42:
1113:
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122:
360:
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80:
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length of the breeding male at 1â1.1 m (3 ft 3 in â 3 ft 7 in) in length. It has a relatively large wingspan that averages around 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) and can reach 1.6 m (5 ft 3 in) in big males. The green peafowl is capable of sustained (albeit energy-intensive)
864:
respectively. Sometimes described as "duller" than the other forms, it has a matte gun metal-blue to olive-green neck and breast, and more black on the wing-coverts and outer web of secondaries. The crown of the male is violet-blue which often extends further down the nape than other subspecies,
501:
coverts are blue; the lesser coverts are green and form a triangle of scaly shoulder feathers (when the wing is closed). The secondaries are black and, in some subspecies, the tertials are brown and/or barred with a faint pattern. The female has blue lesser coverts, and lacks the triangle at the
386:
The green peafowl is a large bird in terms of overall size. The male is 1.8â3 m (5 ft 11 in â 9 ft 10 in) in total length, including its train, which measures 1.4â1.6 m (4 ft 7 in â 5 ft 3 in); the adult female is around half the total
895:
in Laos), and stated more subspecies may be recognised with further studies. However, few studies have been conducted to substantiate
Delacour's classification, even though it is accepted by nearly all authorities. Some authors have suggested that the population found in Yunnan, which are
907:
gene, Ouyang et al. estimated the divergence period between green and Indian peafowl to be 3 million years. In the same study, they also noted there appeared to be two different forms of green peafowl in Yunnan which should be classified as distinct subspecies. A 2005 article from
868:
Found in
Bangladesh towards southwestern Thailand, formerly also in northern Malaysia. Birds in Northeast India are sometimes considered extinct but are still occasionally sighted. However, sightings have sometimes been questioned as feral or escaped birds. A population of
669:. These birds were depicted as having no spurs; Linnaeus followed Aldrovandi's description. The Japanese had imported green peafowl from Southeast Asia for hundreds of years, and the birds were frequently depicted in Japanese paintings. As a result, the
1896:
1087:
In 2005, it was reported that successful reintroductions were being made in
Malaysia by the World Pheasant Association. Genetic research allegedly proved that the Javan and Malay peafowl are genetically identical, and the subspecies
346:
since 2009, primarily due to widespread deforestation, agriculture and loss of suitable habitat, severely fragmenting populations and contributing to an overall decline in numbers. The green peafowl is in demand for private and home
518:, and long-tailed in silhouette. The crest of the female has slightly wider plumes, while those of the male are thinner but taller. The facial skin is double-striped with a whitish-blue; beside the ear is a
914:
newspaper of
Malaysia stated that research indicated the Malaysian form to be identical to the Javanese form, but the study was not published and some authors dispute the result. Due to the large range of
754:
Often described as the most colourful of the three subspecies, the neck and breast is a metallic golden-green with cerulean blue wing coverts. Females have prominent barring on the back and tertials.
1211:
in
Washington, D.C., prominently features paintings of green peafowl. It was also shown during British colonial times on the flag of the governor and the naval ensign, as well as on the flag of the
522:
crescent. The dark triangle below the eye (towards the eyebrow) is bluish-green in the male, and brown in the female. Seen from a distance, they are generally dark-coloured birds with pale
1045:. The world population has declined rapidly and the species no longer occurs in many areas of its past distribution. The last strongholds for the species are in protected areas such as
998:. However, the theory that the male is polygynous also conflicts with observations in captivity; pairs left alone with no human interaction have been observed to be strongly
534:, which are quite visible in their peculiar flight; this action has been described as a true "flapping" flight, lacking the gliding that one associates with many birds.
1006:
in contrast to that of the Indian peafowl. Thus, some authors have suggested that the harems seen in the field are juvenile birds and that males are not promiscuous.
2094:
2146:
828:
basins in western
Thailand. In Vietnam, it has become extinct in the northern part of the country, its last large population being confined to the southeast in
489:; distinguishing the sexes during this period can be difficult unless they are observed quite up close. The neck and breast feathers (of both sexes) are highly
1444:
2252:
2055:
1771:
1282:
Pheasants, Partridges, and Grouse : A Guide to the
Pheasants, Partridges, Quails, Grouse, Guineafowl, Buttonquails, and Sandgrouse of the World
2107:
1523:
Pheasants, Partridges, and Grouse: A Guide to the
Pheasants, Partridges, Quails, Grouse, Guineafowl, Buttonquails, and Sandgrouse of the World
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Nuttall, M. N.; Griffin, O.; Fewster, R. M.; McGowan, P. J. K.; Abernethy, K.; O'Kelly, H.; Nut, M.; Sot, V.; Bunnefeld, N. (2021).
