1797:, could only offer him the advice to act in accordance with the ancient policy of Byzantium, to pit some other Germanic tribe against the Lombards. The Franks alone were powerful enough to compel the Lombards to maintain peace, and they alone stood in close relationship with the pope. Charles Martel had on a former occasion failed to respond to the entreaties of Gregory III, but meanwhile the relations between the Frankish rulers and the popes had become more intimate. Pope Zachary had only recently (751), at Pepin's accession to the Merovingian throne, spoken the word that removed all doubts in favour of the Carolingian mayor of the palace. It was not unreasonable, therefore, to expect an active show of gratitude in return, when Rome was most grievously pressed by Aistulf.
1970:
Desiderius had agreed to surrender at the beginning of his reign (Imola, Bologna, Faenza, Ferrara, Ancona, Osimo and Umana); next the patrimonies were specified in various groups: in the Sabine, in the
Spoletan and Beneventan districts, in Calabria, in Tuscany and in Corsica. Charlemagne, however, in his quality of "Patricius", wanted to be considered as the highest court of appeal in criminal cases in the States of the Church. He promised on the other hand to protect freedom of choice in the election of the pope, and renewed the alliance of friendship that had been previously made between Pepin and Stephen II.
1961:
which his father had never used, and read into this title rights which under Pepin had never been associated with it. Moreover, differences of opinion arose between Adrian and
Charlemagne concerning the obligations which had been assumed by Pepin and Charlemagne in the document of Quiercy. Adrian construed it to mean that Charlemagne should take an elastic concept of the "res publica Romana" to the extent of giving up not only the conquests of Aistulf in the exarchate and in the Pentapolis, but also earlier conquests of the Lombards in Central Italy, Spoleto and Benevento.
3584:
1427:
35:
1940:
monasteries and endowed them with landed properties, so that prayers might be offered for them there; Pepin wished to provide the pope with temporal territories, so he might be certain of the prayers of the pope. Therefore, when the
Byzantine ambassadors came to him before the second expedition of 756 and asked him to return to the emperor the cities taken from the Lombards, he said that to Rome alone would he restore the cities. Thus did Pepin found the States of the Church.
1664:
considerable grasp of detail and administrative capacity. In anticipation of a threatened corn shortage, Gregory filled the granaries of Rome with the harvests of Egypt and Sicily. Numerous poorhouses, hospitals, orphanages and hospices for pilgrims were maintained out of the revenues of the patrimonies. Gregory also spent large sums ransoming captives from the
Lombards, and commended one of the bishops for breaking up and selling church plate for that purpose.
1816:
imperial messenger and several dignitaries of the Roman Church, as well, as members of the aristocracy belonging to the Roman militia, and proceeded first of all to
Aistulf. In 753 the pope left Rome. Aistulf, when the pope met him at Pavia, refused to enter into negotiations or to hear of a restoration of his conquests. Only with difficulty did Stephen finally prevail upon the Lombard king not to hinder him in his journey to the Frankish kingdom.
1735:, the pope and the Senate were entrusted with the control of weights and measures. Thenceforth for two centuries the popes were loyal supporters of the Byzantine government against the encroachments of the Lombards, and were all the more indispensable, because after 603 the Senate disappeared. The popes were now the only court of judicature, a task more often entrusted to bishops as "Defensor populi".
3596:
1439:
1888:, the Frankish nobles finally gave their consent. Pepin promised in writing to give the Church certain territories, the first documentary record for the States of the Church. This document has not been preserved, but a number of citations during the decades immediately following indicate its contents, and it is likely that it was the source of the much interpolated
1936:, demanded and received the keys to them, and brought the highest magistrates and most distinguished magnates of these cities to Rome. Pepin executed a new deed of gift for the cities thus surrendered to the pope, and laid it with the keys of the cities on the grave of St. Peter in the Second Donation of 756.
1939:
The
Byzantine Government naturally did not approve of this result of Frankish intervention. It had hoped to regain possession of the districts that had been wrested from it by the Lombards. But Pepin took up arms, not for the Byzantine emperor, but for the sake of the pope. Kings at that time founded
1903:
In the summer of 754 Pepin and the pope began their march into Italy, and forced King
Aistulf, who had shut himself up in his capital, to sue for peace. The Lombard promised to give up the cities of the exarchate and of the Pentapolis, which had been last conquered, to make no further attacks upon or
1663:
Revenues from the patrimonies were used for administration, to maintain and build churches, to equip convents, run the papal household and support the clergy, but also to a great extent to relieve public and private want. In administering the
Patrimony of St. Peter, Pope Gregory (540-604) showed a
1960:
Soon after this
Desiderius was forced to capitulate, and Charlemagne had himself proclaimed King of the Lombards in his place. Charlemagne's attitude toward the States of the Church now underwent a change. With the title of King of the Lombards he also assumed the title as "Patricius Romanorum",
1672:
The political aspect of the papacy became in time very prominent, as Rome, after the removal of the imperial residence to the East, was no longer the seat of any of the higher political officials. Since the partition of the empire, the
Western emperors had preferred to make the better-protected
1969:
of 754–756. He now executed a new document in which were enumerated all the districts in which the pope was recognized as ruler. The Duchy of Rome (which had not been mentioned in the earlier documents) heads the list, followed by the exarchate and the Pentapolis, augmented by the cities which
1815:
Never before had a pope crossed the Alps. While Pope Stephen was preparing for the journey, a messenger arrived from Constantinople, bringing to the pope the imperial mandate to treat once more with Aistulf for the purpose of persuading him to surrender his conquests. Stephen took with him the
2022:
as the second founder of the States of the Church. His agreement with Charlemagne remained authoritative for the relations of the later popes with the Carolingians and the German emperors. These relations were given a brilliant outward expression by Charlemagne's coronation as emperor in 800.
