732:
1356:
information contained in the studies nothing was known about the further course of her illness. New facts only became known based on research by Henri
Ellenberger and subsequently by Albrecht Hirschmüller, who were able to find Breuer's case history of Pappenheim and other documents in the archives of the Bellevue Clinic in Kreuzlingen. Freud's letters to his fiancée Martha Bernays which have been published contain a few hints about the course of Pappenheim's therapy and Freud's relationship to Breuer, but until all of Freud's letters are published there is room for speculation.
1074:. The third scene shows the man as a widower waiting for his son to return from Europe. When the son confesses that he cannot imagine a life as a farmer in Palestine, his father commits suicide. Pappenheim refused to have the play performed at a JFP assembly of delegates in 1933, "since the 'Tragic Moments', which I wrote without an ulterior motive, would certainly give rise to objections in Zionist circles because of their timeliness." She advised against "scattering explosives among the women".
549:
he was again called to her, and found her confused and writhing with abdominal cramps. When asked what was the matter she responded, "Now the child I have from Dr. Breuer is coming". At that moment he had in his hand the key which would open the way to the
Mothers, but he dropped it. With all his intellectual talents he was devoid of anything Faustian. He took flight in conventional horror and passed on the patient to a colleague. She struggled for months in a sanatorium to regain her health.
1081:("Memoranda"), short maxims and sayings, some of which are dated and some of which she later had her secretary Lucy Jourdan collect and copy. An example: "Whoever foregoes his freedom without an urgent necessity does not deserve it." These texts also include the prayers which were published by the League of Jewish Women shortly after Pappenheim's death. These are not prayers in the sense of traditional Judaism, but personal poems addressed to God.
474:
was asked to tell stories that had arisen from her daydreams. Breuer encouraged her to calmly "reel off" these stories by using such prompts as a first sentence. The formula he used was always the same: "There was a boy..." At times
Pappenheim could only express herself in English, but usually understood the German spoken around her. Of her stories Breuer said, "The stories, always sad, were sometimes quite nice, similar to Andersen's
1490:
44:
1122:
704:
population wished not to acknowledge. She entreated several Rabbis to address the issue of Jewish men in Turkey and
Frankfurt heavily involved in the trafficking of Jewish girls and women. As well, she addressed the problem of Jewish men walking out on their families to relocate and remarry without having issued a divorce, thus leaving their wives "
1426:) in 1895, which Breuer published together with Freud. She is presented as the first case in which it was possible to "thoroughly investigate" hysteria and cause its symptoms to disappear. Her statement that being able to verbalize her problem helped her to unburden herself is in accordance with the treatment later denoted in psychoanalysis as the
1476:
1430:. Accordingly, Freud described her as the "actual founder of the psychoanalytic approach". Based on this case study the assertion that "those with hysteria suffer for the most part from their reminiscences", in other words from traumatic memories which can be "processed" by relating them, was formulated for the first time.
1462:
527:
hallucination which was the root of all her illness and in which she could only think and pray in
English, helped along by rearranging the room to resemble her father's sickroom. Immediately thereafter she spoke German and was then free of all the innumerable individual disorders which she had formerly shown.
1402:. Breuer observed that whilst she experienced 'absences' (a change of personality accompanied by confusion), she would mutter words or phrases to herself. In inducing her to a state of hypnosis, Breuer found that these words were "profoundly melancholy fantasies...sometimes characterized by poetic beauty".
974:
Appreciation for her Neu-Isenburg work was not at first forthcoming for
Pappenheim. Orthodox Jewish circles considered the founding of the home to be a scandal, and its existence a tacit toleration of prostitution and immorality. In order to reintegrate into the Jewish community single mothers, young
951:
The home's school-aged children attended the Neu-Isenburg elementary school. There was extensive medical care for the residents, and—at regular intervals—psychiatric examinations. Pappenheim rejected psychoanalytic treatment for the residents. Although she technically never experienced psychoanalytic
656:
On 29 October 1882 her condition improved and she was released from treatment in
Kreuzlingen. Though there were some initial setbacks, Pappenheim went on to become one of the most revered women in Germany and in European Jewry. She never discussed Breuer's treatment or Freud's later work, but opposed
646:
Pappenheim read aloud to her some of the stories she had written, and her cousin, 14 years her senior, encouraged her to continue her literary activities. During this visit toward the end of 1882 Pappenheim also participated in a training course for nurses which was offered by the Women's
Association
564:
Freud's purpose in describing the conclusion of treatment in a way that contradicts some of the verifiable facts is unclear. The assumption that he wanted to make himself the sole discoverer of psychoanalysis at Breuer's expense is contradicted by the description of the discovery in Freud's writings,
548:
I was in a position to guess what really happened with Breuer's patient long after we parted company when I recalled a communication from Breuer dating from the time before our joint work and relating to another context, and which he never repeated. That evening, after all her symptoms were overcome,
460:
She had two completely separate states of consciousness which alternated quite often and suddenly, and in the course of her illness became more and more distinct. In the one state she was sad and apprehensive, but relatively normal. In the other state she had hallucinations and "misbehaved", that is,
536:
was not understood. Breuer promptly handed
Pappenheim's care over to a colleague. He would have no more to do with her. Freud's initial encouragement to continue his talking therapy was met by Breuer's insistence that he'd had quite enough of hysterical women and wanted nothing more to do with them.
1359:
In 1954 a German postage stamp with a portrait of
Pappenheim was issued in the series "Benefactors of Mankind" in recognition of her services. On the 50th anniversary of her death, a conference was held on various aspects of her life. On the former site of the Neu Isenburg home for endangered girls
889:
Starting around 1906 Pappenheim devoted herself to the goal of founding a refuge to help illegitimate girls and Jewish women endangered by prostitution and traffic in women, where she could implement the theories she had developed on Jewish social work. This home was to be operated on the following
505:
Breuer noticed that systematic remembering and spontaneously describing the occasions when hysterical symptoms first occurred had a therapeutic effect on Pappenheim. To his surprise, he noticed that a symptom disappeared after the first occurrence was remembered, or after the cause was "excavated".
