708:. Most patella dislocations are initially immobilized for the first 2–3 weeks to allow the stretched structures to heal. Rehabilitation focuses on maintaining strength and range of motion to reduce pain and maintain the health of the muscles and tissues around the knee joint. The objective of any good rehabilitation program is to reduce pain, swelling and stiffness as well as increase range of motion. A common rehabilitation plan is to strengthen both the hip abductors, hip external rotators and the quadricep muscles. Commonly used exercises include isometric quadricep sets, side lying clamshells, leg dips with internal tibial rotation, etc. The idea is that because the medial side is most often stretched by the more common lateral dislocation, medial strengthening will add more stabilizing support. With progression more intense range of motion exercises are incorporated.
575:
566:
39:
636:
495:
404:
717:
were found in the youngest age groups, while the rates declined with increasing ages. Females are more susceptible to patellar dislocation. Race is a significant factor for this injury, where
Hispanics, African-Americans and Caucasians had slightly higher rates of patellar dislocation due to the types of athletic activity involved in:
328:, which is the cause of some 93% of patellar dislocation cases. It is more common in females than males and in young in-training military personnel who have a high incidence of patellar dislocation in relation to young athletes and the general population. Direct trauma to the knee displacing the patella is rare.
611:. However, tight and strong lateral quadriceps can be an underlying cause of patellar dislocation. If this is the case, it is advisable to strengthen the medial quadriceps, vastus medialis (VMO), and stretch the lateral muscles. Exercises to strengthen quadriceps muscles include, but are not limited to,
716:
Rate in the United States are estimated 2.3 per 100,000 per year. Rates for ages 10–17 were found to be about 29 per 100,000 persons per year, while the adult population average for this type of injury ranged between 5.8 and 7.0 per 100,000 persons per year. The highest rates of patellar dislocation
732:
Lateral
Patellar dislocation is common among the child population. Some studies suggest that the annual patellar dislocation rate in children is 43/100,000. The treatment of the skeletally immature is controversial due to the fact that they are so young and are still growing. Surgery is recommended
367:
to the center of the patella. The range of a normal Q angle for men ranges from <15 degrees and for females <20 degrees, putting females at a higher risk for this injury. An angle greater than 25 degrees between the patellar tendon and quadriceps muscle can predispose a person to patellar
663:
When designing a rehabilitation program, clinicians consider associated injuries such as chipped bones or soft tissue tears. Clinicians take into account the person's age, activity level, and time needed to return to work and/or athletics. Doctors generally only recommend surgery when other
1115:
Briani RV, de
Oliveira Silva D, Pazzinatto MF, Ferreira AS, Ferrari D, de Azevedo FM (February 2016). "Delayed onset of electromyographic activity of the vastus medialis relative to the vastus lateralis may be related to physical activity levels in females with patellofemoral pain".
387:
When there is too much tension on the patella, the ligaments will be susceptible to tearing due to shear force or torsion force, which then displaces the patella from its groove. Patellar dislocation may also occur when the trochlear groove is shallow, a condition defined as
254:
Patellar dislocations occur in about 6 per 100,000 people per year. They make up about 2% of knee injuries. It is most common in those 10 to 17 years old. Rates in males and females are similar. Recurrence after an initial dislocation occurs in about 30% of people.
733:
by some experts in order to repair the medial structures early, while others recommend treating it non operatively with physical therapy. If re-dislocation occurs then reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the recommended surgical option.
659:
Surgery may impede normal growth of structures in the knee, so doctors generally do not recommend knee operations for young people who are still growing. There are also risks of complications, such as an adverse reaction to anesthesia or an infection.
223:
A patellar dislocation typically occurs when the knee is straight and the lower leg is bent outwards when twisting. Occasionally, it occurs when the knee is bent and the patella is struck directly. Commonly associated sports include
639:
X-ray and MRI after luxation of the patella. There is a fragment and bone bruise at the medial surface of the patella and in the corresponding surface of the lateral condyle of the femur. The medial retinaculum of the patella is
619:. Adding extra external support around the knee by using devices such as knee or athletic tape can help to prevent patellar dislocation and other knee-related injuries. External supports, such as knee braces and
263:
People often describe pain as severe and being "inside the knee cap". The leg tends to flex even when relaxed. In some cases, the injured ligaments involved in patellar dislocation do not allow the leg to flex.
