115:
516:
108:
307:, which arose from the "tumultuous outpour of lava beyond 106 cubic km in volume. Eruption is deduced to have occurred 69-65 Ma age. These basaltic rocks said to be one of the largest continental flood basaltic provinces in the world." Studies carried by geologists have indicated eleven basic flows superposed by felsic volcanics. New varieties of rocks such as "rhyodycite, alkal-olivine basalt, mugearite and ankaramite" are reported. It is also recorded that except for
1035:
264:
608:
600:
592:
584:
28:
832:
575:
were desecrated and broken down. Jain monk
Jinpremvijaya spearheaded a peaceful but powerful protest at the local collector's office where local Jains turned up in huge numbers. The protest is said to have begun at the evening of June 16, 2024 and went on overnight into June 17, 2024. Most desecrated
246:
Faith based legend surrounding
Pavagadh formation suggests that the right foot of Sati is believed to have fallen at Pavagadh, thus forming a deep valley and the God later on "sent a large hill as per the request of Rishi Vishwamitra to fill up this deep valley so that the sage's sacred cows do not
299:
The arrangement of the rock formations of
Pavagadh Hill is stated as being "rhyolite, green bedded tuffs, porphyritic basalt, olivine dolerite and nonporphyritic alkaline basalt." There are steep rock exposures whose geological formation is attributed to ancient volcanic eruptions and lava flows.
546:
temple next to the Dudhia tank. On the basis of their "stylistic and architectural features", the date of construction of these temples is deduced to be the 14th–15th centuries. The temple is made up of pure white stone with elaborately carved seated and standing images of the Jain
467:
Several monks of the
Achalgacch such as Mahendraprabhasuri, Merutungasuri, and Jaykesarisuri amongst many, and those of the Tapagacch such as Dharmaratnasuri, Hemvimalsuri, Laxmisagarsuri, Bhuvansundarsuri etc. consecrated numerous temples and idols on the hill. According to several
551:
are seen on the outer walls of the temples. The
Garbabrihas are enshrined with beautiful stone images of tirthankaras in these temples. All the temples have been renovated over time. The temple also has a 30 ft. tall statue of God Bahubali stands tall in its vicinity.
318:. The path ascending the hill passes through many old gates and cuts through natural ledges of rock like a staircase, with precipitous sides. Midway up this path is a flat ground which is strewn with boulders. The mountain above the flat ground is a very steep hill scarp.
283:
originate on the hill. The Surya stream, which also rises on the hill, joins the
Vishvamitri. There are five successive plateaus, Kalikamata Plateau, Mauliya Plateau, Bhadrakali Plateau, Machi Plateau and Atak Plateau. Plateau reservoirs
326:
While private vehicles are not allowed, registered buses and government vehicles provide transportation up the hill. As the road ends before reaching the summit, there are only two options to reach the top, either on foot or by
404:
and assured him that she would safeguard the lay-followers of the new order and that they will prosper. Thus, in 1112 AD, Acharya
Aryarakshitsuri founded the Achalgacch (or Viddhipaksh) at Pavagadh, and installed demi-goddess
311:, all the rocks have an "alkaline-oloivine lineage." Geologists have also observed that "seventeen horizontal flows have occurred in Pavagadh" and postulated that the "whole series resulted by fractionalism in two episodes."
331:. The mono-cable ropeway is 740 metres (2,430 ft) in length. It can carry 1,200 people per hour. It is stated to be the country's highest ropeway, connecting the summit of the hill with the plateaus of Champaner.
960:
527:
at
Pavagadh are also noteworthy. They are of three groups: The first consists of the Bhavanaderi temples near the Naqqarkhana gate called the Navalakka temples, the second group is in honour of the
235:
which is spread over an area of more than 1,329 hectares (3,280 acres). Known for its forts, there are also dozens of heritage structures on the hill. The site is 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of
559:, the Muslim sultan of Gujarat, heavily damaged this temple. In 1880 this temple was repaired. The entire complex houses a Dharmshala or guesthouse, a Jain restaurant and gardens.
