1695:
1462:" for revolutionary "journées" that would be followed in similar circumstances in Utrecht itself, and in other Dutch cities in the following two years. First the city government would commit some kind of "provocation" that would enrage the Free Corps members and other Patriots. The democrats would work themselves into a lather, whipped up by seditious pamphlets and speeches. Then they would march to the town hall and assemble, with their weapons, in the town square, which they would easily fill with their large numbers. The city fathers would be summoned to come to the town hall and would be more or less locked up in their meeting room. They would not be physically assaulted (even provided with food and drink), but the psychological pressure of the threatening crowd, and the threats that "it would be impossible to constrain them, if the demands were not met" would soon convince them to give in. But once everybody had returned home in triumph, the city fathers would regain their courage, and renege on their promises "as these had been forced under duress." And a new cycle would soon commence.
893:...Anything which is attempted at this time to save our truly almost irretrievably lost fatherland will be in vain, if you, o people of the Netherlands, remain passive bystanders any longer. So do this! Assemble each and everyone in your cities and in the villages in the country. Assemble peacefully and elect from the midst of you a moderate number of good, virtuous, pious men... Send these as your commissioners to the meeting places of the Estates of your Provinces and order them ...to make, together with the Estates ...a precise inquiry into the reasons for the extreme slowness and weakness with which the protection of this country against a formidable and especially active enemy is being treated ...Let your commissioners publicly and openly report to you about their actions from time to time by means of the press...Arm yourselves, all of you, and elect yourselves the ones that must command you. Act with calmness and modesty in all things (like the people of America, where not one drop of blood was shed before the English attacked them in the first place)...
1718:, an officer in the States army, for its own account. This so-called "Legion of Salm" was not subject to the stadtholder as Captain-General of the States army. After the crisis passed, the States of Holland decided to abolish it, as an austerity measure, but several Holland cities, Amsterdam among them, decided to take over the financing for their own account, so that from 1785 on the Legion continued in being as a military unit that was not part of the official military command structure, and also not part of the Free Corps federation, because the members of the Legion were mercenaries, just like the soldiers of the army. The Legion did not play a role, until the Rhinegrave in September 1786 became commander-in-chief of all forces of the province of Holland, including the States army troops under the Holland
877:...The great that are governing you, the Prince or whoever has any authority in this country, only do this on your behalf. All of their authority derives from you...All men are born free. By nature, no one has any authority over anyone else. Some people may be gifted with a better understanding, a stronger body or greater wealth than others, but this does not in the least entitle the more sensible, stronger or wealthier to govern the less sensible, the weaker and the poorer...In these companies, usually called civil societies, peoples or nations, the members or participants pledge to promote each others' happiness as much as possible, to protect each other with united force and to maintain each other in an uninterrupted enjoyment of all property, possessions and all inherited and lawfully acquired rights...
2045:
1691:, though this had no consequences for the operational command, as the army was an institution of the Republic as a whole. The troops were in peacetime usually divided over a number of garrisons in different parts of the country. These garrisons played an important role in local politics, as the officers were Orangists to a man, and the troops in the whole felt a strong allegiance to the stadtholder. The garrison cities, like Nijmegen in Gelderland, The Hague in Holland, and 'Hertogenbosch in "States Brabant" were strongpoints of Orangist influence, even though the surrounding provinces might tend to favor the Patriots. So even without explicitly threatening military violence, the army played an important role in local politics.
1196:
412:
2056:
irresolute, she decided to make an appearance in The Hague to bring matters to a boil. To that end she planned a trip with a small entourage, but without an armed escort, from
Nijmegen to The Hague by way of a route close to the Patriot stronghold of Gouda on 28 June 1787. Fresh horses had been ordered for her carriages at several stops underway, thereby advertising her planned route. To make certain that the Patriots would be aware of what was afoot, several Orangist agents "let slip" to everyone that would be interested, that the Princess was about to pass by. It was therefore no surprise that she was intercepted by a patrol of the Gouda Free Corps near the
2122:
33:
2353:
2202:
971:(Dutch Historical Journal) in Delft. All these periodicals enjoyed great popularity in middle-class circles, probably because they mixed serious political analysis with scurrilous libels of the political elite. The journalists and publishers were often prosecuted by their enraged victims, but fines and jail-time were part of the job in these times. As they had a national readership they helped Patriot politics go beyond the local confines they would normally have encountered. And their ideological consistency helped to bring about unity in especially the "democratic" wing of the Patriot movement.
178:
2064:. The Princess was not harmed and she was soon allowed to return to Nijmegen, but the fact that her captors had been impolite (one of them sat unbidden at her dinner table, which was a serious breach of etiquette; another stood with a drawn sabre in her presence) caused great consternation and outrage. Especially her brother the Prussian king now lost his patience with the Patriots, and the Dutch in general, and demanded in a first ultimatum to the States General the immediate reinstatement of the Princess in The Hague, and the exemplary punishment of the culprits of the
1777:
811:
1773:, a Hattem native. The pro-Orangist States of Gelderland then asked the stadtholder to lend a hand in suppressing this "insurrection" and on 4 September a task-force of the Nijmegen garrison duly marched to Hattem and entered that city over light opposition the next day. The troops were allowed to loot the two small cities and desecrate the local churches. Stadtholder William V is said to have exclaimed on the news of the success of the operation: "Have they be hanged? Hell and Damnation. Why not hang the Satan's children?".
2365:
anchor the regime, beginning with a treaty between Great
Britain and the Dutch Republic, signed on 15 April 1788 by Van de Spieghel in London. It guaranteed the stadtholderate to the House of Orange-Nassau in perpetuity and formed a defensive alliance between the two countries. On the same date, at the same hour, a similar treaty was signed between Prussia and the Republic in Berlin. To complete the triangle, Harris brought about a treaty between Great Britain and Prussia during a visit of the Prussian king to his sister at
885:...There is no freedom and no freedom can exist in a country where one single person has the hereditary command over a large army, appoints and dismisses the country's regents and keeps them in his power and under his influence, deals with all the offices, and by his influence on the appointments of professors controls the subject matter that is being taught to the country's youth studying in universities, where the people is kept ignorant, where the people is unarmed and has nothing in the world...
906:
742:, and this helped engender much sympathy for the American cause in Dutch public opinion. When John Adams arrived in the Netherlands from Paris in 1780, in search of Dutch loans for the financing of the American struggle, he came armed with a long list of Dutch contacts. At first, however, it was an uphill struggle to interest the Dutch elite. Adams set to work to influence public opinion with the help of a number of those Dutch contacts which he enumerates in a letter to
2786:. It was a lengthy and rambling document that among others ordered the founding of a "bureau of correspondence" at The Hague to coordinate the activities of Orangist Free Corps and to organise petition drives; it berated the States of Holland and their Patriot majority and offered the support of the stadtholder to their opponents; and it demanded the restoration of the stadtholder to his office of Captain-General; Cf. Colenbrander, vol. III, pp. 203-204
1179:, because of their common interest in diminishing the powers of the stadtholder. In Holland province his advantage of exercising command of the Hague garrison of the States Army was offset by the power of the Free Corps in most cities, and the latter had the additional advantage of providing a defense against the usual Orangist weapon of threatened mob violence, because the middle-class Patriots feared the city paupers as much as the
2002:, who repeatedly attempted to bring the moderates to compromise. For instance, in 1785 they proposed that the stadtholder would cede his military powers to a council, with the Princess, the pensionaries, and the leaders of both the Orangist and "aristocratic" Patriot factions as members (only the democrats would be excluded). But William refused to budge on his "due rights" and without that the Patriots would not budge either.
170:
1046:
681:, and when they had approached the unsuspecting Dutchmen (who were not yet aware of the start of the war), ran up their true colors and opened fire. The Dutch ships then struck their colors after firing a single broadside in reply "to satisfy honor." In this way individual ships, and even a complete squadron, were lost. The British blockaded the Dutch coast without much response from the Dutch fleet. There was one big
2013:. Though the new king was not keen to go to war with France, he was less determined to avoid such a development than the old king, and from then on Harris' designs to let the Prussians do the fighting on behalf of Great Britain stood a better chance. And the French game of egging on the Patriots on the one hand, and keeping them in check on the other, became more risky. The French opposite number of von Goertz,
380:, in which the commercial sector (always strong in the Netherlands) and the banking sector dominated. These shifts had a devastating effect for the people who experienced downward social mobility and ended up in the lower strata of Dutch society. But even those that were not affected by such downward mobility, and remained in the upper and middle classes, were affected by this perceived economic decline.
1914:
819:
1409:
1192:. On 3 April 1784 such a riot was bloodily suppressed by a Free-Corps company in Rotterdam, when a panicky officer ordered his men to open fire on the mob, which resulted in several people killed. Initially, the officer was blamed, but (due to the fact that more and more riots occurred) the States of Holland later exonerated the Free Corps and blamed the Orangist rioters.
1207:
on a national level. In
December the first congress of representatives of a federation of Free Corps assembled in Utrecht. This was soon followed by the second congress on 25 February 1785, which commissioned the Leiden Free Corps to draft a manifesto. This manifesto was adopted during the third congress, again in Utrecht on 14 June 1785. It took the form of a solemn
3861:
1095:) and the use of arms. The Patriots proposed to use the militias to promote the representation of their officers in official councils, and to defend the rights of free assembly and speech of the citizenry. Depending on local political circumstances the Free corps sometimes remained a parallel military structure, and sometimes gradually took over the old
2025:
notables was held in
Nijmegen to decide on a strategy of confrontation. Harris stood ready with a subsidy of ÂŁ70,000, ostensibly as a loan to the Orangist States of Gelderland), but in reality as a slush fund to finance the Orangist Free Corps, to be used in street rioting, and to buy the favors of the vacillating
1213:(Act of Association for the defense of the Republican constitution, or "Act of Association" for short) in which the members of the Free Corps pledged to support each other against attempts at suppression by the civil authorities and against attacks by Orangist mobs. Also the Act for the first time established
851:"Seditious" it certainly was, as the pamphlet repeatedly exhorted the burghers of the Netherlands to arm themselves and take matters into their own hands. As was usual at the time, the pamphlet contained a romanticized overview of Dutch history, going back to the mythical ancestors of the Dutch people, the
1624:("The Treason Discovered"), made it public, and this incensed the Patriots. That night the city was abuzz with fervid Patriot activity. The Burgher Defense Council, which commanded the Free Corps, organised a petition (the "Act of Qualification") which was signed by 16,000 people, and the next day the
1267:(Design to make the Republic inwardly contented and outwardly feared by a salutary union of interests of Regent and Citizen, etc.) in which among other things the abolition of the right of approval of city-government appointments of the stadtholder was proposed, to be replaced by democratic elections.