1876:
officials in Italy, had borne. In their stead now the King of the Franks was to be the protector of the Romans and their Bishop. However, to fulfill the wishes of the pope, Pepin had eventually to obtain the consent of his nobles to a campaign into Italy. This became imperative, when several
1956:
had invaded the territories of the States of the Church, and reminded Charlemagne of the promise made at Quiercy. As Desiderius also championed the claims of Charlemagne's nephews, he endangered the unity of the Frankish kingdom, and Charlemagne's own interests therefore bade him to oppose
1943:
The States of the Church were in a certain sense the only remnant of the Roman Empire in the West which escaped foreign conquerors. Gratefully the Roman population acknowledged that they had escaped subjection to the Lombards. Also, temporal sovereignty guaranteed to the pope some level of
1533:
Wealthy families of the Roman nobility followed Constantine's example. Their memory frequently survived, after the families themselves became extinct, in the names of the properties they once presented to the Roman See. During his reign, Pope Sylvester became the owner of properties in
1892:, which probably dates from 778 to 80. In the original document of Quiercy Pepin promised to restore to the pope the lands of central Italy conquered by Aistulf, especially in the exarchate and the Roman Duchy, and of a number of patrimonies in the Lombard Kingdom and the Duchies of
1964:
But Charles would not listen to any such interpretation of the document. As both parties were anxious to come to an understanding, an agreement was reached in 781. Charlemagne acknowledged the sovereignty of Adrian in the Duchy of Rome and in the States of the Church founded by
1919:
But Pepin had hardly recrossed the Alps on his way home, when Aistulf again advanced against Rome, and lay siege. The pope summoned Pepin to fulfill anew his pledge of loyalty. In 756 Pepin set out with an army against Aistulf and again hemmed him in at
1957:
Desiderius. In the autumn of 773 Charlemagne entered Italy and besieged Desiderius at Pavia. While the siege was in progress, Charlemagne went to Rome at Easter, 774, and at the request of the pope renewed the promises made at Quiercy.
1521:
declared the Christian Church could hold and transmit property. This was the first legal basis for the possessions of the Church of Rome. Subsequently, they were augmented by donations. Constantine himself probably gave the Church the
1781:
The strange shape which the States of the Church assumed from the beginning is explained by the fact that these were the districts in which the population of central Italy had defended itself to the very last against the Lombards.
1754:
lying immediately to the south assembled, marched into Rome, and compelled the departure of the emperor's plenipotentiary. In AD 715 the papal chair, which had last been occupied by seven Eastern popes, was filled by a Westerner,
97:
1916:, and also acknowledged the sovereignty of the Franks. For the cities in the exarchate and in the Pentapolis, which Aistulf promised to return, Pepin executed a separate deed for the pope. This is the first "Donation of 754".
2017:
appear to have been added at that time. This is based upon deductions, since no document survives either from the time of Charlemagne or from that of Pepin. Adrian proved himself no mean politician, and is ranked with
1612:), which had begun to form in the 7th century, were the most numerous. Most of the remote patrimonies were lost in the eighth century, so the patrimonia around Rome began to be managed with especial care, headed up by
1789:. And when Aistulf, who held Spoleto also under his immediate sway, directed all his might against the Duchy of Rome, it seemed that this too could no longer be held. Byzantium could send no troops, and Emperor
2882:
3633:
3058:
352:
346:
2896:
3038:
1673:
Ravenna their residence. Here was the centre of Odoacer's power and of the Ostrogothic rule; here also, after the fall of the Ostrogoths, the viceroy of the Byzantine emperor in Italy, the
3124:
3134:
2877:
2860:
772:
3033:
1248:
1566:. The donation of large estates ceased about 600 AD. The Byzantine emperors preferred the patriarchate of Constantinople, and were less liberal in their gifts. The wars with the
1800:
Accordingly, Stephen II secretly sent a letter to king Pepin by pilgrims, soliciting his aid against Aistulf and asking for a conference. Pepin in turn sent Abbot Droctegang of
3413:
3119:
853:
1368:
858:
3048:
3626:
3114:
1213:
997:
3043:
2644:
3536:
2845:
745:
718:
306:
3053:
1469:
848:
2065:. Subsequently, the presence of a Rector General, coordinator of the activities of the provincial rectors and direct referent of the pontiff is also documented.
172:
3468:
3028:
3619:
2802:
341:
3109:
2855:
2850:
2836:
2426:
767:
728:
459:
1383:
1158:
4889:
1864:, never thereafter to choose their kings from any other family than the Carolingian. At the same time he bestowed on Pepin and his sons the title of "
157:
3225:
1303:
537:
4894:
3984:
3104:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2964:
1973:
The agreement between Charlemagne and Adrian remained undisturbed. In 787 Charlemagne further enlarged the States of the Church by new donations:
1419:
1208:
992:
843:
785:
698:
279:
2891:
1253:
1012:
214:
479:
4286:
4004:
2300:
2203:
311:
4799:
4542:
4490:
2666:
1173:
1581:, the patrimonies were naturally for the most part situated in Italy and on the adjacent islands. Lands in Dalmatia were lost during the
3500:
3099:
3081:
818:
520:
1526:
in Rome. Constantine's gifts formed the historical nucleus for the network of myth that gave rise to the forged document known as the "
4909:
4681:
4352:
3505:
3215:
2632:
2484:
1462:
1068:
394:
336:
219:
4793:
4401:
3283:
3144:
3076:
2831:
2352:
1732:
1363:
823:
711:
542:
454:
2249:
Schnürer, Gustav. "States of the Church." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 16 Jul. 2014
1750:), to extract from him his assent to the canons of the Trullan Council, convoked by the emperor, the militia of Ravenna and of the
474:
3642:
3257:
3220:
3139:
1498:. Until the middle of the 8th century this consisted wholly of private property; later, it corresponded to the territories under
1398:
1048:
530:
269:
187:
4811:
3445:
3325:
3129:
2992:
2872:
2757:
1218:
1002:
798:
557:
431:
388:
4787:
4635:
3793:
4691:
3009:
2620:
1853:
1007:
838:
780:
369:
264:
259:
464:
4676:
4610:
4409:
4141:
4064:
3915:
3397:
3247:
2518:
1865:
1455:
1313:
1243:
1093:
2867:
469:
2737:
2692:
2661:
2536:
2274:
2099:
Each patrimonium was not necessarily a single unit, but could consist of other lands not joined to the central nucleus (
1932:. But this time a promise was not sufficient. Pepin's messengers visited the various cities of the exarchate and of the
1308:
908:
733:
234:
2397:
4805:
4757:
4448:
3935:
3402:
3320:
3278:
2719:
1283:
1088:
896:
790:
757:
663:
437:
404:
296:
167:
3345:
2578:
1148:
4751:
4745:
4696:
4686:
4116:
4101:
3964:
3495:
3300:
3162:
2814:
2727:
1238:
873:
1924:. Aistulf was again compelled to promise to the pope the cities granted him after the first war and, in addition,
4899:
4863:
4146:
3305:
3295:
2073:
1574:
1113:
1098:
1078:
972:
833:
569:
491:
424:
182:
4769:
4121:
3974:
2915:
2779:
2732:
2568:
1378:
1298:
1018:
649:
637:
503:
496:
414:
324:
150:
145:
92:
3288:
1228:
4857:
4532:
4424:
4386:
3881:
3811:
3310:
3210:
2638:
2627:
2062:
1751:
1527:
1494:) originally designated the landed possessions and revenues of various kinds that belonged to the apostolic
1414:
1358:
1223:
1183:
1118:
1073:
828:
811:
751:
380:
331:
241:
111:
62:
4763:
4711:
4701:
4537:
4480:
4151:
3556:
3530:
2944:
2477:
2133:
1825:
1582:
1570:
likewise had an unfavourable effect, and few families were still in a position to bequeath large estates.
