667:
1174:
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881:
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135:; not to carry out any group explosion (consisting of a number of individual explosions) having an aggregate yield exceeding 1,500 kilotons; and not to carry out any group explosion having an aggregate yield exceeding 150 kilotons unless the individual explosions in the group could be identified and measured by agreed verification procedures. The parties also reaffirmed their obligations to comply fully with the
493:
1015:
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1991:"semiannual report to Congress in January 1958". Other mentions of Strauss making statements in Feb 1958 or hearings being held are on p 447, and 474 it seems. p.474's quotation: Senate Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations, Hearings on Control and Reduction of Armaments, Feb. 28-April 17, 1958, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1958) pp.1336-64.
5241:
732:
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The collection of data was substantially completed on Route 17 in Panama one of the routes considered for nuclear excavations... The Atomic Energy
Commission has recently conducted the first two of the planned series of nuclear excavation experiments designed to determine the feasibility of nuclear
309:
in
January 1965, has been described as a "near clone" of the U.S. Sedan shot. Like Sedan, Chagan also resulted in a massive plume of radioactive material being blown high into the atmosphere, with an estimated 20% of the fission products with it. Detection of the plume over Japan led to accusations
480:
chairman announced that the
Plowshare project was intended to "highlight the peaceful applications of nuclear explosive devices and thereby create a climate of world opinion that is more favorable to weapons development and tests". The Operation Plowshare program included 27 nuclear tests designed
542:
in Egypt, an area that lies below sea level. The core problem of the entire project was the water supply to the depression. Calculations by
Bassler showed that digging a canal or tunnel would be too expensive, therefore Bassler determined that the use of nuclear explosive devices, to excavate the
150:
Articles IV and V of the PNE Treaty set forth the agreed verification arrangements. In addition to the use of national technical means, the treaty states that information and access to sites of explosions will be provided by each side, and includes a commitment not to interfere with verification
646:
icecaps on the planet. Musk's specific plan would not be very feasible within the energy limitations of historically manufactured nuclear devices (ranging in kilotons of TNT-equivalent), therefore requiring major advancement for it to be considered. In part due to these problems, the physicist
88:
in 1962, which released large amounts of radioactive gas into the air. By the late 1960s, public opposition to
Plowshare was increasing, and a 1970s study of the economics of the concepts suggested they had no practical use. Plowshare saw decreasing interest from the 1960s, and was officially
987:, proposed in the 1960s, which as Apollo scientist Gary Latham explained, would have been the detonating of a "smallish" nuclear device on the Moon in order to facilitate research into its geologic make-up. Analogous in concept to the comparatively low yield explosion created by the water
317:
The later, and more extensive, "Deep
Seismic Sounding" Program focused on the use of much smaller explosions for various geological uses. Some of these tests are considered to be operational, not purely experimental. These included the use of peaceful nuclear explosions to create deep
424:
m (1,300 ft) as a means of investigating the possibilities of using peaceful nuclear explosions for large-scale earth moving. If this test was conducted in 1965, when improvements in device design were realized, a 100-fold reduction in radiation release was considered feasible. The
1073:, were a chain of approximately basketball sized spheres of material, were arrayed at fixed aerial distances, descending from the shot tower. In what was then a surprising experimental observation, all but the spheres directly within the shot tower survived, with the greatest
104:. A major part of the program in the 1970s and 80s was the use of very small bombs to produce shock waves as a seismic measuring tool, and as part of these experiments, two bombs were successfully used to seal blown-out oil wells. The program officially ended in 1988.
285:-contaminated water, radioactivity, and fallout from debris being hurled high into the atmosphere. These were ignored and downplayed until the program was terminated in 1977, due in large part to public opposition, after $ 770 million had been spent on the project.
142:
The parties reserve the right to carry out nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes in the territory of another country if requested to do so, but only in full compliance with the yield limitations and other provisions of the PNE Treaty and in accord with the
297:
conducted a much more vigorous program of 239 nuclear tests, some with multiple devices, between 1965 and 1988 under the auspices of
Program No. 6—Employment of Nuclear Explosive Technologies in the Interests of National Economy and Program No.