1727:
The events that gave rise to this development were the following. In
September 1785, after a number of riots between Patriots and Orangists in The Hague during the summer of that year, the States of Holland (by then with a slender majority of cities tending toward the Patriot side) decided to deprive
897:
These themes: the primacy of the people, whose servants the politicians are; the need to arm the people in units who elect their own officers; to elect commissioners who investigate government wrongdoing, as a parallel source of power next to the existing institutions; the need to protect the freedom
490:
to stadtholder in all seven provinces, on a hereditary basis, with greatly expanded powers, in the hope that he would use those powers to promote the political influence of the would-be "democrats." That hope proved vain, also because of his untimely death in 1751, after which he was succeeded by his
2338:
Such is the nature of the celebrated Belgic confederacy, as delineated on parchment. What are the characters which practice has stamped upon it? Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from
2146:
The stadtholder returned to The Hague on 20 September 1787 at the head of the States-army troops that had marched together with the triumphant
Prussian army. A purge of the States of Holland and the States General, both institutions who had their seat in The Hague, started immediately. The immediate
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protection against the
British, and also among the population at large, who felt humiliated by what many saw as "cowardice." The stadtholder was generally blamed. After a brief wave of euphoria due to Zoutman's heroics (which were duly exploited in the official propaganda), the navy again earned the
672:
The war went disastrously for the Dutch, despite the fact that the Dutch fleet had been enlarged appreciably in the preceding years. but it was scarcely used by the Dutch, with the stadtholder, as
Admiral-General, in supreme command. At the start of the war, a number of Dutch warships were surprised
1206:
The Free Corps were a local phenomenon, limited to the areas where the
Patriot movement was strong, partly because the Patriot ideology for a very long time respected the confederal structure of the Dutch Republic. They remained "federal" democrats. But from the end of 1784 they started to organize
1832:
In
Utrecht city the Patriots feared an attack from the Amersfoort and Zeist troops, and started to fortify the city against a siege. The defenders received reinforcements from Holland and other Patriot strongholds, so that by the spring of 1787 they numbered 6,000. When the Utrecht Defense Council
1275:
Implementing the Patriot manifestos brought a fundamental rift between the "democratic" and "aristocratic" wings of the Patriot movement to light. Initially both saw a common interest and a basis for cooperation (as the Leiden Draft explicitly proposes). This was exemplified by the Utrecht example
749:
of 4 September 1782. He mentions the Amsterdam lawyer Hendrik Calkoen, who was very interested in the American cause, and who posed thirty questions on the matter that Adams answered in a number of letters, that were later bundled and published as an influential pamphlet. Calkoen was keen to again
538:
that had ruled the country during the Second Stadtholderless Period were replaced by Orangist party men, who were ideologically opposed to popular influence, closing the door to "democratic" experiments. Though the "democrats" had been in the Orangist camp in 1747, they therefore soon came into an
365:
as artisans that had worked in the disappearing industries had to move to areas where work was still to be found. The shrinking industrial base was also concentrating in particular areas, to the detriment of other areas where certain industries (shipbuilding, textiles) had formerly been prominent.
1947:
Harris set about to reestablish British influence in the Dutch Republic, and he did not always limit himself to diplomatic means. One important task was to shore up the morale of the dispirited stadtholder after his departure from The Hague in September 1785. William at that time had two options:
1674:
It is true that compared to the French revolution the Patriot revolution was singularly bloodless and that widespread military maneuvering remained the exception. But there actually were military actions by regular forces on both sides, aimed at deciding the issue by military means, and blood was
787:
By these propagandistic activities the American and Dutch causes became intertwined in the public's mind as a model of "republican fraternity". Adams himself harped on this theme in the "Memorial" he presented to the States-General to obtain acceptance of his credentials as ambassador on 19 April
2108:
had personally assumed command a few months earlier, was evacuated without a fight, after Salm on 14 September convinced the Military Commission in Woerden that it was a rat trap, about to be encircled by two Prussian pincers, and that it was strategically necessary to retreat to Amsterdam. This
2024:
died in February 1787. With both Frederick the Great and Vergennes out of the way it was far more likely that France would allow a Prussian military intervention without a major European conflagration. Between 13 and 18 May 1787 (so shortly after the Battle of Jutphaas) a conference of Orangist
1937:. Harris had a tendency to see French conspiracies everywhere, and in the Dutch case he may have been right. Because the French saw the discomfiture of the Dutch stadtholder with great pleasure, although their enthusiasm was limited to the advance of their old friends, the Amsterdam States Party
1013:
usually elected its own officers. But starting in the early 17th century the militias lost their independence and became subservient to the regular city magistracy. They also became a part of the regular defense structure of the country, next to the States Army (though not part of that mercenary
792:
If there was ever among nations a natural alliance, one may be formed between the two republics...The origins of the two Republics are so much alike that the history of the one seems to be but a transcript of the other; so that every Dutchman instructed in the subject must pronounce the American
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In the Dutch Republic, meanwhile, Harris worked to ensure that such an outcome would not come about; that there would not be a repeat of the Patriot Revolt; and that the stadtholderian regime would remain on top in perpetuity. To that end he initiated a network of diplomatic treaties that would
2109:
earned the Rhinegrave the enduring opprobrium of the Patriots and all Dutch historians, but he was probably right. The retreat proved, however, a death blow to Patriot morale. Though the Patriots indeed made a stand around Amsterdam (without Salm, however, who was replaced by a French officer,
1605:
prevented a fracas. On 3 April Goudoever returned at the head of 102 officers to demand that henceforth Amsterdam would only be represented by its pensionaries Van Berckel and Visscher (who were both trusted by the Patriots) in the States of Holland. Dedel replied with an attempt to come to an
2005:
In 1786 a Prussian minister, Johann von Goertz, came to The Hague with a proposal that might even be acceptable to the democrats, but Harris easily convinced William, already in great spirits after the events of Hattem and Elburg, that this would amount to a "capitulation" and the stadtholder
1380:
were not about to let go of their powers without a fight, but instead of getting into a direct confrontation with the democrats they at first tried to drown the proposal in red tape. The States drafted a far more conservative counter-proposal and tried to push this through by subterfuge. This
352:
decline. The absolute size of Dutch GNP remained constant, but the economy was overtaken by that of other European countries in the course of the 18th century. Besides, in a number of economic sectors, such as the fisheries and most industries that had sprung up in the early 17th century, an
2055:
Then, completely unexpected, an event happened that played into Harris' hands. Harris had convinced Princess Wilhelmina that the Orangist forces in The Hague had become strong enough that it might be possible to wrest that city from the hands of the Patriots. Audacious where her husband was
147:
with a system of democratically elected representatives. This enabled them to replace the representatives of these cities in the States of several provinces, gaining Patriot majorities in the States of Holland, Groningen and Utrecht, and frequently also in the States General. This helped to
2087:, obviating the necessity of entering the Austrian Netherlands. This turned out to be a bluff, and once this became clear to the Prussians and Harris, nothing prevented an invasion of the Republic. But the Patriots, informed of the French intervention plans by yet another French envoy
2821:
physician and Patriot on 1 July 1787, so before the Prussian invasion. Van Steveninck and his servants tried to defend the house against an Orangist mob, but when the besiegers brought on a field gun, provided by the garrison, Van Stevenicnck had to flee for his life; cf. Schama, p.
1173:. In cities like Leiden, Zutphen and Utrecht the Free corps drew up petitions demanding recognition of the newly-constituted militias by the city governments, which was subsequently granted. In this early phase there was a happy cooperation between the Patriots and the anti-Orangist
1966:
is the best known, he used these funds to subsidize the establishment of Orangist Free Corps in provinces like Zeeland and Friesland where the Orangists were in the majority, which were used to intimidate the Patriot minorities in these provinces. He tried to lure the conservative
1321:
to no longer brook such interference. Attempts to come to an understanding with the stadtholder in the fall of 1783 failed, because the latter insisted on his "due rights." Then in January 1784 an occasion presented itself to test the stadtholder's resolve, when a vacancy in the
902:. It was a mixture of old and new ideas, and attitudes to the Dutch constitution. But this mixture would diverge into two distinctive strands in the course of the next few years, until it would lead to an ideological split between the "aristocratic" and "democratic" Patriots.
2922:'Recueil Andries Bicker'. Register van de resoluties van de vroedschap en het college van burgemeesteren en oud-burgemeesteren, opgetekend door Andries Bicker gedurende zijn zitting in genoemde colleges; afschriften; met inhoudsopgave en alfabetische index, 1622-1652, p. 327
138:
Such militias were subsequently organised in many localities and formed, together with Patriot political clubs, the core of the Patriot movement. From 1785 on, the Patriots managed to gain power in a number of Dutch cities, where they replaced the old system of co-option of
366:
Remarkably for an era of rapid population growth in other European countries, the size of the Dutch population remained constant during the 18th century at around 1.9 million people, which (in view of the constant absolute size of the economy) resulted in a constant
481:
and for sale, this fact was ironically less resented than the fact that those offices were not available on the same footing to everyone. Opening up the political system to the middle class had therefore been an objective of political reformers like the so-called
1263:
Ontwerp om de Republiek door eene heilzaame Vereeniging van Belangen van Regent en Burger van Binnen Gelukkig en van Buiten Gedugt te maaken", Leiden, aangenomen bij besluit van de Provinciale Vergadering van de Gewapende Corpsen in Holland, op 4 oktober 1785 te
1694:
518:
even after the young Prince had come of age. Meanwhile, the greatly expanded powers of the stadtholder consisted primarily in his right of appointment, or at least approval, of magistrates on the local and provincial level, which were enshrined in the so-called
2612:, of the 20th century, whose name they shared, but that had a completely different character. Not only was their ideology very different, but the German Freikorps consisted of military veterans, whereas most Dutch Free Corps members had always been civilians.