853:
assumed power in 1933, Pappenheim again took over the presidency of the JFB. She resigned in 1934 because she could not abandon her negative attitude to Zionism, despite the existential threat for Jews in Germany, while in the JFP, as among German Jews in general, Zionism was increasingly endorsed
828:
Meanwhile, the JFB grew steadily and in 1907 had 32,000 members in 82 associations. For a time the JFB was the largest charitable Jewish organization with over 50,000 members. In 1917 Pappenheim called for "an end to the splintering of Jewish welfare work," which helped lead to the founding of the
531:
An alternate story is that on the eve of his final analysis with her, he was called back to her home to find her experiencing severe stomach cramps and hallucinating that she was having his child. Of course, there was no child. His comportment towards her has never been questioned nor is there any
473:
Breuer noted that "Although everyone thought she was present, she was living in a fantasy, but as she was always present when addressed, nobody suspected it." An initial therapeutic approach was suggested by the observation that her anxiety and language difficulties seemed to dissolve whenever she
900:
The home should not be "an establishment caring for juveniles in the legal sense, no monument in stone to some foundation, with inscriptions, votive tablets, corridors, dormitories and dining halls, an elementary school, a detention room and cells, and a dominating director's family, but rather a
509:
Breuer described his final method as follows: in the morning he asked Pappenheim, whom he had put under light hypnosis, about the occasions and circumstances under which a particular symptom occurred. When he saw her in the evening, these episodes—there were sometimes over 100—were systematically
301:
The slow and laborious progress of what Breuer called her "remembering work", in which she recalled individual symptoms after they had occurred, thus "dissolving" them, came to a conclusion on 7 June 1882 after she had reconstructed the first night of hallucinations in Ischl. Breuer concluded his
1355:
As Pappenheim did not speak of her illness, let alone maintain a complete record, details of her life during that time are largely taken from records of Breuer and Freud. Jones' portrayal contained further details, especially legends about the conclusion of Breuer's treatment, but except for the
1297:
in Vienna. From Vienna she traveled on to Ischl. While traveling, her general condition deteriorated and she was taken to the Israelite Hospital in Munich. During an operation which took place there it was determined that she had a malignant tumor. Despite her illness she traveled, at the end of
820:
On the one hand the goals of the JFB were feminist—strengthening women's rights and advancing the gainful employment of Jewish women—and on the other hand they were in accordance with the traditional goals of Jewish philanthropy—practical charity, as a divine precept. Integrating these different
585:
reports that Pappenheim made a remarkable recovery following her treatment. Their talking therapy had helped her rid herself of every symptom manifesting from repressed events and emotions. Breuer left Pappenheim on the eve of their final session convinced she was completely cured. In the period
317:
given to Pappenheim by Breuer while she was his patient, in his descriptions of her as a case study. The pseudonym was constructed by shifting her initials "B.P." one letter back in the alphabet to "A.O." Aspects of the Anna O. case were first published by Freud and Breuer in 1893 as preliminary
703:
Having witnessed Catholic and Protestant charities working to address the issue of white female slavery, Pappenheim sought to align herself with a Jewish charity with a similar mission. Her cousin, Louise, informed her that not only did no such organization exist, but it was an issue the Jewish
551:
I was so sure of my reconstruction that I published it somewhere. Breuer's younger daughter (who was born shortly after the conclusion of that therapy, which is not irrelevant as to a meaningful connection) read my portrayal and asked her father about it (this was shortly before his death). He
465:
He noted that when in one condition she could not remember events or situations that had occurred in the other condition. He concluded, "it is difficult to avoid saying that she dissolved into two personalities, one of which was psychically normal and the other mentally ill." Such symptoms are
947:
The number of residents was initially low, but grew in the course of time from 10 in 1908 to 152 in 1928. The property and existing buildings were expanded with purchases and donations and adapted to meet increasing requirements, and additional buildings were constructed. In the end, the home
526:
In this way all the hysteria came to an end. The patient herself had made a firm resolution to finish the business on the anniversary of her transfer to the countryside. For that reason she pursued the "talking cure" with great energy and animation. On the final day she reproduced the anxiety
556:
As nothing is known of such a publication by Freud, it is not clear where Breuer's daughter could have read it. In the version by Ernest Jones, after his flight Breuer quickly goes on a second honeymoon to Venice with his wife Mathilda, who actually conceives a child there—in contrast to the
711:
The situation forced many women to sell their children to men—often under the persuasion the girl would be hired out to a wealthy family with lifetime opportunities. These girls became just some of the victims of white slavery among the Jews. Other women knowingly sold their daughters into
699:
In 1895 she was temporarily in charge of the orphanage, and one year later became its official director. During the following 12 years she was able to orient the educational program away from the one and only goal of subsequent marriage, to training with a view to vocational independence.
712:
prostitution because they had no means of supporting their children. As well, Jewish girls caught in the white slavery trap but discovered by the German police had no organization which advocated for them. Without proper papers and no means of returning home, many turned to prostitution.
1069:
of 1904 and flees to Frankfurt. In the second scene, as Russian Jews they are not accepted in the community. A Jewish innkeeper wants to employ the woman as a hostess and the man as a trickster. When they turn down his offer, he denounces them as political criminals and they flee to
922:
The facility was plain, and was sometimes criticized for being excessively so. There was, for example, no running water in the bathrooms, and central heating was only added in 1920. But the facilities did make it possible to strictly adhere to Jewish dietary and purity requirements,
1313:
During her last few days of life, she was summoned for questioning by the state police station in Offenbach, the reason being denunciation by an employee of the home. A girl with an intellectual disability had made what was considered by the police to be a derogatory comment about
1210:
Putting the text into modern language and punctuation has the purpose of reanimating the image of a woman who, deeply rooted in her times, stands out because of her unusual intellectual gifts, and is true to her faith, true to her people, true to her family, and true to herself.
657:
any attempts at psychoanalytic treatment of people in her care. Unlike Freud, who thought that anti-sexual childhood socialization could have a negative effect, Pappenheim thought that sexual promiscuity in young girls could be fought with education and Jewish values.
281:. His illness was a turning point in her life. While sitting up at night at his sickbed she was suddenly tormented by hallucinations and a state of anxiety. At first the family did not react to these symptoms, but in November 1880 a friend of the family, the physician
521:
The first possible account is that this therapy came to a conclusion when they had worked their way back to a black snake hallucination which Pappenheim experienced one night in Ischl when she was at her father's sickbed. Breuer describes this finish as follows:
686:'s tales, she shared her own tales. In this environment, Pappenheim intensified her literary efforts and became involved in social and political activities. Her publications began in 1888 and were initially anonymous; they appeared from 1890 under the pseudonym
821:
objectives was not always easy for Pappenheim. A particular objection was that in her battle against traffic in women she not only spoke openly about Jewish women as victims, but also about Jewish men as perpetrators. She criticized how women were perceived in
443:
since many of her symptoms, including imagined smells, are common symptoms of types of epilepsy. According to one perspective, "examination of the neurological details suggests that Anna suffered from complex partial seizures exacerbated by drug dependence."
537:
It would be another four years before Sigmund Freud could persuade him to once again attempt psychotherapy or to deal with women diagnosed as hysterical, and a further six years passed before Breuer was willing to publish on the subject of the talking cure.
434:
who describes the theory as "simply preposterous" since the mortality rate for tuberculous meningitis at the time was virtually 100 percent and those who survived were severely disabled (Pappenheim lived for another 55 years). Others have suggested it was
785:
to investigate the social situation there. In her 1904 report about this trip, which lasted several months, she described the problems that arose from a combination of agrarian backwardness and early industrialization as well as from the collision of
292:
Starting on 11 December, Pappenheim was bedridden for several months. When her father died, on 5 April 1881, she became fully rigid and did not eat for days. Her symptoms continued to get worse and on 7 June she was admitted against her will to the
557:
imaginary child of Pappenheim. There is no evidence for any of this, and most of it has been proved false. Breuer did not flee but rather referred his patient to Kreuzlingen. He did not go to Venice, but with his family on a summer vacation to
731:
351:): on some occasions she could not speak at all, sometimes she spoke only English, or only French, or Italian. She could however always understand German. The periods of aphasia could last for days, and sometimes varied with the time of day.
1318:. Pappenheim refused to appear at the hearing because of poor health. After the hearing on 16 April 1936, for which she calmly but firmly supplied information regarding the accusation, no further steps were taken on the part of the police.
860:) was controversial. She rejected the emigration of children and youths to Palestine while their parents remained in Germany. However, she herself brought a group of orphanage children safely to Great Britain in 1934. After the antisemitic
285:, began to treat her. He encouraged her, sometimes under light hypnosis, to narrate stories, which led to partial improvement of the clinical picture, although her overall condition continued to deteriorate. Breuer kept his then-friend
1231:
Together with her brother Wilhelm and their relative, Stefan Meyer, she found out while researching her family tree that she was distantly related to Glikl. She also had Leopold Pilichowski (1869–1933) make a portrait of her as Glikl.
332:
Pappenheim was treated by Breuer for severe cough, paralysis of the extremities on the right side of her body, and disturbances of vision, hearing, and speech, as well as hallucination and loss of consciousness. She was diagnosed with
1340:
When the first volume of Ernest Jones' Freud biography appeared in 1953, in which Anna O. was identified as Pappenheim, her friends and admirers were outraged; they only knew her from her time in Frankfurt. One of the reasons for
918:
Thanks to donations amounting to 19,000 marks to furnish the house, it could begin operations on 25 November 1907 with the goal of providing "protection for those needing protection and education for those needing education."