223:, Alaska. It was never carried out due to concerns for the native populations and the fact that there was little potential use for the harbor to justify its risk and expense. There was also talk of using nuclear explosions to excavate a second
3026:
363:
using nuclear demolition. This project proposed to use 213 devices, with yields of 1 to 1.5 megatons, detonated at depths of 100 to 500 m (330 to 1,640 ft) to build this canal for the purpose of producing hydroelectric power.
481:
towards investigating these non-weapon uses from 1961 through 1973. Due to the inability of the U.S. physicists to reduce the fission fraction of low-yield (approximately 1 kiloton) nuclear devices that would have been required for many
3011:
2981:
798:
The worldwide presence of new isotopes from atmospheric testing beginning in the 1950s led to the 2008 development of a reliable way to detect art forgeries. Paintings created after that period may contain traces of
1157:
intended for spacecraft, though usually powered by means of conventionally pumped, laser arrays. For example, ground flight testing by
Professor Leik Myrabo, using a non-nuclear, conventionally powered pulsed laser
1077:
noted on the aluminum sphere located 18 metres (60 ft) from the detonation point, with slightly over 25 millimetres (1 in) of surface material absent upon recovery. These spheres are often referred to as
3992:
331:
Reports on the successful Soviet use of nuclear explosions in extinguishing out-of-control gas well fires were widely cited in United States policy discussions of options for stopping the 2010 Gulf of Mexico
579:
Soviet peaceful nuclear explosions of the 1970s. Their public records indicate 98% of their 15 kiloton explosive yield was derived from fusion reactions, so only 0.3 kiloton was derived from fission.
169:
The agreed statement that accompanies the treaty specifies that a "peaceful application" of an underground nuclear explosion would not include the developmental testing of any nuclear explosive.
550:
conducted a much more exhaustive program than
Plowshare, with 239 nuclear tests between 1965 and 1988. Furthermore, many of the "tests" were considered economic applications, not tests, in the
204:, and their spears into pruning hooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more"). Twenty-eight nuclear blasts were detonated between 1961 and 1973.
3178:
111:
efforts, both programs came to be controlled by a variety of agreements. Most notable among these is the 1976 Treaty on
Underground Nuclear Explosions for Peaceful Purposes (PNE Treaty). The
3111:
751:, and their production in the necessary quantities to allow study of their properties, was carried out in nuclear explosive device testing. For example, the discovery of the short-lived
322:
profiles. Compared to the usage of conventional explosives or mechanical methods, nuclear explosions allow the collection of longer seismic profiles (up to several thousand kilometres).
1233:
asteroid–Earth collisions of 1908 and 2013 respectively, have served as an impetus for the analysis of technologies that could prevent the destruction of human life by impact events.
1340:
use of nuclear explosives may be more efficient, but they run an increased risk of fracturing the target near-Earth object. They also carry higher development and operations risks.
115:
of 1996 prohibits all nuclear explosions, regardless of whether they are for peaceful purposes or not. Since that time the topic has been raised several times, often as a method of
4180:
3707:
1557:
Metzger, Peter (February 22, 1970), "Project Gasbuggy and Catch-85*: *That's krypton-85, one of the radioactive by-products of nuclear explosions that release natural gas",
4002:
3206:
96:
program. The program was more extensive, eventually conducting 239 nuclear explosions. Some of these tests also released radioactivity, including a significant release of
850:
of nitrogen gas served as a radioactive tracer that was used to measure and then help model global circulations in the atmosphere by following the movements of fallout
4883:
2461:
Viktor Adamsky and Yuri Smirnov. 1994. "Moscow's Biggest Bomb: the 50-Megaton Test of October 1961" Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issue 4, Fall 1994
2970:"The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions", Project Director Gregory E van der Vink, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-ISC-414, (Oct 1989).