1288:
under the direction of an elected Burgher Defense Council. Both factions were opposed to the 1674 Government Regulation that gave extensive powers to the stadtholder to appoint city magistrates. This was a standing invitation to abuse. Nicolaas de Pesters,
1897:
that had recently ended. Franco-Dutch relations became even better when France offered its good offices, both to obtain the 1784 treaty of Paris with Great Britain that ended the war, and subsequently to obtain peace with emperor Joseph II, that ended the
423:
The disaffection with the perceived state of the economy and diplomatic decline was paired with a growing disaffection with the political system of the Dutch Republic among middle-class Dutchmen. The Dutch "constitution" defined the Dutch Republic as a
1958:, encouraged him to take this option. But Harris did far more: he was supplied with ample funds from the British Secret Service and he used that money to buy influence left and right, beginning with a generous pension-with-strings-attached of ÂŁ4,000
1489:
resigned in protest, and soon a petition of notable citizens was sent to the States with a request to intervene. The States excoriated Ondaatje and his mob and manage to intimidate Ondaatje sufficiently to elicit a humble apology. On 23 March the 19
1185:
did, and formed a common front against the poor. And not without reason, because in several cities, there were Orangist-inspired riots by members of the working class, like the riots in Rotterdam in 1783 and the Hague in 1784, led by the fish-monger
1628:
before the city hall was thronged with thousands of guild members, Patriot citizens and armed militiamen. The Amsterdam council was once more locked in chambers, not expected to emerge without a positive decision, and on the initiative of Hooft the
1736:, causing a schism in the States, as the representatives of the city of Utrecht and several other cities remained in Utrecht city. The Amersfoort States subsequently asked the stadtholder to put a garrison of States army troops in Amersfoort and
1507:
was forced to capitulate. On 20 December they promised to adopt a democratic city constitution within three months. And indeed, on 20 March 1786, while the Free Corps again occupied the central square in silent menace, while a blizzard blew, the
898:
of the press; would be repeated time after time in other Patriot pamphlets and the Patriot press in later years. But these ideas were rooted in a particular perspective on Dutch history, not in abstract philosophical ideas, taken from the French
531:
if the results did not comport with his wishes, and so bestowed great powers of political patronage on the local level on him (and the regents who ruled in place of the under-age William V before 1766). The end result was that the "States party"
1583:("Ax-men"), were a strongly pro-Orange political force in the city. Patriot political clubs were rivaled by Orangist political clubs. In sum, the political forces were more evenly balanced than in other cities. And this paralyzed the Amsterdam
436:, and the aristocracy in rural areas) toward the provincial States, and eventually the States-General. Those local governments, however, though ostensibly representing "The People" according to the prevailing ideology, had in fact evolved into
1472:
reluctantly agreed to withdraw Sicherman's appointment after Ondaatje made clear that the Constituted would not be fobbed off. "We are not '48-ers," he declared, "but 85-ers, who understand our rights and liberties well enough, ... we are not
1801:
out of the States army. When this was done this deprived the stadtholder of more than half of his troops, effectively denying him the military means to decide the political conflict. Holland also made a pact with the Utrecht States and the
1496:
members reoccupied their seats, and opened criminal proceedings against Ondaatje and other instigators of the events of 11 March. Sicherman could have his appointment back, but he declined; the council therefore left the vacancy unfilled.
2258:, who was enraged by Beyma's venality. The two factions, "Valckenisten" and "Beymanisten" split, and formed competing clubs that became embroiled in internal French politics during the French Revolution. Valckenaer became involved in the
2247:, respectively, however, and soon fell out over the disbursements. This led to a schism in the Patriot community in France. The followers of Valckenaer eventually came out on top, as they won the support of the French comptroller-general
730:
was to lead an inquest, but this never resulted in a conviction. But the damage to the reputation of the Dutch navy and the stadtholder as its commander-in-chief in Dutch public opinion was appreciable, and this undermined the regime.
2343:
The Paper explicitly refers to the Prussian intervention, but apparently the news of its success had not yet reached the U.S. by the time of the paper's publication, as the wording leaves the hope open that the Patriots will prevail:
2197:
was declared in November 1787, but the "extra-judicial" persecution of Patriots was more effective anyway: in Gouda 200 houses were looted by the Orangist mob; in 's Hertogenbosch 829; in Utrecht the bill ran to one million guilders.
2621:
Kaat Mussel was active until the Patriots felt strong enough to have her arrested in June of 1785. Then she was publicly flogged as a "disturber of the peace" and put in jail. She was released in 1787; Schama, p. 88; Geyl (1947), p.
693:, which ended inconclusively, but on the whole the Dutch fleet remained in port, due to a state of "unreadiness," according to the Dutch commanders. This lack of activity caused great dissatisfaction among Dutch shippers who wanted
1814:
States were hopelessly divided) to form a so-called "Cordon" to defend these provinces against military depredations of the rump-States army. The overall command of this Cordon was given to a military commission, headquartered in
1977:
But Harris' most important ploy was an attempt to engineer an alliance with Prussia that would thwart the "French designs". This would kill two birds with one stone: it would keep the stadtholder in power, and it would renew the
1973:
in Amsterdam away from their anti-Orangist stance with promises of trade concessions by Britain, and promises of concessions from the stadtholder that would safeguard their own privileges, but avoid any "democratic" experiments.
1714:, the States of Holland lost confidence in the States army under the wavering command of the stadtholder, and decided to raise a separate military formation of brigade strength, outside the States army, under the command of the
1500:
But the democrats were back in August and again in September with demonstrations following the established paradigm. Eventually, end December 1785, things came to a head when in a final demonstration of Free Corps strength the
1948:
either to give in to the Patriot demands and accept some kind of compromise as to the Government Regulations, or to hold on to his "due rights" at any cost. The latter was his favorite option (he was wont to quote the maxim
1343:
But the honeymoon between the "democrats" and "aristocrats" did not last. On 23 April 1784 a draft of a new "constitution" for Utrecht province, to replace the 1674 Regulation, was published in the Utrecht Patriot newspaper
2644:
Imposed by the States General in 1674 at the occasion of the readmission of Utrecht province to the Union, after the French occupation was lifted, as a punishment for the city's meek submission to the French during the
1795:") demanded in the States of Holland that the stadtholder would be deprived of his command as Captain-General of the States army (which only the States General could do), and in any case take the troops on the Holland
984:
Since the late Middle Ages cities in the Habsburg Netherlands had employed citizen militias for external defense (mostly against incursions from neighboring provinces), and to keep public order. These militias, called
403:, depending on the good will of other countries such as France, Prussia and Great Britain. This decline in international diplomatic standing also contributed to the malaise that resulted from the perceived decline.
1606:
arrangement with the stadtholder in which Amsterdam would align itself with the stadtholderian regime in exchange for concessions by the stadtholder on the point of his right of appointment (which the States-Party
1990:
of Prussia, Wilhelmina's uncle, in August 1785 in Berlin. But Frederick was loath to endanger good relations with France, and refused to take the bait. "The pear is not ripe," the old king remarked cryptically.
1424:
approached the Constituted to urge them to take more drastic steps. The irate "shooters" elected a new group of representatives, called the "Commissioned," to permanently ensure the zeal of the Constituted. The
2348:
The first wish prompted by humanity is, that this severe trial may issue in such a revolution of their government as will establish their union, and render it the parent of tranquillity, freedom and happiness.
1728:
the stadtholder of his command of the strong Hague garrison of the States army (though this was only formalized in July 1786). On 15 September 1785 he therefore decided to leave the city and to repair to the
1465:
Something like this happened on 11â12 March 1785 in Utrecht, when agitators like Ondaatje whipped the crowd into a frenzy; the Utrecht city hall was surrounded by 2,000 angry Free Corps men and the Utrecht
1374:. Another objectionable proposal was the institution of an elected body of 16 burgher representatives to sit in permanent session to hear and address grievances of citizens against the city government. The
1539:) formed an anti-stadtholderian triumvirate in the States of Holland during the days of the war with Great Britain. But this was all based on the interests of Amsterdam as a mercantile city. The Amsterdam
2866:(of Malmesbury, Wiltshire) on 19 September 1788. His task had not always been agreeable, "...but when one is employed to sweep chimneys one must black one's fingers"; cf. Schama, p. 107, Cobban, p. 111.
2160:
had taken the initiative to have the States repeal all legislation of the preceding years with a "Patriot" imprint. The "Orange Restoration" proceeded apace. Everywhere the Patriot members of the local
793:
revolution just and necessary or pass censure upon the greatest actions of his immortal ancestors; an action which has been approved and applauded by mankind and justified by the decision of heaven...
1042:
for the decline of the Republic, and the reform of the militias was seen as an important part of the necessary reform of the Republic. But as elsewhere the stadtholderian regime blocked such reform.
1026:, but this attempt failed. By the early 1780s the militias were but a caricature of their proud predecessors, subservient to the city magistrates, who made officer commissions the preserve of the
955:, and scandal sheet, with a Patriot bias that attacked the stadtholder and the "aristocratic" Patriots with equal abandon. It was soon joined by an Amsterdam magazine with the same character, the
2092:
1350:, after the Utrecht States had imprudently invited all citizens to lodge their objections to the Regulations in early 1784. This draft of 117 articles proposed that henceforth the Utrecht city
1122:
was taken over by the Free Corps, while the old organisational structure with company names like "the Pikes" and "the Black Boys" was studiously retained (including the old flags and banners).
2091:
believed in the Givet camp till it was too late, and it steeped them in their resistance to the Prussian demands. An invasion force of around 26,000 Prussian troops under the command of the
1855:, and despite several people killed, routed the mercenaries. Though this was only a skirmish, the Patriot propaganda made hay of the victory and the officer killed received a state funeral.
1577:, under Orangist command, was still a rival armed force. Besides, the Patriots did not have a monopoly on mob violence, as the workers in the Amsterdam shipbuilding industry, the so-called
1001:, which helped to give them an aura of heroism. In this early period the militia often formed a separate and independent center of power of the burghers who were its members, rivaling the
2736:
Though Colenbrander in particular, and the foreign diplomats themselves, have a tendency to exaggerate foreign influences, demoting the Dutch protagonists to mere puppets Dutch historian
2179:
in November 1787. On the instruction of Princess Wilhelmina and ambassador Harris he started criminal proceedings against a number of Patriot leaders on a list Wilhelmina provided, like
2505:
William V to H. Fagel, 20 August 1776, in: Kramer, F.J.I (ed.), Archives ou correspondance inĂ©dite de la maison dâOrange-Nassau, 5th series, 3 vols. (Leiden 1910-1915), vol I, p. 449.
456:, which elected the magistrates and sent delegates to the regional and national States. This situation had come about gradually, as in medieval times corporate institutions, like the
710:
to join the French fleet there. However, a direct order to set sail was disobeyed by the Dutch naval top with again the excuse of "unreadiness," but some officers, like vice-admiral
473:
The concentration of power in a more and more closed oligarchy frustrated the middle class, that saw its opportunities for political and social advancement blocked, also because the
2017:, understood this, and also that a victory of the democrats in the Republic would be against French interests; France became less and less enthusiastic about favoring the Patriots.