1393:
1188:
982:
301:
274:
208:
3389:
3315:
4904:
4781:
4625:
4577:
4563:
4391:
4131:
4044:
3994:
3673:
3656:
3384:
3355:
3020:
2797:
2550:
2431:
2043:
1977:
and a few other frontier cities of the Duchy of Benevento, besides several cities in Lombardy, Tuscany,
1518:
1323:
1193:
1178:
1163:
1063:
987:
977:
960:
508:
449:
399:
374:
362:
224:
162:
43:
4553:
2038:
From the early 13th century, the Patrimony of Saint Peter was one of the four provinces established by
1616:
directly subordinate to the pope. Other Italian patrimonies included the Neapolitan with the island of
1123:
3421:
1502:
sovereignty, but from the early 13th century the term was applied to one of the four provinces of the
4829:
4706:
4645:
4630:
4517:
4473:
4463:
4241:
4213:
4019:
3863:
3761:
3705:
3477:
3378:
3267:
2903:
2762:
2452:
2330:
2014:
1966:
1785:
In 751 Aistulf conquered Ravenna, and thereby decided the long delayed fate of the exarchate and the
1764:
1760:
1717:
1594:
1503:
1333:
1268:
1233:
1038:
965:
943:
891:
515:
1593:. The revenues from these properties in Sicily and Lower Italy were estimated at three and one-half
4851:
4582:
4485:
4468:
4458:
4313:
4236:
4059:
4054:
3989:
3889:
3799:
3588:
3561:
3169:
3000:
2051:
1885:
1705:
1431:
1258:
676:
671:
484:
200:
4775:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4640:
4605:
4600:
4558:
4522:
4381:
4276:
4198:
4171:
4111:
4014:
3999:
3837:
3817:
3600:
3407:
3330:
2809:
1443:
1203:
1058:
863:
549:
1585:
and Slavic invasions. The most valuable and extensive possessions were those in Sicily, around
4620:
4615:
4548:
4507:
4501:
4342:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4049:
4029:
3979:
3969:
3950:
3335:
3091:
3068:
2685:
2605:
2600:
2540:
2470:
2348:
2296:
2289:
2039:
1728:
1563:
1328:
1318:
1168:
1103:
1053:
903:
356:
177:
122:
75:
1900:. These lands had yet to be conquered by Pepin, so his promise was on condition that he did.
4837:
4419:
4414:
4337:
4271:
4266:
4136:
4106:
4074:
3930:
3875:
3854:
3832:
3546:
2792:
2563:
1909:
1829:
1598:
1278:
1263:
1143:
1128:
1108:
1043:
928:
1856:, near Paris. He concluded a firm alliance of friendship with Pepin and made him the first
4360:
4328:
4323:
4303:
4166:
4126:
4096:
4079:
4039:
4024:
4009:
3940:
3925:
3842:
3822:
3695:
3541:
2936:
2522:
2077:
2019:
1861:
1833:
1794:
1756:
1701:
1586:
1353:
1346:
1273:
1083:
955:
950:
691:
686:
625:
608:
250:
104:
4218:
4843:
4739:
4733:
4333:
4308:
4181:
4176:
4161:
4156:
4091:
4086:
4069:
4034:
3827:
3805:
3749:
3688:
3242:
3202:
3004:
2948:
2767:
2722:
2654:
2610:
2588:
2583:
2193:
2027:
1743:
1523:
1487:
1388:
1293:
1133:
738:
642:
441:
229:
129:
117:
17:
4883:
4527:
4365:
3869:
3743:
3715:
3473:
2953:
2595:
2558:
2507:
2504:
2165:
2161:
2084:
2055:
1905:
1790:
1776:
1747:
1559:
1515:
1373:
1288:
419:
69:
4817:
3900:
3755:
3735:
3611:
3350:
3252:
2714:
2649:
2615:
2531:
2514:
2175:
2119:
2010:
1739:
1721:
1624:, the Tuscan, the Patrimonium Tiburtinum in the vicinity of Tivoli, estates around
1609:
1551:
1198:
1138:
868:
613:
285:
135:
81:
52:
34:
4453:
4318:
3568:
2787:
2676:
2527:
2368:
2151:
2147:
2123:
2115:
1945:
1881:
king to give up his conquests but returned without accomplishing their mission.
1857:
1801:
1713:
1680:
In Rome, the pope appeared with increasing frequency in political negotiations;
1535:
1153:
923:
917:
630:
3595:
2259:
1438:
3551:
2749:
2223:
1990:
1953:
1933:
1929:
1809:
1786:
1709:
1681:
1605:
1547:
601:
2248:
1604:
But the patrimonies in the vicinity of Rome (the successors to the classical
3720:
3457:
3272:
2920:
2819:
2189:
1978:
1925:
1897:
1873:
1841:
1693:
723:
1720:
under the Ostrogothic supremacy, entrusted the care of temporal affairs to
98:
Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church
4438:
3920:
3725:
3668:
2703:
2493:
1998:
1982:
1949:
1878:
1837:
1653:
1567:
1495:
620:
3700:
3661:
2088:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1893:
1860:
king, probably in January 754. He bound the Franks under the threat of
1849:
1845:
1805:
1697:
1657:
1641:
1625:
1590:
1555:
1543:
87:
4208:
2908:
2179:
2047:
1986:
1913:
1869:
1685:
1674:
1649:
1633:
1613:
1539:
589:
2369:"Papal States | Italian History, Papacy & Politics | Britannica"
1820:
Intervention of the Franks and Formation of the States of the Church
2345:
Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries
4186:
3710:
3683:
2448:
2213:
1974:
1921:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1499:
913:
3678:
3183:
2711:
2511:
2456:
2314:
The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680–825
1689:
1578:
596:
3615:
2466:
1793:, in answer to the repeated requests for help of the new pope,
409:
3301:
Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
1804:
to confer with the pope, and a little later dispatched Duke
2462:
1746:
forcibly conveyed to Constantinople, (as had happened to
3418:
House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul
2026:
In the later 9th century, such as during the papacy of
1597:
of gold in the eighth century, when Byzantine Emperor
1948:, relations with the Lombards became strained again.
