1041:
which it was specifically meant to brand as pseudoscience. Nonetheless, Thagard, didn't completely abandon his criterion, but instead incorporated it into his new solution to the demarcation problem, which he called "Profile of
Science and Pseudoscience", a collection of psychological, historical and
1042:
logical characteristics, against which a discipline could be compared and categorized as either science or pseudoscience. This process, though not "strict necessary or sufficient", could fulfill the normative goals of science, or what
Thagard prefers to call "
1036:
However, in 1988, Thagard wrote that this proposal should "be abandoned," because it had two flaws. Firstly it was hopeless to attempt to find necessary and sufficient conditions for pseudoscience in general, and secondly, the criterion was too soft on
1030:
The community of practitioners makes little attempt to develop the theory towards solutions of the problems, shows no concern for attempts to evaluate the theory in relation to others, and is selective in considering confirmations and
327:
models of coherence to theories of human thought and action. He is also known for HOTCO ("hot coherence"), which was his attempt to create a computer model of cognition that incorporated emotions at a fundamental level.
304:
In the philosophy of science, Thagard is cited for his work on the use of computational models in explaining conceptual revolutions; his most distinctive contribution to the field is the concept of
654:
1759:
1361:
596:
511:
1014:, what he called "post positivist depression", he proposed in 1978 a criterion to define pseudoscience, with the broader goal being rescuing science from the relativism of
1769:
908:
836:
992:
966:
689:
1734:
940:
764:
301:. He is a writer, and has contributed to research in analogy and creativity, inference, cognition in the history of science, and the role of emotion in cognition.
1633:, In Philosophy of Science Association 1978 Volume 1, edited by P.D. Asquith and I. Hacking (East Lansing: Philosophy of Science Association, 1978) 2 August 2016.
1111:
876:
856:
804:
784:
732:
712:
551:
531:
1729:
1724:
1749:
1764:
1754:
1719:
1526:
1356:
1263:
1192:
256:
38:
293:
who specializes in cognitive science, philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of science and medicine. Thagard is a professor emeritus of
1448:
406:. In 2003, he received a University of Waterloo Award for Excellence in Research, and in 2005 he was named a University Research Chair.
1644:
Demarcation: Is there a Sharp Line
Between Science and Pseudoscience? An Exploration of Sir Karl Popper's Conception of Falsification
1672:
1609:
1546:
1343:
1324:
1310:
1291:
1277:
1251:
1237:
1223:
1209:
1162:
313:
1642:
1384:
163:
734:) elements in such a way that maximum number (or maximum weight) of constraints is satisfied. Here a positive constraint
1744:
1027:
It has been less progressive than alternative theories over a long period of time, and faces many unsolved problems; but
1184:
352:
86:
1022:. According to Thagard's criterion, "A theory which purports to be scientific is pseudoscientific if and only if":
387:
453:
Thagard (together with
Karsten Verbeurgt) put forth a particular formalization of the concept of coherence as a
393:
601:
454:
403:
360:
168:
146:
95:
1739:
1527:
https://web.archive.org/web/20120330081201/http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/tennant9/thagard_JP1978.pdf
376:
309:
298:
113:
1583:
Thagard, P. and
Verbeurgt, K. (1998). Coherence as constraint satisfaction. Cognitive Science, 22: 1-24.
368:
305:
240:
228:
172:
104:
1449:
https://scholar.google.ca/scholar?q=paul%20thagard&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&hl=en&tab=ws
1114:
as "the current philosophy of mathematics that fits best with what is known about minds and science."
1714:
290:
556:
471:
1003:
332:
694:
According to
Thagard, coherence maximization involves the partitioning of elements into accepted (
1497:
1489:
1430:
1043:
457:
problem. The model posits that coherence operates over a set of representational elements (e.g.,
320:
220:
156:
1668:
1662:
1648:
1605:
1542:
1422:
1339:
1320:
1306:
1287:
1273:
1259:
1247:
1233:
1219:
1205:
1188:
1158:
1152:
881:
809:
224:
1481:
971:
945:
659:
356:
263:
205:
192:
90:
1572:
1460:
913:
737:
1630:
1015:
1007:
443:
1046:", by relying "on descriptions of how everyday and scientific reasoning actually works."