1662:, and several cities, like Delft, Dordrecht, Alkmaar, Hoorn, and Monnikendam were helped along by the "Flying Legion", a corps of 300 Free Corps members, and 200 horses, led by
2378:
1149:
was commingled with the principle of electing officers freely from the citizenry and the claim to restore their "proper" place in the hierarchy of civic institutions. Where a
335:
1675:
spilled in battle. To understand how this came about, it is important first to understand the way the forces on both sides were distributed in the seven provinces and the
647:. The two concluded a secret agreement on a treaty of amity and commerce between the two Republics, the draft of which was discovered by the British when they intercepted
440:
dominated by a few families that in the cities at least were not formally part of the nobility, but were considered "patrician" in the classical sense. The members of the
2909:"A. Jourdan (2007) The "Alien Origins" of the French Revolution: American, Scottish, Genevan, and Dutch influences. Proceedings of the Western Society for French History"
2749:
A nice piece of trivia about her is that she was a Princess of Orange both through her marriage with William, and in her own right as a descendant in the female line of
859:, and taking the Middle Ages and the early history of the Republic in stride. But the perspective was decidedly anti-stadtholderian, and emphasized that the people are
3795:
2044:
370:
income. But this was somewhat misleading as economic inequality markedly increased during the 18th century: the economy became dominated by a small group of very rich
2765:(both descendants in female lines, by different daughters of Frederick Henry) concluded in Berlin in 1732, gave the heads of both Houses the right to use the title
1994:
Instead Prussia in concert with France attempted to mediate between the warring parties in the Republic. To that end both countries sent mediators, the ambassadors
1792:
1545:
were in no mood for "democratic" experiments that would undermine their privileges. The more the democrats gained influence in other cities, the more the Amsterdam
1514:
allowed several of its members to formally abjure the old Government Regulation. On 2 August 1786 an elected Burgher College was installed as the new city council.
998:
1877:
followed by a 1689 naval treaty, the Dutch had been in nominal alliance with the British, while the diplomatic relations with France had been strained due to the
1635:
was purged of the members whose dismissal had been demanded in the Act of Qualification. Amsterdam had belatedly joined the Patriot coalition. The rioting of the
734:
The stadtholder was not the only one reminded by the American Declaration of Independence of its Dutch equivalent of 1581. Many others saw an analogy between the
3891:
2079:
gave the impression that France would support the Patriots in case of Prussian military intervention and that to this end a military camp was being prepared in
1732:
in Gelderland with his family. Around the same time things had come to a head in Utrecht city and part of the States of Utrecht decided to move to the city of
1517:
In the spring of 1787 similar events took place in Amsterdam. The political situation in that city had long been very different than in Utrecht. The Amsterdam
1260:
to write the manifesto along the lines of the draft they discussed in a meeting on 4 October 1785. This resulted in the publication of the manifesto, entitled
1679:. The States Army, commanded by the stadtholder, was a mercenary army, paid for by the several provinces according to a formula for apportionment, called the
1995:
1089:
these competing militias were open to members of all religious denominations; they elected their own officers; and they trained regularly in military drill (
753:
1933:
One person who observed this thaw in Franco-Dutch diplomatic relations with great alarm was the new British ambassador to The Hague, accredited since 1784,
1195:
500:
2334:
and similar constitutions. After a description and analysis of the constitution of the Dutch Republic, the paper characterizes it as an example to avoid:
477:
in regard to all kinds of petty offices was concentrated in the hands of the oligarchs, who favored their own political allies. Though offices were often
2377:
that became a formal part of the Constitution of the Dutch Republic. In this case "perpetuity" only lasted seven years. One of the first actions of the
743:
2658:
Note that this was during the second congress of the federation of Free Corps, when many Free Corps members from elsewhere were congregated in the city.
698:
disapproval of public opinion because of its inactivity. This only increased after the States-General in 1782 agreed with France on a naval alliance or
507:
3896:
2049:
1955:
624:
554:
37:
2727:
of Hattem, giving him a "right" to succeed his father at his death. But this appointment had been blocked by the stadtholder; Cf. Geyl (1947), p. 141
2113:). The Prussians attacked on 1 October and the city capitulated on the 10th, after the French had intimated that no assistance would be forthcoming.
1393:
also elected a group of 24 representatives (among whom Ondaatje), which called themselves the "Constituted," to conduct direct negotiations with the
395:
and the Dutch navy suffered a large shrinkage in the following period, and consequently the Republic had to give up the pretense of being a European
1523:
belonged to the old States-Party faction and were as such opposed to the stadtholder long before the Patriot movement started to rear its head. Its
840:("To the People of the Netherlands") was distributed in a number of Dutch cities. It was later discovered that it had been written by Adams' friend
2006:
appended conditions that were unacceptable to the Patriots. In other words, Harris was a constant obstacle to any attempts at a peaceful solution.
1137:, because it helped to undermine the stadtholder's right to appoint the leadership of the militia (as in Alkmaar, Leiden and Dordrecht), which the
2953:
2231:, where they were hospitably received by the French government, at the request of Van der Capellen tot den Marsch, who wrote a memorandum to King
1829:(still not purged of the Orangist minority) formally adhered to the Act of Association that the Free Corps had promulgated in the summer of 1785.
714:, the intended leader of the expedition, let it be known that they did not want to cooperate with the French. This caused a scandal, known as the
2795:
Van der Burgh was sentenced to 20 years of exile, but only after the executioner had swung his sword over his head in a degrading mock execution.
2235:
asking for financial support of the refugees. The king provided funding for the financial relief, which was administered by the Frisian Patriots
3641:
in : Geschiedenis en nostalgie: de historiografie van een kleine natie met een groot verleden : verspreide historiografische opstellen
411:
841:
781:
112:
1757:
refused to seat a number of Orangist candidates in defiance of the stadtholder's right of appointment, and with help of Patriot Free Corps of
2311:
2014:
994:
242:
did try to reappropriate the term, but it was forced on the defensive, which became apparent when it renamed one of its weekly magazines to
3886:
2649:; Israel, pp. 798, 814-815. It was suspended during the stadtholderless era after 1702, but reimposed after the Orangist revolution of 1748
2472:
2369:
on 12/13 June 1788, again guaranteeing the stadtholderian constitution, and renewing the Anglo-Prussian military alliance. This led to the
1934:
927:. But these one-off publications were soon joined by an innovation in the vernacular press. Before 1780 the "opinion newspapers," like the
780:. Another propagandist for the American cause, who drew inferences for the Dutch political situation, was the Overijssel maverick nobleman
470:, bestowing a certain amount of political power on members of the middle class (though calling this "democracy" would be an exaggeration).
2425:. In Belgian historiography, the term refers to the almost contemporaneous period of upheaval in Belgian history in which the short-lived
1943:; they were far less enthusiastic about the democratic designs of the other wing of the Patriot party. With the support of the Cabinet of
1698:
Image of a procession of numbered people on their way to a cemetery. Cartoon on the Rhinegrave Salm and his defense of the city of Utrecht
1666:, threatening violence. Delft's "liberation" gave the Patriots command of the largest arsenal in Holland province in the summer of 1787.
399:, in the military sense, with the diplomatic consequences that entailed. It became clear that the Republic had become a pawn in European
2121:
2021:
1873:(lately in the guise of the States Party) had been sympathetic to France, and the Orangists usually favored the British. Since the 1688
510:, who saw even less merit in "democratic" experiments. Duke Louis would retain a virtual guardianship in accordance with the so-called
2105:
1820:
1715:
1297:
of Utrecht, was infamous for his abuse of political patronage. The matter came to a head when in January 1783 a member of the Utrecht
750:
emphasize the analogy between the Dutch and American struggles for independence. He also mentions the Luzac family that published the
557:
did not elicit enthusiasm from everyone in the Dutch Republic once it became known there in August 1776. The stadtholder wrote to the
2020:
Harris meanwhile went on with his policy of confrontation, that stood a better chance of success as also the French foreign minister
1841:
the surrounding countryside) they decided to force a confrontation. On 9 May 1787 the Patriot force under the command of the Utrecht
1309:) proposed to disavow the appointment rights of the stadtholder, and in August 1783 a petition of members of the newly reconstituted
1219:(People's government by representation) as the ultimate goal of the Free Corps movement. But this was only the first such manifesto.
3839:
3758:
3750:
2750:
2479:
on the confederal level, and not -at least since 1588- in a king or prince, least of all in the vestigial office of the stadtholder.
2476:
746:
32:
3849:
Pierre de Witt (1886) Une Invasion prussienne en Hollande en 1787. In: Revue des Deux Mondes, 3e période, tome 74, p. 129-164.
2352:
1528:
612:
2201:
3901:
2304:
2095:(a nephew of William's old mentor) entered the Republic on 13 September 1787, after a final ultimatum was again left unanswered.
1999:
845:
666:
433:
429:
1167:
thereby cunningly reverting the old hierarchy. The Patriots made no secret of the political implications of their reform of the
432:
character. Formally, power was supposed to flow upward, from the local governments (governments of select cities that possessed
2076:
2010:
177:
2683:(1792); cf. Schama who wrote histories of both the Dutch and the French revolutions, and noted the similarities; Schama, p. 98
2266:, who distrusted foreigners. But eventually the Dutch Patriots got back in the good graces of the French government after the
1863:
The Patriot Revolt did not take place in a diplomatic vacuum. The Dutch Republic had from its inception been a battlefield of
3649:
3022:
2180:
1979:
1903:
1882:
3630:
The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: With a Life of the Author, Notes and Illustrations, Volume 7
2539:, who had been an ardent Orangist since the Orangist revolution of 1748, when he was embroiled in the polemic known as the "
2373:
that was signed on 13 August 1788 between all three countries. Meanwhile, on 10 July 1788 the States General had passed the
2104:
Despite all the martiality of the Free Corps their resistance proved to be negligible. The armed camp of Utrecht, where the
525:(Government Regulations) adopted by most provinces in 1747. These powers allowed him to overrule the elections by the local
1791:
The "Hattem and Elburg events" electrified the Patriot opposition. Pensionary de Gijselaar (calling the stadtholder "a new
1593:
forced entry to the council chamber in protest against an anti-Patriot move Dedel had engineered. Only the intervention of
2678:
2672:
2176:
2088:
1711:
1562:
1455:
then went out of its way to appoint someone the petitioners had already declared "unacceptable", one Jonathan Sichterman.
767:
589:
opened new perspectives to unfettered trade, though for the moment primarily on the smuggling route via the WIC colony of
339:
301:
224:
216:
135:, the formation of civic militias on the Scottish, Swiss and American model to help restore the republican constitution.
326:(The Hague, 1897). The term was often used in a pejorative fashion, but lately has acquired a more positive connotation.