1840:, and promised to do all in his power to recover the
3311:
Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
2398:"Patrimonio di San Pietro in "Dizionario di Storia""
1877:
embassies attempted by peaceful means to induce the
854:
Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
4827:
4724:
4654:
4593:
4576:
4500:
4437:
4400:
4374:
4351:
4296:
4285:
4227:
4197:
3949:
3899:
3853:
3784:
3771:
3734:
3649:
3522:
3486:
3436:
3368:
3201:
3180:
3161:
3090:
3067:
3019:
2991:
2963:
2935:
2830:
2778:
2748:
2702:
2675:
2549:
2061:It was governed by a papal appointed official, the
1812:of Metz to conduct the pope to the Frankish realm.
1249:
Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici
859:
Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See
1214:Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City
998:Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City
2347:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 57.
2333:, ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1995, p. 328
1573:Apart from a number of scattered possessions in
2327:The New Cambridge Medieval History, c.700-c.900
2316:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1984, p. 78
2050:subject to the Apostolic See, i.e. the current
2030:, the papal patrimony was severely threatened.
746:Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)
307:Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State
3627:
3469:Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide
2478:
2260:"Papal possessions in the Eastern Adriatic",
1510:Patrimonial possessions of the Church of Rome
1463:
8:
4030:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
1771:Collapse of Byzantine power in central Italy
756:Undersecretaries for Relations with States:
342:Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State
2897:Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe
2101:
768:List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See
460:List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See
4824:
4590:
4293:
3781:
3634:
3620:
3612:
3483:
3365:
3235:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3177:
3016:
2960:
2699:
2485:
2471:
2463:
2244:
2242:
2240:
1470:
1456:
1384:Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
29:
158:History of the Catholic Church since 1962
3226:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
1304:Saints Martin and Sebastian of the Swiss
3985:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
2236:
1908:and the northwest Italian districts of
1159:Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica
50:
1209:Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah
993:Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah
699:Prefecture of the Pontifical Household
280:Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
1254:Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope
1013:Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences
750:Secretary for Relations with States:
215:Fundamental Law of Vatican City State
7:
2435:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2392:
2390:
2388:
2204:Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano
2083:The seat cities of the rectors were
312:Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City
27:Possessions and revenues of Holy See
3501:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
819:Institute for the Works of Religion
799:The Holy See and the United Nations
3506:Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua
3216:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
2445:Atlante storico-politico del Lazio
2425:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
2134:Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano
2122:, in the northern quadrant of the
2046:. It included the part of ancient
1848:and the other districts seized by
1369:Collection of Modern Religious Art
395:List of newspapers in Vatican City
337:Association of Vatican Lay Workers
220:Capital punishment in Vatican City
25:
4794:United Provinces of Central Italy
3284:Pontifical North American College
2846:Section for Relations with States
2279:, John J. Crowley & Co., Inc.
1952:complained that the Lombard king
1944:independence. Under Pepin's son,
1364:Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling
824:Telephone numbers in Vatican City
719:Section for Relations with States
455:Foreign relations of the Holy See
410:.va (Vatican City internet sites)
4890:Economic history of the Holy See
3643:List of historic states of Italy
3594:
3582:
2978:Extraordinary general assemblies
2343:Barbara M. Kreutz (7 Jun 2011).
2325:Brown, T.S., "Byzantine Italy",
1437:
1425:
1049:Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
480:Holy See–United States relations
188:Vatican City during World War II
33:
4776:Provisional Government of Milan
3446:Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo
3346:Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo
3326:Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary
3125:Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno
1824:The pope thereupon crossed the
1219:Public holidays in Vatican City
1069:Fountains of St. Peter's Square
1003:Public holidays in Vatican City
849:Financial Information Authority
4895:Catholicism in the Middle Ages
3975:City of Fiume and its District
3135:Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo
1868:of the Romans", the title the
1008:Pontifical Academy of Sciences
839:Rail transport in Vatican City
781:Vatican and Holy See passports
370:Secretariat for Communications
265:Tribunal of Vatican City State
260:Temporal power of the Holy See
1:
4410:County of Apulia and Calabria
3916:Campagna e Marittima Province
3398:Pontifical Oriental Institute
2292:Dictionary of World Biography
2290:Frank N Magill, Alison Aves,
2200:Patrimonium Appiae Suburbanum
2130:Patrimonium Tuscie Suburbanum
1759:, who was destined to oppose
1314:Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi
1094:Monument to the Royal Stuarts
575:President: G. di Sanguinetto
3221:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
2076:of 1357, issued by Cardinal
1668:Political role of the Papacy
1309:Santo Stefano degli Abissini
909:Coat of arms of Vatican City
475:Holy See–Palestine relations
389:L'Osservatore della Domenica
235:Legal status of the Holy See
4812:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
4806:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
4758:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
3936:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
3403:Pontifical Lombard Seminary
3279:Pontifical Urban University