251:. Surgery after a first dislocation is generally of unclear benefit. Surgery may be indicated in those cases where a fracture occurs within the joint or where the patella has repeatedly dislocated.
1911:
292:
muscles can play a large role, found, mainly, in women involved in sports. Moreover, women with patellofemoral pain may show increased Q-angle compared with women without patellofemoral pain.
1646:"Rehabilitation following first-time patellar dislocation: a randomized controlled trial of purported vastus medialis obliquus muscle versus general quadriceps strengthening exercises"
450:
and tendons hold the patella in place and allow it to move up and down the patellofemoral groove when the leg bends. The top of the patella attaches to the quadriceps muscle via the
509:
by making a single leg squat and standing, or by lying on his or her back with knee extended from flexed position. A patella that slips laterally on early flexion is called the
1645:
502:
To assess the knee, a clinician can perform the
Patellar Aprehension Test by moving the patella back and forth while the people flexes the knee at approximately 30 degrees.
1239:
Buchner M, Baudendistel B, Sabo D, Schmitt H (March 2005). "Acute traumatic primary patellar dislocation: long-term results comparing conservative and surgical treatment".
1787:
1904:
335:(supporting 50–80% of the knee mechanisms in lateral patellar glide), which is torn usually at its femoral attachment. Traumatic patellar dislocation may cause
303:
of the kneecap is complex, and deals with the osseous soft tissue or abnormalities within the patellofemoral groove. The patellar symptoms cause knee extensor
1804:
Palmu S, Kallio PE, Donell ST, Helenius I, Nietosvaara Y (March 2008). "Acute patellar dislocation in children and adolescents: a randomized clinical trial".
2332:
1897:
558:
is the ratio between the thickness of the medial joint space and the lateral joint space (L). With the knee 20° flexed, it should measure 1.6 or less.
343:
occurs in 25% of traumatic patellar dislocations. Surgical repair of the patellar stabilizing structures – the medial patellofemoral ligament and
1732:
Fithian DC, Paxton EW, Stone ML, Silva P, Davis DK, Elias DA, White LM (2004). "Epidemiology and natural history of acute patellar dislocation".
1689:
Waterman BR, Belmont PJ, Owens BD (March 2012). "Patellar dislocation in the United States: role of sex, age, race, and athletic participation".
623:, work by providing movement in only the desired planes and help hinder movements that can cause abnormal movement and injuries. Women who wear
1334:
1220:
1195:
1170:
1441:
Nomura E, Horiuchi Y, Kihara M (April 2000). "Medial patellofemoral ligament restraint in lateral patellar translation and reconstruction".
243:
Reduction is generally done by pushing the patella towards the midline while straightening the knee. After reduction, the leg is generally
339:, ligament and muscle attachment tearing, and fracture of the medial wing of the patella. Fracture of the weight-bearing portion of the
318:
Patellar dislocation occurs mainly in youths (under age 20) engaged in sports that may involve accidental rotation of the knee while in
1371:
2099:
627:
tend to develop short calf muscles and tendons. Exercises to stretch and strengthen calf muscles are recommended on a daily basis.
2146:
1036:
471:
332:
1605:"Operative versus closed treatment of primary dislocation of the patella. Similar 2-year results in 125 randomized patients"
331:
Displacement of the patella laterally out of its groove strains the medial stabilizing connective tissues, particularly the
1776:
364:
1398:
Saggin PR, Saggin JI, Dejour D (September 2012). "Imaging in patellofemoral instability: an abnormality-based approach".
1282:
Dejour H, Walch G, Nove-Josserand L, Guier C (1994). "Factors of patellar instability: an anatomic radiographic study".
701:
680:
High-level athletic demands coupled with mechanical risk factors and an initial injury mechanism not related to contact
479:
273:
526:, dislocations are readily diagnosed. In borderline cases of subluxation, the following measurements can be helpful:
236:. Dislocations nearly always occur away from the midline. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and supported by
483:
319:
359:
tend to be more prone to having knee injuries such as dislocations, due to the central line of pull found in the
700:
An effective rehabilitation program reduces the chances of re-injury and of other knee-related problems such as
574:
486:
stabilize the patella on either side. Any of these structures can sustain damage during a patellar dislocation.