3675:
2430:
2099:
2084:
690:
682:
487:
317:
297:
153:
1776:
1618:. This conspiracy failed due to the obduracy of the stadtholder, but on 20 April 1787 an incendiary pamphlet, entitled
2921:
2740:
warned that this is an exaggeration and that the foreign influence should not be overrated. Cf. Geyl (1950), pp. 30-33
2526:
under Capt. Van Bylandt, de Jonge, pp. 460-462; the squadron under admiral Crul (who was killed) de Jonge, pp. 462-467
2493:
2248:
1257:
946:
909:
797:
The immediate audience of the "Memorial" may have been sceptical, but elsewhere the document made a great impression.
604:
492:
152:. A low-key civil war ensued that resulted in a military stalemate, until in SeptemberâOctober 1787 the Patriots were
98:
2193:. Daendels and Ondaatje were sentenced to perpetual banishment, as were a number of other Patriot leaders. A limited
1848:
1589:
in the spring of 1787. Things came to a head in February 1787 when a group of Free-Corps officers, led by a Colonel
810:
3845:
History of the Eighteenth Century and of the Nineteenth Till the ..., by Friedrich Christoph Schlosser, pp. 373-398
3765:
2327:
2151:
was ordered by the reconstituted States of Holland to surrender it to the Prussians, which he did on 27 September.
2009:
In any case, Frederick the Great died in August 1786, and was succeeded by his nephew (Wilhelmina's elder brother)
1963:
1886:
1032:
class, and more like recreative societies than serious military formations. Many Patriots took this decline of the
835:
586:
296:
for the historical era is a historiographical invention of 19th-century Dutch historians, comparable to the terms "
126:
3636:
3865:
2331:
2236:
1594:
1551:
drew closer to their Orangist enemies, and the stadtholder's regime. Van Berckel lost the initiative to Orangist
1199:
870:
848:. Though the pamphlet was immediately proscribed as seditious by the authorities, it enjoyed a wide circulation.
239:
132:
102:
635:
as American emissary to the Republic. In 1778, there also were secret negotiations between the Amsterdam banker
2779:
2270:
and Dutch volunteers formed part of the French army that invaded the Dutch Republic in late 1794. Daendels and
1944:
784:, who had the Declaration of Independence, and other American constitutional documents, translated into Dutch.
574:
3769:
2310:
The Patriot Revolt, its causes and its denouement in the Prussian intervention were of great interest to the
3881:
2668:
2413:
Blaas discusses Colenbrander's dissertation and the reactions it elicited from other Dutch historians, like
854:
513:
2758:
2370:
1894:
1893:
goods with the French and Americans, and later fought alongside the French against the British during the
1770:
1702:
Before 1784 the States army was the only official standing army in the Republic, but during the so-called
1143:
resented themselves. But this in itself was a threat to the established order, as the claim to revive the
771:
727:
658:
644:
597:
soon became an important export port for the supply of the American rebels with Dutch arms. The Amsterdam
3844:
2489:
2253:
2205:
2886:
2762:
2426:
2267:
2110:
2072:. The States of Holland were less than impressed and urged that the ultimatum would be huffily ignored.
1642:
1532:
616:
582:
3703:
1063:
From 1783 onwards, the Patriots therefore started to form their own militias, parallel to the official
770:, principally authored by Adams, on 3 October 1780. In that context Adams also mentions the journalist
573:". But others were less scornful. Dutch merchants, especially in the Amsterdam Chamber of the moribund
1910:, a moderate Patriot, crowned this with the treaty of amity and commerce with France of October 1785.
1437:
on 21 February 1785, but made no further concessions. But then fate intervened, another member of the
921:
was just one example of the many pamphlets, both Orangist and Patriot, that were published during the
2941:
Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993â2002) s.v. "patriotten". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
2414:
2292:
2271:
2216:
2172:
1707:
1536:
1242:
on 23 July 1785 by the city government. In response a congress of the representatives of the Holland
1072:
899:
711:
623:), behind the back of the stadtholder and the States-General. The French ambassador to the Republic,
184:
2215:
More than 40,000 Patriots (including women and children) fled abroad to Antwerp and Brussels in the
1334:
accepted the challenge and, studiously ignoring the stadtholder, appointed a moderate member of the
905:
3906:
2818:
2459:
2382:
2300:
2244:
2232:
2057:
1987:
1983:
1874:
1590:
735:
362:
358:
313:
2471:
I.e. in which sovereignty resided in the medieval institutions of the provincial States, like the
1685:. Holland paid for more than half of the troops, and it was known which regiments belonged to its
1483:
had indeed been fobbed off by the then-stadtholder. But the reaction was swift: 17 members of the
348:
of the first two-thirds of the 17th century, the Dutch economy entered a period of stagnation and
3010:
2844:
2417:, and their different perspectives on the era in the context of Dutch historiography; Cf. Blaas,
1852:
1784:
1758:
952:
570:
371:
309:
272:
268:
228:
212:
2067:
997:
when they on their own successfully defended important cities against the Spanish troops of the
1282:
acceded to the demand of the local Free Corps to be recognized as the new manifestation of the
3835:
3789:
3754:
3746:
3645:
3018:
2514:
De Jonge mentions the following examples: The warships under the command of captains Satinck (
2386:
2315:
2296:
2284:
1663:
1361:
940:
636:
628:
566:
392:
384:
305:
149:
148:
emasculate the stadtholder's power as he was deprived of his command over a large part of the
2389:, was its repeal and ritual burning on 16 February 1795. The stadtholder had already fled to
2863:
2862:
Harris was rewarded for his work in the service of British interests by being created first
2805:
2766:
2455:
2374:
2357:
2240:
2168:
2140:
1918:
1878:
1676:
1188:
818:
703:
345:
120:
702:
that led to a planned joint action against Great Britain. To that end a Dutch fleet of ten
661:
in December 1780 (together with the actions from Dutch territory by the American privateer
3738:
2574:
2451:
2259:
2220:
1926:
1922:
1907:
1558:
1239:
662:
578:
377:
284:
27:
Period of violence and sociopolitical instability in the Netherlands between 1780 and 1787
3670:
Ambassadors and secret agents: the diplomacy of the first Earl of Malmesbury at the Hague
2754:
1007:
as the power center of the elite. This independence was symbolized by the fact that the
248:("The Old-Fashioned Dutch Patriot"). Patriotism and anti-Orangism had become synonymous.
17:
3679:
2804:
The College of Nobles that had one vote in the States of Holland and was chaired by the
387:
of 1713 the government of the Dutch Republic felt constrained to enter upon a policy of
169:
3803:
2783:
2695:
1740:, which was done in September 1785 with a cavalry division from the Nijmegen garrison.
1729:
1646:
1412:
1113:
1045:
590:
400:
267:, who either sought to enter the factions in power, or tried to realise the so-called "
208:
78:
57:
939:
were written in French, and generally only read by the elite. But in 1781 the Patriot
391:
as a consequence of the dire state of the Dutch public finances. Both the (mercenary)
3875:
3665:
2778:
This document was drafted by the tutor of William's young sons, the professor at the
2706:
reacted to attacks by Patriots on Orangist clubs in the center of Amsterdam, and the
2540:
2319:
2291:
in New York City, that soon went bankrupt, however. He later became the agent of the
1653:
1253:
719:
707:
686:
648:
474:
425:
251:
The Patriots can be divided into two separate groups: aristocrats and democrats. The
116:
2360:
by a delegation of the States General to William V on 10 July 1788 at Huis ten Bosch
1962:
for the stadtholder himself. Ably assisted by "confidential agents", of which baron
1885:. Dutch relations with France had, however, markedly improved during the era of the
1405:, and started acting like the proposed Burgher Council from the draft-constitution.
1101:. An example of the latter was the city of Utrecht where under the direction of the
762:
supported the American cause by publicising the American constitutional debate. The
3827:
2544:
2288:
1913:
1780:
1600:
1229:
739:
715:
2243:, as his secretary. They represented the "democrat" and "aristocrat" wings of the
1418:
The negotiations fruitlessly dragged on and in January 1785 six companies of the
951:(The Post of the Lower Rhine) that would become a combination of opinion weekly,
3726:
3699:
2908:
2737:
2175:(who had chosen the Patriot side in 1785) was replaced by his Zeeland colleague
1864:
1249:
1083:(Free Corps) in order not to provoke the city governments. In contrast with the
962:
653:
594:
461:
396:
280:
94:
2562:
1769:
started to fortify the cities under the command of the young firebrand Patriot
3625:
2536:
2224:
2136:
1899:
1890:
1733:
1703:
1625:
1524:
1056:
1039:
988:
759:
678:
674:
632:
608:
565:
of the States-General, Hendrik Fagel, that it was only "... the parody of the
453:
220:
2817:
Actually, the picture shows the sack of the house of Lucas van Steveninck, a
3809:
De Lage Landen 1780-1980. Twee eeuwen Nederland en BelgiĂ«. Deel I: 1780â1914
2609:
2421:. It should be recognised that the Dutch do not have a monopoly on the term
1834:
1571:. Amsterdam had a large Free Corps, consisting of 55 companies, but the old
1408:
1365:
620:
483:
449:
437:
388:
3706:
De Hollandse Statenpartij. Naar aanleiding van Colenbranders Patriottentijd
1833:
learned that the States army had sent a task-force to occupy the hamlet of
1706:, a minor military conflict with the Austrian emperor and sovereign of the
603:
were particularly interested in opening formal trade negotiations with the
261:
or "Old Patriots"), initially the strongest, can be viewed as oppositional
3860:
2952:
Patriottenbeweging en geschiedschrijving Bezinning-Achtergrond (1990) in
2712:
rioted in reprisal, only to be attacked and suppressed by armed Patriots.
2646:
2132:
2061:
1724:, and later also the Free Corps in the provinces of Holland and Utrecht.