2973:Ordinary general assemblies
2720:Cardinal Secretary of State
2275:"Saint Gregory the Great",
1648:, and lastly properties in
1284:Cardinal Secretary of State
1089:Mater Ecclesiae (monastery)
844:Secretariat for the Economy
734:Status in international law
729:Multilateral foreign policy
492:Governorate of Vatican City
405:Vatican Information Service
297:LGBT rights in Vatican City
168:Roman Historical Institutes
4926:
4752:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
4746:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
4147:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
4117:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
4102:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
3496:Basilica of the Holy House
3120:Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino
2528:Sovereignty and government
2178:, ending at the valley of
1774:
1244:Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri
1239:San Pellegrino in Vaticano
874:Properties of the Holy See
4910:Medieval economic history
4864:Free Territory of Trieste
4382:Principality of Benevento
3577:
3453:Gardens of the Villa Cybo
3306:Palace of the Holy Office
3296:Palazzo della Cancelleria
3268:Palace of Saint Callixtus
3238:
3191:
2537:Sovereign judicial entity
2500:
2074:Constitutiones Aegidianae
1742:in 692 attempted to have
1733:Pragmatic Sanction of 554
1099:Palace of the Holy Office
1079:Geography of Vatican City
973:Languages of Vatican City
834:Transport in Vatican City
563:President: Pio Vito Pinto
465:Holy See–Israel relations
425:Vatican Television Center
183:Vatican Historical Museum
4770:Italian United Provinces
4122:Principality of Piombino
3911:Patrimony of Saint Peter
3394:Archaeological Institute
2579:Old St. Peter's Basilica
2574:Patrimony of Saint Peter
2569:History of papal primacy
2264:, 55, str. 429-438, 2004
2095:List of papal patrimonia
1852:. The pope then went to
1492:Patrimonium Sancti Petri
1484:Patrimony of Saint Peter
1379:Redemptoris Mater Chapel
1299:Redemptoris Mater Chapel
1149:Old St. Peter's Basilica
1019:The Story of the Vatican
650:Universi Dominici gregis
638:Universi Dominici Gregis
504:Military of Vatican City
497:Governor of Vatican City
470:Holy See–Italy relations
415:Vatican Publishing House
384:(Vatican City newspaper)
151:2010 Vatican sex scandal
146:Governor of Vatican City
93:Congregation for Borders
42:This article is part of
4858:Italian Social Republic
4533:Principality of Taranto
4425:Principality of Taranto
4387:Principality of Salerno
4142:Bishopric of Tarantasia
3965:Bishopric of Bressanone
3882:Duchy of the Pentapolis
3589:Vatican City portal
3321:Palace of the Vicariate
3115:Civitavecchia-Tarquinia
2639:Prisoner in the Vatican
2628:Investiture Controversy
1890:Fragmentum Fantuzzianum
1752:Duchy of the Pentapolis
1550:, in the region around
1528:Donation of Constantine
1432:Vatican City portal
1359:Vatican Gallery of Maps
1224:Vatican Secret Archives
1184:Via della Conciliazione
1074:Gardens of Vatican City
829:Tourism in Vatican City
325:Politics and government
286:Apostolic Constitution
242:Alperin v. Vatican Bank
112:Prisoner in the Vatican
4764:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4538:Terra Sancti Benedicti
4442:(from the 9th century)
4152:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3601:Catholicism portal
3557:Apostolic Penitentiary
3531:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
3478:Santa Maria di Galeria
2803:For Vatican City State
2303:), vol. 2, pp. 823–825
2158:Patrimonium Tiburtinum
2103:ex corpore patrimoniae
2102:
1836:received his guest at
1826:Great St. Bernard Pass
1684:negotiated with kings
1491:
1444:Catholicism portal
1394:Sistine Chapel ceiling
1189:Vatican Climate Forest
1114:Saint Peter's Basilica
983:Vatican Christmas Tree
302:Pontifical Swiss Guard
275:1983 Code of Canon Law
209:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
18:Patrimony of St. Peter
4782:Republic of San Marco
4564:Crown Colony of Malta
4392:Principality of Capua
4132:Marquisate of Saluzzo
3995:County of Santa Fiora
3657:Etruscan civilization
3385:San Carlo ai Catinari
3356:Paul VI Audience Hall
3342:Benedictine monastery
3289:Bambino Gesù Hospital
3059:Sabina-Poggio Mirteto
2432:Catholic Encyclopedia
2312:Noble, Thomas F. X.,
2220:Patrimonium Traiectum
2210:Patrimonium Caietanum
2172:Patrimonium Labicanum
2140:Patrimonium Sabinense
2072:was confirmed in the
2044:Ecclesiastical States
2042:as a division of the
1519:Constantine the Great
1324:Cortile del Belvedere
1229:St. Peter's Baldachin
1164:Paul VI Audience Hall
1064:Domus Sanctae Marthae
988:Sport in Vatican City
978:Women in Vatican City
961:Music of Vatican City
450:Fabric of Saint Peter
400:Vatican Radio lawsuit
375:Holy See Press Office
363:Pontifical Commission
225:Crime in Vatican City
163:History of the Papacy
4578:French Revolutionary
4518:State of the Presidi
4242:Republic of Florence
4214:Domini di Terraferma
3864:Exarchate of Ravenna
3762:Western Roman Empire
3706:Nuragic civilization
3211:St. Peter's Basilica
2904:Apostolic nunciature
2763:College of Cardinals
2758:Secretariat of State
2427:States of the Church
2331:Rosamond McKitterick
2054:and the district of
1928:at the mouth of the
1761:Leo III the Isaurian
1718:praefectus praetorio
1504:States of the Church
1334:Porta San Pellegrino
1269:Bibliotheca Palatina
1119:Saint Peter's Square
1039:Apostolic nunciature
966:Sistine Chapel Choir
516:College of Cardinals
432:Secretariat of State
381:L'Osservatore Romano
4852:Free State of Fiume
4800:Kingdom of Sardinia
4543:Neapolitan Republic
4491:Kingdom of Sardinia
4486:Republic of Sassari
4314:Catepanate of Italy
4237:Republic of Cospaia
4060:Duchy of Montferrat
4055:March of Montferrat
3990:County of Guastalla
3890:Exarchate of Africa
3562:Apostolic Signatura
3390:Collegio Bellarmino
3262:Adjoining buildings
2837:Multilateral policy
2277:Lives of the Saints
2112:Patrimonium Tusciae
2052:province of Viterbo
2034:Pontifical province
1886:Quiercy on the Oise
1259:Vatican Observatory
1033:Buildings/geography
897:List of Papal flags
485:Papal apocrisiarius
4682:Lucca and Piombino
4559:Malta Protectorate
4523:Duke of San Donato
4277:Republic of Ancona
4199:Republic of Venice
4112:Duchy of Mirandola
4000:Duchy of Guastalla
3838:Duchy of Tridentum
3818:Duchy of Benevento
3785:Barbarian kingdoms
3331:Collegio Teutonico
3248:Lateran University
3092:Suffragan dioceses
3069:Territorial abbeys
3039:Porto-Santa Rufina
3021:Suburbicarian sees
2983:Special assemblies
2878:Permanent Observer
2373:www.britannica.com
2262:Arheoloski vestnik
2186:Patrimonium Appiae
1601:confiscated them.