2327:
2273:
519:
340:
595:
bone held in place by the quadriceps muscle tendon and patellar tendon ligament. Exercises should strengthen
2235:
2230:
2003:
463:
80:
115:
Bending the lower leg outwards when the knee is straight, direct blow to the patella when the knee is bent
310:
24% of people whose patellas have dislocated have relatives who have experienced patellar dislocations.
2050:
736:
In animals, patellar luxation is a common condition in dogs, particularly small and miniature breeds.
1476:
Gerrard DF (May 1998). "External knee support in rugby union. Effectiveness of bracing and taping".
1188:
Patellofemoral pain, instability, and arthritis : clinical presentation, imaging, and treatment
1997:
1971:
435:
307:, and sensitive small variations affect the muscular mechanism that controls the joint movements.
2007:
1993:
1966:
1889:
1829:
1757:
1714:
1501:
1423:
1307:
1264:
871:
801:
604:
596:
523:
360:
129:
67:
56:
565:
38:
2186:
2140:
1920:
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1079:
1005:
939:
863:
793:
726:
451:
244:
153:
136:
51:
1573:
Shea KG, Nilsson K, Belzer J (2006). "Patellar dislocation in skeletally immature athletes".
2337:
2208:
2114:
2094:
1860:
1813:
1741:
1698:
1660:
1616:
1582:
1540:
1532:
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1133:
1125:
1087:
1071:
995:
987:
929:
855:
785:
652:
616:
612:
608:
541:
A line connecting the most anterior points of the medial and lateral facets of the trochlea.
459:
379:(VMO) stabilizes the patella. Decreased VMO function results in instability of the patella.
324:
285:
277:
248:
213:
157:
85:
635:
478:
tendon and is the structure most often damaged during a patellar dislocation. Finally, the
2072:
1932:
1379:
677:
Palpable disruption of the medial patellofemoral ligament and the vastus medialis obliquus
669:
475:
467:
455:
376:
344:
300:
289:
170:
2305:
2302:
2136:
2023:
1545:
1520:
1252:
1092:
1059:
1000:
975:
705:
600:
494:
208:(kneecap) slips out of its normal position. Often the knee is partly bent, painful and
1454:
2321:
2104:
1489:
875:
620:
209:
73:
1865:
1848:
1833:
1761:
1718:
1505:
1268:
805:
664:
structures in the knee have sustained severe damage, or specifically when there is:
212:. The patella is also often felt and seen out of place. Complications may include a
2240:
2045:
2013:
1427:
1311:
1075:
1028:
372:
336:
125:
1129:
2278:
1411:
789:
1924:
685:
237:
201:
142:
120:
60:
1664:
1586:
934:
917:
1954:
1621:
1604:
1060:"Surgical versus non-surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation"
859:
718:
624:
299:, which can be caused from lack of balance or inflammation in the joints. The
281:
233:
229:
165:
1745:
1083:
991:
867:
2297:
2222:
2178:
2086:
2018:
1985:
1849:"The epidemiology of patellar luxation in an insured Swedish dog population"
392:
304:
217:
177:
89:
1874:
1825:
1753:
1710:
1702:
1672:
1554:
1462:
1419:
1260:
1147:
1101:
1009:
943:
797:
1630:
1603:
Nikku R, Nietosvaara Y, Kallio PE, Aalto K, Michelsson JE (October 1997).
1497:
1303:
403:
375:, the patella sits higher on the knee than normal. Normal function of the
2174:
1981:
1945:
1817:
592:
447:
2265:
1536:
1138:
2037:
1295:
588:
549:
With the knee in 20° flexed, this angle should normally open laterally.
356:
205:
46:
X-ray showing a patellar dislocation, with the patella out to the side.
2165:
2160:
1928:
1029:"Patellar Dislocation and Instability in Children (Unstable Kneecap)"
722:
431:
225:
776:
Ramponi D (2016). "Patellar
Dislocations and Reduction Procedure".
2200:
2124:
2064:
2033:
1940:
846:
Dath R, Chakravarthy J, Porter KM (2006). "Patella dislocations".
689:
634:
515:, and indicates imbalance between the VMO and lateral structures.
493:
443:
439:
402:
389:
1644:
Smith TO, Chester R, Cross J, Hunt N, Clark A, Donell ST (2015).
