 4015: 3997: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3907: 3901:. Archived from 3868: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3822: 3798: 3785: 3784: 3758: 3734: 3723: 3722: 3712: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3656: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3634: 3619: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3401: 3384:(1635): 703–11. 3369: 3363: 3362: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3042: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2882: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796:10.1038/165435a0 2766: 2760: 2759: 2749: 2739: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2630: 2620: 2611: 2610: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2550:on 20 July 2011. 2549: 2534: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2501:Birds Britannica 2496: 2490: 2489: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2409: 2399: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2350: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2302:. Archived from 2291: 2285: 2284: 2256: 2247: 2246: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2212: 2203: 2202: 2184: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2164: 2158:. Archived from 2141: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2105: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2038:. Archived from 2031: 2025: 2024: 2022: 1999:"The great tit ( 1994: 1988: 1987: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1960: 1924: 1915: 1914: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1841: 1807: 1801: 1787: 1720:vasoconstriction 1552:Leaving nest box 1531:Museum Wiesbaden 1343:Diet and feeding 1324:Eurasian linnets 1291:Cincinnati, Ohio 1086: 1075: 1020:P. m. blandfordi 1012:P. m. blandfordi 819:P. m. blandfordi 723:Balearic Islands 679:, as far as the 363:10th edition of 217: 197: 94: 93: 73: 68: 67: 44: 32: 21: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4509: 4504: 4496: 4491: 4483: 4478: 4470: 4465: 4457: 4452: 4444: 4439: 4431: 4428:Observation.org 4426: 4418: 4413: 4405: 4400: 4392: 4387: 4379: 4374: 4366: 4361: 4353: 4348: 4340: 4335: 4327: 4322: 4314: 4309: 4301: 4296: 4288: 4283: 4275: 4270: 4262: 4257: 4249: 4244: 4236: 4231: 4223: 4218: 4210: 4208: 4200: 4195: 4187: 4182: 4174: 4172: 4164: 4159: 4151: 4146: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4103: 4079:Wayback Machine 4063:Wayback Machine 4028: 4025: 4020: 4019: 3995:10.1038/424267a 3967: 3966: 3962: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3908:on 11 June 2011 3905: 3866: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3800: 3799: 3788: 3736: 3735: 3726: 3689:Current Biology 3682: 3681: 3677: 3658: 3657: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3617: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3556:Mustela nivalis 3553: 3552: 3548: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3378:Proc. Biol. Sci 3371: 3370: 3366: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3166:Wilson Bulletin 3163: 3162: 3158: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3030: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2931:10.2307/1934734 2901: 2900: 2896: 2859:Biology Letters 2852: 2851: 2847: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2658: 2657: 2650: 2643: 2622: 2621: 2614: 2607: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2532: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2511: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2307: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2258: 2257: 2250: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2223:(3005): 45–68. 2214: 2213: 2206: 2199: 2186: 2185: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2107: 2106: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2042:on 24 July 2011 2033: 2032: 2028: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1926: 1925: 1918: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1817:Biology Letters 1809: 1808: 1804: 1788: 1781: 1776: 1728: 1710: 1698:pied flycatcher 1672:) described as 1646: 1506:Great tits are 1504: 1446:and seeds from 1408:breeding season 1378:. Their larger 1345: 1340: 1330:in what is now 1328:Almaty Province 1316:saffron finches 1225:conifer forests 1184:, and parts of 1130: 1081: 1070: 1068: 1004:P. m. aphrodite 996:P. m. aphrodite 988:P. m. mallorcae 980:P. m. mallorcae 928: 891:P. m. kapustini 