1204:Vatican Necropolis
1174:Torre San Giovanni
1124:Saint Peter's tomb
1059:Bramante Staircase
1022:, 1941 documentary
864:Vatican euro coins
645:(Papal elections)
550:Dominique Mamberti
543:Court of Cassation
4877:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4720:
4719:
4687:Massa and Carrara
4572:
4571:
4549:Hospitaller Malta
4508:Kingdom of Naples
4502:Kingdom of Sicily
4433:
4432:
4343:Duchy of Sorrento
4262:Republic of Genoa
4257:Republic of Siena
4252:Republic of Massa
4247:Republic of Lucca
3980:County of Gorizia
3970:Corsican Republic
3951:Holy Roman Empire
3609:
3608:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3476:antennae area of
3467:Summer estate of
3432:
3431:
3364:
3363:
3336:Teutonic Cemetery
3234:
3233:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3174:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3110:Civita Castellana
3013:
2957:
2931:
2930:
2696:
2633:Age of Revolution
2606:Donation of Pepin
2601:Donation of Sutri
2541:international law
2040:Pope Innocent III
2015:Città di Castello
1967:Pepin's donations
1729:Emperor Justinian
1564:Upper Mesopotamia
1480:
1479:
1400:The Last Judgment
1329:Passetto di Borgo
1319:Teutonic Cemetery
1169:Tomb of the Julii
1104:Palazzi Pontifici
1054:Borgia Apartments
786:Visa requirements
758:Antoine Camilleri
712:Foreign relations
657:Recent conclaves
357:Giuseppe Bertello
178:Vatileaks scandal
123:Law of Guarantees
76:Donation of Pepin
16:(Redirected from
4917:
4900:History of Lazio
4838:Kingdom of Italy
4825:
4591:
4420:County of Sicily
4415:County of Aversa
4338:Byzantine Sicily
4324:Theme of Lucania
4294:
4272:Republic of Pisa
4267:Republic of Noli
4137:Duchy of Spoleto
4107:Duchy of Merania
4005:Kingdom of Italy
3931:Duchy of Ferrara
3876:Duchy of Perugia
3855:Byzantine Empire
3833:Duchy of Spoleto
3800:Ostrogothic rule
3782:
3650:Pre-Roman period
3636:
3629:
3622:
3613:
3599:
3598:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3489:extraterritorial
3484:
3462:Adjacent gardens
3422:Nympheum of Nero
3371:extraterritorial
3366:
3258:Sancta Sanctorum
3236:
3199:
3189:
3178:
3166:
3017:
2998:
2995:province of Rome
2961:
2942:
2793:Apostolic Camera
2700:
2682:
2564:Primacy of Peter
2487:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2442:
2436:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2394:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2340:
2334:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2301:978-1-57958041-4
2287:
2281:
2272:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2246:
2160:(bounded by the
2114:(bounded by the
2105:
2068:The province of
1904:to evacuate the
1830:Frankish kingdom
1599:Leo the Isaurian
1472:
1465:
1458:
1442:
1441:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1279:Cappella Paolina
1264:Vatican Pharmacy
1194:Vatican Heliport
1144:Niccoline Chapel
1129:Lateran Basilica
1109:Papal Apartments
1044:Apostolic Palace
929:Papal coronation
667:
558:Court of Appeals
526:
291:
141:
37:
30:
21:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4869:
4823:
4726:
4725:Post-Napoleonic
4716:
4650:
4586:
4580:
4568:
4510:
4506:
4505:(1130–1816) and
4504:
4496:
4441:
4429:
4396:
4370:
4361:Emirate of Bari
4347:
4334:Theme of Sicily
4329:Duchy of Naples
4304:Duchy of Amalfi
4289:
4281:
4229:
4228:Other Republics
4223:
4201:
4193:
4187:County of Tenda
4167:County of Savoy
4127:Duchy of Reggio
4097:Duchy of Mantua
4025:March of Friuli
3957:
3955:
3953:
3945:
3941:Duchy of Urbino
3926:Duchy of Castro
3903:
3895:
3849:
3843:Duchy of Tuscia
3823:Duchy of Friuli
3786:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3746:(753 BC–509 BC)
3730:
3645:
3640:
3610:
3605:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3573:
3542:Papal household
3510:
3488:
3482:
3438:
3428:
3414:Sant'Apollinare
3412:Two Palaces of
3408:Russian College
3370:
3360:
3230:
3203:Major basilicas
3182:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3149:
3086:
3063:
3008:
2997:
2994:
2987:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2927:
2856:Of the Holy See
2851:To the Holy See
2834:
2832:Foreign affairs
2826:
2774:
2744:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2679:judicial entity
2678:
2671:
2545:
2523:Diocese of Rome
2496:
2491:
2440:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2407:
2405:
2402:www.treccani.it
2396:
2395:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2307:
2294:(Routledge 1998
2288:
2284:
2273:
2269:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2238:
2233:
2097:
2078:Egidio Albornoz
2036:
1862:excommunication
1822:
1779:
1773:
1757:Pope Gregory II
1702:Pope Gelasius I
1670:
1640:, estates near
1512:
1476:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1407:
1406:
1402:by Michelangelo
1354:Vatican Museums
1349:
1347:Vatican Museums
1339:
1338:
1274:Cappella Giulia
1084:Gregorian Tower
1034:
1026:
1025:
956:Vatican Library
951:Vatican Museums
946:
936:
935:
887:
879:
878:
814:
804:
803:
795:
777:
764:
714:
704:
703:
692:Papal Gentleman
687:Papal household
681:
665:
626:Diocese of Rome
609:Catholic Church
592:
582:
581:
576:
564:
552:
524:
444:
359:
327:
317:
316:
284:
251:Doe v. Holy See
203:
193:
192:
139:
105:Capture of Rome
65:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4923:
4921:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4882:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4844:Italian Empire
4834:
4832:
4822:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4791:
4788:Roman Republic
4785:
4779:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4740:Duchy of Lucca
4737:
4734:Duchy of Genoa
4730:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4588:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4445:
4443:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4309:Duchy of Gaeta
4306:
4300:
4298:
4291:
4287:Southern Italy
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4231:
4230:(c. 1000–1797)
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4182:County of Nice
4179:
4177:Duchy of Aosta
4174:
4169:
4164:
4157:Savoyard state
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4092:Duchy of Milan
4089:
4087:Duchy of Ivrea
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3860:
3858:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3828:Duchy of Ivrea
3825:
3820:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3794:Odoacer's rule
3790:
3788:
3779:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3759:
3758:(27 BC–395 AD)
3753:
3752:(509 BC–27 BC)
3750:Roman Republic
3747:
3740:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3689:Cisalpine Gaul
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3591:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3442:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3416:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3377:Palace of the
3374:
3372:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3243:Lateran Palace
3239:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3186:
3175:
3172:territoriality
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3034:Velletri-Segni
3031:
3025:
3023:
3014:
2993:Ecclesiastical
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2958:
2949:full communion
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2892:European Union
2889:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2873:United Nations
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2795:
2784:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2768:Papal conclave
2760:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2725:
2723:Pietro Parolin
2717:
2708:
2706:
2697:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2655:Lateran Treaty
2647:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2621:Temporal power
2613:
2611:Avignon Papacy
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2584:Lateran Palace
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2384:
2360:
2353:
2335:
2318:
2305:
2282:
2267:
2252:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2222:(on the River
2217:
2207:
2197:
2183:
2169:
2155:
2137:
2127:
2096:
2093:
2035:
2032:
2028:Pope John VIII
1872:, the highest
1821:
1818:
1772:
1769:
1744:Pope Sergius I
1669:
1666:
1524:Lateran Palace
1511:
1508:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1389:Sistine Chapel
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1294:Circus of Nero
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1134:Lateran Palace