1762:
3278:
3171:
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1388:"Gerald R. Ford: "Message to the Senate Transmitting United States-Soviet Treaty and Protocol on the Limitation of Underground Nuclear Explosions," July 29, 1976"
992:
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proximity orientation with the asteroid, with the latter method occurring far enough away from the incoming threat to prevent the potential fracturing of the
347:
at one time considered manufacturing nuclear explosives for civil engineering purposes. In the early 1970s a feasibility study was conducted for a project to
4009:
3440:
3321:
1085:
The ablation data collected for various materials and the distances the spheres were propelled, serve as the bedrock for the nuclear pulse propulsion study,
281:, New Mexico, still contains nuclear contamination from a single subsurface blast in 1967. Other consequences included blighted land, relocated communities,
999:
impactor, an impactor with a mass of 2,305 kg (5,081 lb), and an impact velocity of about 9,000 km/h (5,600 mph), releasing the kinetic
564:
gas well in 1966 that had been blowing since 1963, and a few months later a 47 kilotons explosive was used to seal a higher-pressure blowout at the nearby
551:
299:
93:
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701:
that could begin to quickly terraform Mars. One such opportunity for this occurred in October 2014 when a "once-in-a-million-years" comet (designated as
2679:
1182:
2906:
4278:
2212:
Comet Siding Spring will pass by Mars only 139,500 km away--which would be like a comet passing about 1/3 of the distance between Earth and the Moon.
3254:
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915:
could be made by utilizing nuclear explosions, with the latter created by connecting a nuclear explosive device with another of his inventions, the
489:
were included in the cost, there was virtually no economic advantage over conventional explosives except for potentially the very largest projects.
1332:
explosions are assessed to be 10–100 times more effective than the non-nuclear alternatives analyzed in this study. Other techniques involving the
3342:
3291:
1120:
in August 1957. The use of a subterranean shaft and nuclear device to propel an object to escape velocity has since been termed a "thunder well".
3117:
1495:
3309:
1601:
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477:
1886:
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2777:
2343:
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112:
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2001:
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The first preliminary examination of the effects of nuclear detonations upon various metal and non-metal materials, occurred in 1955 with
602:. Other investigated uses for low-yield peaceful nuclear explosions were underground detonations to stimulate, by a process analogous to
154:
The protocol to the PNE Treaty sets forth the specific agreed arrangements for ensuring that no weapon-related benefits precluded by the
4517:
3987:
3952:
961:
Underground nuclear explosive data from peaceful nuclear explosion test shots have been used to investigate the composition of Earth's
5139:
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3242:
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to collide with each other to probe their inner workings, an endeavor that is now done at much lower energy levels with non-explosive
889:
235:
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was first discovered, in minute quantities, following the analysis of the fallout from the first thermonuclear atmospheric test.
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suggested that a nuclear detonation would be one way of probing the magnetic phenomenon. Data obtained from the August 1958
2201:
Sorry, Elon Musk: One Does Not Simply Nuke Mars Into Habitability “It is silly to expect Mars to become easily habitable.”
4740:
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during his appointment to the West German ministry of economics in 1968. He put forth a plan to create a Saharan lake and
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has stated that all PNE technologies have non-nuclear alternatives and that many PNEs actually caused nuclear disasters.