3036:
573:
After Breuer ceased treating her, both he and Freud continued to follow the course of Pappenheim's illness. Among Freud's disciples the dubiousness of the assertion of "treatment success" was discussed. In a private seminar
1406:
came into being after Pappenheim decided (with Breuer's input) to end her hypnosis sessions and merely talk to Breuer, saying anything that came into her mind. She called this method of communication "chimney sweeping" and
975:
prostitutes and their children, who in most cases had been disowned by their families, the home would urge families to resume relations with them, and known fathers to marry the mothers of their children, or pay alimony.
982:. In 1937, the children residing in the home were no longer allowed to attend the Neu-Isenburg elementary school and had to be transported daily to the Jewish school in Frankfurt. In 1938, the Isenburg branch of the
297:
sanatorium, where she remained until November. After returning she continued to be treated by Breuer. She returned to this sanatorium several times over the course of the following years (sometimes at her own wish).
825:, and as a member of the German feminist movement she demanded that the ideal of equal rights for women be realized also within Jewish institutions. She was particularly concerned about education and job equality.
751:('Israelite Women's Aid Association') in 1901, a women's group was formed with the goal of coordinating and professionalizing the work of various social initiatives and projects. This group was first a part of the
409:: there are some accounts that during her final meeting with Breuer she exhibited symptoms of a false pregnancy. Freud later claimed that she accused Breuer of impregnating her, but admitted that this was a guess.
1437:
Breuer's findings are still today the foundation of psychoanalytic therapy. The statement that symptoms disappear with awareness of their unconscious preconditions has been confirmed by all subsequent research...
817:(JFB; 'League of Jewish Women') and was its head for 20 years, contributing to its efforts until her death in 1936. The JFB joined the BDF in 1907. Between 1914 and 1924, Pappenheim was on the board of the BDF.
879:
Pappenheim was the founder or initiator of many institutions, including kindergartens, community homes and educational institutions. She considered her life's work to be the Neu-Isenburg home for Jewish girls
960:
Psychoanalysis is in the hands of a doctor, what confession is in the hands of a Catholic priest; whether it becomes a good instrument or a double edged sword depends on who is administering it, and on the
266:
preparation of their food. Her 18-month-younger brother Wilhelm (1860–1937) was meanwhile attending a high school, which offered in those days prestige and status, and which made Bertha intensely jealous.
971:('Home of the Jewish Women's Association'), was established to act as its sponsor and owner. Membership fees of 3 marks per year were supposed to put the covering of running expenses on a broad basis.
1352:
biography was to contrast her identification as being "mentally ill", which at the time was considered defamatory, with a depiction of Pappenheim as a philanthropist and advocate of women's rights.
1065:('Tragic Moments. Three Scenes from Life'). The scenes correspond to three episodes in the life of a Jewish couple. In the first scene the young couple experiences the atrocities of the Russian
510:"reeled off" by Pappenheim in reverse temporal order. When she got to the first occurrence and thus to the "cause", the symptoms appeared in an intensified form and then disappeared "forever".
1240:
The focus of her writings, however, was to provide information especially about the social situation of Jewish refugees and traffic in women. In 1924 she published her most well-known book,
669:, Germany. Their family environment was partially Orthodox and partly liberal. In contrast to their life in Vienna they became involved in art and science, and not only in charitable work.
379:): signs of paralysis and numbness occurred in her limbs, primarily on only one side. Although she was right-handed, she had to learn to write with her left hand because of this condition.
589:
How Pappenheim herself assessed the success of her treatment is not documented. It is assumed that Pappenheim destroyed all relevant documentation during her last stay in Vienna in 1935.
915:
near Frankfurt am Main with all its clinics and social institutions. In contrast to Prussian Frankfurt, Hessian Neu-Isenburg's less rigid laws also had advantages for stateless persons.
221:. As "just another daughter" in a strictly traditional Jewish household, Bertha was conscious that her parents would have preferred a male child. Her parents' families held traditional
3285:
1056:(In the Junk Shop). The nine novella in this volume have as their subject in each case a defective or otherwise useless item, such as a piece of lace, a music box, or a coffee pot.
1206:
and the Women's Bible were the most widely distributed works of Yiddish women's literature. She described the purpose of her translations in the foreword to the memoirs of Glikl:
2794:
1766:
1286:('Jewish Girl's Club'). Both women spent their free time together as much as possible. When in 1925 Karminski moved for a time to Berlin, they wrote to each other almost daily.
561:, and he did not conceive a child (either in Venice or in Gmunden), since his youngest child—Dora Breuer—was born on 11 March 1882, three months before the alleged conception.
416:
Many researchers have speculated about organic or neurological illnesses that may have caused Pappenheim's symptoms. Medical historian Elizabeth Marianne Thornton suggested in
1306:, and again to Galicia, to advise the Beth Jacob Schools. After returning to Frankfurt her condition deteriorated further and she became unable to leave her bed. She also had
948:
consisted of four buildings, including one for pregnant women and those who had just given birth—the delivery itself took place in a Frankfurt clinic—and an isolation ward.
578:
said in 1925 that Freud's "famous first case he treated together with Breuer and which was vastly praised as an outstanding therapeutic success was nothing of the sort."
897:
In accord with the principle of "follow-up aid," former home inhabitants' progress through life was to be monitored for an extended period to avert renewed negligence.
277:
Between 1880 and 1882, Pappenheim was treated for a variety of symptoms that began when her father suddenly fell seriously ill in mid-1880 during a family holiday in
1715:
540:
Legends arose of this alternate conclusion. It was handed down in slightly different versions by various people; one version is contained in a letter from Freud to
728:(ADF; 'General German Women's Association') took place in Frankfurt. Pappenheim was a participant and later contributed to the establishment of a local ADF group.
997:'), the home was attacked. The main building was set afire and burned down, and the other buildings were wrecked. On 31 March 1942 the home was disbanded by the
452:
Breuer began the therapy without a clear method or theoretical basis. The treatment of her symptoms ranged from feeding her when she rejected food to dosages of
1077:
In addition she wrote numerous texts unpublished during her lifetime. Most are lost and what remains is scattered. Among the scattered texts are the so-called
2771:
2681:
3305:
653:'). The purpose of this training was to qualify young ladies to head nursing institutions. She could not finish the course before her visit came to an end.
2649:
586:
following the treatment Pappenheim struggled with morphine addiction following a doctor's prescription. Over time she recovered and led a productive life.
2787:
2673:
797:
At a meeting of the International Council of Women held in 1904 in Berlin, it was decided to found a national Jewish women's association. Similar to the
894:
In contrast to traditional Jewish charities, modern social work should be undertaken, focusing mainly on education and training for an independent life.
809:
in 1894, the intent was to unite the social and emancipatory efforts of Jewish women's associations. Pappenheim was elected the first president of the
229:. Bertha was raised in the style of a well-bred young lady of good class. She attended a Roman Catholic girls' school and led a life structured by the
3090:
2755:
952:
therapy herself due to it not yet existing, her treatment by Breuer can be regarded as an early form of the therapy. Pappenheim only spoke once about
3065:
2801:
2747:
2586:
1328:
After Pappenheim's death, Karminski took over many of her roles in the JBF. On 9 December 1942, Karminski was taken to the extermination camp in
911:
Louise Goldschmidt, a relative of Pappenheim's mother, made available a pair of semi-detached houses where a girl's home could be established in
3290:
397:: when she was in one of these states she could not remember events or any of her own actions which took place when she was in the other state.
337:. Freud implies that her illness was a result of the resentment felt over her father's real and physical illness that later led to his death.
2425:
907:
The home should be kept simple, so that the residents become familiar with the realities and requirements of a lower middle class household.
3270:
2641:
1138:
843:
481:
The patient was aware of the relief that "rattling off" brought her, and she described the process using the terms "chimney-sweeping" and "
3095:
3255:
3250:
2064:
1450:
Mark J. Blechner has delineated three cures that Bertha Pappenheim underwent: the talking cure, the writing cure, and the social cure.
