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truth. Instead, targets see paternalistic lies as an attempt to influence or coerce them through trust, as they may not have chosen the outcome for themselves or to impose an assumed superior framework of the world to the reality shaped by the truth. The lie-teller always overestimates beneficial aspects and minimizes the potential harm of the lie, resulting in a more favourable attitude. Targets, however, end up questioning the underlying benevolent intentions of the lie-teller because of the liars' subjective judgements and the consequent interference with their autonomy.
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This has been found to occur cross-culturally. Tzeltal-speaking Mayans, a tribe living in a rural community in southern Mexico, frequently lie to their children. They do not consider these lies as morally problematic and encourage their children to adopt the same practice. However, this can create an honesty paradox where parents live in a society where honesty is promoted as a social value.
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A study which looked at parental lying in the U.S. and China showed that while lying by parents in both countries was widespread, a larger proportion of parents in China employed and approved of the practice in order to promote behavioral compliance in comparison to parents in the U.S. Researchers
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Parents are the key figures children rely on in their developmental years. They represent their role models, which greatly influence and ground their social learning. Numerous studies indicate that parents commonly use paternalistic lies to control emotions and influence behaviour of their children.
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The responses to lies depend on the desirability of outcomes and the perceived fairness by which those outcomes are obtained. If outcomes are desirable, targets will respond favourably regardless of the fairness in the process involved. However, if the outcome is undesirable, their response will
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Paternalistic lies are rooted in subjective assumptions, which can solely predict the target's preferences. Several studies show that targets judge paternalistic lies harshly because they perceive their autonomy to have been violated. The underlying reason is the belief in the right to know the
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role, whether they are their actual parent or not. The most used form of paternalistic deception are paternalist lies. They are told by an individual, a group, or an institution with the intent of benefitting the target lied to by sparing their feelings or preventing them from experiencing
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Moreover, if the deceived individual discovers they have been lied to, it can induce emotional responses such as mild disappointment, hurt, anger, or complete betrayal. Since paternalistic liars are perceived as inaccurately predicting the target's preferences, this can lead to
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Other findings revealed that paternalistic lies negatively influence the parent-child relationship through distrust. Furthermore, a negative correlation has been observed between the perceived frequency of lies told and parental involvement, autonomy support, and warmth.
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account for the unfairness in the outcome's process. Since paternalistic lies are not objectively desirable compared to honesty, the targets will be less satisfied with the resulting outcome than when the same outcome is obtained via honesty.
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such as the derogation of the deceiver or a decrease in the outcomes' attractiveness due to the nature of it being a lie. The target can shift their preferences, as the process of being lied to becomes more important than the outcome itself.
39:. This is induced by denying them access to accurate information and by limiting their behaviour choices. Confrontations with paternalistic lies can begin in early childhood and continue throughout an individual's life.
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Lie-tellers are also affected by the lie. They establish an ego-protective mechanism that generates a normalization belief through comparison to equally blameworthy activities by others to try and minimize their
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on patients to prevent them from feeling disappointed if no alternative cure option is available. These practices call into question the ethics behind them. Potential problems that can arise are:
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Controversially, paternalistic lies are sometimes also used in physician-patient relationships. Doctors may give patients an overly optimistic prognosis to provide hope, or they occasionally use
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norm, as it involves a set of beliefs favouring retribution as a counteract to being unfavourably treated. This implies that people reciprocate equally when receiving negative treatment.
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lies. They can occur through omissions, half-truths, or white lies. Paternalistic lies can be manipulative, however their key feature involves the interference with the target's
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the potential damage to the crucial trust between the professional physician, patient relationship. (and between the medical profession and patients as a whole).
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Besides, studies have shown that people who have been intensely or often lied to tend to increase their frequency of deception. This finding is in line with the
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psychological harm. As they are justified by the assumption that they are in the target's best interest, they are a subset of
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patients' deception, which can later induce negative repercussions after finding out about the lie
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the patient's autonomy being threatened as a result not seeking a second professional opinion.
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opportunity for early intervention lost for good prognosis, treatment and referral due to
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that is ostensibly performed for the deceived individual's good by a person assuming a
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489:"The price of deceptive behavior: Disliking and lying to people who lie to us"
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437:"Deceiver's Distrust: Denigration as a Consequence of Undiscovered Deception"
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Sagarin, Brad J.; Rhoads, Kelton v. L.; Cialdini, Robert B. (November 1998).
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Chipidza, Fallon E.; Wallwork, Rachel S.; Stern, Theodore A. (2015-10-22).
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Lupoli, Matthew J.; Levine, Emma E.; Greenberg, Adam Eric (2018-05-01).
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Heyman, Gail D.; Hsu, Anna S.; Fu, Genyue; Lee, Kang (December 2013).
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Tyler, James M.; Feldman, Robert S.; Reichert, Andreas (2006-01-01).
224:"Parental Deception: Perceived Effects on Parent-Child Relationships"
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ascribed this variation to differences in cultural values.
729:"Paternalistic Assumptions and a Purported Duty to Deceive"
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Heyman, Gail D.; Luu, Diem H.; Lee, Kang (2009-09-01).
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The
Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Paternalism
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Organizational
Behavior and Human Decision Processes
557:"Instrumental lying by parents in the US and China"
674:"A Duty to Deceive: Placebos in Clinical Practice"
528:"The Role of Parents in the Education of Children"
818:Rorty, Mary V.; Frankel, Lorry R. (2009-12-14).
222:Cargill, Joscelyn R.; Curtis, Drew A. (2017).
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879:The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders
875:"Impact of the Doctor-Patient Relationship"
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441:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
162:Gert, Bernard; Culver, Charles M. (1976).
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936:Lying and Deception: Theory and Practice
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364:"Paternalistic lying and deception"
1109:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
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995:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
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957:. University Of Minnesota Press.
824:The American Journal of Bioethics
733:The American Journal of Bioethics
678:The American Journal of Bioethics
535:Journal of Education and Practice
409:Social Deception in Everyday Life
228:Journal of Relationships Research
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168:Philosophy & Public Affairs
782:Jauhar, Sandeep (2014-02-22).
727:Berger, Jeffrey (2009-12-14).
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672:Foddy, Bennett (2009-12-14).
573:10.1080/00207594.2012.746463
270:"Is It Always Wrong to Lie?"
938:. Oxford University Press.
336:10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.01.001
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621:Journal of Moral Education
505:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.02.003
836:10.1080/15265160903242733
820:"The Paradoxical Placebo"
745:10.1080/15265160903234086
690:10.1080/15265160903318350
633:10.1080/03057240903101630
453:10.1177/01461672982411004
407:Wackenhut, Joyce (1987).
953:Sartorius, Rolf (1984).
376:10.4324/9781315657080-21
362:Stokke, Andreas (2018),
164:"Paternalistic Behavior"
1176:Social psychology stubs
934:Carson, Thomas (2010).
274:www.psychologytoday.com
20:Paternalistic deception
1105:-related article is a
891:10.4088/PCC.15f01840
617:"Parenting by lying"
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320:"Paternalistic lies"
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1150:Categories
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391:2023-03-28
279:2023-03-28
149:References
107:Healthcare
85:Occurrence
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143:Noble lie
90:Parenting
54:reactance
33:prosocial
24:deception
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