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toward a pole of the planet. Impact would be a much more efficient scheme to deliver the required energy, water vapor,
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2620:"A Database Of Deep Seismic Sounding Peaceful Nuclear Explosion Recordings For Seismic Monitoring Of Northern Eurasia"
2200:
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333:
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The Soviet program started a few years after the U.S. efforts and explored many of the same concepts under their
2463:
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are derived by carrying out a nuclear explosion used for peaceful purposes, including provisions for use of the
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2816:"Roundtrip Interstellar Travel Using Laser-Pushed Lightsails. VOL. 21, NO. 2, MARCH-APRIL 1984 J. SPACECRAFT"
2683:
1127:, in the United States, popularized the concept of using a nuclear detonation to power an explosively pumped
305:
The initial program was patterned on the U.S. version, with the same basic concepts being studied. One test,
5023:
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1496:"The US had a plan in the 1960s to blast an alternative Suez Canal through Israel using 520 nuclear bombs"
1173:
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displaced 12 million tons of earth, creating the largest man-made crater in the world, generating a large
201:
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One of the first U.S. proposals for peaceful nuclear explosions that came close to being carried out was
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Devices that produced the highest proportion of their yield via fusion-only reactions are possibly the
127:
In the PNE Treaty, the signatories agreed: not to carry out any individual nuclear explosions having a
49:, electrical generation, the use of nuclear explosions to drive spacecraft, and as a form of wide-area
2084:. Report no.: UCRL-ID-124410 Rev 2; US Department of Energy contract no.: W-7405-Eng48. Archived from
1639:. Report no.: UCRL-ID-124410 Rev 2; US Department of Energy contract no.: W-7405-Eng48. Archived from
1057:". They are caused by the intense flash of X-rays released by the explosion heating the tower holding
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50:
1142:. This created dozens of highly focused X-ray beams that would cause the missile to break up due to
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acting on the rear pusher plate of a ship, was and continues to be seriously studied as a potential
543:
canal or tunnel, would be the most economical. The Egyptian government declined to pursue the idea.
200:
4:3 ("And he shall judge among the nations, and shall rebuke many people: and they shall beat their
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There were many negative impacts from Project Plowshare's 27 nuclear explosions. For example, the
17:
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4070:
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3449:
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2546:"Travel time analysis of P waves arising from six underground nuclear explosion at Novaya Zemlya"
2005:
1974:
1821:
Technical Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Explosions; Vienna, Austria; 22 - 24 Nov 1976
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per second on a 1 mm surface, then envisaged making two such beams collide in the form of a
847:
839:
720:
539:
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356:
2933:"Near-Earth Object Survey and Deflection Analysis of Alternatives Report to Congress March 2007"
819:
about 1.7 billion years ago, but these decayed away before the earliest known human painting.)
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Declassified video 0800017 - Operation Teapot, Military Effects Studies - 1954. circa 19 mins
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IAEA review of the 1968 book: The constructive uses of nuclear explosions by Edward Teller.
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618:; this was developed most in the Soviet Union, with an increase in the production of many
486:
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325:
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53:. PNEs were an area of some research from the late 1950s into the 1980s, primarily in the
41:
conducted for non-military purposes. Proposed uses include excavation for the building of
4478:
2969:
1907:
1370:"Announcement of Treaty on Underground Nuclear Explosions Peaceful Purposes (PNE Treaty)"
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1962:
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Treaty between the USA and USSR on underground nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes
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1329:
1314:
1306:
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795:, with the r-process explaining the existence of many stable elements in the universe.
408:
368:
132:
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was a "900kg manhole cover" propelled by the somewhat focused detonation of test shot
310:
by the U.S. that the Soviets had carried out an above-ground test in violation of the
177:
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2146:
1470:"Use of Nuclear Explosives for Excavation of Sea-Level Canal Across the Negev Desert"
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schemes involved chaining five thermonuclear devices to create the artificial harbor.
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54:
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1978:
1713:
1440:
Congressional Record: proceedings & debates of the 90th Congress, second session
4692:
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1529:(fact sheet), US: Department of Energy, Office of Legacy Management, archived from
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2756:. Springer Series in Optical Sciences. Vol. 129. Springer. pp. 435–454.