3058:
1951:
723:
3320:
2763:
2542:
2516:
2496:
2364:
2479:
3275:
2713:
2197:('Frankfurt Municipal Archive'). Among the lost texts were apparently two other plays mentioned in this letter. Their titles are
812:
782:
155:
121:
2461:
Mark J. Blechner (2022) The Three Cures of Bertha Pappenheim (Anna O): the Talking Cure, the Writing Cure, and the Social Cure,
1264:. Breuer describes her as a woman "of considerable intelligence, astonishingly astute reasoning and sharp-sighted intuition..."
3280:
3265:
2367:. Other quotes are scattered throughout various publications on the life of Freud, especially in the biography by Ernest Jones.
513:
Breuer later described the therapy as "a trial by ordeal". He spent 1,000 hours with his patient over the course of two years.
306:
3310:
3300:
2665:
1698:
1322:
1294:
643:') she demanded equal education rights for women. She also gave private lessons, and organized "ladies' literature courses".
467:
240:
When she was eight years old, her oldest sister Henriette (1849–1867) died of galloping consumption, now known as a form of
3330:
3325:
3080:
3048:
2951:
2817:
1748:
1403:
901:
home, although it can be only a surrogate for the proper raising of children in their own families, which was preferable."
3260:
2697:
2625:
2310:
1574:
Streifzüge durch das Leben von Anna O./Bertha Pappenheim: Ein Fall für die Psychiatrie – Ein Leben für die Philanthropie
1443:
1227:(All Kinds of Stories) can be a bridge to a new understanding of the meaning of traditional Jewish culture and beliefs.
800:
403:: in crisis situations she refused to eat. During one hot summer she rejected liquids for weeks and lived only on fruit.
864:
were passed on 15 September 1935, she changed her mind and argued in favor of the emigration of the Jewish population.
637:. Ettlinger engaged in literary work. In an article which appeared in 1870 entitled "A Discussion of Women's Rights" ('
2944:
2579:
1578:
According to Jensen, the family's second daughter died at two years of age in 1855, four years before Bertha was born.
1382:
3015:
978:
After the death of Pappenheim in 1936, the work in Neu-Isenburg could continue essentially unhindered until the 1936
965:
Since the ongoing financing of the home was preferably not to depend on rich individual patrons, an association, the
665:
In November 1888, when she was 29 and after her convalescence, she and her mother moved to her mother's home town of
466:
associated with the clinical picture of what was then referred to as "split personality" and today is referred to as
385:: she had temporary motor disturbances in her eyes. She perceived objects as being greatly enlarged and she squinted.
3031:
1321:
She died on 28 May 1936, cared for until the end by her friend Karminski, and was buried next to her mother in the
835:('Central Welfare Agency of German Jewry'), which continues to exist today. Her work on its board was supported by
391:: Over long periods she had daily swings between conditions of anxiety and depression, followed by relaxed states.
3315:
3295:
3114:
2740:
2705:
2262:
1365:
488:
Other levels of story telling soon came up, and were combined with and penetrated each other. Examples include:
2961:
2831:
2809:
1514:
940:
to illustrate a tale by Pappenheim, lecture series, modest theater performances, and speeches, among others by
222:
532:
indication that it should have been—as Breuer was the first analyst of the first patient to undergo analysis,
1929:. Ed. Jeffrey B. Berlin, Hans-Ulrich Lindken and Donald A. Prater. Fischer, Frankfurt a. M. 1987. p. 199–200.
930:
Art in the house and the garden was to serve to educate the residents. Examples are the children's fountain,
3154:
1723:
1022:, a common practice among women writers of that time. She derived the pseudonym by modifying her first name
846:
in Vienna, where she spoke on the need to protect Jewish girls and women from trafficking and prostitution.
683:
2330:
1604:
1050:('Little Stories for Children') appeared anonymously in 1888, to be followed in 1890 by a volume of tales,
3043:
2572:
440:
423:
1373:(along with elements of other early psychoanalytic case histories). The film is based on a screenplay by
2335:
1939:
1609:
927:, kosher). In the basement a passover kitchen was available, although it was required only once a year.
318:
communications in two Viennese medical journals. The detailed case history appeared in 1895 in his book
771:
606:
498:
Temporal relocation of episodes: during one phase her experience of the illness was shifted by one year
3245:
3240:
2924:
2901:
2721:
2509:
1441:
Freud specified psychoanalytic therapy, but not theory. Psychoanalysis did not come into being until
1363:
Aspects of Pappenheim's biography (especially her time as Breuer's patient) were treated in the film
1253:
1158:
1126:
937:
3130:
2870:
2618:
2558:
2415:
1504:
1416:
1267:
After her mother died in 1905 Pappenheim lived alone for many years without a private attachment. "
1257:
1133:
992:
767:
320:
294:
2231:
1342:
1244:(Sisyphean Labor), a study on traffic in women and prostitution in Eastern Europe and the Orient.
3138:
3122:
3005:
2689:
2501:
2060:
1668:
1329:
1071:
192:
2271:
Schenkung Bertha Pappenheim Seminar- und Gedenkstätte: Thora-Zeiger im Andenken an Anni Salinger
1191:, correspondending to the First Book of Moses). The translations of the Second and Third Books (
3146:
3010:
2849:
2538:
2512:
2492:
2421:
2360:
2017:
1947:
1740:
1694:
1536:
1481:
418:
382:
344:
196:
2893:
2824:
2069:
1978:
1732:
1660:
1519:
1467:
1374:
1277:
868:
575:
226:
776:
611:
3085:
2993:
2657:
2554:
1495:
1299:
400:
362:
230:
206:
71:
2522:
413:
While some believe that Freud misdiagnosed her, others meticulously refute these claims.
199:. Her father Sigmund (1824–1881), a merchant, the son of an Orthodox Jewish family from
3214:
3184:
3174:
3075:
2998:
2919:
1399:
1387:
1360:
and unwed mothers, a seminar room and memorial to Pappenheim were inaugurated in 1997.
1289:
While on a trip in Austria in 1935, she donated two of her collections (lace and small
1002:
953:
861:
836:
620:
602:
431:
1926:
Briefwechsel mit Hermann Bahr, Sigmund Freud, Rainer Maria Rilke und Arthur Schnitzler
854:
after 1933. Especially her attitude toward the immigration of young people to Israel (
3234:
3189:
3070:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2857:
2779:
2595:
2411:
1736:
1672:
1509:
979:
439:, a form of brain inflammation. Many have suggested that she suffered from a form of
286:
173:
1810:
340:
Throughout the two years of her illness, she developed a wide spectrum of symptoms:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3166:
3053:
2956:
2934:
2862:
2407:
1908:
1530:
1408:
1315:
1261:
941:
912:
806:
673:
634:
582:
541:
533:
482:
436:
427:
406:
282:
245:
241:
188:, the third daughter of Recha Pappenheim and Sigmund Pappenheim. Her mother Recha,
169:
132:
93:
89:
2532:
2506:
The Secret Mind of Bertha Pappenheim: The Woman Who Invented Freud's Talking Cure
2486:
2236:
2170:('law against overcrowding in German schools and universities') of 25 April 1933.
2097:
2075:
The Secret Mind of Bertha Pappenheim: The Woman Who Invented Freud's Talking Cure
2009:
1347:
867:
After Pappenheim died, her JFB positions were partially taken over by her friend
289:
abreast of her case, informing his earliest analysis of the origins of hysteria.
3209:
1651:
Swenson, Carol R. (1994). "Freud's "Anna O.": Social Work's Bertha Pappenheim".
1370:
1018:
Pappenheim published her first works anonymously, and later under the pseudonym
856:
598:
214:
1121:
3179:
2971:
2966:
2610:
1457:
1280:, a woman 40 years her junior, when Karminski took over the leadership of the
690:, and she began publishing under her own name in 1902, firstly in the journal
627:. The latter was one of the founders of the Karlsruhe High School for Girls ('
616:. After treatment in Bellevue she was no longer personally treated by Breuer.