308:, which he has applied to historical cases. He is heavily influenced by pragmatists like
1515:
1396:
1011:
861:
841:
789:
769:
717:
697:
536:
516:
396:
364:
99:
1696:
465:, etc.) which can either fit together (cohere) or resist fitting together (incohere).
1708:
1501:
1397:
Coherentist
Theories of Epistemic Justification (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
1019:
324:
1624:
399:
348:
200:
71:
1664:
Natural
Philosophy: From Social Brains to Knowledge, Reality, Morality, and Beauty
1154:
Natural
Philosophy: From Social Brains to Knowledge, Reality, Morality, and Beauty
1083:
Practitioners care about evaluating theories in relation to alternative theories
1172:
The
Cognitive Science of Science: Explanation, Discovery, and Conceptual Change.
458:
447:
439:
17:
431:
410:
294:
131:
1472:
Thagard, Paul (1990). "The Conceptual Structure of the Chemical Revolution".
1426:
1201:
1175:
1038:
427:
468:
If two elements p and q cohere they are connected by a positive constraint
390:
1434:
435:
344:
67:
1493:
331:
In his general approach to philosophy, Thagard is sharply critical of
392:, 1998–1999, and President of the Society for Machines and Mentality
179:
1099:
Progresses over time: develops new theories that explain new facts.
446:, planning etc., can be understood as a form of (maximum) coherence
335:
for being overly dependent upon intuitions as a source of evidence.
1691:
1485:
1122:
Thagard is the author/co-author of 15 books and over 200 articles.
598:. Furthermore, constraints are weighted, i.e., for each constraint
462:
372:
108:
380:
117:
1560:
Hot thought: Mechanisms and applications of emotional cognition
1198:
Hot Thought: Mechanisms and Applications of Emotional Cognition
1133:
Bots and Beasts: What Make Machines, Animals, and People Smart?
351:
on September 28, 1950. He is a graduate of the Universities of
1408:
1406:
1404:
1571:
Many of Thagard's coherence articles are available online at
1514:
EXPLANATORY COHERENCE AND BELIEF REVISION IN NAIVE PHYSICS.
1145:
Mind-Society: From Brains to Social Sciences and Professions
278:
269:
272:
1317:
Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery
275:
1573:
http://cogsci.uwaterloo.ca/Articles/Pages/Coherence.html
1461:
http://cogsci.uwaterloo.ca/Articles/1989.explanatory.pdf
1139:
Brain-Mind: From Neurons to Consciousness and Creativity
312:, and has contributed to the refinement of the idea of
974:
948:
916:
884:
864:
844:
812:
792:
772:
740:
720:
700:
662:
604:
559:
553:
incohere they are connected by a negative constraint
539:
519:
474:
1362:
Computational-representational understanding of mind
1006:
in philosophy of science. Faced with the failure of
281:
266:
234:
214:
191:
178:
162:
152:
142:
127:
79:
46:
32:
1667:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 442.
986:
960:
934:
902:
870:
850:
830:
798:
778:
758:
726:
706:
683:
648:
590:
545:
525:
505:
1086:Practitioners oblivious to alternative theories.
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1258:, Buenos Aires/Madrid, Katz editores S.A, 2008,
1024:
1336:Philosophy of Psychology and Cognitive Science
1112:Aristotelian realist philosophy of mathematics
942:is satisfied if one element is accepted (say
8:
1760:Academic staff of the University of Waterloo
1094:Nonsimple theories: many ad hoc hypotheses.
1091:Uses highly consilient and simple theories.
386:He was Chair of the Governing Board of the
1244:Mind: An Introduction to Cognitive Science
402:, and in 1999 was elected a fellow of the
29:
1303:Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought
973:
947:
915:
883:
863:
843:
811:
791:
771:
739:
719:
699:
661:
640:
627:
603:
582:
558:
538:
518:
497:
473:
1770:Fellows of the Cognitive Science Society
1319:(MIT Press, 1986, Bradford Books, 1989,
1286:(MIT Press, 1988, Bradford Books, 1993,
1246:(MIT Press, 1996; second edition, 2005,
1048:
649:{\displaystyle (p,q)\in C^{+}\cup C^{-}}
409:Thagard was married to the psychologist
323:, he is known for his attempts to apply
1604:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1373:
1127:Balance: How it Works and What it Means
766:is said to be satisfied if either both
1735:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
1385:"Eleven Dogmas of Analytic Philosophy"
1102:Stagnant in doctrine and application.