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
969:
968:
958:
953:
947:
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
932:
931:
921:
911:
906:
901:
900:
899:
888:
885:
884:
881:
880:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
815:
810:
809:
806:
805:
802:
801:
794:
793:
788:
783:
776:
775:
770:
763:
762:
761:
760:
754:
752:Paul Gallagher
743:
742:
741:
739:Lateran Treaty
731:
726:
721:
715:
710:
709:
706:
705:
702:
701:
696:
695:
694:
684:
683:
682:
680:
679:
674:
669:
660:
655:
654:
653:
643:Papal conclave
640:
635:
634:
633:
628:
618:
617:
616:
606:
605:
604:
593:
588:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
578:
577:
574:
567:
566:
565:
562:
555:
554:
553:
547:
540:
535:
534:
533:
528:
513:
512:
511:
501:
500:
499:
489:
488:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
452:
447:
446:
445:
442:Pietro Parolin
436:
429:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
385:
377:
367:
366:
365:
360:
351:
349:
339:
334:
328:
323:
322:
319:
318:
315:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
293:
292:
282:
277:
267:
262:
257:
256:
255:
246:
232:
230:Lateran Treaty
227:
222:
217:
212:
204:
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
154:
153:
148:
133:
130:Lateran Treaty
127:
126:
125:
120:
118:Roman Question
114:" (1870–1929)
108:
102:
101:
100:
95:
90:
79:
73:
66:
61:
60:
57:
56:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4922:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4826:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4723:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:Duchy of Sora
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4499:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4366:Muslim Sicily
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3870:Duchy of Rome
3868:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3770:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3744:Roman Kingdom
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3716:Magna Graecia
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3632:
3630:
3625:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:Peter's Pence
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3475:
3474:Vatican Radio
3472:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3435:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3379:Holy Apostles
3376:
3375:
3373:
3367:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3164:
3160:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:Anagni-Alatri
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2954:Papal primacy
2950:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:Congregations
2813:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2686:international
2680:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Duchy of Rome
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Apostolic see
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2508:episcopal see
2506:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2449:Regione Lazio
2446:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2419:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2354:9780812205435
2350:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:Via Tiburtina
2163:
2162:Via Nomentana
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:Montefiascone
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2056:Civitavecchia
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:Duchy of Rome
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:Constantine V
1788:
1783:
1778:
1777:Duchy of Rome
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1748:Pope Martin I
1745:
1741:
1738:When Emperor
1736:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
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1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:and southern
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1516:Roman Emperor
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
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1416:
1413:
1412:
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1410:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1374:Raphael Rooms
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1343:
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1335:
1332:
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1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:Casina Pio IV
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
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1235:
1232:
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1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
967:
964:
963:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
948:
945:
940:
939:
930:
927:
926:
925:
922:
919:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
898:
895:
894:
893:
890:
889:
883:
882:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
813:
808:
807:
800:
797:
796:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
759:
755:
753:
749:
748:
747:
744:
740:
737:
736:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
713:
708:
707:
700:
697:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
662:
661:
659:
658:
656:
652:
651:
647:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
622:
619:
615:
612:
611:
610:
607:
603:
600:
599:
598:
595:
594:
591:
586:
585:
573:
572:
571:
568:
561:
560:
559:
556:
551:
546:
545:
544:
541:
539:
538:Vical General
536:
532:
529:
527:
525:(Chamberlain)
523:
519:
518:
517:
514:
510:
507:
506:
505:
502:
498:
495:
494:
493:
490:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
456:
453:
451:
448:
443:
439:
435:
434:
433:
430:
426:
423:
421:
420:Vatican Radio
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
390:
386:
383:
382:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
368:
364:
361:
358:
354:
350:
348:
345:
344:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
326:
321:
320:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
290:
289:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
253:
252:
247:
244:
243:
238:
237:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
210:
206:
205:
202:
197:
196:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
137:
134:
131:
128:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:Duchy of Rome
68:
67:
64:
59:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4905:Papal States
4840:(1861–1946)
4818:Papal States
4646:Transpadania
4219:Stato da Màr
3910:
3901:Papal States
3812:Lombard rule
3776:Early Modern
3764:(395–476 AD)
3756:Roman Empire
3736:Ancient Rome
3529:
3351:Beda College
3253:Scala Sancta
3077:Montecassino
3010:Vatican City
2693:Legal status
2662:World War II
2650:Vatican City
2645:Savoyard era
2616:Papal States
2573:
2532:Vatican City
2444:
2441:(in Italian)
2430:
2423:
2406:. Retrieved
2404:(in Italian)
2401:
2376:. Retrieved
2372:
2363:
2344:
2338:
2329:. Vol. II. (
2326:
2321:
2313:
2308:
2291:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2219:
2209:
2202:(around the
2199:
2192:, ending at
2185:
2176:Via Labicana
2171:
2157:
2150:, ending at
2143:
2139:
2129:
2120:Via Flaminia
2111:
2100:
2098:
2082:
2069:
2067:
2060:
2037:
2025:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1942:
1938:
1918:
1902:
1889:
1883:
1823:
1814:
1799:
1784:
1780:
1765:Iconoclastic
1740:Justinian II
1737:
1726:
1722:Pope John II
1679:
1671:
1662:
1610:Ager Romanus
1603:
1572:
1532:
1513:
1483:
1481:
1399:
1199:Vatican Hill
1139:Leonine City
1017:
869:Vatican lira
648:
614:Latin Church
521:
387:
379:
288:Pastor Bonus
287:
249:
240:
207:
173:Savoyard Era
136:Vatican City
82:Papal States
53:Vatican City
4866:(1947–1954)
4860:(1943–1945)
4854:(1920–1924)
4846:(1882–1960)
4830:unification
4820:(1814–1870)
4814:(1815–1866)
4808:(1816–1861)
4802:(1814–1860)
4796:(1859–1860)
4790:(1849–1850)
4784:(1848–1849)
4766:(1815–1859)
4760:(1814–1859)
4754:(1814–1859)
4748:(1814–1829)
4742:(1815–1847)
4736:(1815–1848)
4626:Parthenopea
4587:(1792–1815)
4545:(1647–1648)
4511:(1282–1816)
4493:(1324–1861)
4454:Agugliastra
4319:Longobardia
3956:independent
3806:Vandal rule
3569:Swiss Guard
3316:Palazzo Pio
2820:Dicasteries
2798:Commissions
2788:Roman Curia
2667:Warsaw Pact
2152:Farfa Abbey
2148:Via Salaria
2144:Carseolanum
2124:Agro Romano
2116:Via Aurelia
2013:and lastly
1946:Charlemagne
1858:Carolingian
1808:and Bishop
1731:issued the
1714:Cassiodorus
1677:, resided.