597:
On 12 July 1882, Breuer referred Pappenheim to the private Bellevue Clinic in
388:
366:
259:
255:
218:
210:
43:
2297:
Fürstin, Dame, Armes Weib. Ungewöhnliche Frauen im Wien der Jahrhundertwende.
17:
2939:
2534:
Let me continue to speak the truth: Bertha Pappenheim as author and activist
2153:
Let Me Continue to Speak the Truth: Bertha Pappenheim as Author and Activist
1427:
1290:
682:('Israelite Women's Association'). In discovering the children's delight at
666:
624:
372:
365:
and led to addiction. The pain was so severe that surgical severance of the
354:
314:
144:
1744:
1202:
Pappenheim dealt exclusively with texts written by women or for women. The
485:". The latter term subsequently became part of psychoanalytic terminology.
2021:
1307:
924:
787:
358:
334:
151:
1599:
The details of her illness are taken from the case history published in
2888:
2875:
1664:
1525:
1173:
1150:
1066:
1039:
998:
822:
791:
565:
in which he does not minimize Breuer's role, but rather emphasizes it.
558:
453:
394:
376:
348:
1987:
1925. Ed. William Mc Guire. Walther, Solothurn-DĂĽsseldorf 1995. p. 41.
1187:
Only the first part of her translation of the Women's Bible appeared (
1168:, also known as the "Women's Talmud" a collection of stories from the
302:
case report with the words "She has fully recovered since that time".
2929:
2191:
Bertha Pappenheim to Frau Clem Cramer, dated Isenburg, January 1933.
1169:
1001:. The remaining residents were deported to the concentration camp in
904:
The residents should become involved in Jewish tradition and culture.
705:
263:
185:
148:
67:
189:
1273:" ('love did not come to me'), she lamented in a poem dated 1911.
1120:
983:
850:
805:(BDF; 'Federation of German Women's Associations'), co-founded by
730:
305:
304:
278:
234:
1136:'s programmatic paper in English on the women's rights movement,
741:
in Frankfurt, 1904 (Pappenheim: first row, second from the left).
619:
While in Kreuzlingen she visited her cousins Fritz Homburger and
456:
when she was agitated. He described his observations as follows:
3219:
2564:
2284:, and later came into the possession of the museum as donations.
1944:
The Life and Work of Josef Breuer: Physiology and Psychoanalysis
1716:"O Anna: being Bertha Pappenheim – historiography and biography"
1414:
Her case history, under the pseudonym Anna O., was described in
2568:
2121:
Aus der Arbeit des Heims des JĂĽdischen Frauenbundes in Isenburg
1132:
One of her first productions was a translation from English of
2357:
Brautbriefe: Briefe an Martha Bernays aus den Jahren 1882–1886
2167:
Gesetz gegen die ĂśberfĂĽllung deutscher Schulen und Hochschulen
2343:
Physiologie und Psychoanalyse im Leben und Werk Josef Breuers
2098:"Bertha Pappenheim: Soziale Arbeit, Frauenbewegung, Religion"
1617:
Physiologie und Psychoanalyse im Leben und Werk Josef Breuers
217:
in Vienna; the family name alludes to the Franconian town of
2016:. Highland Park, Illinois: Congregation Solel. p. 20.
1984:
Analytische Psychologie. Nach Aufzeichnungen eines Seminars
1144:
Mary Wollstonecraft – Eine Verteidigung der Rechte der Frau
1084:
One of Pappenheim's poems written in the period 1910–1912:
944:, a friend of Pappenheim and a guest on several occasions.
676:
and read aloud in an orphanage for Jewish girls run by the
258:. She left school when she was sixteen, devoted herself to
248:, which was primarily inhabited by poverty-ridden Jews, to
1614:
in the papers of Bellevue Sanatorium and published in his
842:
In May 1923, she was one of the principal speakers at the
430:, but not by neuropsychiatrist and professor of neurology
2482:, biography, selected bibliography, University of Toronto
1561:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 29–40.
989:
On 10 November 1938, one day after the November Pogrom ('
672:
Shortly after moving to Frankfurt, she first worked in a
2065:"The Birth of Psychoanalysis, and the Erasure of a Life"
1411:" and this served as the beginning of free association.
1576:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: ZTV Verlag. p. 19.
1380:
Josef Breuer's treatment of Pappenheim is portrayed in
1377:
who, however, distanced himself from the film version.
357:: she suffered from facial pain which was treated with
2278:
The collections were initially permanent loans of the
1398:
Her treatment is regarded as marking the beginning of
2795:
Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work
2359:. Ed. Ernst L. Freud. Fischer, Frankfurt a. M. 1987.
1811:"The Case of Anna O.: a Neuropsychiatric Perspective"
552:
confirmed my analysis, which she later relayed to me.
1795:
Why Freud was wrong. Sin, science and psychoanalysis
1223:
In the hands of parents, educators and teachers the
3165:
3104:
3024:
2910:
2842:
2732:
2602:
1157:The memoirs of Glikl bas Judah Leib (also known as
195:(1830–1905), was from an old and wealthy family in
127:
116:
108:
100:
78:
53:
34:
770:held in Frankfurt in October 1902, Pappenheim and
757:, but in 1904 became an independent organization,
184:Bertha Pappenheim was born on 27 February 1859 in
2155:. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press. p. 219.
244:. When she was 11 the family moved from Vienna's
2465:, 58:1, 3-25, DOI: 10.1080/00107530.2022.2078178
1857:
1855:
832:Zentralwohlfahrtsstelle der Juden in Deutschland
2488:Remembering Anna O.: A Century of Mystification
1603:, as well as from her medical records found by
1435:
1221:
1208:
1086:
958:
546:
524:
458:
213:, Slovakia), was the cofounder of the Orthodox
2537:. Cincinnati, Hebrew Union College Press 2007
1805:
1803:
871:. In 1939 the JFB was disbanded by the Nazis.
426:, a view supported by professor of psychology
3286:Burials at the Old Jewish Cemetery, Frankfurt
2580:
2443:Vorlesung zur EinfĂĽhrung in die Psychoanalyse
501:Episodes of occurrence of hysterical symptoms
8:
2772:Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
2682:Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
2447:
2441:
2392:
2377:
2341:
2295:
2279:
2269:
2263:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2165:
2137:
2119:
1982:
1924:
1615:
1421:
1281:
1268:
1060:
1051:
1045:
990:
966:
931:
881:
830:
810:
798:
766:At the first German conference on combating
758:
752:
746:
736:
721:
691:
677:
648:
638:
628:
249:
200:
159:
2650:Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious
2394:Zur Eröffnung der Seminar- und Gedenkstätte
2265:Seminar- und Gedenkstätte Bertha Pappenheim
1885:
1873:
1861:
1846:
1834:
1684:
1682:
1600:
461:she swore, threw pillows at people ... etc.
154:, a social pioneer, and the founder of the
2788:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement
2674:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement
2587:
2573:
2565:
2276:(January 13, 2012). Retrieved 2015-08-28.
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
42:
31:
2527:Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women
1034:, as the first letter of the first name,
1789:
1787:
1161:), one of Pappenheim's ancestors (1910).
1149:Starting in 1910 she translated several
1030:, and using the initial of her surname,
708:", unable to remarry under Jewish law.
143:(27 February 1859 – 28 May 1936) was an
2802:Thoughts for the Times on War and Death
2748:Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
2379:Anna O. – Bertha Pappenheim: Biographie
2281:Siegmund- und Recha-Pappenheim Stiftung
2047:
1559:The Jewish Feminist Movement in Germany
1549:
1332:where she was murdered on 4 June 1943.
324:, written in collaboration with Freud.
172:'s best-documented patients because of
2756:Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva
2382:. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag. p. 248.