1050:Profiles of Science and Pseudoscience
1357:List of University of Waterloo people
1157:. New York: Oxford University Press.
7:
1379:
1377:
1129:. (Columbia University Press, 2022).
185:Explanation and Scientific Inference
1602:Computational Philosophy of Science
1284:Computational Philosophy of Science
1272:(Princeton University Press, 1992,
1232:(Princeton University Press, 1999,
1730:21st-century Canadian philosophers
1725:20th-century Canadian philosophers
1147:. (Oxford University Press, 2019).
1141:. (Oxford University Press, 2019).
25:
1750:University of Saskatchewan alumni
1182:The Brain and the Meaning of Life
314:inference to the best explanation
1626:Why Astrology Is A Pseudoscience
1413:"Doctoral Dissertations, 1977".
262:
27:Canadian philosopher (born 1950)
1539:Coherence in Thought and Action
1216:Coherence in Thought and Action
1075:Seeks empirical confirmations.
426:Thagard has proposed that many
233:
1230:How Scientists Explain Disease
929:
917:
753:
741:
678:
666:
617:
605:
591:{\displaystyle (p,q)\in C^{-}}
572:
560:
506:{\displaystyle (p,q)\in C^{+}}
487:
475:
395:, 1997–1998. In 2013 he won a
1:
1765:University of Michigan alumni
1755:University of Toronto alumni
1720:Canadian computer scientists
1078:Neglects empirical matters.
383:in computer science, 1985).
1070:Uses resemblance thinking.
1067:Uses correlation thinking.
968:), and the other rejected (
656:there is a positive weight
1786:
1185:Princeton University Press
87:University of Saskatchewan
1415:The Review of Metaphysics
910:). A negative constraint
388:Cognitive Science Society
375:in philosophy, 1977) and
246:
138:
903:{\displaystyle p,q\in R}
831:{\displaystyle p,q\in A}
1459:Explanatory Coherence.
455:constraint satisfaction
404:Royal Society of Canada
147:Contemporary philosophy
96:University of Cambridge
1661:Thagard, Paul (2019).
1600:Thagard, Paul (1988).
1541:(Bradford Book, 2000,
1525:The Best Explanation.
1338:(North-Holland, 2006,
1331:He is also editor of:
1270:Conceptual Revolutions
1151:Thagard, Paul (2019).
1034:
1002:Thagard worked on the
988:
987:{\displaystyle q\in R}
962:
961:{\displaystyle p\in A}
936:
904:
872:
852:
832:
800:
780:
760:
728:
708:
685:
684:{\displaystyle w(p,q)}
650:
592:
547:
527:
513:, and if two elements
507:
413:. Kunda died in 2004.
367:in philosophy, 1973),
359:in philosophy, 1971),
299:University of Waterloo
114:University of Michigan
1474:Philosophy of Science
998:Philosophy of science
989:
963:
937:
935:{\displaystyle (p,q)}
905:
873:
853:
833:
801:
781:
761:
759:{\displaystyle (p,q)}
729:
709:
686:
651:
593:
548:
528:
508:
430:functions, including
422:Explanatory coherence
306:explanatory coherence
241:Explanatory coherence
229:Philosophy of science
173:Epistemic coherentism
105:University of Toronto
972:
946:
914:
882:
862:
842:
810:
790:
770:
738:
718:
698:
660:
602:
557:
537:
517:
472:
343:Thagard was born in
291:Canadian philosopher
253:Paul Richard Thagard
51:Paul Richard Thagard
1745:People from Yorkton
1051:
1004:demarcation problem
333:analytic philosophy
1697:Thagard's blog at
1692:Thagard's website.
1387:, 4 December 2012.
1305:(MIT Press, 1995,
1298:And co-author of:
1218:(MIT Press, 2000,
1135:(MIT Press, 2021).
1049:
1044:Natural philosophy
984:
958:
932:
900:
868:
848:
828:
796:
776:
756:
724:
704:
681:
646:
588:
543:
523:
503:
417:Philosophical work
321:philosophy of mind
289:; born 1950) is a
221:Philosophy of mind
157:Western philosophy
1651:, August 2, 2016.
