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961:, British Columbia has more than eleven thousand sidewalk prisms in seven locations (as of 2006), including an underground gallery running around an entire block outside the Yarrow Building. More than 670 of the prisms are missing or filled with concrete. Sidewalk prisms have been heritage-registered since 1990. Originally, there were hundreds of thousands of prisms. The city has some panels in storage for restoration, but is having difficulty finding a glass supplier. There are city plans to light the galleries below at night, creating glowing purple sidewalks in the downtown core. While they are protected, there is no funding for the preservation of sidewalk prisms.
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953:, British Columbia has an unofficial policy of requiring any applicants for development permits to fill in areaways, although some have been paved over or made sufficiently load-bearing to support a fire engine. Some of the remaining areaways have restaurants built into them. A walking map of the sidewalk prisms has been produced. There are ~130 remaining areaways, the records of which are not digitised, and no measures exist to promote their preservation.
564:
871:, Oregon has an extensive tunnel network with vault lights. Historians have found a mural-painted grocery drop, a disco, a swimming pool, a firing range, opium dens, and bordellos in the tunnels. Guided tours are sometimes conducted in the tunnels. The Go Downtown Salem! Board welcomed the idea of regular underground tours. Many of the tunnels have been filled during sewer construction.
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528:
242:, which were used to let light through the decks of ships. The earliest pavement light (Rockwell, 1834) used a single large round glass lens set in an iron frame. The large lens was directly exposed to traffic, and if the lens broke, a large hole was left in the pavement, which was potentially unsafe for pedestrians.
1183:
150:, but the amount of space that was naturally lit, on the grounds that this was profitable. Occupiers valued daylight not only as a way of saving on artificial lighting costs, which were higher historically, but also as a way to let premises remain cooler in summer, and a way to save on ventilation costs, if using
1880:
1906:
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The areaway under a sidewalk light usually has a masonry wall separating it from the soil under the street, although it may extend partly under the street. Support for the vault light frames varies. Steel cross-beams supported by columns are common in older buildings; metal decks are common in newer
697:
The load-bearing strength of vault lights varies widely with span, construction, and state of repair. Some damaged vaults may not be able to support a fire engine, which a sidewalk vault in sound condition should be able to do. Many jurisdictions do not have regulations on the load-bearing capacity
822:
has large numbers of vault lights, mostly in the SoHo district. More than half of the subway stations originally had vault lights, but these had mostly been blocked off. Installing and restoring vault lights has become part of modern construction practices. The city government has no policies or
70:
to throw the light sideways under the building. They were developed in the 19th century, but declined in popularity with the advent of cheap electric lighting in the early 20th. Older cities and smaller centers around the world have, or once had, pavement lights. In the early 21st century, such
684:
While some cities have preservation measures for vault lights, others actively remove them and fill areaways. Sometimes the outside appearance of the lights is retained while filling the areaway and setting the lights in a concrete pad, removing their daylighting function. Some areaways are
469:
light was important. An installation would generally consist of multiple different prescriptions of prism, chosen either by an on-site expert contractor or by a layman using standard algorithms. This also would diffuse the light somewhat, as would the rough glass surfaces (the lenses are
641:
methods and prices vary widely. Historically, glass lenses were standardized by each manufacturer; some modern manufacturers produce standardized prisms. Some firms also supply replacement glass castings to order. Cost varies greatly; shapes needing complicated articulated
766:(Square of the Franciscans). The mall has unusual, decorative pavement lights let into its polychrome tile floor, to allow light from the glass dome skylights into the basement level. There also are vault lights in other locations, such as in the old post office building.
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of pavement lights, and manufacturers may develop their own loading standards, in compliance with local fire department regulations. The load-bearing capacity of pavement lights can be tested, and lights can be designed and built to specific load-bearing capacities.
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basements, and are able to serve as a sole source of illumination during the day. At night, lighting in the basements beneath produces a glowing sidewalk. Vault lights may be used to make subterranean space useful. They are more common in city centers,
660:
that will corrode metal, helps keep the supporting structure dry and in good repair. Keeping a sidewalk light watertight does not cost much in time or materials. Vaults generally last many decades, and many extant vaults are more than a century old.