2218:
2179:
1966:
1587:
1276:In 1924 a close friendship began with
1142:. It appeared in 1899 under the title
1999:, Todd Riniolo, Prometheus Books 2008
1767:"Looking For Cocaine Under the Couch"
1252:Women who influenced Pappenheim were
309:Pappenheim during her time as Anna O.
7:
2642:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
2311:"Central DB of Shoah Victims' Names"
2151:Cited in: Loentz, Elizabeth (2007).
1298:1935, to Amsterdam in order to meet
1183:, also known as the "Women's Bible."
1139:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
1062:Tragische Momente. Drei Lebensbilder
986:instigated the closure of the home.
968:Heim des jĂĽdischen Frauenbundes e.V.
936:('The Expelled Stork'), designed by
844:First World Congress of Jewish Women
633:'), which was attended by the young
131:JĂĽdischer Frauenbund, early case of
2391:Magistrat der Stadt Neu-Isenburg. "
120:Social worker and president of the
2420:(in German). Fischer. p. 10.
1691:Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc
1236:Articles and information pamphlets
724:Allgemeiner Deutscher Frauenverein
720:In 1895, a plenary meeting of the
25:
2764:Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming
2014:Bertha Pappenheim. Freud's Anna O
1038:. Starting in 1902 she published
640:Ein Gespräch über die Frauenfrage
2714:Civilization and Its Discontents
2521:Kaplan, Marion (20 March 2009):
2452:vol. 1. Fischer 1969–75. p. 279.
2230:Stadtarchiv Frankfurt. Nachlass
1737:10.1046/j.1039-8562.2003.02062.x
1639:Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis
1488:
1474:
1460:
492:Stories from a "private theater"
271:Illness and treatment as Anna O.
3306:German women's rights activists
2485:Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel (1996):
2253:(2005). Weinheim: Beltz. p. IX.
2251:Memoiren der GlĂĽckel von Hameln
2100:(in German). Literaturhaus Wien
1641:, pp. 8–9, Penguin Books, 1995.
1059:In 1913 she published the play
745:After she gave a speech at the
262:and helped her mother with the
2666:Introduction to Psychoanalysis
2555:"Bertha Pappenheim Collection"
2478:Aubin, Melissa (14 May 2000):
1447:was written five years later.
1042:and plays under her own name.
468:dissociative identity disorder
1:
3291:Case studies by Sigmund Freud
2818:Beyond the Pleasure Principle
1946:. New York University Press.
1199:) have reportedly been lost.
1105:Living myself sore from duty.
1047:Kleine Geschichten fĂĽr Kinder
476:Picture Book Without Pictures
176:'s writing on Breuer's case.
2698:The Question of Lay Analysis
2627:The Interpretation of Dreams
2300:Vienna: Ueberreuter. p. 349.
1714:Robert Kaplan (March 2004).
1653:Clinical Social Work Journal
1444:The Interpretation of Dreams
1323:Jewish cemetery in Frankfurt
1103:So I immerse myself in work,
883:Mädchenwohnheim Neu-Isenburg
801:Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine
3271:Analysands of Sigmund Freud
2463:Contemporary Psychoanalysis
2376:Brentzel, Marianna (2014).
1997:When Good Thinking Goes Bad
1689:Macmillan, Malcolm (1991).
1215:And in the foreword to the
1109:So I gladly think of death,
1097:So I resound like a violin,
1093:In a cellar, without light.
1091:So I vegetate like a plant,
679:Israelitischer Frauenverein
422:(1983) that Pappenheim had
104:German, of Austrian descent
3347:
3256:20th-century women writers
3251:19th-century Austrian Jews
1099:Whose bow has been broken.
754:Israelitischer Hilfsverein
748:Israelitischer Hilfsverein
156:Jewish Women's Association
3115:Freud: The Secret Passion
2741:The Aetiology of Hysteria
2706:The Future of an Illusion
2448:
1797:. London: Harper Collins.
1793:Webster, Richard (1996).
1693:. Elsevier. p. 631.
1601:Breuer & Freud (1991)
1572:Jensen, Ellen M. (1984).
1366:Freud: The Secret Passion
1107:Love did not come to me –
1101:Love did not come to me –
1095:Love did not come to me –
1089:Love did not come to me –
737:
517:Accounts of final session
495:Hallucinatory experiences
250:
201:
41:
3321:Translators from Yiddish
3190:Clement Freud (grandson)
2962:Psychosexual development
2832:Dostoevsky and Parricide
2810:Mourning and Melancholia
1515:Somatic symptom disorder
1270:Mir ward die Liebe nicht
781:were asked to travel to
233:and summer vacations in
223:Jewish views on marriage
27:Austrian-Jewish feminist
3276:Austrian social workers
3200:Walter Freud (grandson)
3195:Lucian Freud (grandson)
2073:(extract from his book
2036:Siegmund Freuds Anna O.
1886:Breuer & Freud 1991
1874:Breuer & Freud 1991
1862:Breuer & Freud 1991
1847:Breuer & Freud 1991
1835:Breuer & Freud 1991
1724:Australasian Psychiatry
1557:Kaplan, Marion (1979).
735:The first Board of the
231:Jewish holiday calendar
164:). Under the pseudonym
3281:Austrian women writers
3266:Writers from Frankfurt
3215:Edward Bernay (nephew)
3091:Views on homosexuality
3054:London home and museum
3049:Vienna home and museum
2442:
2393:
2378:
2342:
2296:
2294:Leitner, Thea (1998).
2280:
2270:
2264:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2166:
2138:
2120:
1983:
1940:HirschmĂĽller, Albrecht
1925:
1616:
1439:
1422:
1295:Museum of Applied Arts
1282:
1269:
1229:
1213:
1129:
1114:
1061:
1052:
1046:
1014:Stories, plays, poetry
991:
967:
963:
933:Der vertriebene Storch
932:
882:
831:
811:
799:
759:
753:
747:
742:
722:
696:('Ethical Culture') .
692:
678:
650:Badischer Frauenverein
649:
639:
629:
605:, which was headed by
554:
529:
463:
441:temporal lobe epilepsy
424:tuberculous meningitis
310:
168:, she was also one of
160:
112:Anna O., Paul Berthold
3311:History of psychology
3301:German social workers
3205:Amalia Freud (mother)
3180:Anna Freud (daughter)
3175:Martha Bernays (wife)
2417:Studien ĂĽber Hysterie
2331:Albrecht HirschmĂĽller
2194:Stadtarchiv Frankfurt
1914:, Paragon House 1990.
1605:Albrecht HirschmĂĽller
1423:Studien ĂĽber Hysterie
1283:Jüdischer Mädchenclub
1124:
734:
369:nerve was considered.
308:
3331:Jewish women writers
3326:Women and psychology
3210:Jacob Freud (father)
3185:Ernst L. Freud (son)
3155:Freud's Last Session
2925:Id, ego and superego
2902:Daniel Paul Schreber
2722:Moses and Monotheism
2510:Public Affairs Press
2355:See: Sigmund Freud:
2118:Pappenheim, Bertha.
1912:The Story of Anna O.
1754:on 12 December 2013.
1225:Allerlei Geschichten
1127:Glikl bas Judah Leib
1111:As a friendly face.
813:JĂĽdischer Frauenbund
763:('Women's Relief').
569:Success of treatment
161:JĂĽdischer Frauenbund
122:JĂĽdischer Frauenbund
3261:Writers from Vienna
3131:Mahler on the Couch
2619:Studies on Hysteria
2559:Leo Baeck Institute
2531:Loentz, Elizabeth:
2523:"Bertha Pappenheim"
2502:Brownstein, Gabriel
2491:, Psychology Press
2480:"Bertha Pappenheim"
2221:, pp. 179–195.
2061:Brownstein, Gabriel
1628:HirschmĂĽller. p. 35
1505:Conversion disorder
1417:Studies on Hysteria
1383:When Nietzsche wept
1258:Mary Wollstonecraft
1153:texts into German:
1134:Mary Wollstonecraft
1005:, where many died.
