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494:, while Mme. Anna Pavlova lends her name to a popular variety of American ice-cream." This article may suggest that pavlova has American origins. However, it's unclear how these words should be interpreted and whether that article is relevant. Firstly, the authors of that article offer no evidence for their claims or any depth of discussion of their claims. Secondly, given that pavlova is not an ice-cream, it is highly unclear as to whether the words "American ice-cream" is referring to the modern pavlova dessert or something else entirely.
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427:, Western Australia, in 1935. In defence of his claim as inventor of the dish, a relative of Sachse's wrote to Leach suggesting that Sachse may have accidentally dated the recipe incorrectly. Leach replied they would not find evidence for that "because it's just not showing up in the cookbooks until really the 1940s in Australia." However, a recipe for "pavlova cake" was published in
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Michael Symons, an
Australian then researching in New Zealand, has declared that pavlova has no singular birthplace. Rather, published recipes reveal the complex process of "social invention" with practical experience circulating, under a variety of names, across both countries. For example,
571:-like centre, in contrast to meringue which is usually solid throughout. It has been suggested the addition of cornflour is responsible for the marshmallow centre, although it has been debated that the cornflour is just another egg white stabiliser in addition to the acid.
443:
Other researchers have said that the origins of pavlova lie outside both
Australia and New Zealand. Research conducted by New Zealander Andrew Paul Wood and Australian Annabelle Utrecht found that the origins of the modern pavlova can be traced back to the Austro-Hungarian
355:
The dessert is an important part of the national cuisine of both
Australia and New Zealand. With its simple recipe, it is frequently served during celebratory and holiday meals. It is most identified with and consumed most frequently in the summer time, including at
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The dessert is believed to have been created in honour of the dancer either during or after one of her tours to
Australia and New Zealand in the 1920s. The nationality of its creator has been a source of argument between the two nations for many years.
589:
Leftover decorated pavlova can be refrigerated overnight, but the dessert will absorb moisture and lose its crispness. Undecorated pavlova can be left overnight in the oven, or for several days in an airtight container, to be decorated when ready.
511:, said that it was unlikely that a definitive answer about the dessert's origins would ever be found. "People have been doing meringue with cream for a long time, I don't think Australia or New Zealand were the first to think of doing that."
471:. The first she found was a multlayered and layered jelly in 1926. In 1928 from Dunedin, a walnut and coffee-flavoured meringue recipe was created and became popular throughout New Zealand. In 1929 a third recipe was published in the
612:
586:. Factory-made pavlovas can be purchased at supermarkets and decorated as desired. A commercial product is available that includes pre-mixed ingredients for baking the meringue shell, requiring only the addition of water and sugar.
593:
New
Zealand pavlova is more likely to have kiwifruit. In Australia, pavlova often has passionfruit and sometimes pineapples. In Britain it is more likely to have strawberries. Older versions of pavlova would have walnuts.
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contains a "pavlova sweet cake" recipe. A 1935 advertisement for a chromium ring used to prevent the dessert collapsing also indicates that the term "pavlova cake" had some currency in
Auckland at that time.
651:, New Zealand's national museum in Wellington, celebrated its first birthday in February 1999 with the creation of purportedly the world's largest pavlova, dubbed Pavzilla, which was cut by Prime Minister
498:
Australians beat New
Zealanders to create an accepted pavlova recipe as the 'Meringue Cake'. The illusion of some singular invention can be explained by distinguishing a second, associated level of "
659:, New Zealand, in March 2005. Their creation, Pavkong, stretched 64 metres long in comparison to Te Papa's 45-metre-long pavlova. In August 2010, chef Aaron Campbell displayed a 50-square-metre
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by Emily Futter, contained a recipe for "Meringue with Fruit
Filling". This was the first known recipe for a food entirely resembling the modern pavlova, though not yet known by that name.
502:", in which cooks, eaters and writers attach a name and myths to produce a widely-held concept that appears so deceptively distinct that it must have had a definite moment of creation.
524:, published by the Davis Gelatine Company in New Zealand. This was a multi-coloured jelly dish. Confusingly, the dictionary ambiguously listed the origin as "Austral. and N.Z".