673:
is stockpiling removed pavement light panels for future restoration projects. Often, individual broken sidewalk prisms are not replaced, but instead, the opening is filled with concrete or other opaque materials, such as metal, wood, and asphalt.
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1157:
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Some cast glass pendant prisms have flat portions to shed light directly below, as well as throwing it sideways under the main body of the building (see image). Some prisms were made with multiple pendant prisms, either as a
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glass is transparent, but older glass manufacture often used silica from sand, which contains iron and other impurities. Iron produces a greenish tint in the finished glass. To remove this effect, a "decolorizer" such as
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271:
pavers, which can be substantially larger. They have an upper protective layer that can be replaced if it becomes chipped or cracked. The top surface of the pavers may also be chosen and treated to improve traction.
222:. To light these spaces, sidewalks incorporated gratings, which were a trip hazard and let water and street dirt as well as light into the basement. Replacing the open gratings with glass was an obvious improvement.
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256:), and the frame included raised nubs around each lens to improve traction in wet weather and to protect them from damage and wear. Even if all the lenses were broken out, the panel would still be safe to walk on.
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Areaways are used in some cities as a convenient place to run utilities, which may make the cities reluctant to give areaways legal protection. In some cases, utility construction leads to areaways being filled.
774:, Illinois, has extremely extensive sidewalk vaults, but many of them do not have vault lights. There is no inventory of them. The city is filling in all vaults, as some are structurally unsound. See also the
924:
of 1889. Previously, the
Pioneer Square area had flooded tidally. Seattle replaced some of its sidewalk vault lights in Pioneer Square with new pre-purpled ones in 2002. Seattle runs tourist trips through
2380:
301:
Late concrete panels often were made with metal-framed "armored prisms", which were intended to prevent breakage and make replacing individual prisms easier. The glass is not cast into the concrete but
2217:, Kelly, T.D., and Matos, G.R., comps., Historical statistics for mineral and material commodities in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 140, U.S. Geological Survey, 1 April 2014,
1272:
36:
Sidewalk prisms from above, with lights shining up from inside the hollow sidewalk. The purple shade has developed over a century. These are multi prisms; the ridges can be seen running vertically (
839:, Oregon has prisms at several locations. It has no preservation project for its prisms, however, and fills those that break with concrete. There is some local opposition to the policy. See also
653:
materials are used for caulking in replacement glass. Broken and damaged frames can be patched, re-welded, or re-cast. Generally speaking, restoration requires only simple tools and technology.
427:
Ray diagram of the three dissimilar prisms sizes, designed to avoid blocking each other's light. Each prism can also send the light in a slightly different direction for more diffuse lighting.
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1780:
1238:
1814:
1425:
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was made of vault lights, to let light through the concourse floor onto the platforms. The undersides of the lights can still be seen, but the tops have been concreted over (see images).
438:": changing the shape of the glass by adding pendant prisms to the underside reflects the light sideways, allowing it to light the area under the main building. The pendant shapes were
2921:"Purple glass prisms inset in the sidewalk on 21st Street East in front of the Urban Oasis Tower are seen, Monday, April 13, 2015. Tunnels under the area are scheduled to be infilled"
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731:, Oregon, has a community program for restoring vault lights, funded by the Astoria Downtown Historic District Association. A volunteer plan to replace broken glass with squares of
547:
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1064:
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Lenses with multiple rows of pendant prisms. Above, identical prisms; below, three dissimilar prisms sizes, for light dispersion. These lenses are armoured with malleable plastic
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1119:
218:, or a hollow sidewalk. In some cities, these areaways were created by the raising of the street level to combat floods, and in some cases they form, an often now abandoned,
563:
165:
Pavement lights and related products were historically marketed as a way of saving on artificial lighting costs and making space more usable and pleasant. Modern studies of
1959:
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2657:
1166:
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2014:
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899:, Saskatchewan has had sidewalk prisms. They have been used in music videos, and a Facebook group fought to save them. They were scheduled to be infilled in 2015.
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Damp areaways may corrode the steel load-bearing elements supporting the pavement roof. Moisture may come from leakage from above or from groundwater from below.