247:
in a straight position for a few weeks. This is then followed by
2218:
2128:
2082:
1958:
470:, which is a continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon. The
1893:
2196:
2060:
1847:
Engdahl K, Bergström A, Höglund O, Hanson J (September 2023).
1327:
Anatomy & physiology : the unity of form and function
1058:
Smith TO, Gaukroger A, Metcalfe A, Hing CB (24 January 2023).
430:
The patella is a triangular sesamoid bone that is embedded in
976:"A treatment algorithm for primary patellar dislocations"
1329:(6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 268.
644:
Two types of treatment options are typically available:
1806:
The
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
2255:
415:
A direct impact that knocks the patella out of joint
2288:
2259:
2217:
2195:
2173:
2159:
2123:
2081:
2059:
2032:
1980:
1953:
1939:
1393:
1391:
1389:
922:
186:
176:
164:
148:
135:
119:
111:
103:
95:
79:
66:
50:
28:
23:
1350:
1348:
1346:
462:muscles, and the bottom to the head of the tibia (
1777:"Treatment of Patellar Dislocation in Children"
474:attaches horizontally in the inner knee to the
1284:Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
1234:
1232:
544:A tangent to the lateral facet of the patella.
1905:
1684:
1682:
692:can be used to minimize bothersome symptoms.
8:
1598:
1596:
442:) where the thigh bone meets the shin bone (
438:-lined hollow at the end of the thigh bone (
434:. It rests in the patellofemoral groove, an
1568:
1566:
1564:
1118:Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology
1064:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
651:Conservative treatment (rehabilitation and
2256:
2170:
1950:
1912:
1898:
1890:
1186:Zaffagnini S, Dejour D, Arendt EA (2010).
974:Jain NP, Khan N, Fithian DC (March 2011).
841:
839:
837:
835:
771:
769:
272:A predisposing factor is tightness in the
37:
20:
1864:
1620:
1544:
1137:
1091:
999:
933:
911:
909:
907:
905:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
1215:. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
1023:
1021:
1019:
969:
967:
965:
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961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
1734:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
1575:Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine
745:
561:
418:A twisting motion of the knee, or ankle
32:Kneecap dislocation, dislocated kneecap
1400:Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review
918:"Acute traumatic patellar dislocation"
295:Another cause of patellar symptoms is
1163:Disorders of the patello-femoral join
729:(6.9%), according to Brian Waterman.
347:muscle – may be needed for athletes.
297:lateral patellar compression syndrome
7:
1793:from the original on 4 March 2016.
1253:10.1097/01.jsm.0000157315.10756.14
1241:Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine
1190:. Heidelberg; New York: Springer.
778:Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal
14:
2333:Dislocations, sprains and strains
2100:Anterior cruciate ligament injury
1039:from the original on 18 June 2017
72:Knee is partly bent, painful and
1490:10.2165/00007256-199825050-00002
1213:Manual of Structural Kinesiology
1161:Ficat RP, Hungerford DS (1977).
573:
564:
411:Patellar dislocations occur by:
1866:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106034
1165:. Baltimore: Williams Wilkins.
322:, a movement clinically called
1853:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
1609:Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica
1076:10.1002/14651858.CD008106.pub4
472:medial patellofemoral ligament
333:medial patellofemoral ligament
1:
1786:. Patellofemoral Foundation.
1455:10.1016/s0968-0160(00)00038-7
1372:"Patella Tracking Assessment"
1130:10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.10.012
365:anterior superior iliac spine
337:bleeding into the joint space
1412:10.1097/JSA.0b013e3182553cfe
1359:(3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
790:10.1097/TME.0000000000000104
702:patellofemoral pain syndrome
532:lateral patellofemoral angle
1691:The Journal of Knee Surgery
1519:Abdulla A (December 2006).
916:Duthon VB (February 2015).
674:Continued gross instability
507:patella tracking assessment
480:lateral collateral ligament
274:tensor fasciae latae muscle
2354:
1665:10.1016/j.knee.2015.03.013
1587:10.1053/j.otsm.2006.08.001
1355:Brukner P, Khan K (2006).
935:10.1016/j.otsr.2014.12.001
484:medial collateral ligament
1622:10.3109/17453679708996254
860:10.1191/1460408606ta353ra
45:
36:
1746:10.1177/0363546503260788
1376:Family Practice Notebook
1357:Clinical Sports Medicine
992:10.1177/1941738111399237
456:vastus medialis obliquus
2236:Achilles tendon rupture
2231:Patellar tendon rupture
1521:"Holiday review. Pills"
1370:Moses S (10 May 2008).