803:, described by 751:, described by 749:P. m. aphrodite 717:, described by 715:P. m. mallorcae 695:, described by 681:mid-Amur Valley 659:, described by 645:, described by 620: 610:, and probably 450:) and that the 440:Tibetan Plateau 365:Systema Naturae 351: 208: 199: 193: 180: 88: 80: 69: 65: 58: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4569: 4567: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4528: 4527: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4515: 4502: 4489: 4476: 4463: 4450: 4437: 4424: 4411: 4398: 4385: 4372: 4359: 4346: 4333: 4320: 4307: 4298:Fauna Europaea 4294: 4281: 4268: 4255: 4242: 4229: 4216: 4206: 4193: 4180: 4170: 4157: 4144: 4129: 4113: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4081: 4065: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4024: 4023:External links 4021: 4018: 4017: 3960: 3939:(2): 328–337. 3919: 3877:(3): 601–647. 3850: 3786: 3724: 3675: 3646: 3597: 3570:(2): 633–652. 3546: 3535:(3): 109–112. 3515: 3464: 3429:(2): 177–183. 3413: 3364: 3345:) nestlings". 3333: 3322:(2): 135–145. 3302: 3271: 3250:(2): 356–366. 3230: 3195:(4): 478–482. 3175: 3156: 3121: 3094:(4): 451–458. 3078: 3051:(3): 613–626. 3028: 3015:(4): 388–396. 2991: 2964:(1): 305–313. 2944: 2903:Krebs, John R. 2894: 2845: 2802: 2761: 2698: 2671:(3): 619–668. 2648: 2641: 2612: 2605: 2587: 2570: 2553: 2516: 2509: 2491: 2448: 2441: 2421: 2390:(1): 232–237. 2370: 2341:(1): 144–150. 2317: 2286: 2267:(2): 129–138. 2248: 2234: 2204: 2197: 2176: 2150:(4): 829–831. 2127: 2120: 2053: 2026: 2013:(2): 153–174. 1989: 1972: 1916: 1899: 1892: 1874: 1862:Linnaeus, Carl 1853: 1802: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1727: 1724: 1709: 1706: 1702:climate change 1662:grey squirrels 1645: 1642: 1503: 1500: 1496:conifer needle 1419:apple orchards 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1188:from northern 1129: 1126: 1077:Great tit song 1067: 1064: 1016:P. m. karelini 1002:is similar to 992:P. m. excelsus 940:P. major major 927: 924: 915: 914: 888: 870: 856: 826: 816: 801:P. m. karelini 798: 772: 769:Aegean Islands 746: 736: 726: 712: 690: 687:P. m. excelsus 684: 654: 619: 616: 499:Parus cinereus 489:groups in the 350: 347: 299:Parus cinereus 228: 227: 219: 218: 210: 209: 200: 189: 188: 182: 181: 174: 172: 168: 167: 160: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 82: 81: 63: 60: 59: 54: 51: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4568: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4524: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4051:BBC fact file 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3980:(6946): 267. 3979: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3961: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3920: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3863: 3854: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3749:(5): e21490. 3748: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3676: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3664:Clay, Theresa 3661: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3601: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3529:Ornis Fennica 3526: 3519: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3337: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3291:(3): 277–82. 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3272: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3176: 3172:(2): 236–253. 3171: 3167: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3032: 3029: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3004: 2995: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2708:"Great Tits ( 2702: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2628: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2588: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2566: 2565: 2557: 2554: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2520: 2517: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2449: 2444: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2425: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2330: 2321: 2318: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2194: 2190: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2138: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1993: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1976: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1932: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1911: 