993:Reichskristallnacht
593:Bellevue Sanatorium
448:Treatment by Breuer
321:Studies on Hysteria
251:LiechtensteinstraĂźe
180:Childhood and youth
3139:A Dangerous Method
3006:Deferred obedience
2690:The Ego and the Id
2096:GĂĽrtler, Christa.
1665:10.1007/BF02190471
1330:Auschwitz-Birkenau
1130:
760:Weibliche FĂĽrsorge
743:
738:Weibliche FĂĽrsorge
383:Visual impairments
345:Language disorders
311:
48:Pappenheim in 1882
3228:
3227:
3011:Reality principle
2894:Sergei Pankejeff
2882:Bertha Pappenheim
2427:978-3-596-10446-8
2063:(17 April 2024).
1765:Restak, Richard.
1537:Dora (case study)
1482:Psychology portal
1254:GlĂĽckel of Hameln
1181:Ze'enah u-Re'enah
1159:GlĂĽckel of Hameln
1053:In der Trödelbude
875:Neu-Isenburg home
772:Sara Rabinowitsch
607:Robert Binswanger
419:Freud and Cocaine
225:and had roots in
197:Frankfurt am Main
141:Bertha Pappenheim
138:
137:
36:Bertha Pappenheim
16:(Redirected from
3338:
3316:Jewish feminists
3296:Feminist writers
3150:(2020 TV series)
3016:Seduction theory
2952:Free association
2897:
2885:
2871:Irma's injection
2866:
2853:
2635:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2566:
2466:
2459:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2374:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2273:
2267:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2070:Psychology Today
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1979:Carl Gustav Jung
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1906:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1807:
1798:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1747:. Archived from
1720:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1648:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1520:Sergei Pankejeff
1498:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1468:Biography portal
1465:
1464:
1463:
1428:catharsis theory
1425:
1404:Free association
1375:Jean-Paul Sartre
1351:
1293:objects) to the
1285:
1278:Hannah Karminski
1272:
1064:
1055:
1049:
996:
970:
935:
885:
869:Hannah Karminski
834:
816:
804:
780:
768:traffic in women
762:
756:
750:
740:
739:
727:
695:
681:
652:
642:
632:
630:Mädchengymnasium
615:
576:Carl Gustav Jung
401:Eating disorders
313:Anna O. was the
253:
252:
227:Orthodox Judaism
204:
203:
163:
109:Other names
85:
64:27 February 1859
63:
61:
46:
32:
21:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3161:
3106:
3100:
3096:Religious views
3086:Neo-Freudianism
3020:
2994:Oedipus complex
2912:
2906:
2895:
2879:
2865:("Little Hans")
2864:
2851:
2838:
2728:
2658:Totem and Taboo
2629:
2598:
2593:
2551:
2475:
2473:Further reading
2470:
2469:
2460:
2456:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2390:
2386:
2375:
2371:
2354:
2350:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2293:
2289:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2209:('The Rabble').
2203:('Easter') and
2190:
2186:
2182:, pp. 43f.
2178:
2174:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2146:
2135:
2131:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2029:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1922:
1918:
1907:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1792:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1771:Washington Post
1764:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1637:Sigmund Freud:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1533:("Little Hans")
1496:Feminism portal
1494:
1489:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1396:
1345:
1338:
1300:Henrietta Szold
1250:
1242:Sisyphus-Arbeit
1238:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1016:
1011:
938:Fritz J. Kormis
877:
774:
718:
693:Ethische Kultur
663:
609:
595:
571:
550:
519:
450:
330:
273:
207:Austria-Hungary
182:
96:
87:
83:
74:
72:Austrian Empire
65:
59:
57:
49:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3344:
3342:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3037:complete works
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2999:Father complex
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2920:Psychoanalysis
2916:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2891:
2886:
2873:
2868:
2860:
2855:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2623:
2615:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2550:
2549:External links
2547:
2546:
2545:
2529:
2519:
2499:
2483:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2454:
2449:Studienausgabe
2433:
2426:
2412:Freud, Sigmund
2399:
2384:
2369:
2348:
2323:
2302:
2287:
2255:
2243:
2223:
2211:
2184:
2172:
2157:
2144:
2139:Aus der Arbeit
2129:
2111:
2088:
2052:
2040:
2027:
2001:
1989:
1971:
1959:
1953:978-0814734278
1952:
1931:
1923:Stefan Zweig:
1916:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1799:
1783:
1757:
1706:
1699:
1678:
1659:(2): 149–163.
1643:
1630:
1621:
1592:
1580:
1564:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1485:
1471:
1455:
1452:
1400:psychoanalysis
1395:
1394:Psychoanalysis
1392:
1388:Irvin D. Yalom
1343:Dora Edinger's
1337:
1334:
1302:, the head of
1249:
1246:
1237:
1234:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1162:
1125:Pappenheim as
1118:
1115:
1087:
1026:to a surname,
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:Literary works
1007:
1003:Theresienstadt
954:psychoanalysis
909:
908:
905:
902:
898:
895:
876:
873:
862:Nuremberg Laws
837:Sidonie Werner
717:
714:
684:H. C. Andersen
662:
659:
621:Anna Ettlinger
603:Lake Constance
594:
591:
570:
567:
518:
515:
503:
502:
499:
496:
493:
449:
446:
432:Richard Restak
411:
410:
404:
398:
392:
386:
380:
370:
352:
329:
326:
272:
269:
181:
178:
136:
135:
129:
128:Known for
125:
124:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
88:
86:(aged 77)
80:
76:
75:
66:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3343:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:Freudian slip
3069:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2987:Genital stage
2985:
2983:
2982:Latency stage
2980:
2978:
2977:Phallic stage
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2863:Herbert Graf
2861:
2859:
2858:Emma Eckstein
2856:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:Medusa's Head
2823:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:On Narcissism
2777:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:Sigmund Freud
2590:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:9780878204601
2540:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2517:9781541774643
2514:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2497:9780415917773
2494:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2408:Breuer, Josef
2403:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2365:3-596-26733-1
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2241:. Blatt II. .
2238:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2164:Based on the
2161:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2050:, p. 15.
2049:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:Edinger, Dora
2005:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1969:, p. 35.
1968:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:Freeman, Lucy
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1888:, p. 35.
1887:
1882:
1879:
1876:, p. 26.
1875:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1849:, p. 39.
1848:
1843:
1840:
1837:, p. 22.
1836:
1831:
1828:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1590:, p. 21.
1589:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:Hypnoid state
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1486:
1483:
1472:
1469:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1433:Freud wrote:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1248:Personal life
1247:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1112:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:Paul Berthold
1013:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
995:
994:
987:
985:
981:
980:Olympic Games
976:
972:
969:
962:
957:
955:
949:
945:
943:
939:
934:
928:
926:
920:
916:
914:
906:
903:
899:
896:
893:
892:
891:
887:
884:
874:
872:
870:
865:
863:
859:
858:
852:
847:
845:
840:
838:
833:
826:
824:
818:
815:
814:
808:
803:
802:
795:
793:
789:
784:
778:
773:
769:
764:
761:
755:
749:
733:
729:
726:
725:
715:
713:
709:
707:
701:
697:
694:
689:
688:Paul Berthold
685:
680:
675:
670:
668:
660:
658:
654:
651:
644:
641:
636:
631:
626:
622:
617:
613:
608:
604:
600:
592:
590:
587:
584:
581:In contrast,
579:
577:
568:
566:
562:
560:
553:
545:
543:
538:
535:
528:
523:
516:
514:
511:
507:
500:
497:
494:
491:
490:
489:
486:
484:
479:
477:
471:
469:
462:
457:
455:
447:
445:
442:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:
414:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
374:
371:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:
350:
346:
343:
342:
341:
338:
336:
327:
325:
323:
322:
316:
307:
303:
299:
296:
290:
288:
287:Sigmund Freud
284:
280:
275:
270:
268:
265:
261:
257:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
198:
194:
191:
187:
179:
177:
175:
174:Sigmund Freud
171:
167:
162:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
134:
130:
126:
123:
119:
117:Occupation(s)
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
81:
77:
73:
69:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
18:Paul Berthold
3153:
3145:
3137:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3081:Inner circle
3032:Bibliography
2957:Transference
2935:Preconscious
2881:
2843:Case studies
2830:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2631:
2626:
2617:
2609:
2533:
2526:
2505:
2487:
2462:
2457:
2436:
2416:
2402:
2387:
2372:
2356:
2351:
2326:
2314:. Retrieved
2305:
2290:
2277:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2232:Dora Edinger
2226:
2214:
2206:Das Gesindel
2187:
2175:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2136:Pappenheim,
2132:
2124:
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
2074:
2068:
2055:
2048:Edinger 1968
2043:
2035:
2030:
2013:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1974:
1962:
1943:
1934:
1919:
1911:
1881:
1869:
1864:, p. 20
1842:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1814:
1794:
1774:. Retrieved
1770:
1760:
1749:the original
1731:(1): 62–68.