1652:
Other cities in Holland that had been holding out, like Rotterdam, where
1459:
1357:
560:
478:
443:
383:
The economic decline worked through in the political sphere as after the
233:
142:
3819:
De Patriottentijd. Waarom mislukte de Patriottische opstand? (1781-1787)
2563:
Cf. the translation of "To the people of the Netherlands" by A. Wilschut
1431:
grudgingly accepted the Constituted as permanent representatives of the
1399:. The Constituted soon set themselves up as a rival power center to the
3639:
De patriottenbeweging als epiloog: rond Colenbranders "Patriottentijd"
2447:
2446:
Not in the sense of a written basic law, but in the sense of a body of
2263:
2228:
2194:
2148:
1816:
1766:
1477:" referring to a similar event during the revolution of 1748, when the
1458:
The train of events that then was set in motion could be considered a "
1292:
1889:, when the Dutch at first profited from their "neutral-flag" trade of
1232:), another important Patriot manifesto, was drawn up after the Leiden
627:, arranged contacts with the American ambassador to the French court,
2887:"Patriots Republikanisme. Politieke cultuur in Nederland (1766-1787)"
2587:
1762:
1754:
1750:
694:
640:
496:
3284:
1210:
Acte van Verbintenis ter verdediging der Republicainsche constitutie
207:, "fellow countryman") had previously been used mid 17th century by
881:
The author then continues with a diatribe against the stadtholder:
320:
for instance, used the term as the title of one of his main works:
2700:(insurrection of the "Little Axes") is actually a misnomer as the
2351:
2200:
2120:
2080:
2043:
1912:
1838:
1775:
1737:
1693:
1407:
1194:
1044:
904:
817:
809:
457:
410:
271:" ideal of a republic without Orange; they came from the existing
190:
176:
168:
131:("To the People of the Netherlands"), in which he advocated, like
31:
3680:"De patriottentijd: hoofdzakelijk naar buitenlandsche bescheiden"
2147:
result was that Mappa, who was in charge of the fortress town of
1823:. Another important political development was that the Amsterdam
1449:
to fill the vacancy with someone sympathetic to their cause. The
279:
emerged later, and consisted mainly of non-regent members of the
3832:
Patriots and Liberators. Revolution in the Netherlands 1780-1813
3611:
The Cambridge Modern History. Volume VIII: The French Revolution
2631:
The text of the Act is reproduced by Colenbrander in vol. II of
1055:
drill in Utrecht on 12 October 1786 when several members of the
832:
In the night of 25 on 26 September 1781, the anonymous pamphlet
539:
alliance of convenience with the disenfranchised "States party"
766:
was the first European newspaper to carry a translation of the
323:
De patriottentijd: hoofdzakelijk naar buitenlandsche bescheiden
81:
between approximately 1780 and 1787. Its name derives from the
2390:
2283:
Other Patriots eventually migrated to the United States, like
495:, who was three years of age at the time. Power devolved upon
2889:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 78
2458:, and the treaties that defined Dutch independence, like the
2075:
Now the French played a dangerous game. Vergennes' successor
1837:
near a strategically important sluice (useful to defensively
1819:, while the Holland troops were put under the command of the
869:. The author likens the country to a great company, like the
844:, and that its successful distribution had been organised by
2834:(The plight of the oppressed Dutch Patriots), December 1787.
2488:
Named after the buildings where they congregated during the
2189:, and two Elburg ministers, who were all sentenced to death
2041:) was reluctantly signed by the stadtholder on 26 May 1787.
3743:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477-1806
2667:
In the sense of the "journées" of the revolutionary French
2599:
Joachim Rendorp of Amsterdam; Cf. Geyl (1947), pp. 102, 114
2326:
on 11 December 1787 in the context of the debate about the
1387:
in the form of a petition opposing that counter-draft. The
1443:
died and the Constituted and Commissioned petitioned the
1364:. This relatively moderate proposal directly attacked the
861:
the true proprietors, the lords and masters of the country
577:(WIC), had long chafed against the restrictions Britain's
2608:
These Free Corps should be distinguished from the German
2462:, that together defined the Dutch political institutions.
2299:
and a number of Amsterdam Patriot financiers in 1789, in
2553:
on the side of the Orangists; Cf. Geyl (1947), pp. 40-41
304:", and "Fransche Tijd (French Era)" (for the era of the
1565:, who formed an Orangist minority within the Amsterdam
1014:
military formation). During the revolution of 1747 the
961:(Political Porter), edited by J.C. Hespe, and later by
2154:
Even before the return of the stadtholder the Holland
1612:
had always opposed), and his help with mobilizing the
993:, played an important part in the early stages of the
873:, in which the administrators serve the shareholders.
376:, and the economy shifted to what we would now call a
3811:. Amsterdam/Antwerp: Olympus (part of Atlas Contact)
3770:"Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche Zeewezen. Deel 4"
1161:
he was suddenly supposed to represent his men in the
2379:
Provisional Representatives of the People of Holland
464:
had sometimes had at least nominating powers to the
238:
once again began styling themselves "Patriots". The
3613:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 288â289
3015:
The First Salute: A View of the American Revolution
2585:, and was unsuccessfully prosecuted by the Utrecht
1743:This remained the status quo until in May 1786 the
943:started a periodical in Dutch in Utrecht, entitled
631:, in 1778, which in time led to the sending out of
486:who in 1747 helped elevate the Frisian stadtholder
2307:, the distributor of Van der Capellen's pamphlet.
1783:"Firefight on the Vaartse Rijn". Patriots won the
1271:Overturning the old order in Utrecht and Amsterdam
3712:Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren
3684:Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren
3644:(in Dutch). Uitgeverij Verloren. pp. 82â98.
1020:attempted to restore the independent role of the
677:, who according to the Dutch, sneaked up under a
607:; secret diplomacy was soon embarked upon by the
2847:to refer to the Netherlands with the Latin name
2547:. In his dotage he was still active during the
2346:
2336:
2083:, on an invasion route through the independent
1531:, together with the pensionaries of Dordrecht (
1202:taunt Elsevier's Free Corps in Rotterdam, 1785.
891:
883:
875:
806:The pamphlet "To the People of the Netherlands"
790:
336:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500â1815)
219:, "Patriots" demanded the return of the Orange
111:). In 1781 one of the leaders of the Patriots,
77:) was a period of political instability in the
1131:encouraged this usurpation of the role of the
407:Growing disaffection with the political system
2330:, more particularly about the defects of the
2223:(in those days still Flemish speaking), like
1954:) and Harris, in concert with William's wife
814:Portrait of Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol
123:, anonymously published a pamphlet, entitled
8:
3794:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2832:De zaak der verdrukte Hollandsche Patriotten
2676:
2295:, a vehicle for land speculation founded by
2275:
2065:
2036:
2031:cities to leave the Patriot camp. A kind of
1356:was to be popularly elected under a form of
1248:commissioned a group of members, among whom
1107:
1069:, which they called by innocuous names like
934:
928:
775:
758:, an influential newspaper, whose publisher
751:
706:would in 1783 be sent to the French port of
685:between a Dutch squadron under rear-admiral
3413:
3411:
2848:
2722:
2707:
2701:
2693:
2591:Bentinck-Athlone; and of the editor of the
2548:
2184:
2162:
2155:
2126:
2026:
1968:
1949:
1938:
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106:
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62:
46:
2721:Daendels' father had been a member of the
2573:Examples are the prosecution of the poet
1381:elicited a strong response of the Utrecht
744:United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs
217:French troops invaded the Republic in 1747
665:, and the planned Dutch accession to the
3524:
3522:
3122:
3120:
2393:with his family. He would never return.
1986:. To that end he visited the aging king
173:Genootschap "De Vrijheid" from Dordrecht
3197:
3195:
2877:
2635:, Appendix 2 to chapter IV, pp. 366-367
2535:Another member of the Luzac family was
2406:
2167:and city magistracies were purged. The
1059:were replaced by "democratic" election.
611:of a number of mercantile cities, like
569:issued by our forefathers against king
508:Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-LĂŒneburg
330:Perceived decline of the Dutch Republic
193:, gathered on the market square in 1786
101:, and his supporters who were known as
3787:
3017:. New York: Knopf/Random House, 1988.
1921:, British Ambassador to The Hague (by
1851:attacked the States-army force in the
782:Joan Derk van der Capellen tot den Pol
113:Joan Derk van der Capellen tot den Pol
93:) faction who opposed the rule of the
2522:) de Jonge, pp. 447-450; the frigate
689:and a British one under vice-admiral
56:
7:
3892:Political history of the Netherlands
2577:, who published under the pseudonym
1906:. Shortly after that, special envoy
1641:on 30 May 1787 did not change this.
2843:In those days it was an often used
1238:was prohibited from performing its
245:De Ouderwetse Nederlandsche Patriot
2543:" with the States-Party partisan
2322:and published under the pseudonym
25:
2751:Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange
156:and many were forced into exile.
3897:Republicanism in the Netherlands
3859:
3731:De patriottenbeweging: 1780-1787
2249:Charles Claude Guillaume Lambert
667:First League of Armed Neutrality
357:decline occurred. The country's
3042:de Jonge, pp. 431-433, 471-475.
2853:, hence the adjective "Belgic".
2209:Looting of a Patriot's dwelling
2011:Frederick William II of Prussia
1867:diplomacy in which the Holland
1656:finally managed a purge of the
1216:Volksregering bij representatie
968:Hollandsche Historische Courant
503:, and after her death in 1759,
3768:, and J.K.J. de Jonge (1861).
2181:Robert Jasper van der Capellen
1883:War of the Austrian Succession
1529:Engelbert François van Berckel
613:Engelbert François van Berckel
501:the dowager Princess of Orange
428:of sovereign provinces with a
344:After the halcyon days of the
1:
3287:– via www.academia.edu.
3114:Schama, p. 60; Adams, p. 623.
2673:Demonstration of 20 June 1792
2305:François Adriaan van der Kemp
2219:, and from there to towns in
2177:Laurens Pieter van de Spiegel
2125:Mock execution of Patriot ex-
1563:Willem Gerrit Dedel Salomonsz
1116:played a prominent role) the
1112:(in which the student leader
846:François Adriaan van der Kemp
768:Constitution of Massachusetts
581:imposed on direct trade with
416:
340:Second Stadtholderless Period
302:Second Stadtholderless Period
227:. From 1756 onward, however,
225:Second Stadtholderless Period
115:, influenced by the reformer
3609:Dalberg-Acton, John (1904).
2850:Foederatae Belgii Provinciae
2100:Prussian invasion of Holland
1982:that had existed during the
1749:of the Gelderland cities of
1125:At first in some cities the
651:at sea. They used this as a
318:Herman Theodoor Colenbrander
298:First Stadtholderless Period
3887:1780s in the Dutch Republic
3834:, New York, Vintage books,
3078:de Jonge, p. 620 and note 1
1787:near Utrecht on 9 May 1787.