467:
was unable to verify that this was true. She found at least 21 pavlova recipes in New
Zealand cookbooks by 1940, the year the Australian recipes appeared. She wrote the book
640:
Pavlova is popular on
Christmas Day as a dessert usually served after being refrigerated due to Christmas being celebrated during the summer in the southern hemisphere.
213:. Taking the form of a cake-like circular block of baked meringue, pavlova has a crisp crust and soft, light inside. The confection is usually topped with fruit and
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A pavlova garnished with whipped cream, passionfruit and lemon sauce, mint leaves, kiwifruit, strawberries, blueberries, raspberries and a boysenberry.
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564:(120–150 °C; 250–300 °F; gas mark 1/2, 1, or 2) for 45–60 minutes, then left in the oven to cool and dry out, usually overnight.
448:. It was later brought to the United States where German-speaking immigrants introduced meringue, whipped cream, and fruit desserts called
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and shaped to form a round cake around 20 cm (8 in) in diameter with a slightly recessed centre. The meringue is baked in a
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410:, states that the first recipe from New Zealand was a recipe for "pavlova cake" in 1929. A recipe for pavlova cake was published in
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382:. Annabelle Utrecht, who wrote a book about the possible origins of pavlova, believes that this is a reprint from England.
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Leach, Helen (Spring 2010). "The Pavlova Wars: How a Creationist Model of Recipe Origins Led to an International Dispute".
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1257:. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 17 November 1928. p. 5 Supplement: The Argus. Saturday Camera Supplement
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Another story is that an unnamed New Zealand chef created Pavlova in 1926 in a Wellington hotel. Food anthropologist
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456:. American corn starch packages which included recipes for meringue were exported to New Zealand in the 1890s.
1611:"Settling the debate over whether Australia or New Zealand invented the pavlova. Here's what you need to know"
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Dictionary.com, "pavlova", in Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Source location: Random House, Inc.
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1126:. Australia: National Library of Australia. 10 July 1937. p. 39 Supplement: 16 Pages of Cookery
400:. However, it was a multi-layered jelly, and not the meringue, cream and fruit dessert known today.
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Pavlova is traditionally decorated with a topping of whipped cream and fresh soft fruit such as
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from 17 November 1928 claims an "American ice-cream" was named after Anna Pavlova: "Dame
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1106:. The Advocate, republished by Trove, National Library of Australia. 14 September 1935.
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679:. In May 2018 a Norwegian chef and 35 assistants produced an 85-square-metre pavlova.
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Food on the Move: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, 1996
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Another recipe for a dish bearing the name pavlova published in 1926 by the
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1084:. Vol. 69, no. 4. Western Australia. 14 February 1974. p. 4
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66:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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An Australian Christmas dessert pavlova garnished with strawberries
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It has also been claimed that Bert Sachse created the dish at the
1051:. The Evening Star via Papers Past. 10 November 1934. p. 24.
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noted that the first recorded recipe of pavlova was from 1927 in
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Pavlova has a crisp and crunchy outer shell, and a soft, moist
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490:, of course, has found fame apart from her art in the famous
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The Pavlova Story: A Slice of New Zealand's Culinary History
918:. The New Zealand Herald via Papers Past. 11 November 1911.
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in the early 20th century, it was named after the Russian
1220:"Pavlova created in New Zealand not Australia, OED rules"
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One continuous picnic: a history of eating in Australia.
305:, and occasionally closer to the name of the dancer, as
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1582:"The Pavlova Cake: The Evolution of a National Dish"
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A recipe for "Strawberries Pavlova" appeared in the
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1164:"Pavlova research reveals dessert's shock origins"
840:(2005). Melbourne, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd.
618:A store-bought New Zealand pavlova decorated with
406:, in her role as a culinary anthropologist at the
675:, to raise money for the official charity of the
1152:. via Papers Past. 5 September 1935. p. 21.
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1192:"The surprising truth about pavlova's origins"
871:http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pavlova
772:"The Surprising Truth About Pavlova's Origins"
556:essence. The meringue mixture is placed on to
532:Pavlova is made in a similar way to meringue.