1728:
1722:
1709:
1690:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1638:
1633:
1624:
1595:
1583:
1573:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1531:Herbert Graf
1522:("Wolf Man")
1449:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1415:
1413:
1409:talking cure
1397:
1381:
1379:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1339:
1327:
1320:
1316:Adolf Hitler
1312:
1304:Youth Aliyah
1303:
1288:
1275:
1266:
1262:Helene Lange
1251:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1180:
1165:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1117:Translations
1088:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1058:
1044:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1017:
988:
977:
973:
964:
959:
956:in general:
950:
946:
942:Martin Buber
929:
921:
917:
913:Neu-Isenburg
910:
890:principles:
888:
878:
866:
855:
848:
841:
827:
819:
807:Helene Lange
796:
765:
744:
719:
710:
702:
698:
687:
674:soup kitchen
671:
664:
655:
645:
635:Rahel Straus
618:
596:
588:
583:Lucy Freeman
580:
572:
563:
555:
547:
542:Stefan Zweig
539:
534:transference
530:
525:
520:
512:
508:
504:
487:
483:talking cure
480:
475:
472:
464:
459:
451:
437:encephalitis
428:Hans Eysenck
417:
415:
412:
407:Pseudocyesis
339:
331:
319:
312:
300:
291:
283:Josef Breuer
276:
274:
246:Leopoldstadt
242:tuberculosis
239:
183:
170:Josef Breuer
165:
140:
139:
133:Josef Breuer
94:Nazi Germany
90:Neu-Isenburg
84:(1936-05-28)
29:
3246:1936 deaths
3241:1859 births
3158:(2023 film)
3142:(2011 film)
3134:(2010 film)
3126:(1993 play)
3123:The Visitor
3118:(1962 film)
3059:1971 statue
2896:("Wolfman")
2852:(Ida Bauer)
2630:(including
2346:. Bern 1978
2334: [
2316:20 February
2235: [
2219:Jensen 1984
2180:Jensen 1984
2104:23 November
1967:Jensen 1984
1820:5 September
1815:pep-web.org
1608: [
1371:John Huston
1346: [
1219:she wrote:
1217:Ma'assebuch
1204:Ma'assebuch
1166:Ma'assebuch
857:Youth Aliya
775: [
661:Public life
647:of Baden ('
610: [
599:Kreuzlingen
389:Mood swings
215:Schiffschul
193:Goldschmidt
101:Nationality
82:28 May 1936
3235:Categories
3220:Jofi (dog)
3107:depictions
2972:Anal stage
2967:Oral stage
2945:censorship
2611:On Aphasia
2561:, New York
2557:; AR 331;
2430:. TB 6001.
1700:0444887172
1588:Jensen1984
1544:References
1079:Denkzettel
961:treatment.
849:After the
367:trigeminus
295:Inzersdorf
260:needlework
256:Alsergrund
219:Pappenheim
211:Bratislava
60:1859-02-27
3066:Interment
2940:Ego ideal
2889:"Rat Man"
2876:"Anna O."
2669:(1916–17)
2632:On Dreams
2125:1914–1924
2034:Brentzel
1673:144804026
1291:cast iron
1189:Bereschit
1179:Parts of
1072:Palestine
667:Frankfurt
625:Karlsruhe
373:Paralysis
355:Neuralgia
315:pseudonym
209:(today's
3105:Cultural
3044:Archives
2913:concepts
2911:Original
2743:" (1896)
2504:(2024):
2414:(1991).
2081:24 April
2012:(1968).
1942:(1989).
1776:24 April
1745:15715742
1454:See also
1308:jaundice
1172:and the
1040:novellas
1028:Berthold
925:kashruth
788:Hasidism
716:Activism
359:morphine
335:hysteria
328:Symptoms
202:PreĂźburg
152:feminist
145:Austrian
3025:Related
2850:"Dora"
2142:, p. 5.
2127:. p. 8.
1526:Rat Man
1197:Wajikra
1193:Schemot
1174:Midrash
1151:Yiddish
1067:pogroms
999:Gestapo
823:Judaism
792:Zionism
783:Galicia
559:Gmunden
454:chloral
395:Amnesia
377:paresis
363:chloral
349:aphasia
254:in the
166:Anna O.
3167:Family
2930:Libido
2878:
2835:(1928)
2827:(1922)
2821:(1920)
2813:(1918)
2805:(1916)
2797:(1915)
2791:(1914)
2783:(1914)
2775:(1910)
2767:(1908)
2759:(1907)
2751:(1905)
2733:Essays
2725:(1939)
2717:(1930)
2709:(1927)
2701:(1926)
2693:(1923)
2685:(1921)
2677:(1917)
2661:(1913)
2653:(1905)
2645:(1901)
2637:(1899)
2622:(1895)
2614:(1891)
2541:
2515:
2495:
2424:
2363:
2200:Ostern
2020:
1950:
1743:
1697:
1671:
1336:Legacy
1260:, and
1176:(1929)
1170:Talmud
1024:Bertha
706:Agunot
264:kosher
186:Vienna
149:Jewish
68:Vienna
3147:Freud
3076:Humor
2603:Books
2525:by ,
2338:]
2239:]
2038:p. 62
2022:19238
1752:(PDF)
1719:(PDF)
1669:S2CID
1612:]
1350:]
984:NSDAP
851:Nazis
779:]
614:]
279:Ischl
235:Ischl
2539:ISBN
2513:ISBN
2493:ISBN
2440:In:
2422:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2318:2017
2106:2018
2083:2024
2018:OCLC
1948:ISBN
1822:2022
1778:2024
1741:PMID
1695:ISBN
1195:and
1164:The
1036:Paul
790:and
361:and
79:Died
54:Born
2397:" .
2268:. "
1733:doi
1661:doi
1386:by
1369:by
886:).
623:in
601:on
478:."
190:née
3237::
2508:,
2446:.
2410:;
2340::
2336:de
2237:de
2067:.
1981::
1893:^
1854:^
1813:.
1802:^
1786:^
1769:.
1739:.
1729:12
1727:.
1721:.
1681:^
1667:.
1657:22
1655:.
1610:de
1390:.
1348:de
1325:.
1310:.
1256:,
1146:.
839:.
794:.
777:de
612:de
544::
470:.
237:.
205:,
92:,
70:,
2884:)
2880:(
2739:"
2634:)
2588:e
2581:t
2574:v
2320:.
2274:"
2108:.
2085:.
2077:)
2024:.
1956:.
1824:.
1780:.
1735::
1703:.
1675:.
1663::
1420:(
1407:"
1032:P
923:(
880:(
375:(
347:(
158:(
147:-
62:)
58:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