2224:"Comet Grazes by Mars' Atmosphere in 'Once-In-A-Lifetime' Event By Luminary Daily"
1579:
1089:. The direct use of nuclear explosives, by using the impact of ablated propellant
2875:
2815:
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681:
Alternatively, as nuclear detonations are presently somewhat limited in terms of
5103:
4750:
4340:
3847:
3818:
3213:
Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean
2907:"How it Would Work: Destroying an Incoming Killer Asteroid With a Nuclear Blast"
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by the detonation of high-fusion-yielding thermonuclear devices over the mostly
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101:
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1014:
457:, for various non-military uses. These have included large-scale earth moving,
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2248:
EINSTEINIUM AND FERMIUM, ALBERT GHIORSO, LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY
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would provide the needed direct experimental confirmation of the so-called
702:
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631:
619:
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3139:
1324:
analysis of impact avoidance strategies using various technologies stated:
1265:
wavelength impinging on a 1-km diameter sail, could propel a spacecraft to
1189:
some 65 million years ago. A natural impact with an explosive yield of 100
3041:
192:
was the name of the U.S. program for the development of techniques to use
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2982:
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission
2719:
1929:
Russia Today documentary that visits the lake at around the 1 minute mark
1688:"Ядерная Мифология Конца XX Века (Nuclear Mythology of the 20th Century)"
1524:
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46:
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The bright spikes extending below the initial fireball of one of 1952's
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3596:
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2876:"Deflection and disruption of asteroids on collision course with Earth"
1257:. In 1972 it was also calculated that a 1 Terawatt, 1-km diameter
1222:
920:
851:
835:
827:
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756:
698:
643:
387:
344:
282:
163:
586:, in a somewhat analogous manner to the explosions that power a car's
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771:. The rapid capture of so many neutrons required in the synthesis of
763:
flux environment within thermonuclear explosions, followed the first
497:
442:
255:
2860:
2562:
2545:
2039:"Global Hyper Saline Power Generation Qattara Depression Potentials"
1737:
Astrasheuskaya, Nastassia; Judah, Ben; Selyukh, Alina (2010-07-02).
1436:"Report of the Atlantic–Pacific transoceanic canal study commission"
1065:
intended to focus these X-rays to allow attacks over long distances.
84:
studies. The largest of the excavation tests was carried out in the
4310:
3064:
2131:
2081:
1671:
1636:
386:, nuclear blasting was proposed as a way of mining iron ore in the
5177:
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4797:
4653:
4456:
4446:
2186:
1245:, laser system has been calculated to be capable of propelling an
1214:
1198:
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1044:
1013:
879:
834:, were largely created to answer the question of how far and wide
730:
665:
491:
407:
372:
360:
266:, but the effort was abandoned as impractical because of cost and
176:
42:
2359:
Entangled histories: Climate science and nuclear weapons research
1297:, is to detonate one, or a series, of nuclear explosive devices,
4658:
4547:
4357:
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1321:
1205:, by comparison had a yield almost 2 million times smaller – 57
928:
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investigation, were vital to the early understanding of Earth's
816:
779:, the multiple neutron absorptions needed to explain the cosmic
635:
259:
5053:
4225:
4212:
3422:
3160:
2580:
Upper Mantle Heterogeneities from Active and Passive Seismology
2287:
Physics World – the member magazine of the Institute of Physics
651:(who initially put forward the concept) instead suggests using
557:
These included a 30 kilotons explosion being used to close the
196:
for peaceful purposes. The name was coined in 1961, taken from
4631:
4495:
1475:. United States Office of Scientific and Technical Information
3075:
United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through September 1992
2372:"Nuclear weapons' surprising contribution to climate science"
1153:, but it is also one of the researched methods behind pulsed
1082:'s balls", after the project manager during the experiments.
950:
effect. He theorized this could focus 10 positively charged
234:
The largest excavation experiment took place in 1962 at the
3058:, American Office of Scientific and Technical Information,
2839:
Mockel, W.E (1972). "Propulsion by impinging Laser beams".
1787:"Flooding the Qattara Depression | The Basement Geographer"
995:
mission, which launched in 2009 and released the "Centaur"
453:
have been tested and used, in a similar manner to chemical
100:
into the groundwater and the polluting of an area near the
76:, the use of underground explosions to create electricity (
3055:
On the Soviet program for peaceful uses of nuclear weapons
2720:
Project Orion: the true story of the atomic spaceship 2002
2158:
The Soviet Program for Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Explosions
2126:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 34–35.