1903: 1900: 1895: 1889: 1885: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1768:IUCN Red List 1765: 1764:least concern 1761: 1757: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1732: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666:least weasels 1663: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1628: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1587: 1583: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1558: 1550: 1546: 1538: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1382:prey include 1381: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1361:insectivorous 1354: 1349: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304:Eurasian jays 1301: 1296: 1295:codling moths 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221:mixed forests 1218: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1166:Mediterranean 1163: 1160:and northern 1159: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1134: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1102: 1094: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1060:free radicals 1057: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 972:P. m. newtoni 964: 960: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 932: 925: 919: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 889: 886: 882: 878: 874: 871: 868: 864: 860: 857: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 827: 824: 820: 817: 814: 810: 806: 802: 799: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 773: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 747: 744: 740: 737: 734: 730: 727: 724: 720: 716: 713: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 678: 675:and northern 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 655: 652: 651:British Isles 648: 644: 643:P. m. newtoni 641: 640: 636: 635:P. m. newtoni 632: 627: 623: 617: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 580: 575: 571: 567: 562: 560: 556: 555:glacial epoch 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 531: 528: 524: 523: 518: 517: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 495:cinereous tit 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 455: 453: 452:hybridisation 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 393: 392:cinereous tit 388: 384: 382: 378: 374: 371: 367: 366: 360: 359:Carl Linnaeus 356: 348: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 319: 318:insectivorous 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 295:cinereous tit 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 253: 250:) is a small 249: 248: 243: 234: 225: 220: 216: 211: 207: 203: 198: 196: 190: 187: 186:Binomial name 183: 179: 178: 177:P. major 173: 170: 169: 166: 165: 161: 158: 157: 154: 151: 148: 147: 144: 143:Passeriformes 141: 138: 137: 134: 131: 128: 127: 124: 121: 118: 117: 114: 111: 108: 107: 104: 101: 98: 97: 92: 87: 83: 77: 72: 71:Least Concern 61: 57: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 4523: 4108: 4069: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3910:. 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Retrieved 2040:the original 2029: 2010: 2006: 2000: 1992: 1982: 1975: 1940: 1936: 1930: 1909: 1902: 1883: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1856: 1824:(1): 59–62. 1821: 1815: 1805: 1790: 1752: 1747: 1737: 1711: 1692: 1685: 1683:clown beetle 1677: 1673: 1647: 1637: 1631: 1623: 1592: 1563: 1543: 1505: 1483: 1471: 1415:caterpillars 1412:protein-rich 1388:grasshoppers 1380:invertebrate 1358: 1288: 1265: 1214: 1186:Central Asia 1155: 1119: 1107: 1053: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 976:P. m. corsus 975: 971: 969: 952:wing-coverts 939: 937: 901:(north west 890: 872: 858: 845:Turkmenistan 833:Lichtenstein 828: 818: 800: 774: 748: 738: 728: 714: 697:Kleinschmidt 693:P. m. corsus 692: 686: 656: 642: 634: 621: 599: 596:green-backed 587: 577: 573: 565: 563: 546: 532: 526: 520: 514: 506: 503:Japanese tit 498: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 456: 448:monophyletic 436:ring species 431: 427: 426:. The three 415: 403: 399: 397: 376: 372: 364: 361:in his 1758 352: 339:sparrowhawks 315: 310: 306: 303:Japanese tit 298: 279:North Africa 267:Central Asia 246: 245: 241: 239: 194: 192: 176: 175: 163: 29: 4498:Parus-major 4350:iNaturalist 4153:Parus_major 4139:Parus major 4133:Wikispecies 4109:Parus major 4070:Parus major 4046:Song sample 3912:13 February 3862:Parus major 3639:12 February 3343:Parus major 3312:Parus major 3281:Parus major 3185:Parus major 3131:Parus major 3003:Parus major 2954:Parus major 2917:(1): 3–22. 