2897:
1217:
2377:
2218:
1511:"Pocket Hand-book of Electro-glazed Luxfer Prisms containing useful information and tables relating to their use For Architects, Engineers and Builders."
945:, Ontario once had many vault lights, but the last known remaining example were in front of the shops at 2869 Dundas Street West (near Keele) until 2011.
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Replacement glass that has been tinted purple deliberately, in order to match the current colour, has been used in some historic restoration projects.
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1004:
194:). Vault lights also could be set into the basement floor, underneath other vault lights, creating a double-deck arrangement, which would light the
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incoming light sideways. The horizontal ridges protruding from the top of the prism let it be set into an opening in an iron or cement grating.
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Some modern pavement lights are quite different from historic ones, so restoration and replacement may use different techniques and parts.
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evaluates the lights as having little historic value, and as a safety hazard for pedestrians. Most of the lights have been removed. The
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1929:
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The glass in many old pavement lights is now either purple or straw-colored. This is a side-effect of the manufacturing process. Pure
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1734:, Ask The Engineer, original publisher: Habitat Magazine at habitatmag.com; now rehosted by Rand Engineering and Architecture, DPC
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1953:
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recently have come on the market, with acrylic micro-prisms that internally reflect light somewhat like glass pendant prisms.
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slabs began to replace iron frames in the 1890s in New York. Benefits claimed included less condensation (due to the lower
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2165:. The Engineering Writing Program at the University of Southern California Viterbi School of Engineering. 3 December 2017
2006:
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used over above-ground windows and doors. The light could be bent in two stages and used to daylight the whole basement.
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2889:
723:, The Netherlands, has vault lights, some of which have been documented by the Netherlands Department for Conservation.
508:, have been proposed to replace missing prism lights. Translucent decking panels made of fiberglass are often used for
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In the 1930s, London authorities ruled that glass sections could not be larger than 100 mm by 100 mm. Modern
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When a building is renovated, vault lights may be removed or concreted over. For instance, the floor of New York's
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83:
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364:, the manganese slowly "solarizes", turning purple, which is why many existing sidewalk prisms are now purple.
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to combat floods; some of these spaces are lit by vault lights. There are many stories told about these areas.
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and coalhole covers with lighting elements were also made. Some steps have vault lights set into the vertical
2622:
1854:
1664:
Commons:Repair and
Rehabilitation of Historic Sidewalk Vault Lights at 552-554 Broadway, New York City (2002)
637:
A few companies now manufacture and sell vault lights, either as glass-only, prefab panels, or installation.
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1634:
895:
2868:
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Translucent fiberglass pavement light built into a balcony, allowing sunlight into the area under the deck
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1047:
786:, South Dakota, funded a major restoration and maintenance project for vault lights in approximately 2000.
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has also been proposed as a floor material. This would essentially make it a vault light with very small (
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2397:
2158:
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888:
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Larger castings are more expensive, not only because they use more glass, but because they take longer
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corrected these faults with his "Hyatt light" of 1854. Many small lenses ("bull's-eyes") were set in a
66:, usually set into pavement (sidewalks) or floors to let sunlight into the space below. They often use
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to an angle ~parallel to the optical fibers (usually, perpendicular to the surface of the concrete).
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71:
lights are approximately a century old, although lights are being installed in some new construction.
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into the frame. Rather than chiselling out the old glass, the glass can be popped out of the frame.
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Despite their reusability and repairability, old panels often are landfilled. However, the city of
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increased demand for manganese in the US and cut off the supply of high-grade ore from
Germany, so
332:
The transparent elements may be referred to as prisms or lenses, depending on shape, or as jewels.
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74:
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Two-stage refraction system for basement lighting; prism wall below center, shop above left. Note
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920:, Washington raised its street level, by up to 22 feet in some places, in the aftermath of the
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458:("multi") or a sheet of dissimilar prisms that could distribute the light ("three-way" etc.).
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1926:
1636:
PRESERVATION Tech Notes: Repair and
Rehabilitation of Historic Sidewalk Vault Lights, PTN 47
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Vault lights also are used in floors under glass roofs, for example in
Budapest's historic
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291:) and a less slippery surface when wet. Concrete panels may be pre-cast or cast in-situ.
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sheet glass some centimeters (more than an inch) thick. It often is transparent.