355:People who have larger
341:lateral femoral condyle
182:~30% risk of recurrence
107:Recovery within 6 weeks
1703:10.1055/s-0031-1286199
641:
505:The people can do the
499:
408:
284:imbalance between the
280:in combination with a
190:6 per 100,000 per year
638:
497:
421:A sudden lateral cut
406:
2110:Patellar dislocation
1818:10.2106/JBJS.G.00072
670:osteochondral injury
556:patellofemoral index
498:Patellar dislocation
454:, the middle to the
198:patellar dislocation
24:Patellar dislocation
1998:Dislocated shoulder
1537:10.1503/cmaj.061382
1325:Saladin KS (2012).
928:(Suppl 1): S59–67.
524:skyline projections
436:articular cartilage
426:Anatomy of the knee
407:Anatomy of the Knee
399:Mechanism of injury
314:Athletic population
141:Based on symptoms,
126:High riding patella
2289:External resources
2051:Gamekeeper's thumb
2008:Separated shoulder
1967:Dislocation of jaw
1784:patellofemoral.org
1296:10.1007/bf01552649
642:
605:vastus intermedius
597:quadriceps muscles
500:
409:
363:that run from the
361:quadriceps muscles
351:Anatomical factors
259:Signs and symptoms
128:, family history,
99:10 to 17 years old
57:Emergency medicine
2315:
2314:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2187:Rotator cuff tear
2155:
2154:
2141:High ankle sprain
1336:978-0-07-337825-1
1222:978-0-07-337643-1
1211:Floyd RT (2009).
1197:978-3-642-05423-5
1172:978-0-683-03200-0
684:Supplements like
464:tibial tuberosity
452:quadriceps tendon
194:
193:
137:Diagnostic method
18:Medical condition
2345:
2257:
2209:Pulled hamstring
2171:
2115:Knee dislocation
2095:Tear of meniscus
1951:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1891:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1650:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1570:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1395:
1384:
1383:
1382:on 18 June 2011.
1378:. Archived from
1367:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1341:
1340:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1033:OrthoInfo - AAOS
1025:
1014:
1013:
1003:
971:
948:
947:
937:
913:
880:
879:
843:
810:
809:
773:
653:physical therapy
609:vastus lateralis
577:
568:
514:
513:
460:vastus lateralis
286:vastus lateralis
278:iliotibial tract
249:physical therapy
214:patella fracture
158:physical therapy
86:Patella fracture
41:
21:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2328:Sports medicine
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2284:
2283:
2268:
2254:
2245:
2213:
2191:
2164:
2151:
2119:
2077:
2073:Hip dislocation
2055:
2028:
1976:
1944:
1935:
1918:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1779:
1774:
1773:
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1731:
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1726:
1688:
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1648:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1478:Sports Medicine
1475:
1474:
1470:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1337:
1324:
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1319:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1070:(1): CD008106.
1057:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1027:
1026:
1017:
973:
972:
951:
915:
914:
883:
845:
844:
813:
775:
774:
747:
742:
714:
698:
633:
585:
578:
569:
511:
510:
492:
476:adductor magnus
468:patellar tendon
428:
401:
385:
353:
345:vastus medialis
316:
301:pathophysiology
290:vastus medialis
270:
261:
171:Pain medication
130:loose ligaments
19:
12:
11:
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2306:article/109263
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2260:Classification
2251:
2250:
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2227:
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2215:
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2205:
2203:
2193:
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2189:
2183:
2181:
2168:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2137:Sprained ankle
2133:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2079:
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2069:
2067:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2024:Bankart lesion
2021:
2016:
2011:
2001:
1990:
1988:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1948:
1937:
1936:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1887:
1886:External links
1884:
1881:
1880:
1839:
1796:
1767:
1740:(5): 1114–21.
1724:
1678:
1659:(4): 313–320.
1636:
1592:
1581:(3): 188–196.
1560:
1511:
1468:
1449:(2): 121–127.
1433:
1385:
1362:
1342:
1335:
1317:
1274:
1228:
1221:
1203:
1196:
1178:
1171:
1153:
1107:
1050:
1035:. March 2014.