2123:
The Soviet Program for Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Explosions
2076:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 34–35.
2070:
The Soviet Program for Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Explosions
1858:"Nuclear blasting proposed for Pilbara Iron Ore Project",
1631:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. pp. 34–35.
1625:
The Soviet Program for Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Explosions
1394:. University of California - Santa Barbara. Archived from
582:
The repeated detonation of nuclear devices underground in
289:
Soviet Union: Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy
2703:
2701:
2515:"Guide to the Victor Frederick Weisskopf Papers MC.0572"
2027:
Declassified U.S. Nuclear Test Film #35 c. 12:00 minutes
1874:
Declassified U.S. Nuclear Test Film #35 c. 29:30 minutes
1835:"India's Nuclear Weapons Program - Smiling Buddha: 1974"
1293:
impacting with Earth, assuming short lead times between
485:
projects, when long-term health and clean-up costs from
375:'s first explosive nuclear device, was described by the
2479:
Sakharov, A. D. (1966). "Magnetoimplosive Generators".
2416:"Section VI Nuclear Weapons Effects Technology II-6-28"
2338:(New ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
68:. Some of the ideas considered included blasting a new
2394:"Going Nuclear Over the Pacific | Past Imperfect"
2336:
Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements
2136:
U. S. Department of Energy contract no.: W-7405-Eng48.
1887:"Largest crater from an underground nuclear explosion"
1442:(message from the President), Senate, Washington, DC,
807:, isotopes that did not exist in nature before 1945. (
64:
In the U.S., a series of tests were carried out under
3101:, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, archived from
2196:
2194:
2108:
2106:
687:
nuclear explosive device could be employed to "nudge"
2309:"Can past nuclear explosions help detect forgeries?"
1578:. Environmental Management (EM). DOE. Archived from
1149:
Laser ablation is one of the damage mechanisms of a
5165:
5117:
5074:
5016:
4917:
4847:
4796:
4787:
4714:
4680:
4671:
4630:
4623:
4603:
4556:
4538:
4494:
4399:
4381:
4249:
4163:
4096:
4041:
4032:
3980:
3888:
3879:
3846:
3789:
3751:
3742:
3663:
3595:
3518:
3460:
3330:
3192:
2754:
Laser Propulsion Thrusters for Space Transportation
2583:. Nato Science Partnership Subseries: 1. Springer.
2164:, 1998, Volume 7, pp. 1–117. See test shot "Taiga".
1714:"Nuclear Option on Gulf Oil Spill? No Way, US Says"
1313:, but still close enough to generate a high thrust
783:(production) of all chemical elements heavier than
705:, also known as comet "Siding Spring") came within
514:in length. Canal-cutting investigations began with
461:and the stimulation and closing-off of the flow of
27:
Use of nuclear explosives for non-military purposes
4181:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
3207:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
2752:Schall, W. O.; Eckel, H. -A.; Bohn, W. L. (2007).
1739:"Special Report: Should BP nuke its leaking well?"
1604:: A Critical Global Assessment of Atomic Energy",
1375:. Gerald R. Ford Museum and Library. May 28, 1976.
2175:"Early Steps Toward Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE)"
1563:It's 95 per cent safe? We worry about the other 5
861:surrounding Earth were discovered about in 1958,
634:popularized an approach in which the cold planet
570:Blowout (well drilling)#Use of nuclear explosions
277:site, located 89 kilometres (55 mi) east of
3279:Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty
2715:
2713:
2002:"Q&A with Scott Kirsch: Digging with bombs"
534:power station by blasting a tunnel between the
476:, involving "peaceful nuclear explosions". The
3249:South Pacific Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty
3153:includes tests of peaceful nuclear explosions.
1815:Ministry of Electric Power and Energy (1978).
993:Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite
685:achievable yield, the use of an off-the-shelf
433:, comparable in yield to the Sedan test of 104
4884:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
3434:
3172:
2937:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2880:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
2680:"NASA's LCROSS Mission Changes Impact Crater"
1947:"Nuclear denial: From Hiroshima to Fukushima"
1763:"Managing water for peace in the Middle East"
1201:). The most powerful man-made explosion, the
1166:72 meters in altitude by a method similar to
1104:Although likely never achieving orbit due to
917:explosively pumped flux compression generator
8:
3322:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
420:m (330 ft) deep with a diameter of about 390
80:), and a variety of mining, geological, and
3138:(documentary), Atom central, archived from
3116:, Nuclear Files, 1990-12-11, archived from
1817:"Development of the Qattara Project, Egypt"
931:. Sakharov suggested to replace the copper
552:Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy
300:Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy
94:Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy
5050:
4861:
4793:
4677:
4627:
4620:
4396:
4222:
4209:
4038:
3885:
3748:
3457:
3441:
3427:
3419:
3179:
3165:
3157:
2682:. NASA. September 29, 2009. Archived from
1945:Perrow, Charles (September–October 2013).
1552:
1550:
1420:. Arms Control Association. Archived from
1185:, which resulted in the extinction of the
516:the buggy salvo shot of Operation Crosstie
400:Athabasca oil sands § Project oilsand
3273:United States – Russia mutual detargeting
3063:
2561:
2263:, Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, 2011,
441:, reportedly used as a watering hole for
262:. Three tests were conducted in order to
3255:Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
594:), has also been proposed as a means of
314:, but these charges were later dropped.
3343:Timeline of nuclear weapons development
3292:African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty
2283:"Nuclear fallout used to spot fake art"
1860:Industrial Reviews and Mining Year Book
1670:, University of Wyoming, archived from
1361:
846:and materials testing, fallout and the
394:Civil engineering and energy production
4811:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
3310:Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone
2632:from the original on September 4, 2015
2115:"Extinguishing Runaway Gas Well Fires"
1602:Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power
1003:of detonating approximately 2 tons of
478:United States Atomic Energy Commission
4816:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
3304:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
3285:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
2519:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2311:. Theartnewspaper.com. Archived from
1446:: Congress, p. 25747, 1968-09-05
1183:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
113:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
7:
5240:
2113:Nordyke, M. D. (September 1, 2000).
1908:"The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program"
1418:"Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty"
166:monitoring, and on-site inspection.
4821:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
3187:Nuclear weapons limitation treaties
3089:, Federation of American Scientists
3001:(video), Sonic bomb, archived from
2577:Fuchs, Karl, ed. (April 16, 1997).
2134:. Report no.: UCRL-ID-124410 Rev 2.
942:to magnetically compress and focus
743:The discovery and synthesis of new
227:, as well as an alternative to the
3781:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
3243:Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty
1494:Guenot, Marianne (25 March 2021).
1386:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
1285:B83 nuclear bomb § Novel uses
699:biologically significant volatiles
630:In 2015, billionaire entrepreneur
568:gas field. (For more details, see
173:United States: Operation Plowshare
123:Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty
25:
18:Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty
3804:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
3703:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
2841:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets
2423:Federation of American Scientists
2281:Cartlidge, Edwin (July 4, 2008).
2067:Nordyke, MD (September 1, 2000).
1951:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
759:, both created under the intense
496:Map of all proposed routes for a
449:Apart from their use as weapons,
379:as a peaceful nuclear explosion.
5239:
5228:
5227:
5215:
4904:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
3402:
3401:
3048:. On the Soviet nuclear program.
2544:A. BOTTARI; B. FEDERICO (2010).
1456:excavation of a sea level canal.
1289:A proposed means of averting an
264:stimulate natural gas production
211:, which would have used several
3993:Historical stockpiles and tests
3231:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
3201:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
2660:. December 21, 1969. p. 19
2501:10.1070/PU1966v009n02ABEH002876
1712:Broad, William J (2010-06-02).
1468:Maccabee, H. D. (1 July 1963).