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was used as a decolorizer instead. Selenium also solarizes, but to a straw color.
1054:
has a wrought-iron frame shaped to give the illusion of a bowl shape from above (
2285:
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View up from track level, 2015; the vault lights are present, but concreted over
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439:
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2189:
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Cross-section of a pavement light panel, showing alternating lenses and prisms
1055:
937:, Mexico has armoured unsolarized vault lights in the 1919 Casa de la Cultura.
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Concourse in 1963, roofed with glass-dome skylights, floored with vault lights
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A basement that extends below a sidewalk or pavement is called an areaway, a
949:
875:
831:, Pennsylvania has numerous vault lights, some of them locally manufactured.
719:
509:
317:
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63:
32:
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In some cases, a second vertical curtain of prisms was installed under the
409:
1140:
Purpled and patched vault lights outside the historic
Chamberlin Hotel in
879:, California has sixteen-sided pavement jewels of the "Searchlight" brand.
802:, New Zealand has well-preserved Luxfer and Hayward Brothers vault lights.
709:
2435:
847:
748:
743:
650:
303:
155:
2690:"Sidewalks Part Five: Purple Glass Prisms Hidden in plain site [
283:
Wrought iron, cast iron, and stainless steel frames have all been used.
941:
933:
916:
770:
685:"mothballed"; that is, filled with gravel that could later be removed.
118:
The outside, showing the same vault lights from above (dark rectangles)
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to allow light from the glass dome skylights into the basement level (
806:
790:
713:
Restored vault lights being re-installed on
Broadway in New York City
657:
569:
A basement daylit by sidewalk prisms (prisms out-of-shot to the left)
534:
357:("glassmakers' soap") was added during the manufacture of the glass.
349:
3069:
859:, California has "hollow sidewalks", which originated when the city
810:, England has many vault lights, many made by the Hayward Brothers.
599:
553:
The same system used to light a salesroom inside a hollow sidewalk;
512:
which would otherwise shade the windows below them. Peel-and-stick
421:
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146:
Historically, landlords took an interest in improving not only the
2838:"These overlooked SF artifacts could completely disappear one day"
902:
732:
708:
505:
339:
274:
229:
73:
2007:"The Willis Tower's 103rd Floor Glass Skydeck Cracked Last Night"
1846:
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344:
Solarized pendant prisms, showing a gradient in the solarization.
1781:"From opium dens to bordellos, historian unearths Salem's past"
1188:
Armoured vault lights installed in the sidewalk outside a store
365:
747:, Hungary, has vault lights in one of its tourist sites, the
739:
embedded with glass teardrops, was prevented by legislation.
3080:
Making cast-iron-frame pavement lights (including replicas)
3026:
Purple City – A Little
History of Vancouver's Vault Lights
2139:
1927–1928 Sweet's
Indexed Catalog of Building Construction
1343:"Prism glass, gallery[of installations worldwide]"
1482:
Walking Over
History: Victoria's Historic Sidewalk Prisms
1449:"Streetscapes/Subway Platforms; Letting the Sun Shine In"
1220:). Large pendant right-angle prisms as in previous image.
1144:. Grouting has been used to re-seal cracked glass jewels.
2378:
Object of the Moment: 3M Daylight Redirecting Film by 3M
1669:"Technical Preservation Services, National Park Service"
1156:
A pavement light set into the pavement outside a store (
3045:"Vault Lights at the NDSD in Devils Lake, North Dakota"
2650:"Diffused Down Below: Philadelphia's Lost Vault Lights"
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
434:
In 1871 London, Hayward Brothers patented their "semi-
2120:
1915 Sweet's Indexed Catalog of Building Construction
2082:
1906 Sweet's Indexed Catalog of Building Construction
2000:
1998:
1996:
1593:
1591:
1232:
Translucent fiberglass pavement light panel, close-up
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2860:
2858:
1424:, Institute for Public Service, Seattle University,
1317:, innovative small-paned lights in cast-iron frames
1113:
An area under a sidewalk, 1915, showing clear glass
234:
Rockwell vault light, with one large piece of glass
1866:
1864:
1807:"Vault project shines light on underground Aurora"
1726:Varone, Stephen; Varsalona, Peter (October 2004),
2324:
2322:
1800:
1798:
1642:, National Park Service (U.S.A.), November 2003,
656:Promptly repairing sidewalk cracks, and avoiding
1927:The Luxfer Prism Co., Ltd. of Canada, Catalogue.