1179:Scala Regia
1154:Papal tombs
924:Papal tiara
791:Visa policy
631:Roman Curia
548:President:
509:Noble Guard
84:(754–1870)
4884:Categories
4697:Pontecorvo
4655:Monarchies
4641:Subalpinia
4606:Cispadania
4601:Cisalpinia
4583:Napoleonic
4290:(774–1139)
4202:(697–1797)
3904:(754–1870)
3866:(584–751)
3814:(568–774)
3552:Roman Rota
3450:Papal farm
3383:Palace of
3275:Hill area
3163:Properties
3049:Palestrina
2921:Concordats
2780:Government
2750:Governance
2451:, Editori
2408:2023-08-31
2378:2023-08-31
2224:Garigliano
2070:Patrimonio
2020:Stephen II
2009:, Orchia,
1991:Toscanella
1954:Desiderius
1934:Pentapolis
1810:Chrodegang
1795:Stephen II
1787:Pentapolis
1775:See also:
1767:conflict.
1710:Ostrogoths
1704:with king
1682:Pope Leo I
1620:, that of
1606:latifundia
1548:Asia Minor
1514:In AD 321
1234:Sala Regia
724:Concordats
602:Popemobile
522:Camerlengo
4672:Guastalla
4662:Benevento
4594:Republics
4449:Judicates
4297:Byzantine
3954:and other
3892:(585–698)
3884:(554–752)
3878:(554–752)
3872:(533–751)
3857:(584–751)
3808:(435–534)
3802:(493–553)
3796:(476–493)
3787:(476–774)
3721:Iapygians
3458:Barberini
3273:Gianicolo
3167:including
3001:Vicariate
2945:universal
2883:in Geneva
2728:Cardinals
2704:Officials
2677:Sovereign
2505:Apostolic
2190:Via Appia
1979:Populonia
1926:Commachio
1898:Benevento
1874:Byzantine
1866:Patrician
1842:Exarchate
1828:into the
1706:Theodoric
1694:Geiserich
916:(Vatican
570:Tribunale
438:Secretary
353:President
347:President
270:Canon law
72:(554–751)
4631:Piedmont
4481:Oristano
4474:Logudoro
4464:Cagliari
4439:Sardinia
4172:Piedmont
3921:Holy See
3772:Medieval
3726:Picentes
3669:Samnites
3523:See also
3044:Frascati
2916:Treaties
2810:Councils
2738:Advisers
2494:Holy See
2443:AA.VV.,
2212:(around
2188:(on the
2174:(on the
2164:and the
2146:(on the
2132:(around
2118:and the
1999:Bagnorea
1950:Adrian I
1854:St-Denis
1838:Ponthion
1802:Jumièges
1654:Sardinia
1587:Syracuse
1575:Dalmatia
1568:Lombards
1496:Holy See
918:postcode
621:Holy See
332:Archives
44:a series
4712:Corsica
4702:Tuscany
4667:Etruria
4616:Liguria
4469:Gallura
4459:Arborea
4375:Lombard
4075:Tuscany
4065:Trieste
3701:Ligures
3662:Etruria
3437:Outside
3145:Viterbo
3082:Subiaco
2939:of Rome
2937:Diocese
2715:Francis
2551:History
2521:of the
2515:Francis
2453:Laterza
2420:Sources
2089:Viterbo
2007:Ferento
2003:Orvieto
1995:Viterbo
1983:Roselle
1910:Venetia
1894:Spoleto
1879:Lombard
1870:Exarchs
1850:Aistulf
1846:Ravenna
1806:Autchar
1763:in the
1708:of the
1698:Vandals
1696:of the
1688:of the
1658:Corsica
1642:Ravenna
1626:Otranto
1614:deacons
1608:in the
1595:talents
1591:Palermo
1560:Armenia
1556:Numidia
1544:Antioch
1415:Outline
944:Culture
886:Symbols
812:Economy
773:Nuncios
140:present
88:Annates
63:History
4778:(1848)
4772:(1831)
4727:states
4692:Naples
4402:Norman
4209:Dogado
4080:Verona
4045:Mantua
4040:Istria
4020:Finale
4010:Ancona
3958:states
3778:states
3696:Veneti
3674:Latins
3537:Awards
3456:Villa
3181:Inside
3170:extra-
3140:Tivoli
3054:Albano
2965:Synods
2943:with
2909:Nuncio
2589:Museum
2539:under
2519:bishop
2351:
2299:
2194:Albano
2180:Aniene
2063:Rector
2048:Tuscia
1987:Sovana
1914:Istria
1700:, and
1686:Attila
1675:exarch
1650:Istria
1634:Ancona
1562:, and
1540:Sicily
904:Anthem
590:Papacy
138:(1929–
132:(1929)
107:(1870)
78:(750s)
4828:Post-
4677:Italy
4621:Lucca
4611:Italy
4162:Savoy
4070:Turin
4050:Milan
4035:Ivrea
3711:Umbri
3684:Celts
3130:Rieti
3100:Gaeta
3029:Ostia
2868:Italy
2861:Heads
2683:under
2231:Notes
2214:Gaeta
2011:Marta
1975:Capua
1922:Pavia
1834:Pepin
1727:When
1716:, as
1646:Genoa
1638:Umana
1630:Osimo
1622:Gaeta
1618:Capri
1552:Hippo
1536:Italy
1500:Papal
1488:Latin
1420:Index
914:00120
666:(Oct)
664:1978
4707:Elba
4636:Rome
4585:eras
4581:and
4554:Gozo
4353:Arab
4336:and
4015:Ceva
3679:Osci
3487:Non-
3439:Rome
3369:Non-
3184:Rome
3005:Rome
2733:List
2712:Pope
2512:Pope
2459:1996
2457:Bari
2349:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2087:and
1912:and
1896:and
1692:and
1690:Huns
1656:and
1644:and
1589:and
1583:Avar
1579:Gaul
1482:The
892:Flag
677:2013
672:2005
597:Pope
531:Dean
3774:and
2688:law
2530:of
2517:as
2510:of
2429:".
2142:or
2107:).
1884:At
1844:of
1554:in
1530:".
201:Law
4886::
3003::
2455:,
2447:,
2400:.
2387:^
2371:.
2239:^
2226:).
2216:);
2206:);
2196:);
2182:);
2168:);
2154:);
2136:);
2126:);
2091:.
2080:.
2058:.
2005:,
2001:,
1997:,
1993:,
1989:,
1985:,
1981:,
1930:Po
1832:.
1724:.
1712:.
1660:.
1652:,
1636:,
1632:,
1628:,
1558:,
1546:,
1542:,
1538:,
1506:.
1490::
440::
355::
142:)
46:on
3635:e
3628:t
3621:v
3012:)
3007:,
2999:(
2956:)
2952:(
2839:)
2835:(
2695:)
2691:(
2641:"
2637:"
2486:e
2479:t
2472:v
2411:.
2381:.
2357:.
1486:(
1471:e
1464:t
1457:v
920:)
254:)
248:(
245:)
239:(
110:"
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