1382:
1387:
1295:
1321:
1230:
208:. A volcanic eruption occurred in the region approximately 500 million years ago and the etymology of Pavagadh is associated with this eruption:
491:
225:
759:
716:
682:
300:
Pavagadh Hill has a geological setting of reddish-yellow coloured stone, and is considered to be one of the oldest rock formations in India.
64:
1013:
449:, a monk and reformer of Achalgacch, sravakas Sheth Vardhaman and Sheth Padamshin reconstructed the shrine of Mahakali in 16th century AD.
1397:
107:
1206:
439:
There is a reference to a temple called “Sarvatobhadra” (transl. auspicious on all sides) built by
Minister Tejpal in 12th century.
400:
and said that he was the only one who could spread the truth. She asked him to start a new order based on the truth of the
1269:
933:
572:
248:
57:
33:
555:
The Greek geographer
Ptolemy many centuries ago in his work regarded this temple as an ancient and holy place. In 1480
463:
and composed by Jain monk Dipvijay Kaviraaj in late 18th century AD, the temples existing here are described in detail.
1196:
483:
temple earlier on the hill, which faced multiple invasions. The ruins of this temple were used to construct 3 smaller
169:
347:. However, a court ordered against destruction of facts and heritage. Its Jain history dates back to 3rd century BC.
472:
scriptures, at one time, these shrines were considered to be of equal rank and importance as those atop the hill at
990:
1377:
782:
384:. He was unhappy with the wrong practices that had crept into the conduct of Jain monks due to the influence of
442:
Ceremonial installation and consecration of a temple built by Jayawant Seth by Acharya Vijaysensuri in 1581 AD.
436:
on the hill to mark their respects. This is the idol and the shrine which was later encroached upon by Hindus.
1392:
1255:
510:
344:
159:
786:
961:"Melt inclusions in pyroxene and plagioclase phenocrysts from Pavagadh igneous suite, Gujarat, India"
745:
567:
On June 16, 2024, an incident of severe vandalism was reported to have happened on the hill. Several
883:
515:
498:
232:
201:
127:
490:
Known for its forts, there are also dozens of heritage structures on the hill. It is part of the
303:
The geological formation of Pavagadh Hill is thus very complex. It is interpreted as part of the
1202:
755:
712:
678:
280:
147:
749:
706:
672:
314:
The highest point of the hill presents an undulating forested topography in the direction of
813:. Directorate of Government Printing, Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State. p. 12
621:
473:
370:
936:. National InformaticCentre (NIC) for Arechaeological Survey of India (ISI). Archived from
577:
480:
469:
377:
362:
1060:
548:
446:
381:
531:
460:
366:
272:
140:
909:"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Fact Sheet"
263:
1371:
556:
535:
355:
276:
252:
1346:
607:
599:
591:
583:
425:
27:
837:
Excerpt from the Report of the 28th Session of the World Heritage Committee, UNESCO
304:
217:
184:
889:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. pp. 26–29
543:
859:
808:
576:
idols were over 400 years old, some even ancient and belonged exclusively to the
224:
was built upon the volcanic cone itself. With Champaner, Pavagadh hill forms the
568:
528:
452:
In 1689 AD, Gani Shilvijay Maharaj has referred to the existence of a temple of
328:
288:) form a chain up the hill. Other features include dense forest, reddish-orange
1273:
937:
388:. He attempted reforms, but failed. Therefore, he ascended the hill to perform
397:
389:
315:
212:
means "one fourth hill" or "fire-hill". At its base is the historical city of
1322:"Jain community protests removal of Tirthankar idols from stairs of Pavagadh"
275:
outlier, rising 800 metres (2,600 ft) above the surrounding plains. The
79:
66:
484:
453:
213:
1231:"Scientific Conservation of World Heritage Monuments of Champaner-Pavgadh"
433:
406:
393:
351:
308:
289:
236:
221:
1296:"Age-old Jain idols removed by Pavagadh authorities, community protests"
1159:
1144:
1125:"Aetihasik Tirth Pavagadh Champaner - Arya Kalyan Gautam Smruti Granth"
1089:
524:
340:
293:
1181:
1124:
1104:
908:
646:
495:
240:
229:
47:
343:
pilgrimage. There were several attempts to destroy evidences of its
1270:"www.Jinalaya.com - Shri Pavagadh Tirth - Jain Temples in Gujarat"
911:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
649:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
606:
598:
590:
582:
538:
and the third group, situated on the south east of Pavagarh Hill (
401:
358:
which was consecrated by Svetambara Jain monk Acharya Suhastisuri.