1313:– made the money he spent fighting slavery with
1892:
1890:
990:in Budapest, with pavement lights let into its
907:Disused sidewalk prisms lighting the abandoned
2919:Greg Pender, The StarPhoenix (13 April 2015).
2489:
2487:
27:Flat-topped skylights designed to be walked on
2761:
2759:
2623:"Faded London: Lightwells and their variants"
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1125:Purple-solarized vault lights from ca. 1880,
190:
8:
3075:Photos of making concrete-frame vault lights
3002:"The Purple Lights Of Our Ancient Basements"
2625:. Faded-london.blogspot.ca. 1 January 2009.
2545:"Vault Lights in Amsterdam, the Netherlands"
2295:, Catalog 14-S, American 3-Way Prism Company
2194:, Corning Museum of Glass, 8 December 2011,
2184:
2182:
2180:
2159:"Translucent Concrete: An Emerging Material"
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
143:, high-rent areas where space is valuable.
128:Comfort Station in Seattle, Washington, 1917
2971:"Vault lights are more than sidewalk decor"
2890:"Group wants to save sidewalk prism lights"
2672:"cyclotram: like amethysts beneath my feet"
2267:Minutes of city meetings on sidewalk prisms
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
814:encourages a market in new pavement lights.
2767:"Historians explore tunnels beneath Salem"
2429:
2427:
2425:
2262:
2260:
2005:Campbell-Dollaghan, Kelsey (29 May 2014).
1955:Replacement of Traditional Pavement Lights
1509:Henry Crew; Olin H. Basquin, eds. (1898),
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1479:Ringuette, Janis; Ringuette, Norm (2007),
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
679:mostly-demolished old Pennsylvania Station
185:mostly-demolished old Pennsylvania Station
2038:"Anti-slip Glass | Walker Textures™"
1662:: colour versions of images available on
39:
2789:"Salem's underground history on display"
2742:"Historians Explore Salem's Underground"
2712:"Vault Lights in Pretoria, South Africa"
1564:
1562:
1418:Seattle Prism Light Reconnaissance Study
1410:
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1400:
1398:
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1390:
1388:
1386:
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851:, South Africa has Hayward vault lights.
31:
2815:"Vault Lights in San Diego, California"
1952:Hargreaves Foundry (19 November 2014),
1783:. Statesmanjournal.com. 30 January 2015
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461:The precise angles at which the prisms
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2733:
2597:"Vault Lights in Dunedin, New Zealand"
2458:"Vault Lights in Stockton, California"
1857:from the original on 29 September 2017
1547:from the original on 29 September 2017
316:) lighting elements. It also innately
2867:Hagemoen, Christine (13 April 2016),
2551:from the original on 15 November 2016
2524:"Loading – Cast Iron Pavement Lights"
2410:from the original on 16 November 2017
2359:from the original on 13 November 2017
2315:from the original on 12 November 2017
2276:in Seattle, USA, and Victoria, Canada
2224:from the original on 24 February 2017
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1576:from the original on 12 November 2016
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1442:
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1438:
1323:(vault lights are used to light some)
7:
3000:Morrison, Andrew (19 October 2015),
2981:from the original on 23 October 2017
2927:from the original on 22 October 2017
2900:from the original on 22 October 2017
2660:from the original on 23 October 2017
2629:from the original on 23 October 2017
2446:from the original on 10 October 2017
2329:Stratton, Edward (7 December 2015),
2286:Vault Lighting and How It Is Secured
2044:from the original on 22 October 2017
1817:from the original on 28 October 2017
1762:from the original on 8 February 2014
1070:In a glass-covered courtyard in the
630:Manufacture, maintenance, and repair
3033:from the original on 4 October 2017
3012:from the original on 4 October 2017
2969:Matthew Blackett (5 January 2010).