1621:
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have also been described as being synonymous with the
Javanese population, but no published studies have confirmed this assumption.
454:
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as they produce fertile hybrids. In captivity hybrids are called "Spalding" peafowl and are used by breeders to create different
84:
1607:
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in Java, Indonesia. The population in the wild was estimated to be about 5,000 to 10,000 individuals around 1995. In
Cambodia,
1852:
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1150:
436:
432:
2112:
2133:
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41:
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804:, this subspecies is the most common and has the widest distribution. In Thailand, it is currently confined to the
1143:
425:
2292:
2151:
1866:
1448:
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was introduced based on scientific community consensus. However, the assumption that the Malaysian and Javanese
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260:
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2006:
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birds are the same subspecies remains controversial, so it is uncertain which subspecies was introduced.
705:, found in Indochina. From the advice of a bird dealer in Hong Kong, Delacour concluded there were three
693:
described a peafowl native to India with a "blue head" and an "upright lanceolate crest", which he named
2262:
2185:
1054:
952:
757:
Extant population endemic to the east and western ends of Java, Indonesia. Extinct populations from the
406:" call, with an emphasis on the first syllable. The males may also make a similar sound to the females.
216:
1985:
1258:
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close to water and away from human disturbance. Proximity to water appears to be an important factor.
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1998:
1967:
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874:
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910:
748:
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69:
677:", though the species is not native to Japan (they were kept by the emperor and no longer occur).
1719:
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1415:
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Brickle, Nick W. (2002). "Habitat use, predicted distribution and conservation of green peafowl (
1073:
1034:
987:
595:
116:
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475:; in the female, the coverts are green and much shorter, just covering the tail. Outside of the
2099:
1958:
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813:
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2125:
2029:
1688:"Long-term monitoring of wildlife populations for protected area management in Southeast Asia"
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was shown to hold a significant and increasing population of around 745 individuals in 2020.
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2011:
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1324:(Report). Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. 2006. pp. 1052â1087. Archived from
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883:
Delacour dismissed several aberrant specimens to be individual variations (including the
1876:
1414:
Brickle, N.W.; Cu, Nguyen; Quynh, Ha Quy; Cuong, Nguyen Thai Tu; San, Hoang Van (1998).
1392:
359:
330:. Formerly common throughout Southeast Asia, only a few isolated populations survive in
1577:
1212:
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594:. Records from northeastern India have been questioned and old records are possibly of
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and threatened by the pet trade, feather collectors and hunters for meat and targeted.
319:
283:
1430:
1400:
1033:, and a reduction in extent and quality of habitat, the green peafowl is evaluated as
775:
665:
as "Pavo Iaponensis" based on a Japanese painting given to the pope by the emperor of
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2120:
1972:
1723:
1244:
983:
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527:
519:
471:. In the male, this extends up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) and is adorned with
364:
343:
232:
89:
1672:
1627:
697:, the spike-crested peacock. A third form of green peafowl was described in 1949 by
2034:
1902:
1081:
901:
515:
2021:
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1834:
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in Indochina, other subspecies within its range have also been proposed, notably
2203:
2138:
2081:
1952:
1609:
Birds of India: Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives
1132:
762:
618:
490:
414:
388:
193:
183:
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In Myanmar, the green peafowl was an ancient symbol of the country's monarchs.
2229:
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1838:
1663:
1642:
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968:
817:
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was one of the first Western ornithologists to see a live bird, imported from
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in Cambodia: identification of a globally important site for conservation"
1548:"Genetic Divergence between Pavo muticus and Pavo cristatus by Cyt b Gene"
947:
939:
713:
into the species, as well. Today, most authorities recognise these three:
2164:
1937:
1909:
1030:
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638:
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331:
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1993:
1157: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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630:
575:
563:
486:
439: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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315:
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1425:(Report). Hanoi, Vietnam: BirdLife International â Vietnam Programme.
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some hybrids become almost indistinguishable from pure green peafowl.