1264:978-84-96859-21-0
1193:978-1-4008-3461-7
1110:He describes the
1106:
1105:
1031:disconfirmations.
871:{\displaystyle q}
851:{\displaystyle p}
799:{\displaystyle q}
779:{\displaystyle p}
727:{\displaystyle R}
707:{\displaystyle A}
546:{\displaystyle q}
526:{\displaystyle p}
250:
249:
225:Cognitive science
201:T. A. Goudge
61:28 September 1950
16:(Redirected from
1777:
1699:Psychology Today
1679:
1678:
1658:
1652:
1640:
1634:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1597:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1447:Google Scholar.
1445:
1439:
1438:
1421:(1): 174. 1977.
1410:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1204:, August, 2006,
1168:
1052:
993:
991:
990:
985:
967:
965:
964:
959:
941:
939:
938:
933:
909:
907:
906:
901:
877:
875:
874:
869:
857:
855:
854:
849:
837:
835:
834:
829:
805:
803:
802:
797:
785:
783:
782:
777:
765:
763:
762:
757:
733:
731:
730:
725:
714:) and rejected (
713:
711:
710:
705:
690:
688:
687:
682:
655:
653:
652:
647:
645:
644:
632:
631:
597:
595:
594:
589:
587:
586:
552:
550:
549:
544:
532:
530:
529:
524:
512:
510:
509:
504:
502:
501:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
259:
206:Bas van Fraassen
193:Doctoral advisor
64:
60:
58:
41:
30:
21:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1705:
1704:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1641:
1637:
1631:Paul R. Thagard
1623:
1619:
1612:
1599:
1598:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1412:
1411:
1402:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1353:
1165:
1150:
1120:
1000:
970:
969:
944:
943:
912:
911:
880:
879:
860:
859:
840:
839:
808:
807:
788:
787:
768:
767:
736:
735:
716:
715:
696:
695:
658:
657:
636:
623:
600:
599:
578:
555:
554:
535:
534:
515:
514:
493:
470:
469:
444:decision-making
424:
419:
341:
265:
261:
255:
237:
227:
223:
217:
210:
171:
123:
112:
103:
94:
75:
65:
62:
56:
54:
53:
52:
42:
37:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Paul R. Thagard
15:
12:
11:
5:
1783:
1781:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1687:
1686:External links
1684:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1653:
1635:
1617:
1610:
1585:
1576:
1564:
1558:Paul Thagard,
1551:
1537:Paul Thagard,
1530:
1518:
1507:
1486:10.1086/289543
1480:(2): 183–209.
1464:
1452:
1440:
1400:
1389:
1383:Paul Thagard,
1372:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1329:
1328:
1314:
1296:
1295:
1281:
1267:
1254:)(Trad. esp.:
1241:
1227:
1213:
1195:
1179:
1169:
1163:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1119:
1116:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1012:falsifiability
999:
996:
983:
980:
977:
957:
954:
951:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
878:are rejected (
867:
847:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
806:are accepted (
795:
775:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
723:
703:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
643:
639:
635:
630:
626:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
585:
581:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
542:
522:
500:
496:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
423:
420:
418:
415:
397:Canada Council
340:
337:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
235:
232:
231:
218:
216:Main interests
215:
212:
211:
209:
208:
203:
197:
195:
189:
188:
182:
176:
175:
166:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
136:
135:
129:
125:
124:
122:
121:
83:
81:
77:
76:
66:
50:
48:
44:
43:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1782:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:Living people
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1674:9780190686444
1670:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1611:0-262-20068-6
1607:
1603:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1547:0-262-20131-3
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1344:0-444-51540-2
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1325:0-262-58096-9
1322:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:0-262-08233-0