2877:from the original on 4 October 2017
2341:from the original on 9 October 2017
2198:from the original on 8 October 2017
1962:from the original on 7 October 2017
1696:"Vault Lights in Chicago, Illinois"
1600:"Vault Lights in Penn Station, NYC"
1570:"Vault Lights in Budapest, Hungary"
294:
169:provide evidence for those claims.
3070:Photos of replacing glass elements
2577:from the original on 11 March 2017
2512:from the original on 10 April 2016
2387:, by Selin Ashaboglu, 2 March 2017
1975:"Precast concrete pavement lights"
1973:Brassington, Kevan (1 June 2013).
1675:from the original on 25 April 2011
1521:from the original on 10 March 2016
1459:from the original on 30 April 2014
1431:from the original on 27 March 2016
1353:from the original on 21 March 2009
25:
2948:"Vault Lights in Tijuana, Mexico"
2888:David Hutton (30 November 2011).
2769:. OregonLive.com. 20 October 2010
2718:from the original on 1 April 2016
2603:from the original on 1 April 2016
2571:"Vault Lights in Dublin, Ireland"
2353:"GLOBALGRID™ Translucent Decking"
1805:Lord, Steve (29 September 2017),
1537:Daylight Redirecting Window Films
1447:Gray, Christopher (19 May 2002),
812:Historic preservation legislation
3029:, Artists Walking Home Project,
2494:Murdy, Justine (February 1999),
2403:. Sweet's Construction Catalog.
2063:Glazed Walk-on Floorlight Access
2017:from the original on 3 June 2014
1610:from the original on 12 May 2016
1415:Marie Wong; et al. (2011),
1264:
1252:
1237:
1225:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1165:
1149:
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1106:
1094:
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1032:Liège-Guillemins railway station
1019:
1003:
972:
794:, Ireland has many vault lights.
615:
598:
562:
546:
526:
420:
408:
393:
134:Sidewalk prisms are a method of
111:
99:
1904:", issued 19 September 1854
1657:from the original on 6 May 2017
1489:from the original on 9 May 2008
1085:Translucent fiberglass deck of
504:), as well as plastics such as
493:Non-glass translucent materials
238:Sidewalk prisms developed from
191:§ Current state and trends
2648:Robinson, Sam (19 June 2013),
1750:Garvin, Cosmo (17 July 2003),
578:. These were analogous to the
167:similar daylighting technology
106:A bathroom lit by vault lights
1:
2836:Jones, Shayne (1 June 2023).
2503:Heritage Vancouver Newsletter
1072:Museo ArqueolĂłgico de Linares
606:The 1910 Pennsylvania Station
2870:Sidewalk prisms of Vancouver
1900:, Hyatt, Thaddeus, "
1728:"Replacing a Sidewalk Vault"
1535:Padiyath, Raghunath (2013).
1014:in Toronto, Canada, at night
2505:, vol. 8, no. 2,
823:records about vault lights.
440:right-angle ("half") prisms
292:
188:
40:§ Transparent elements
37:
3131:
2698:Historic Preservation Club
2243:"Purple Insulator Gallery"
1878:", issued 8 March 1834
382:
293:(For process details, see
279:Armoured glass in concrete
86:through vault lights, 1880
2291:14 September 2016 at the
2125:14 September 2016 at the
2087:14 September 2016 at the
1932:14 September 2016 at the
1874:, Rockwell, E., "
1275:, glass above and below (
1172:A pavement light outside
1087:a bridge in Lleida, Spain
456:sheet of identical prisms
401:Total internal reflection
1698:. glassian. 2 April 2003
590:Current state and trends
68:anidolic lighting prisms
62:are flat-topped walk-on
2654:Hiddencity Philadelphia
2436:"Current Manufacturers"
861:raised its street level
3100:Energy-saving lighting
2496:"The Dirt on Areaways"
2272:4 October 2017 at the
2106:7 October 2017 at the
1981:. RIBA Enterprises Ltd
1052:Michigan State Capitol
911:
714:
665:Reuse and preservation
345:
280:
235:
87:
44:
2894:Saskatoon StarPhoenix
2383:20 March 2017 at the
2308:Annealing Thick Slabs
1876:Rockwell, Vault cover
1756:Sacramento Newsreview
1543:(Report). EW-201014.