262:
205:
864:. Dept. of Botany, Faculty of Science, M. S. University of Baroda
571:
idols at the sides of the staircase on the old path to reach the
385:
354:, in the 3rd century BC, constructed and installed the idol of
884:"Advisory Body Evaluation, Champaner-Pavagadh (India) No 1101"
708:
Gujarat Unknown: Hindu-Muslim Syncretism and Humanistic Forays
396:
appeared before him and requested the Acharya to not perform
959:
K.R.Hari, M.Santosh & Furuyama Katsuhiko (March 2000).
292:
boulders, and a natural cave just below the summit. Strong
671:
Ruggles, D. Fairchild; Silverman, Helaine (15 June 2009).
934:"Champaner-Pavagarh Archaeological Park (2005), Gujarat"
739:
737:
735:
666:
664:
611:
Desecration of Jain idols at Pavagadh on June 16, 2024
603:
Desecration of Jain idols at Pavagadh on June 16, 2024
595:
Desecration of Jain idols at Pavagadh on June 16, 2024
587:
Desecration of Jain idols at Pavagadh on June 16, 2024
365:
monk Acharya Gunsagarsuri consecrated a new temple of
858:
Chavan, Appasaheb Ramachandrarao; Oza, G. M. (1966).
296:breezes blow winds upwards onto steep hill slopes.
183:
178:
168:
158:
153:
139:
95:
56:
46:
41:
20:
1195:Ruggles, D. Fairchild; Silverman, Helaine (2009).
1014:"The mosques and monuments of Champaner-Pavagarh"
369:and reconstructed an ancient 52-shrine temple of
380:sect of Jainism was established here by Acharya
8:
1256:"Champaner-Pavagadh: Shwetamber Jain Temple"
991:"Champaner, near Baroda, India. Febr. 1879"
861:The flora of Pavagadh, Gujarat State, India
1383:Tourist attractions in Panchmahal district
839:. Heritage Trust. January 2002. p. 21
376:In 10th century AD, the Achalgacch of the
17:
928:
926:
647:"Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park"
514:
479:It is believed that there was one large
239:and 68 kilometres (42 mi) south of
633:
32:Summit of Pavagadh Hill with the famed
1388:Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park
492:Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park
226:Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1083:
1081:
993:. Online Gallery, British Library, UK
641:
639:
637:
114:
7:
971:(7). Osaka State University: 135–148
1160:"Shramana Bhagwaan Mahavira Part 5"
833:"World Heritage Scanned Nomination"
711:. Mittal Publications. p. 79.
414:
810:Gujarat State Gazetteers: Vadodara
751:Cultural Heritage and Human Rights
14:
1012:Kumar, Arjun (24 November 2011).
459:In a laudatory poem dedicated to
392:. Legend says that demi-goddess
113:
106:
26:
1182:"Pavagadh Tirth ki Aetihasikta"
1145:"Structural Temples of Gujarat"
807:Gujarat (India: state) (1979).
249:Kalika Mata Temple at Pavagadh
200:is situated within a plain in
1:
1040:. Bisleri Beverages Ltd. 1990
1320:DeshGujarat (17 June 2024).
1198:Intangible Heritage Embodied
1103:Education Committee, JAINA.
785:. guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in,
674:Intangible Heritage Embodied
1300:english.gujaratsamachar.com
1180:Acharya, Jagacchandrasuri.