1980:
1704:
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960:
928:
797:
626:
551:
143:
2086:
2047:
1914:
1745:
1739:"Green Peafowl and Hybrids Tips and Tricks to identify unpure birds"
1215:
from 1943 to 1945 and on the currency of independent Burma as well.
1068:
Although there is no natural range overlap with the Indian peafowl,
1002:. The close similarity between both sexes also suggests a different
1185:
The green peafowl is often depicted in Japanese paintings from the
2198:
2042:
1322:
Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International Red Data Book
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1103:
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938:
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682:
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547:
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106:
100:
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The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
398:
at their roost sites at dawn and dusk with a loud often repeated
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163:
1918:
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Green peafowl are found in a wide range of habitats, including
1822:
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408:
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edge. In Vietnam, the preferred habitat was found to be dry,
1550:. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University. Archived from
793:
is intermediate in colouration between the other two forms.
1120:
party features a stylised fighting peacock next to a star.
502:
wing-shoulder. Females also have neck scales fringed with
506:, as well as more barring on the back, the primaries and
1108:
The green peacock was a royal symbol of Burma's monarchs
1860:
1203:, a room installation painted between 1876 and 1877 by
497:
scales. In the male, the scapular, median, and greater
1643:"Abundance estimates for the endangered Green Peafowl
1284:. Princeton Field Guides. Princeton University Press.
1021:
in trees at a height of 10â15 m (33â49 ft).
974:
It has been widely stated that the green peafowl is
661:, although it was previously described in Europe by
1927:
1641:Nuttall, M.; Nut, M.; Ung, V.; Oâkelly, H. (2017).
852:Delacour considered the west and east sides of the
1259:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679440A131749282.en
1009:They usually spend time on or near the ground in
1472:The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World
1814:Arkive images and movies of the green peafowl (
1606:Grimmett, R.; Inskipp, C.; Inskipp, T. (1999).
1354:. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions.
1072:is still a threat where the Indian peafowl is
865:demarcating the colours of the crown and neck.
625:and deciduous. They may also be found amongst
1571:
1569:
1525:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1416:The Status and Distribution of Green Peafowl
402:. The female vocalizes with an equally loud "
8:
1744:. World Pheasant Association. Archived from
542:The green peafowl was widely distributed in
1915:
1875:
1474:(6th ed.). London: Christopher Helm.
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
820:river basins in northern Thailand and the
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78:
54:
40:
31:
1713:
1703:
1662:
1257:
1173:Learn how and when to remove this message
455:Learn how and when to remove this message
1578:"The Last Chance for the Green Peafowl (
1350:Rasmussen, P.C.; Anderton, J.C. (2005).
986:. Instead the solitary males are highly
715:
1223:
479:, however, the male's tail coverts (or
1229:
1227:
673:described by Linnaeus was "Habitat in
467:The green peafowl has long upper-tail
7:
1521:Madge, Steve; McGowan, Phil (2002).
1155:adding citations to reliable sources
653:The species was first classified as
437:adding citations to reliable sources
1245:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1039:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
391:and is often observed on the wing.
1499:(3rd ed.). Christopher Helm.
1495:Dickinson, Edward C., ed. (2003).
1047:Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary
318:native to the tropical forests of
25:
1835:Audio recordings of Green peafowl
1772:"The return of the Green peafowl"
1770:Chiew, Hilary (11 January 2005).
1692:Conservation Science and Practice
1379:) in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam".
1041:. It is listed on Appendix II of
900:, may be another race. Using the
2253:IUCN Red List endangered species
1131:
856:to be the dividing line between
774:
733:
413:
374:Adult female head and upper neck
120:
1845:BirdLife species factsheet for
1651:Bird Conservation International
1234:BirdLife International (2018).
1142:needs additional citations for
796:From east Myanmar to Thailand,
598:. The ranges have reduced with
424:needs additional citations for
943:Female (peahen) with one chick
1:
1823:The Green Peafowl of Thailand
1445:"Zoological Museum Amsterdam"
1431:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00182-3
1401:10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00182-3
1118:National League for Democracy
877:east of the Irrawaddy river.
326:. It is the national bird of
1899:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1420:in Dak Lak Province, Vietnam
1063:Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary
896:traditionally classified as
554:, eastern and north-eastern
2288:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1897:Green peafowl photo gallery
1470:Clements, James F. (2007).
1280:Biddle, Tami Davis (2002).