2907:Parus major 2722:(2): e202. 2710:Parus major 2661:Parus major 2528:Parus major 2407:10831/46350 2329:Parus major 2169:19 February 2046:19 February 2001:Parus major 1931:Parus major 1791:Parus major 1748:Parus major 1740:ornithology 1690:rove beetle 1611:ultraviolet 1603:carotenoids 1574:Clutch size 1512:territories 1487:pipistrelle 1448:bird tables 1384:cockroaches 1351:Like other 1241:Atlas cedar 1210:Amur Valley 1194:Afghanistan 1182:Middle East 1162:Scandinavia 1114:wheelbarrow 926:Description 853:Afghanistan 759:, southern 719:von Jordans 703:, southern 671:, southern 657:P. m. major 631:Kew Gardens 592:white-naped 547:P. m. major 543:Scandinavia 507:Parus minor 501:), and the 491:Amur Valley 475:bokharensis 438:around the 428:bokharensis 343:ornithology 323:woodpeckers 307:Parus minor 263:Middle East 247:Parus major 195:Parus major 18:Parus major 4530:Categories 4493:Xeno-canto 3609:Penenirmus 2464:(3): 759. 2310:21 January 1933:) complex" 1774:References 1708:Physiology 1670:Mallophaga 1659:introduced 1579:incubation 1566:nest boxes 1508:monogamous 1494:, using a 1332:Kazakhstan 1150:Altenbeken 1110:vocal bird 1056:carotenoid 984:P. m. ecki 885:Kyrgyzstan 881:Tajikistan 841:Uzbekistan 837:Kazakhstan 809:Azerbaijan 729:P. m. ecki 669:Kazakhstan 665:Asia Minor 618:Subspecies 564:The genus 379:"larger". 375:"tit" and 275:Amur River 271:Palearctic 224:subspecies 35:Great tit 4041:RSPB page 3845:216047432 3829:0022-0949 3781:233185485 3765:1530-6860 3541:0030-5685 3474:Oecologia 3423:Oecologia 3189:Oecologia 3073:202013338 3065:1474-919X 2416:1474-919X 2335:Evolution 1760:Sheffield 1599:altricial 1589:Fledgling 1520:cuckoldry 1404:Hemiptera 1396:lacewings 1338:Behaviour 1320:blue tits 1276:irruptive 1272:territory 1268:migratory 1257:scrubland 1243:and even 1152:, Germany 612:marsh tit 579:Cyanistes 424:Indonesia 355:described 327:squirrels 252:passerine 242:great tit 171:Species: 109:Kingdom: 103:Eukaryota 4394:22735990 4368:11232841 4225:bob14640 4189:22735990 4184:BirdLife 4173:BioLib: 4118:Wikidata 4075:Archived 4059:Archived 4004:12867967 3837:32312718 3773:33829547 3719:30639109 3666:(1953). 3510:19909152 3502:28547022 3459:35611518 3451:15480803 3408:18211876 3225:10078007 3217:28308267 2889:19740892 2840:26052031 2832:24897247 2756:17285148 2716:PLOS ONE 2537:The Ring 2365:24748894 2357:12643574 2281:36757531 1967:12965008 1864:(1758). 1848:19740892 1638:P. major 1627:fledging 1502:Breeding 1475:hazelnut 1402:, bugs ( 1392:crickets 1376:gleaning 1217:woodland 1208:and the 1198:Mongolia 1146:nest box 1039:is like 1031:is like 986:is like 907:Mongolia 903:Xinjiang 895:Portenko 877:Buturlin 867:Mongolia 767:and the 753:Madarász 733:Sardinia 701:Portugal 677:Mongolia 661:Linnaeus 608:coal tit 604:blue tit 584:hoarding 463:cinereus 416:cinereus 349:Taxonomy 202:Linnaeus 149:Family: 123:Chordata 119:Phylum: 113:Animalia 99:Domain: 76:IUCN 3.1 4506:ZooBank 4329:9705453 4251:gretit1 4212:gretit1 4161:Avibase 4012:4348883 3982:Bibcode 3941:Bibcode 3879:Bibcode 3697:Bibcode 3572:Bibcode 3482:Bibcode 3431:Bibcode 3399:2596843 3252:Bibcode 3197:Bibcode 3096:Bibcode 2966:Bibcode 2939:1934734 2919:Bibcode 2911:Ecology 2880:2817260 2783:Bibcode 2747:1784073 2724:Bibcode 2673:Bibcode 2466:Bibcode 2217:Zootaxa 1958:1691391 1839:2817260 1766:on the 1644:Ecology 1615:fitness 1479:tannins 1444:peanuts 1424:berries 1400:earwigs 1373:foliage 1369:spiders 1365:insects 1284:Balkans 1229:Siberia 1178:Tunisia 1174:Algeria 1170:Morocco 1158:Iceland 956:plumage 911:Siberia 805:Zarudny 783:Lebanon 779:Hartert 709:Corsica 673:Siberia 570:Paridae 331:weasels 283:migrate 273:to the 257:in the 226:groups 159:Genus: 153:Paridae 139:Order: 129:Class: 74: ( 4485:558568 4459:368939 4446:515143 4381:561864 4355:203153 4285:EURING 4264:PRUSMA 4124:Q25485 4010: 4002: 3974:Nature 3897: 3843: 3835: 3827: 3779: 3771: 3763: 3717: 3590: 3539: 3508: 3500: 3457: 3449: 3406: 3396: 3223: 3215: 3114: 3071: 3063: 2984: 2937: 2887: 2877: 2838: 2830: 2775:Nature 2754: 2744: 2691: 2663:L.)". 2639: 2603: 2507: 2484: 2439: 2414: 2363: 2355: 2279: 2195: 2118: 1965: 1955: 1890: 1846: 1836: 1688:, The 1570:clutch 1280:Baltic 1249:willow 863:Loudon 791:Jordan 787:Israel 765:Cyprus 761:Greece 707:, and 647:Pražák 519:. 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