1678:
1518:"Charitable Kiwi chef whips up giant pavlova"
1049:"The Right Recipe. Some request cake recipes"
8:
1548:"Norwegians smash Kiwi pavlova world record"
1024:"Dictionary sides with NZ in pavlova debate"
741:Boylen, Jeremy (reporter) (20 August 2004).
374:on 11 November 1911, but this was a kind of
96:
1590:. Devon, England: Prospect Books. pp.
1385:"How to Make Perfect Pavlova and Meringues"
1685:
1671:
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1437:"Refidgerated Chocolate Raspberry Pavlova"
1092:– via National Library of Australia.
860:Auckland: Heinemann Educational Books (NZ)
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82:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1490:"Students make world's biggest Pavlova"
894:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
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505:Matthew Evans, a restaurant critic for
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1463:"Sotheran's lasting national legacy"
1409:. InMamasKitchen.com. Archived from
837:Macquarie Dictionary, Fourth Edition
1621:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1061:See, for example, M. Symons (1982)
606:A homemade pavlova prior to baking.
492:sweet composed of peaches and cream
1461:Armstrong, Dave (8 January 2018).
217:. The name is commonly pronounced
25:
1609:Rawling, Caitlin (23 June 2024).
1299:"Antipodean palaver over pavlova"
1076:"The Man Who Created The Pavlova"
932:Symons, Michael (15 April 2010).
916:"The Home. The Strawberry Season"
858:Heinemann New Zealand dictionary.
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548:juice (or another edible acid),
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1022:Park, Nicky (3 December 2010).
875:http://dictionary.reference.com
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1118:"These are... OUT of the BOX!"
1:
1653:Simply Recipes Pavlova Recipe
1279:. Academia.edu. 15 April 2010
1123:The Australian Women's Weekly
436:The Australian Women's Weekly
433:in 1935, and a 1937 issue of
1648:Joy of Baking Pavlova Recipe
1325:"Traditional Pavlova Recipe"
1166:. Good Food. 10 October 2015
2213:Kürtőskalács (Chimney cake)
1584:. In Walker, Harlan (ed.).
1407:"Contains Pavlova Toppings"
528:Preparation and consumption
62:the claims made and adding
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877:. Accessed: 26 April 2009.
856:Orsman, H.W. (ed.) (1979)
663:-themed pavlova, with the
480:An article in Melbourne's
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950:10.1080/10350330903566004
724:List of strawberry dishes
517:Oxford English Dictionary
508:The Sydney Morning Herald
156:
103:
1875:Flourless chocolate cake
1779:Smoked salmon cheesecake
992:10.1525/gfc.2010.10.2.24
714:Christmas in New Zealand
198:. Originating in either
644:World's largest pavlova
387:Australian Home Cookery
2597:Portuguese sweet bread
2288:Coffee and walnut cake
1643:Cowells Pavlova Recipe
1552:The New Zealand Herald
1495:The New Zealand Herald
813:Otago University Press
710:Christmas in Australia
669:ChristChurch Cathedral
667:in the centre, in the
637:
261:or (in North America)
27:Meringue-based dessert
2040:Torta alla Monferrina
1910:Molten chocolate cake
1890:German chocolate cake
1065:Adelaide: Duck Press.
1028:Sydney Morning Herald
807:Leach, Helen (2008).
635:
416:on 10 November 1934.
3025:New Zealand desserts
2767:Better than sex cake
2572:Date and walnut loaf
2030:Queen Elizabeth cake
1359:edmondscooking.co.nz
1335:on 24 September 2017
1146:"Milne & Choyce"
746:George Negus Tonight
474:Dairy Famer's Annual
3000:Australian desserts
2496:Spanische Windtorte
2333:Lady Baltimore cake
1860:Black Forest gateau
1764:Japanese cheesecake
1526:Tourism New Zealand
1104:"An Elaborate Cake"
522:Davis Dainty Dishes
500:social construction
465:University of Otago
446:Spanische windtorte
408:University of Otago
100:
2383:Paper wrapped cake
2150:Prinzregententorte
1435:(3 October 2014).
1413:on 5 December 2010
1387:. Foodlovers.co.nz
1365:on 9 November 2021
1081:The Beverley Times
815:. pp. 11–31.