1029:Due to hunting; especially
689:. From an Indian painting,
685:to an animal collection in
291:Range of the green peafowl
2309:
2074:green-peafowl-pavo-muticus
1614:Princeton University Press
709:of green peafowl, lumping
546:in the past from southern
1903:Interactive range map of
1794:"Burma: historical flags"
1664:10.1017/S0959270916000083
1252:: e.T22679440A131749282.
1059:Ujung Kulon National Park
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117:Scientific classification
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2283:Endangered biota of Asia
1889:Internet Bird Collection
1025:Threats and conservation
971:with three to six eggs.
967:on the ground laying an
538:Distribution and habitat
338:. It has been listed as
2268:Birds of Southeast Asia
2258:Birds described in 1766
1381:Biological Conservation
1352:The Birds of South Asia
959:The green peafowl is a
1546:Ouyang, Yi Na (2008).
1205:James McNeill Whistler
1121:
1109:
1051:Cat Tien National Park
982:and do not display in
956:
944:
923:of Southeast Asia and
834:CĂĄt TiĂȘn National Park
800:province in China and
383:
375:
367:
334:and adjacent areas of
2186:Paleobiology Database
1884:"Green peafowl media"
1115:
1107:
1100:Cultural significance
1055:Baluran National Park
953:Baluran National Park
951:Fighting peacocks in
950:
942:
935:Behaviour and ecology
891:originating from the
381:
373:
362:
1630:on 9 September 2006.
1209:Freer Gallery of Art
1151:improve this article
875:Hlawga National Park
873:was reintroduced to
786:Indo-Chinese peafowl
741:Pavo muticus muticus
586:, and the island of
566:, extending through
433:improve this article
394:Green peafowl males
1828:24 May 2022 at the
1782:on 5 February 2012.
1554:on 30 December 2021
1393:2002BCons.105..189B
1207:now located in the
765:extending south to
679:François Levaillant
600:habitat destruction
584:Peninsular Malaysia
514:, are long-legged,
493:green and resemble
70:Conservation status
2278:Endangered animals
1910:IUCN Red List maps
1776:The Star, Malaysia
1737:Mennig, Wolfgang.
1576:Mennig, Wolfgang.
1122:
1110:
957:
945:
510:. Both sexes have
384:
376:
368:
309:Indonesian peafowl
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2173:Open Tree of Life
1921:Taxon identifiers
1751:on 2 January 2014
1481:978-0-7136-8695-1
1451:on 13 August 2009
1361:978-84-96553-85-9
1291:978-0-691-08908-9
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1004:courtship display
905:mitochondrial DNA
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687:Cape of Good Hope
663:Ulisse Aldrovandi
629:, on grasslands,
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363:1781 painting by
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16:(Redirected from
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1195:Nagasawa Rosetsu
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1116:The flag of the
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611:secondary forest
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1830:Wayback Machine
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1053:in Vietnam and
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1017:. Family units
937:
893:Bolaven Plateau
854:Irrawaddy river
848:Burmese peafowl
822:Huai Kha Khaeng
782:P. m. imperator
759:Malay Peninsula
651:
558:, southeastern
540:
477:breeding season
469:covert feathers
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699:Jean Delacour
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365:Maruyama Okyo
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2263:Pavo (genus)
2230:Pavo-muticus
1986:pavo-muticus
1973:Pavo_muticus
1959:Pavo muticus
1929:Pavo muticus
1928:
1905:Pavo muticus
1904:
1887:
1870:
1855:Pavo muticus
1854:
1847:Pavo muticus
1846:
1816:Pavo muticus
1815:
1798:crwflags.com
1797:
1788:
1780:the original
1775:
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1746:the original
1732:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1654:
1650:
1645:Pavo muticus
1644:
1636:
1628:the original
1608:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1580:Pavo muticus
1579:
1556:. Retrieved
1552:the original
1541:
1522:
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1471:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:the original
1439:
1418:Pavo muticus
1417:
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1377:Pavo muticus
1376:
1370:
1351:
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1326:the original
1321:
1315:Pavo muticus
1281:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1249:
1243:
1238:Pavo muticus
1237:
1198:
1184:
1169:
1160:
1149:Please help
1144:verification
1141:
1123:
1093:
1089:
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1082:backcrossing
1067:
1028:
1011:tall grasses
1008:
973:
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902:cytochrome b
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745:Java peafowl
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702:
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655:Pavo muticus
654:
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516:heavy-winged
481:
480:
466:
451:
442:
431:Please help
426:verification
423:
403:
399:
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385:
382:Male profile
308:
304:Pavo muticus
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226:Pavo muticus
225:
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29:
18:Pavo muticus
2082:iNaturalist
1953:Wikispecies
1755:22 February
1698:(2): e614.