1716:Rhinegrave of Salm-Grumbach
1258:Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck
947:De Post van den Neder-Rhijn
910:De Post van den Neder-Rhijn
555:Declaration of Independence
154:defeated by a Prussian army
99:William V, Prince of Orange
58:[pÉtriËoËtÉ(n)tÉit]
3923:
3745:, Oxford University Press,
3714:(in Dutch). pp. 30â40
2385:of 1795, that founded the
2328:United States Constitution
2135:Cornelis van der Burgh at
2097:
2089:Jean-François de Bourgoing
2035:"declaration of war" (the
1964:Hendrik August van Kinckel
1887:American Revolutionary War
1155:remained in charge of the
918:Aan het Volk van Nederland
836:Aan het Volk van Nederland
825:Aan het Volk van Nederland
639:and the American agent in
587:American Revolutionary War
333:
127:Aan het Volk van Nederland
2332:Articles of Confederation
2314:. This is illustrated by
2303:, where he was joined by
2237:Court Lambertus van Beyma
2085:Prince-Bishopric of LiĂšge
203:
18:Patriots (Dutch Republic)
3708:, in: De Gids, vol. 113"
2780:University of Harderwijk
2583:Post van den Neder-Rhijn
1945:William Pitt the Younger
1849:Jean Antoine d'Averhoult
575:Dutch West India Company
3902:Dutch words and phrases
3804:Ernst Heinrich Kossmann
2755:the Treaty of Partition
2450:and treaties, like the
2316:Federalist Paper No. 20
2262:that fell afoul of the
2015:the marquis de Rayneval
1980:Anglo-Prussian alliance
1904:Treaty of Fontainebleau
1645:had to flee across the
1276:where in July 1783 the
1245:exercitiegenootschappen
1109:Pro Patria et Libertate
1073:exercitiegenootschappen
978:exercitiegenootschappen
777:le Politique hollandais
514:Acte van Consulentschap
3635:Blaas, P.B.M. (2000).
3246:Geyl (1947), pp. 85-89
3087:de Jonge, pp. 600-659.
3069:de Jonge, pp. 495-561.
3051:de Jonge, pp. 479-487.
2950:Cf. W. van der Zwaag,
2885:Klein, S.R.E. (1995).
2849:
2759:House of Orange-Nassau
2757:that the heads of the
2723:
2708:
2702:
2694:
2677:
2549:
2361:
2350:
2341:
2276:
2212:
2185:
2163:
2156:
2143:
2127:
2066:
2052:
2037:
2027:
1969:
1950:
1939:
1930:
1895:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
1869:
1843:
1825:
1810:
1804:
1797:
1788:
1771:Herman Willem Daendels
1745:
1720:
1699:
1687:
1681:
1658:
1637:
1631:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1599:
1595:Hendrik Daniëlsz Hooft
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1519:
1510:
1503:
1492:
1485:
1479:
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1103:
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887:
879:
865:
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834:
829:
824:
815:
795:
776:
772:Antoine Marie Cerisier
752:
728:Admiralty of Rotterdam
659:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
599:
559:
549:The American imbroglio
541:
534:
527:
521:
512:
466:
442:
420:
322:
292:
263:
257:
244:
232:
194:
183:
174:
141:
125:
107:
87:
72:"Time of the Patriots"
47:
41:
3686:(in Dutch). The Hague
2763:House of Hohenzollern
2518:) and Van Volbergen (
2427:United Belgian States
2355:
2268:Thermidorian Reaction
2239:as Commissioner, and
2204:
2124:
2111:Jean Baptiste Ternant
2050:Wilhelmina of Prussia
2047:
1956:Wilhelmina of Prussia
1951:Aut Caesar, aut nihil
1916:
1779:
1697:
1533:Cornelis de Gijselaar
1411:
1198:
1048:
908:
863:, not the nobles and
821:
813:
617:Cornelis de Gijselaar
583:British North America
414:
253:aristocratic Patriots
180:
172:
38:Wilhelmina of Prussia
35:
3868:at Wikimedia Commons
2415:Petrus Johannes Blok
2397:Notes and references
2356:Presentation of the
2293:Holland Land Company
2287:, who established a
2272:Jan Willem de Winter
2217:Austrian Netherlands
2173:Pieter van Bleiswijk
1859:Foreign interference
1708:Austrian Netherlands
1670:A creeping civil war
1537:Adriaan van Zeebergh
1340:to the vacant post.
1235:exercitiegenootschap
1104:exercitiegenootschap
1052:exercitiegenootschap
936:Politique Hollandais
726:(prosecutor) of the
712:Lodewijk van Bylandt
605:Continental Congress
522:regeringsreglementen
185:exercitiegenootschap
54:Dutch pronunciation:
3600:Schama, pp. 143-153
3591:Schama, pp. 101-102
3582:Schama, pp. 163-164
3564:Schama, pp. 130-131
3555:Schama, pp. 127-129
3516:Schama, pp. 124-125
3507:Schama, pp. 122-123
3471:Schama, pp. 106-107
3444:Schama, pp. 123-125
3435:Schama, pp. 109-110
3426:Schama, pp. 108-109
3417:Geyl (1947), p. 143
3405:Schama, pp. 107-108
3378:Geyl (1947), p. 140
3369:Schama, pp. 116-118
3360:Schama, pp. 112-117
3285:"Het Leids ontwerp"
3210:Geyl (1947), p. 102
3105:Adams, pp. 616-626.
2490:Orangist Revolution
2383:Batavian Revolution
2301:Barneveld, New York
2277:générals de brigade
2206:Mathias de Sallieth
2058:Goejanverwellesluis
1988:Frederick the Great
1875:Glorious Revolution
1621:Het Verraad Ontdekt
1591:Isaac van Goudoever
774:and his periodical
736:American Revolution
475:political patronage
359:deindustrialization
314:French First Empire
277:democratic Patriots
181:The civic militia (
3676:Colenbrander, H.T.
3096:Schama, pp. 59-60.
3033:Schama, pp. 61-63.
3001:Schama, pp. 45-58.
2983:Schama, pp. 45-50.
2974:Schama, pp. 34-45.
2965:Schama, pp. 25-34.
2679:journée du 10 août
2492:of 1747, like the
2362:
2213:
2144:
2139:on 16 May 1789 by
2106:Rhinegrave of Salm
2053:
1931:
1853:Battle of Jutphaas
1821:Rhinegrave of Salm
1789:
1785:Battle of Jutphaas
1759:Kampen, Overijssel
1700:
1535:) and of Haarlem (
1416:
1362:indirect elections
1204:
1061:
913:
830:
822:The first page of
816:
801:The Patriot Revolt
747:Robert Livingstone
657:for declaring the
452:each other in the
421:
310:Kingdom of Holland
290:Finally, the term
273:Dutch States Party
229:Dutch States Party
223:, which ended the
213:Loevestein faction
195:
175:
119:and the dissenter
42:
3864:Media related to
3817:Mens, S. (2013),
3351:Schama, pp. 96-98
3342:Schama, pp. 91-92
3324:Schama, pp. 89-90
3315:Schama, pp. 88-90
3306:Schama, pp. 85-86
3228:Schama, pp. 84-86
3189:Schama, pp. 80-82
3180:Schama, pp. 79-80
3171:Schama, pp. 67-69
3060:de Jonge, p. 487.
2516:Princess Carolina
2473:States of Holland
2435:De Patriottentijd
2429:were founded. Cf.
2387:Batavian Republic
2297:Pieter Stadnitski
2093:duke of Brunswick
2060:in the hamlet of
1664:Adam Gerard Mappa
1347:Utrechtse Courant
958:Politieke Kruijer
704:ships of the line
637:Jean de Neufville
629:Benjamin Franklin
393:Dutch States Army
306:Batavian Republic
150:Dutch States Army
16:(Redirected from
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3061:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3025:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2957:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2882:
2867:
2864:Baron Malmesbury
2860:
2854:
2852:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2815:
2809:
2806:Grand Pensionary
2802:
2796:
2793:
2787:
2776:
2770:
2767:Prince of Orange
2747:
2741:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2650:
2647:invasion of 1672
2642:
2636:
2629:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2606:
2600:
2593:Politieke Kruyer
2571:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2533:
2527:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2494:Kloveniersdoelen
2486:
2480:
2469:
2463:
2460:Peace of MĂŒnster
2456:Union of Utrecht
2444:
2438:
2411:
2375:Act of Guarantee
2358:Act of Guarantee
2312:Founding Fathers
2279:
2257:
2245:Frisian Patriots
2241:Johan Valckenaer
2188:
2169:Grand Pensionary
2166:
2159:
2141:Reinier Vinkeles
2130:
2071:
2040:
2030:
1984:Seven Years' War
1972:
1953:
1942:
1935:Sir James Harris
1919:Sir James Harris
1879:Franco-Dutch War
1872:
1846:
1828:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1748:
1723:
1690:
1684:
1677:Generality Lands
1661:
1640:
1634:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1604:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1522:
1513:
1506:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1471:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1355:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1266:
1247:
1237:
1227:
1218:
1212:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1121:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1068:
1054:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1006:
992:
980:
970:
960:
950:
938:
932:
930:Gazette de Leyde
926:
920:
868:
858:
842:Van der Capellen
839:
827:
779:
757:
754:Gazette de Leyde
673:by ships of the
615:(Amsterdam) and
602:
564:
544:
537:
530:
524:
517:
469:
447:
418:
385:Peace of Utrecht
346:Dutch Golden Age
325:
295:
283:, who strove to
266:
260:
247:
237:
206:
205:
188:
146:
130:
121:Joseph Priestley
110:
92:
76:
73:
70:
67:
64:
60:
55:
50:
21:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3872:
3871:
3856:
3822:
3812:
3802:
3786:
3779:
3777:
3764:
3733:
3717:
3715:
3698:
3689:
3687:
3674:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3634:
3622:
3617:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2861:
2857:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2812:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2777:
2773:
2748:
2744:
2735:
2731:
2720:
2716:
2692:This so-called
2691:
2687:
2669:National Guards
2666:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2607:
2603:
2575:Jacobus Bellamy
2572:
2568:
2561:
2557:
2534:
2530:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2487:
2483:
2470:
2466:
2452:Great Privilege
2445:
2441:
2431:Sleeckx, J.L.D.
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2371:Triple Alliance
2260:Batavian Legion
2251:
2221:French Flanders
2119:
2102:
1927:Joshua Reynolds
1923:Caroline Watson
1908:Gerard Brantsen
1861:
1672:
1559:Joachim Rendorp
1358:census suffrage
1273:
1240:drill maneuvers
982:
808:
803:
691:Sir Hyde Parker
663:John Paul Jones
579:Navigation Acts
551:
409:
378:service economy
363:de-urbanization
342:
334:Main articles:
332:
167:
162:
133:Andrew Fletcher
74:
71:
68:
65:
53:
40:by the Patriots
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3920:
3918:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3882:Patriottentijd
3874:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3866:Dutch patriots
3855:
3854:External links
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3825:
3815:
3800:
3766:Jonge, J.C. de
3762:
3736:
3724:
3696:
3672:
3663:
3650:
3632:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3602:
3593:
3584:
3575:
3573:Schama, p. 130
3566:
3557:
3548:
3546:Schama, p. 127
3539:
3537:Cobban, p. 133
3530:
3528:Schama, p. 126
3518:
3509:
3500:
3498:Schama, p. 122
3491:
3489:Schama, p. 125
3482:
3480:Schama, p. 107
3473:
3464:
3462:Cobban, p. 125
3455:
3453:Schama, p. 106
3446:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3407:
3398:
3389:
3387:Schama, p. 105
3380:
3371:
3362:
3353:
3344:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3290:
3275:
3266:
3264:Schama, p. 102
3257:
3248:
3239:
3230:
3221:
3212:
3203:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3162:Schama, p. 65.