638:
540:before folding in
452:("foam cake") and
371:New Zealand Herald
177:Media: Pavlova
47:possibly contains
3015:Meringue desserts
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2986:
2511:Zuger Kirschtorte
2456:Brazo de Mercedes
2303:Frankfurter Kranz
2165:Smith Island cake
2088:Devil's food cake
1995:Jewish apple cake
1870:Chocolate brownie
1736:Gooey butter cake
1468:The Dominion Post
1329:foodtolove.com.au
1226:. 2 December 2010
1190:Saurine, Angela.
889:"Pavlova rivalry"
822:978-1-877372-57-5
770:Saurine, Angela.
705:Brazo de Mercedes
469:The Pavlova Story
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166:Cookbook: Pavlova
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16:(Redirected from
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2423:Upside-down cake
2418:Tres leches cake
2328:Hummingbird cake
2268:Buko pandan cake
2263:Boston cream pie
2123:Maria Luisa cake
2068:Buckwheat gateau
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1570:Further reading
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1528:. 6 August 2010
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1498:. 21 March 2005
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1249:"IN THE PAPERS"
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1704:List of cakes
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1601:0-907325-79-3
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1554:. 16 May 2018
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873:. Available:
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45:This article
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33:
30:
19:
2741:Wedding cake
2711:Pop out cake
2671:
2657:Groom's cake
2577:Easter bread
2562:Chorley cake
2527:Banbury cake
2461:Chiffon cake
2348:Madeira cake
2308:French Fancy
2160:Sarawak cake
2155:Rainbow cake
2093:Doberge cake
2083:Coconut cake
1805:Castagnaccio
1726:Banana bread
1713:Butter cakes
1702:
1624:. Retrieved
1614:
1586:
1556:. Retrieved
1551:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1521:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1493:
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1466:
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1440:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:the original
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1363:the original
1358:
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1333:the original
1328:
1319:
1307:. Retrieved
1302:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1252:
1228:. Retrieved
1199:. Retrieved
1195:
1168:. Retrieved
1158:
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1128:. Retrieved
1121:
1112:
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1088:18 September
1086:. Retrieved
1079:
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1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1027:
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980:Gastronomica
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961:. Retrieved
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898:. Retrieved
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779:. Retrieved
745:
737:
673:Christchurch
647:
639:
592:
588:
584:strawberries
580:passionfruit
573:
566:
558:baking paper
538:caster sugar
531:
521:
515:
514:In 2010 the
513:
506:
504:
496:
488:Nellie Melba
481:
479:
472:
468:
458:
454:baiser torte
453:
450:schaum torte
449:
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430:The Advocate
428:
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384:
369:
367:
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211:Anna Pavlova
187:
186:
151:caster sugar
93:
78:
72:October 2023
69:
46:
29:
2874:Ontbijtkoek
2864:Marble cake
2859:Mané pelado
2854:Louise cake
2807:Gingerbread
2797:Coffee cake
2792:Carrot cake
2716:Simnel cake
2537:Bienenstich
2532:Berlingozzo
2520:Yeast cakes
2378:Pandan cake
2098:Dobos torte
2050:Layer cakes
2035:Raisin cake
2010:Mango float
1980:Dundee cake
1965:Cherry cake
1943:Banana cake
1915:Sachertorte
1900:Joffre cake
1885:Garash cake
1751:Cheesecakes
1532:16 November
1417:16 November
1196:www.bbc.com
1033:26 November
963:25 November
697:Food portal
657:Hawke's Bay
569:marshmallow
461:Helen Leach
404:Helen Leach
396:company in
204:New Zealand
137:New Zealand
126:Associated
2994:Categories
2949:Welsh cake
2924:Sugee cake
2914:Ruske kape
2899:Petit four
2849:Lolly cake
2824:Heavy cake
2782:Cake balls
2777:Bulla cake
2726:Stack cake
2681:Kransekake
2635:Buccellato
2491:Sans rival
2481:Mango cake
2438:Foam cakes
2413:Swiss roll
2408:Spice cake
2373:Opera cake
2338:Ladyfinger
2298:Fanta cake
2293:Donauwelle
2273:Bundt cake
2223:Spettekaka
2208:Baumkuchen
2200:Spit cakes
2190:Vínarterta
2118:Liver cake
2063:Bolo fiado
2058:Angel cake
2005:Mango cake
1990:Genoa cake
1948:Bánh chuối
1938:Apple cake
1930:Fruitcakes
1880:Fudge cake
1855:Batik cake
1815:Falculelle
1741:Pound cake
1230:30 October
1201:30 October
944:(2): 202.