988:territorial
963:bird which
955:, Indonesia
925:yunnanensis
763:Kra Isthmus
725:Description
711:P. spicifer
691:George Shaw
619:subtropical
596:feral birds
562:, northern
550:especially
355:Description
241:Subspecies
184:Phasianidae
174:Galliformes
103:Appendix II
2247:Categories
2225:Xeno-canto
1839:Xeno-canto
1715:1893/33780
1265:27 January
1219:References
1187:Edo period
1080:. Through
1074:introduced
1035:endangered
1000:monogamous
996:pair bonds
976:polygynous
969:egg clutch
921:annamensis
722:Subspecies
560:Bangladesh
530:-coloured
491:iridescent
349:aviculture
340:endangered
85:Endangered
1724:245405123
990:and form
917:imperator
898:imperator
889:imperator
862:imperator
826:Mae Klong
802:Indochina
791:Imperator
761:from the
623:evergreen
592:Indonesia
532:primaries
524:vermilion
445:June 2024
324:Indochina
202:Species:
140:Kingdom:
134:Eukaryota
2199:Species+
2126:22679440
2100:10197106
2012:22679440
2007:BirdLife
1938:Wikidata
1861:gbwf.org
1826:Archived
1673:89013924
1591:23 March
1455:20 April
1335:20 April
1031:poaching
994:with no
980:solitary
911:The Star
871:spicifer
858:spicifer
749:nominate
649:Taxonomy
639:farmland
631:savannas
615:tropical
580:Cambodia
572:Thailand
473:eyespots
396:vocalize
332:Cambodia
272:Delacour
233:Linnaeus
180:Family:
154:Chordata
150:Phylum:
144:Animalia
130:Domain:
90:IUCN 3.1
2061:2473599
2048:grepea1
2022:grepea1
1994:Avibase
1944:Q254636
1871:Avibase
1389:Bibcode
1094:muticus
1090:muticus
1037:on the
830:Yok ÄĂŽn
675:Japonia
613:, both
607:primary
576:Vietnam
564:Myanmar
487:moulted
342:on the
336:Vietnam
328:Myanmar
316:species
313:peafowl
190:Genus:
170:Order:
160:Class:
105: (
88: (
63:Female
2191:114655
2178:102708
2113:176114
1981:ARKive
1722:
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1078:breeds
1015:sedges
992:harems
961:forest
929:Yunnan
846:, the
798:Yunnan
784:, the
743:, the
637:, and
627:bamboo
570:, and
552:Yunnan
504:copper
404:AOw-aa
400:ki-wao
389:flight
274:, 1949
263:, 1804
235:, 1766
2217:13023
2165:70396
2095:IRMNG
2043:eBird
2035:75WGZ
2019:BOW:
1749:(PDF)
1742:(PDF)
1720:S2CID
1669:S2CID
1585:(PDF)
1558:7 May
1423:(PDF)
1329:(PDF)
1318:(PDF)
1043:CITES
1019:roost
965:nests
767:Kedah
719:Image
707:races
701:, as
683:Macau
667:Japan
635:scrub
574:into
556:India
548:China
526:- or
508:alula
485:) is
482:train
311:is a
307:) or
107:CITES
101:CITES
2204:4975
2152:9050
2147:NCBI
2121:IUCN
2108:ITIS
2087:1200
2056:GBIF
1757:2012
1618:ISBN
1593:2012
1560:2011
1527:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1457:2008
1356:ISBN
1337:2008
1286:ISBN
1267:2022
1250:2018
1193:and
1013:and
984:leks
887:for
860:and
832:and
824:and
818:Ping
816:and
617:and
609:and
588:Java
568:Laos
528:buff
499:wing
322:and
297:The
261:Shaw
195:Pavo
164:Aves
2212:TSA
2134:NBN
2069:IBC
2030:CoL
1968:ADW
1908:at
1859:at
1837:on
1710:hdl
1700:doi
1659:doi
1582:)?"
1427:doi
1397:doi
1385:105
1254:doi
1153:by
927:of
814:Eng
810:Yom
806:Nan
657:by
590:in
435:by
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