992:polychrome tile floor
906:
889:City Lights Bookstore
712:
705:Current installations
693:Load-bearing strength
343:
295:§ External links
278:
233:
77:
35:
2398:"SerraGlaze Q&A"
2305:Bullseye Glass Co.,
2211:Manganese statistics
2144:1 April 2016 at the
1030:floor by day at the
841:Portland Underground
646:are more expensive.
500:composites (such as
474:, not transparent).
328:Transparent elements
310:Translucent concrete
289:thermal conductivity
2355:. Frpresource.com.
2040:. Walkerglass.com.
1811:The Chicago Tribune
1246:Portuguese pavement
1212:Pavement lights in
909:Seattle Underground
318:redirects the light
285:Reinforced concrete
160:incandescent lights
3105:Glass architecture
3095:Solar architecture
2700:. 22 January 2012.
2335:The Daily Astorian
2331:"Let the light in"
2110:, Luxcrete Limited
2068:2017-10-09 at the
1902:Hyatt, Vault cover
1176:in London, England
922:Great Seattle Fire
912:
776:raising of Chicago
715:
403:in a pendant prism
346:
322:angle of incidence
281:
236:
88:
45:
3023:Knopp, Samantha,
2793:Statesman Journal
2036:WalkerGlass.com.
1291:Anidolic lighting
1046:The floor of the
891:has vault lights.
362:ultraviolet light
355:manganese dioxide
16:(Redirected from
3122:
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2975:Spacing Magazine
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2678:. November 2006.
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1752:"The past below"
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1321:Underground city
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1214:Geneva, New York
1209:
1197:
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1174:Burlington House
1169:
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1142:Portland, Oregon
1137:
1127:Etna, California
1122:
1110:
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1089:, lit from below
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1012:Brookfield Place
1007:
989:
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671:Victoria, Canada
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370:selenium dioxide
360:When exposed to
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216:vaulted sidewalk
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148:floor area ratio
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3006:Scout Vancouver
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2385:Wayback Machine
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2191:Solarized glass
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2146:Wayback Machine
2137:
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2108:Wayback Machine
2101:Pavement Lights
2099:
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2089:Wayback Machine
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2070:Wayback Machine
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2018:
2013:. Gizmodo.com.
2004:
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1934:Wayback Machine
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1541:serdp-estcp.org
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927:its underground
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557:is on the right
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498:Synthetic resin
495:
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269:toughened glass
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183:and New York's
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126:Westlake Square
121:
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60:sidewalk prisms
48:Pavement lights
28:
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18:Pavement lights
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3064:External links
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2740:Chris Lehman.
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385:Prism lighting
383:Main article:
380:
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252:frame, (later
246:Thaddeus Hyatt
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220:tunnel network
211:
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200:Manhole covers
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753:Párizsi udvar
750:
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174:Párizsi udvar
170:
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149:
144:
142:
137:
127:
114:
102:
90:
85:
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3039:
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2914:
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2841:
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2783:
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2746:. Retrieved
2720:. Retrieved
2714:. glassian.
2706:
2697:
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2643:
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2617:
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2573:. glassian.
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2547:. glassian.
2539:
2527:. Retrieved
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2462:. Retrieved
2452:
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2434:Macky, Ian,
2412:. Retrieved
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2361:. Retrieved
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2237:
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2031:
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2010:
1983:. Retrieved
1978:
1968:
1954:
1850:
1845:Macky, Ian,
1810:
1785:. Retrieved
1755:
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1700:. Retrieved
1690:
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1659:
1635:
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1598:Macky, Ian,
1578:. Retrieved
1572:. glassian.
1549:. Retrieved
1540:
1514:
1481:
1452:
1417:
1346:
1341:Macky, Ian,
1336:
1315:Hyatt lights
1314:
1259:On a terrace
956:
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915:
894:
882:
874:
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854:
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828:Philadelphia
826:
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639:Construction
636:
633:
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539:masonry wall
496:
483:glass floors
476:
460:
452:Fresnel-lens
448:
433:
374:
359:
347:
331:
308:
300:
282:
263:are made of
261:glass floors
258:
250:wrought-iron
244:
237:
213:
204:stair risers
171:
164:
154:rather than
152:gas lighting
145:
133:
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56:floor lights
55:
52:vault lights
51:
47:
46:
29:
2946:Ian Macky.