1015:
949:
881:
811:
744:
743:
741:
738:
713:
710:
706:osteoarthritis
697:
696:Rehabilitation
694:
682:
681:
678:
675:
672:
657:
656:
649:
632:
629:
601:rectus femoris
591:is a floating
584:
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579:
572:
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563:
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2135:
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2132:
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2122:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:Unhappy triad
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
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1930:
1926:
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1896:
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1876:
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1858:
1854:
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1843:
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1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:(3): 463–70.
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1775:Sillanpää P.
1771:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
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1728:
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1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1615:(5): 419–23.
1614:
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1437:
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1409:
1406:(3): 145–51.
1405:
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989:
985:
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980:Sports Health
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695:
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630:
628:
626:
622:
621:athletic tape
618:
614:
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606:
602:
598:
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590:
582:
576:
571:
567:
562:
557:
553:
552:
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417:
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405:
398:
396:
394:
391:
382:
380:
378:
374:
369:
368:dislocation.
366:
362:
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346:
342:
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334:
329:
327:
326:
321:
313:
311:
308:
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293:
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283:
279:
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267:
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258:
256:
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231:
227:
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219:
215:
211:
207:
204:in which the
203:
199:
189:
185:
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175:
172:
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159:
155:
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147:
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131:
127:
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122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
82:
81:Complications
78:
75:
71:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
53:
49:
44:
40:
35:
31:
27:
22:
16:
2296:
2272:
2241:Shin splints
2109:
2046:Pulled elbow
2014:ALPSA lesion
1925:subluxations
1921:Dislocations
1856:
1852:
1842:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1783:
1770:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1694:
1690:
1656:
1652:
1639:
1612:
1608:
1578:
1574:
1531:(12): 1575.
1528:
1524:
1514:
1484:(5): 313–7.
1481:
1477:
1471:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1403:
1399:
1380:the original
1375:
1365:
1356:
1326:
1320:
1290:(1): 19–26.
1287:
1283:
1277:
1244:
1240:
1212:
1206:
1187:
1181:
1162:
1156:
1139:11449/168461
1121:
1117:
1110:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1032:
986:(2): 170–4.
983:
979:
925:
921:
851:
847:
784:(2): 89–92.
781:
777:
735:
731:
725:(6.9%), and
715:
712:Epidemiology
699:
683:
662:
658:
643:
586:
555:
534:, formed by:
531:
517:
506:
504:
501:
429:
410:
386:
373:patella alta
370:
354:
330:
323:
317:
309:
296:
294:
271:
268:Risk factors
262:
253:
242:
222:
197:
195:
121:Risk factors
15:
1697:(1): 51–7.
1247:(2): 62–6.