776:BBC Travel
730:References
677:All Blacks
628:In culture
534:Egg whites
147:Egg whites
56:improve it
2909:Rice cake
2762:Beer cake
2721:Soul cake
2691:Love cake
2667:King cake
2623:occasions
2587:Gugelhupf
2552:Campanile
2547:Cacavellu
2506:Yema cake
2471:Kyiv cake
2466:Dacquoise
2403:Shortcake
2358:Mantecada
2353:Madeleine
2343:Lamington
2313:Frog cake
2283:Charlotte
2108:Flan cake
2025:Plum cake
2020:Panpepato
1955:Black bun
1905:Kladdkaka
1840:Chocolate
1820:Financier
1793:Nut cakes
1355:"Pavlova"
1283:8 October
1261:8 October
1254:The Argus
1170:8 October
1130:6 January
986:(2): 26.
958:144496353
719:Eton mess
620:wine gums
576:kiwifruit
562:slow oven
550:cornflour
483:The Argus
376:ice block
358:Christmas
208:ballerina
200:Australia
133:Australia
60:verifying
2979:Category
2939:Tiramisu
2894:Parrozzo
2869:Nonnette
2787:Cake pop
2772:Bizcocho
2757:Basbousa
2701:Mooncake
2607:Rum baba
2592:Inuliata
2557:Canestru
2542:Breudher
2501:Ube cake
2443:meringue
2398:Rum cake
2278:Castella
2228:Trdelník
2170:Spekkoek
2138:Tompouce
2015:Panforte
2000:Kornigou
1985:Fig cake
1960:Bolo-rei
1850:Amandine
1616:ABC News
1580:(1997).
1369:23 March
1303:BBC News
1224:BBC News
781:18 March
750:Archived
683:See also
192:meringue
2934:Teacake
2919:Soufflé
2884:Pancake
2802:Cupcake
2736:Strenna
2731:Stollen
2621:Special
2602:Pandoro
2567:Cozonac
2486:Pavlova
2388:Pionono
2318:Génoise
2253:Bánh bò
2218:Šakotis
2133:Šampita
2073:Cassata
1769:Ostkaka
1759:Fiadone
1592:219–223
1391:11 July
1309:17 July
743:Pavlova
649:Te Papa
554:vanilla
542:vinegar
463:of the
196:dessert
194:-based
188:Pavlova
128:cuisine
120:Dessert
98:Pavlova
54:Please
2889:Parkin
2686:Lekach
2248:Bahulu
2238:Sponge
1825:Neccio
1626:6 July
1598:
1558:3 July
1339:18 May
956:
844:
819:
582:, and
552:, and
398:Sydney
380:sorbet
364:Origin
360:time.
345:-lə-və
170:
116:Course
3005:Cakes
2812:house
2750:Other
2706:Pască
2476:Mamón
2240:cakes
2185:Torte
1842:cakes
1721:Babka
1694:Cakes
1502:7 May
1474:7 May
1446:7 May
954:S2CID
900:7 May
661:rugby
546:lemon
425:Perth
298:pahv-
190:is a
2844:Kuih
2441:and
1628:2024
1596:ISBN
1560:2021
1534:2010
1504:2020
1476:2020
1448:2020
1419:2010
1393:2014
1371:2021
1341:2016
1311:2009
1285:2019
1263:2019
1232:2023
1203:2023
1172:2019
1132:2011
1090:2021
1035:2019
965:2019
902:2020
842:ISBN
817:ISBN
783:2024
712:and
343:PAHV
254:pav-
2839:Kue
2817:man
988:doi
946:doi
671:in
544:or
423:in
378:or
302:-və
300:LOH
258:-və
256:LOH
202:or
58:by
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1784:Tu
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