1308:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1292:0-262-70048-4
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:0-691-02490-1
1275:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:0-262-20154-2
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1238:0-691-00261-4
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1224:0-262-20131-3
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:0-262-20164-X
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1164:9780190686444
1160:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:Pseudoscience
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:verifiability
1005:
997:
995:
981:
978:
975:
955:
952:
949:
926:
923:
920:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
865:
845:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
793:
773:
750:
747:
744:
721:
701:
692:
675:
672:
669:
663:
641:
637:
633:
628:
624:
620:
614:
611:
608:
583:
579:
575:
569:
566:
563:
540:
520:
498:
494:
490:
484:
481:
478:
466:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
421:
416:
414:
412:
407:
405:
401:
398:
394:
391:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
338:
336:
334:
329:
326:
325:connectionist
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
286:
258:
254:
245:
242:
239:
236:Notable ideas
230:
226:
222:
219:
213:
207:
204:
202:
199:
198:
196:
194:
190:
186:
183:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
119:
115:
110:
106:
101:
97:
92:
88:
85:
84:
82:
78:
73:
69:
63:(age 73)
49:
45:
40:
31:
19:
1698:
1663:
1656:
1647:, Ray Hall,
1643:
1638:
1625:
1620:
1601:
1579:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1538:
1533:
1521:
1510:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1418:
1414:
1392:
1335:
1330:
1316:
1302:
1297:
1283:
1269:
1255:
1243:
1229:
1215:
1197:
1181:
1171:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1109:
1107:
1060:
1055:
1035:
1001:
693:
467:
459:propositions
452:
425:
408:
400:Killam Prize
385:
353:Saskatchewan
349:Saskatchewan
342:
330:
318:
310:C. S. Peirce
303:
252:
251:
187: (1977)
184:
72:Saskatchewan
34:Paul Thagard
1715:1950 births
1118:Major works
448:computation
440:explanation
134:(died 2004)
1709:Categories
1368:References
1016:Feyerabend
838:) or both
432:perception
411:Ziva Kunda
295:philosophy
169:Naturalism
132:Ziva Kunda
57:1950-09-28
1649:Las Vegas
1502:170587318
1427:2154-1302
1202:MIT Press
1176:MIT Press
1039:astrology
979:∈
953:∈
895:∈
823:∈
642:−
634:∪
621:∈
584:−
576:∈
491:∈
428:cognitive
361:Cambridge
339:Biography
80:Education
1435:20127042
1351:See also
1256:La mente
1178:, 2012).
377:Michigan
74:, Canada
1562:, 2006.
1187:, 2010
1056:Science
436:analogy
369:Toronto
345:Yorkton
319:In the
297:at the
120:, 1985)
111:, 1977)
102:, 1973)
93:, 1971)
68:Yorkton
1671:
1608:
1545:
1500:
1494:187831
1492:
1433:
1425:
1342:
1323:
1309:
1290:
1276:
1262:
1250:
1236:
1222:
1208:
1191:
1161:
463:images
180:Thesis
164:School
153:Region
128:Spouse
1498:S2CID
1490:JSTOR
1431:JSTOR
1020:Rorty
373:Ph.D.
109:Ph.D.
1669:ISBN
1606:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1423:ISSN
1340:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1018:and
1010:and
858:and
786:and
533:and
381:M.S.
365:M.A.
357:B.A.
257:FRSC
118:M.S.
100:M.A.
91:B.A.
47:Born
39:FRSC
1482:doi
994:).
279:ɑːr
143:Era
1711::
1629:,
1588:^
1496:.
1488:.
1478:57
1476:.
1429:.
1419:31
1417:.
1403:^
1376:^
1346:).
691:.
461:,
450:.
442:,
438:,
434:,
347:,
316:.
273:eɪ
70:,
59:)
1677:.
1614:.
1549:)
1504:.
1484::
1437:.
1327:)
1313:)
1294:)
1280:)
1266:)
1240:)
1226:)
1212:)
1200:(
1174:(
1167:.
982:R
976:q
956:A
950:p
930:)
927:q
924:,
921:p
918:(
898:R
892:q
889:,
886:p
866:q
846:p
826:A
820:q
817:,
814:p
794:q
774:p
754:)
751:q
748:,
745:p
742:(
722:R
702:A
679:)
676:q
673:,
670:p
667:(
664:w
638:C
629:+
625:C
618:)
615:q
612:,
609:p
606:(
580:C
573:)
570:q
567:,
564:p
561:(
541:q
521:p
499:+
495:C
488:)
485:q
482:,
479:p
476:(
379:(
371:(
363:(
355:(
285:/
282:d
276:ɡ
270:θ
267:ˈ
264:/
260:(
116:(
107:(
98:(
89:(
55:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.