2813:Ian Macky.
2722:12 November
2633:12 November
2607:12 November
2581:12 November
2555:12 November
2414:16 November
2363:12 November
2148:, page A387
2048:12 November
1580:12 November
1296:Daylighting
984: [
756: [
514:prism films
472:translucent
379:Glass shape
336:Glass color
240:deck prisms
196:subbasement
177: [
136:daylighting
82:, which is
3089:Categories
3051:3 December
3047:. glassian
2985:22 October
2954:3 December
2950:. glassian
2931:21 October
2904:21 October
2821:3 December
2817:. glassian
2798:16 October
2773:3 December
2748:3 December
2529:5 December
2464:3 December
2460:. glassian
2249:27 January
2245:. glassian
2169:3 December
2129:, page 174
2091:, page 267
2072:, Surespan
1985:7 December
1787:3 December
1702:3 December
1328:References
1301:Deck prism
1056:from below
1034:in Belgium
856:Sacramento
555:prism wall
502:fiberglass
314:fiberoptic
3115:Sidewalks
2676:cyclotram
2228:9 October
1898:US 11,695
1872:US X8,058
1679:8 October
1648:0741-9023
1551:9 October
1273:a library
950:Vancouver
896:Saskatoon
876:San Diego
720:Amsterdam
520:Structure
510:balconies
481:. Modern
467:reflected
463:refracted
320:from the
297:, below.)
265:laminated
254:cast iron
158:or early
156:arc lamps
64:skylights
3031:archived
3010:archived
2979:Archived
2925:Archived
2898:Archived
2875:archived
2716:Archived
2658:archived
2627:Archived
2601:Archived
2575:Archived
2549:Archived
2507:archived
2444:archived
2440:Glassian
2405:Archived
2381:Archived
2357:Archived
2339:archived
2313:archived
2289:Archived
2270:Archived
2219:archived
2196:archived
2142:Archived
2123:Archived
2104:Archived
2085:Archived
2066:Archived
2042:Archived
2015:Archived
1960:archived
1930:Archived
1855:archived
1851:Glassian
1815:archived
1760:archived
1673:Archived
1652:archived
1608:archived
1604:Glassian
1574:Archived
1545:Archived
1519:archived
1515:Glassian
1487:archived
1457:archived
1426:archived
1351:archived
1347:Glassian
1285:See also
1277:close-up
1158:close-up
958:Victoria
848:Pretoria
836:Portland
783:Deadwood
762:mall on
751:-period
749:Art Deco
744:Budapest
658:de-icers
651:caulking
487:laminate
442:, which
2163:Illumin
2011:Gizmodo
1050:of the
1048:rotunda
1028:similar
996:details
966:Gallery
942:Toronto
934:Tijuana
917:Seattle
799:Dunedin
771:Chicago
728:Astoria
649:Modern
479:to cool
304:caulked
210:History
2847:9 June
2842:SFGATE
2694:]"
2481:, 2015
2021:4 June
1908:
1882:
1646:
807:London
791:Dublin
644:moulds
586:ones.
535:I-beam
454:-like
350:silica
226:Frames
84:daylit
54:(US),
50:(UK),
2744:. OPB
2510:(PDF)
2499:(PDF)
2479:Photo
2408:(PDF)
2401:(PDF)
2222:(PDF)
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868:Salem
760:]
737:resin
733:Lexan
506:Lexan
436:prism
181:]
141:dense
58:, or
3053:2017
2987:2017
2956:2017
2933:2017
2906:2017
2849:2023
2823:2017
2800:2018
2775:2017
2750:2017
2724:2017
2635:2017
2609:2017
2583:2017
2557:2017
2531:2019
2466:2017
2416:2017
2365:2017
2251:2018
2230:2017
2171:2017
2050:2017
2023:2014
1987:2019
1789:2017
1704:2017
1681:2017
1660:NOTE
1644:ISSN
1582:2017
1553:2017
1010:The
979:The
537:and
485:use
267:and
189:see
124:The
91:Uses
38:see
2692:sic
1979:NBS
1271:In
1244:In
465:or
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