854:(1): 5–11.
686:glucosamine
668:Concurrent
446:). Several
202:knee injury
152:Reduction,
96:Usual onset
61:orthopedics
29:Other names
2322:Categories
1859:: 106034.
1124:: 137–42.
1043:16 October
740:References
719:basketball
640:disrupted.
625:high heels
583:Prevention
466:) via the
377:VMO muscle
282:quadriceps
234:ice hockey
230:gymnastics
166:Medication
2298:eMedicine
2179:upper arm
2019:SLAP tear
1986:upper arm
1946:ligaments
1084:1469-493X
876:208269986
868:1460-4086
721:(18.2%),
631:Treatment
490:Diagnosis
448:ligaments
393:dysplasia
390:trochlear
305:dysplasia
218:arthritis
187:Frequency
178:Prognosis
160:, surgery
154:splinting
149:Treatment
90:arthritis
52:Specialty
2175:Shoulder
2147:Turf toe
1982:Shoulder
1972:Whiplash
1875:37801966
1834:29847024
1826:18310694
1788:Archived
1762:11899852
1754:15262631
1719:39546830
1711:22624248
1673:25921095
1653:The Knee
1555:17146100
1506:41629668
1463:10788776
1443:The Knee
1420:22878655
1269:39224743
1261:15782048
1148:26617182
1102:36692346
1037:Archived
1010:23016004
944:25592052
806:42552493
798:27139130
727:football
599:such as
593:sesamoid
482:and the
357:Q angles
245:splinted
104:Duration
68:Symptoms
2338:Patella
2279:D031222
2166:tendons
2161:Muscles
2038:forearm
1933:strains
1929:sprains
1631:9385238
1546:1660600
1498:9629609
1428:1692917
1312:8223738
1304:7584171
1093:9872769
1001:3445142
648:Surgery
589:patella
522:, with
320:flexion
210:swollen
206:patella
74:swollen
1941:Joints
1873:
1832:
1824:
1760:
1752:
1717:
1709:
1671:
1629:
1553:
1543:
1504:
1496:
1461:
1426:
1418:
1333:
1310:
1302:
1267:
1259:
1219:
1194:
1169:
1146:
1100:
1090:
1082:
1008:
998:
942:
874:
866:
848:Trauma
804:
796:
723:soccer
690:NSAIDs
617:lunges
613:squats
607:, and
512:J sign
432:tendon
383:Forces
325:valgus
238:X-rays
232:, and
226:soccer
143:X-rays
112:Causes
2201:thigh
2125:Ankle
2065:thigh
2034:Elbow
1830:S2CID
1791:(PDF)
1780:(PDF)
1758:S2CID
1715:S2CID
1649:(PDF)
1502:S2CID
1424:S2CID
1308:S2CID
1265:S2CID
872:S2CID
802:S2CID
520:X-ray
444:tibia
440:femur
200:is a
2274:MeSH
2221:and
2219:Knee
2199:and
2177:and
2129:foot
2127:and
2085:and
2083:Knee
2063:and
2036:and
1984:and
1959:neck
1957:and
1955:Head
1931:and
1871:PMID
1822:PMID
1750:PMID
1707:PMID
1669:PMID
1627:PMID
1551:PMID
1525:CMAJ
1494:PMID
1459:PMID
1416:PMID
1331:ISBN
1300:PMID
1257:PMID
1217:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1167:ISBN
1144:PMID
1098:PMID
1080:ISSN
1045:2017
1006:PMID
940:PMID
864:ISSN
794:PMID
704:and
688:and
615:and
587:The
554:The
530:The
458:and
288:and
276:and
2223:leg
2197:Hip
2163:and
2087:leg
2061:Hip
1943:and
1861:doi
1857:220
1814:doi
1742:doi
1699:doi
1661:doi
1617:doi
1583:doi
1541:PMC
1533:doi
1529:175
1486:doi
1451:doi
1408:doi
1292:doi
1249:doi
1134:hdl
1126:doi
1088:PMC
1072:doi
996:PMC
988:doi
930:doi
926:101
856:doi
786:doi
518:On
371:In
216:or
2324::
2301::
2277::
2004:AC
1994:GH
1927:,
1869:.
1855:.
1851:.
1828:.
1820:.
1810:90
1808:.
1782:.
1756:.
1748:.
1738:32
1736:.
1713:.
1705:.
1695:25
1693:.
1681:^
1667:.
1657:22
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1651:.
1625:.
1613:68
1611:.
1607:.
1595:^
1579:14
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1563:^
1549:.
1539:.
1527:.
1523:.
1500:.
1492:.
1482:25
1480:.
1457:.
1445:.
1422:.
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1404:20
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1388:^
1374:.
1345:^
1306:.
1298:.
1286:.
1263:.
1255:.
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1243:.
1231:^
1142:.
1132:.
1122:26
1120:.
1096:.
1086:.
1078:.
1066:.
1062:.
1031:.
1018:^
1004:.
994:.
982:.
978:.
952:^
938:.
924:.
920:.
884:^
870:.
862:.
850:.
814:^
800:.
792:.
782:38
780:.
748:^
603:,
395:.
240:.
228:,
220:.
196:A
156:,
88:,
59:,
2266:D
2143:)
2139:(
2010:)
2006:(
2000:)
1996:(
1923:/
1913:e
1906:t
1899:v
1877:.
1863::
1836:.
1816::
1764:.
1744::
1721:.
1701::
1675:.
1663::
1633:.
1619::
1589:.
1585::
1557:.
1535::
1508:.
1488::
1465:.
1453::
1447:7
1430:.
1410::
1339:.
1314:.
1294::
1288:2
1271:.
1251::
1225:.
1200:.
1175:.
1150:.
1136::
1128::
1104:.
1074::
1068:1
1047:.
1012:.
990::
984:3
946:.
932::
878:.
858::
852:8
808:.
788::
655:)
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