3155:
3153:Adams, p. 399.
3146:
3144:Schama, p. 61.
3137:
3135:Adams, p. 623.
3128:
3126:Schama, p. 60.
3116:
3107:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3044:
3035:
3026:
3003:
2994:
2992:Schama, p. 50.
2985:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2943:
2934:
2932:Kossman, p. 45
2925:
2914:
2900:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2855:
2836:
2824:
2810:
2797:
2788:
2784:Herman Tollius
2771:
2742:
2729:
2714:
2696:Bijltjesoproer
2685:
2660:
2651:
2637:
2633:Patriottentijd
2624:
2614:
2601:
2566:
2555:
2550:Patriottentijd
2528:
2507:
2498:
2481:
2477:States General
2464:
2439:
2423:Patriottentijd
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2118:
2115:
2098:Main article:
2048:The arrest of
1860:
1857:
1730:Het Loo Palace
1671:
1668:
1597:, a venerable
1413:Quint Ondaatje
1368:rights of the
1328:occurred. The
1272:
1269:
1114:Quint Ondaatje
981:
973:
941:Pieter 't Hoen
924:Patriottentijd
807:
804:
802:
799:
591:Sint Eustatius
550:
547:
408:
405:
401:power politics
331:
328:
316:, 1795â1813).
293:Patriottentijd
287:the Republic.
240:Orangist party
221:stadtholderate
209:Andries Bicker
166:
163:
161:
158:
79:Dutch Republic
48:Patriottentijd
36:The Arrest of
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3919:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:0-679-72949-6
3837:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3759:0-19-820734-4
3756:
3752:
3751:0-19-873072-1
3748:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3697:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3396:Schama, p. 97
3393:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3333:Schama, p. 98
3330:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3297:Schama, p. 84
3294:
3291:
3286:
3283:Postma, Jan.
3279:
3276:
3273:Schama, p. 94
3270:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3255:Schama, p. 87
3252:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3237:Schama, p. 86
3234:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3219:Schama, p. 83
3216:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3201:Schama, p. 82
3198:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3011:Tuchman, B.W.
3007:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2872:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2541:Witten-Oorlog
2538:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2320:James Madison
2318:, written by
2317:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2186:burgemeesters
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2164:vroedschappen
2158:
2152:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1746:vroedschappen
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1654:Pieter Paulus
1650:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1254:Pieter Vreede
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1225:Leids Ontwerp
1220:
1217:
1211:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
990:
979:
974:
972:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
948:
942:
937:
931:
925:
919:
911:
907:
903:
901:
900:Enlightenment
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
872:
867:
862:
857:
856:
849:
847:
843:
838:
837:
826:
820:
812:
805:
800:
798:
794:
789:
785:
783:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
755:
748:
745:
741:
737:
732:
729:
725:
721:
720:Pieter Paulus
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
692:
688:
687:Johan Zoutman
684:
680:
676:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
655:
650:
649:Henry Laurens
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
562:
556:
553:The American
548:
546:
543:
536:
529:
528:vroedschappen
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467:vroedschappen
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258:oudpatriotten
255:(also called
254:
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117:Richard Price
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39:
34:
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3831:
3818:
3808:
3778:. Retrieved
3774:Google Books
3773:
3742:
3739:Israel, J.I.
3730:
3716:. Retrieved
3711:
3705:
3688:. Retrieved
3683:
3669:
3655:. Retrieved
3640:
3637:
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2891:. Retrieved
2880:
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2791:
2774:
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2597:burgemeester
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2582:
2578:
2569:
2558:
2545:Jan Wagenaar
2531:
2523:
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2442:
2434:
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2289:type foundry
2282:
2274:even became
2214:
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2128:burgemeester
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2074:
2068:LÚse-majesté
2054:
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2008:
2004:
1993:
1976:
1959:
1932:
1917:Portrait of
1862:
1831:
1808:cities (the
1790:
1781:Jonas Zeuner
1742:
1726:
1701:
1673:
1651:
1601:burgemeester
1516:
1499:
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1457:
1417:
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1230:Leiden Draft
1221:
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1187:
1170:schutterijen
1146:schutterijen
1124:
1086:schutterijen
1066:schutterijen
1062:
1057:city council
1035:schutterijen
1023:schutterijen
999:Duke of Alba
995:Dutch Revolt
989:schutterijen
983:
914:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
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860:
850:
831:
796:
791:
786:
763:
740:Dutch Revolt
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723:
716:Brest Affair
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671:
652:
609:pensionaries
567:proclamation
552:
504:
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462:schutterijen
454:city council
422:
382:
372:
367:
361:resulted in
354:
349:
343:
289:
276:
252:
250:
201:(from Greek
198:
196:
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82:
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2738:Pieter Geyl
2671:, like the
2381:during the
2252: [
2191:in absentia
2171:of Holland
2157:ridderschap
2038:Declaratoir
1865:Great Power
1643:William May
1250:Wybo Fijnje
1189:Kaat Mussel
1080:vrijcorpsen
963:Wybo Fijnje
915:Of course,
654:casus belli
645:William Lee
491:infant son
438:oligarchies
434:City Rights
415:William V,
397:great power
285:democratise
281:bourgeoisie
215:, but when
95:stadtholder
3907:Patriotism
3876:Categories
3828:Schama, S.
3823:(in Dutch)
3813:(in Dutch)
3776:(in Dutch)
3753:hardback,
3734:(in Dutch)
3666:Cobban, A.
3651:9065504338
3023:0394553330
2873:References
2819:Middelburg
2753:. In fact
2724:vroedschap
2537:Elie Luzac
2475:, and the
2225:Saint-Omer
2137:Leeuwarden
2028:Overijssel
2000:Thulemeyer
1900:Kettle War
1891:contraband
1844:vroedschap
1811:Overijssel
1805:Overijssel
1798:repartitie
1734:Amersfoort
1721:repartitie
1704:Kettle War
1688:repartitie
1682:repartitie
1659:vroedschap
1632:vroedschap
1626:Dam Square
1586:vroedschap
1574:schutterij
1568:vroedschap
1525:pensionary
1511:vroedschap
1504:vroedschap
1493:vroedschap
1486:vroedschap
1469:vroedschap
1452:vroedschap
1446:vroedschap
1440:vroedschap
1434:schutterij
1428:vroedschap
1421:schutterij
1402:vroedschap
1396:vroedschap
1390:schutterij
1384:schutterij
1353:vroedschap
1337:schutterij
1325:vroedschap
1318:vroedschap
1315:urged the
1312:schutterij
1300:vroedschap
1285:schutterij
1279:vroedschap
1164:vroedschap
1158:schutterij
1134:schutterij
1128:vroedschap
1119:schutterij
1098:schutterij
1040:synecdoche
1010:schutterij
1004:vroedschap
889:Therefore:
760:Jean Luzac
679:false flag
675:Royal Navy
633:John Adams
488:William IV
430:republican
419:1768â1769.
368:per capita
160:Background
108:Orangisten
89:Patriotten
3821:(thesis)
3807:(2005)),
3780:April 11,
3761:paperback
3718:April 11,
3690:April 11,
3657:April 11,
3626:Adams, J.
2675:and the
2610:Freikorps
2520:Rotterdam
2233:Louis XVI
2117:Aftermath
2077:Montmorin
2022:Vergennes
1960:per annum
1902:with the
1835:Vreeswijk
1712:Joseph II
1480:Doelisten
1366:co-option
1200:Orangists
1092:exercitie
1017:Doelisten
718:in which
621:Dordrecht
571:Philip II
493:William V
484:Doelisten
389:austerity
204:ÏαÏÏÎčÏÏηÏ
197:The term
165:Etymology
103:Orangists
3830:(1977),
3790:cite web
3741:(1995),
3729:(1947),
3727:Geyl, P.
3702:(1950).
3700:Geyl, P.
3678:(1897).
3628:(1852),
2954:Digibron
2761:and the
2709:Bijltjes
2703:Bijltjes
2579:Zelandus
2448:charters
2264:Jacobins
2133:Bolsward
2062:Bonrepas
2033:de facto
1970:regenten
1940:regenten
1925:, after
1881:and the
1870:regenten
1839:inundate
1826:regenten
1638:Bijltjes
1615:Bijltjes
1609:regenten
1580:Bijltjes
1554:regenten
1548:regenten
1542:regenten
1520:regenten
1475:canaille
1460:paradigm
1377:regenten
1371:regenten
1331:regenten
1303:(i.e. a
1182:regenten
1176:regenten
1140:regenten
1029:regenten
933:and the
866:regenten
738:and the
625:Vauguyon
600:regenten
595:entrepĂŽt
561:griffier
542:regenten
535:regenten
505:de facto
499:, first
450:co-opted
444:regenten
373:rentiers
355:absolute
350:relative
312:and the
264:regenten
234:regenten
211:and the
143:regenten
83:Patriots
3668:(1954)
3620:Sources
2581:in the
2419:op.cit.
2367:Het Loo
2324:Publius
2229:Dunkirk
2195:Amnesty
2149:Naarden
1847:member
1817:Woerden
1767:Zutphen
1293:schepen
953:tabloid
855:Bataven
764:Gazette
700:concert
593:. That
497:regents
199:Patriot
66:
3838:
3757:
3749:
3648:
3021:
2893:6 June
2588:schout
2454:, the
2437:(1889)
2183:, two
1763:Zwolle
1755:Elburg
1751:Hattem
1561:, and
1306:regent
1264:Leiden
1256:, and
1152:regent
788:1781:
724:fiscal
722:, the
695:convoy
683:battle
641:Aachen
585:. The
458:guilds
448:class
308:, the
275:. The
2845:trope
2402:Notes
2285:Mappa
2256:]
2081:Givet
1996:VĂ©rac
1738:Zeist
1557:like
1038:as a
708:Brest
479:venal
191:Sneek
189:) of
3836:ISBN
3796:link
3782:2018
3755:ISBN
3747:ISBN
3720:2018
3692:2018
3659:2018
3646:ISBN
3019:ISBN
2895:2023
2524:Mars
2339:war.
2227:and
1998:and
1793:Alva
1765:and
1753:and
1222:The
975:The
460:and
338:and
300:", "
63:lit.
44:The
2822:119
2595:by
2391:Kew
2131:of
1360:in
1077:or
1049:An
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