1414:
1201:. Springer. pp. 79–.
754:. Springer. pp. 55–.
705:Burman, J. J. Roy (2005).
677:. Springer. pp. 84–.
508:
445:Under guidance of Acharya
52:800 m (2,600 ft)
1398:14th-century Jain temples
1123:Acharya, Kalaprabhasuri.
622:Sacred mountains of India
255:in Indian subcontinent."
251:is one of the holiest of
100:
34:Kalika Mata Temple shrine
25:
1158:Muni, Ratnaprabhavijay.
130:, Gujarat, western India
418: protecting deity
271:The hill is a southern
965:Journal of Geosciences
612:
604:
596:
588:
563:Issues and Controversy
520:
511:Jain temples, Pavagadh
432:installed the idol of
268:
1061:"Ancient Jaina Hymns"
1037:Limca Book of Records
787:Government of Gujarat
746:Ruggles, D. Fairchild
610:
602:
594:
586:
518:
461:Jirawala Parshvanatha
266:
80:22.46672°N 73.50048°E
1351:X (formerly Twitter)
1090:"Jainism by Vividus"
1016:. The Economic Times
744:Silverman, Helaine;
542:cliff), is near the
519:Pavagadh Jain temple
367:Jirawala Parshvanath
247:fall into it." Thus
174:65 million years ago
1143:Sompura, Kantilal.
1059:Krause, Charlotte.
748:(14 October 2008).
499:World Heritage Site
335:History and legends
233:World Heritage Site
204:, Gujarat, western
202:Panchmahal district
128:Panchmahal district
76: /
613:
605:
597:
589:
573:Kalika Mata shrine
521:
269:
85:22.46672; 73.50048
42:Highest point
1258:. 18 August 2008.
761:978-0-387-76579-2
718:978-81-8324-052-9
684:978-1-4419-0071-5
281:Vishwamitri River
267:Path up the hill.
195:
194:
148:Vindhyachal Range
1405:
1378:Hills of Gujarat
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1361:
1359:
1357:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1276:on 1 August 2016
1272:. Archived from
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1105:"King Samprati"
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831:
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826:
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783:"Dhadhar River"
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523:The temples of
513:
507:
447:Kalyansagarsuri
417:
382:Aryarakshitsuri
371:Abhinandanswami
337:
324:
261:
185:
141:
135:
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84:
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67:
65:
63:
62:
37:
12:
11:
5:
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1409:
1401:
1400:
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1393:Aravalli Range
1390:
1385:
1380:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1338:
1312:
1287:
1261:
1247:
1229:B. Busa Goud.
1221:
1207:
1187:
1165:
1150:
1130:
1110:
1095:
1088:Shah, Ramnik.
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532:Suparshvanatha
509:Main article:
506:
503:
465:
464:
457:
450:
443:
440:
437:
424:. The founder
374:
359:
336:
333:
323:
322:Transportation
320:
273:Aravalli Range
260:
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60:
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31:
23:
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13:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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1301:
1297:
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1288:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
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1251:
1248:
1236:. UNESCO. Org
1232:
1225:
1222:
1210:
1208:9781441900715
1204:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1176:
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1078:
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1039:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1015:
1008:
1005:
992:
986:
983:
970:
966:
962:
955:
952:
940:on 1 May 2012
939:
935:
929:
927:
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910:
904:
901:
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854:
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579:
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557:Mahmud Begada
553:
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545:
541:
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536:Chandraprabhu
533:
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411:adhishthayika
408:
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372:
368:
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360:
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352:King Samprati
350:
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345:Jain heritage
342:
334:
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330:
321:
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277:Dhadhar River
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199:
198:Pavagadh Hill
190:
188:
186:Easiest route
182:
177:
173:
171:
170:Last eruption
167:
163:
161:
160:Mountain type
157:
152:
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138:
129:
121:Pavagadh Hill
109:
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61:
59:
55:
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398:Sallekhana
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71:73°30′02″E
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487:temples.
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540:Mataji's
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