1392:The American Presidency Project
871:high-altitude nuclear explosion
813:natural nuclear fission reactor
4894:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
3776:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
3407:Category:Arms control treaties
2905:Dillow, Clay (April 9, 2012).
1600:Sovacool, Benjamin K (2011), "
1237:A powerful solar system based
944:underground nuclear explosions
935:in his MK generators by a big
884:An artist's conception of the
472:, the United States initiated
1:
5222:Nuclear technology portal
3219:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
3052:Nordyke, M. D. (2000-07-26),
2187:Ralph Moir, PACER development
2162:Science & Global Security
1053:test shots are known as the "
973:with chemical explosives in "
899:Soviet nuclear physicist and
673:made a close approach to the
510:No route was shorter than 55
5084:Field-reversed configuration
4694:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
2814:Robert Forward; et al.
2770:10.1007/978-0-387-30453-3_17
2261:Neutrons, Nuclei, and Matter
2004:. Usnews.com. Archived from
907:also proposed the idea that
500:and/or canal route from the
72:, constructing the proposed
5268:Peaceful nuclear explosions
5041:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
3988:States with nuclear weapons
2977:Peaceful Nuclear Explosions
1177:Artist's impression of the
1022:design that was to provide
526:was developed by Professor
334:Deepwater Horizon oil spill
31:Peaceful nuclear explosions
5294:
4879:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
4003:Tests in the United States
3338:History of nuclear weapons
3237:Seabed Arms Control Treaty
2396:. Blogs.smithsonianmag.com
2145:Disturbing the Universe –
1686:Яблоков, АВ (1995-02-01).
1622:Nordyke, MD (2000-09-01).
1295:detection and Earth impact
1282:
1276:
1038:
767:thermonuclear device test—
655:in the typical land-based
588:internal combustion engine
524:Qattara Depression Project
397:
162:yield measurement method,
5209:
5064:
5004:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
4899:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
4864:
4706:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
4236:
4221:
4208:
3456:
3396:
3225:Threshold Test Ban Treaty
2657:The Sydney Morning Herald
2589:10.1007/978-94-015-8979-6
2444:"Tsar Bomba – The Legacy"
2374:. Phys.org. July 13, 2012
1279:Asteroid impact avoidance
1273:Asteroid impact avoidance
1253:principle, to 11% of the
1168:ablative laser propulsion
1136:ballistic missile defense
1051:Operation Tumbler–Snapper
888:reference design for the
838:would travel. Similar to
787:on the periodic table in
359:in the Western Desert of
268:radioactive contamination
156:Threshold Test Ban Treaty
117:asteroid impact avoidance
4909:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
4525:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
3861:Electron-beam processing
3363:Nuclear weapons delivery
3098:The Indian Nuclear Tests
3046:, Nuclear weapon archive
2804:Adamsky and Smirnov, 19.
1971:10.1177/0096340213501369
1885:Guinness World Records.
1839:nuclearweaponarchive.org
1162:, successfully lifted a
1041:Nuclear pulse propulsion
1024:nuclear pulse propulsion
894:nuclear pulse propulsion
663:on the Martian surface.
659:manner to make isolated
145:Non-Proliferation Treaty
5278:Nuclear weapons testing
5024:Organic nuclear reactor
4196:Nuclear power phase-out
4119:Nuclear decommissioning
4059:Reactor-grade plutonium
3809:Targeted alpha-particle
3688:Accidents and incidents
3383:Nuclear weapons testing
3086:Arms control agreements
1112:object to obtain Earth
925:superconducting magnets
911:could be mitigated and
830:science, a subfield of
590:(in that it would be a
312:Partial Test Ban Treaty
246:carried out as part of
137:Limited Test Ban Treaty
131:exceeding 150 kilotons
2481:Soviet Physics Uspekhi
1862:, 1970, pp. 255–9
1791:basementgeographer.com
1342:
1234:
1219:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
1066:
1031:
967:exploration geophysics
896:
892:spacecraft powered by
740:
678:
519:
446:
202:swords into plowshares
186:
151:means and procedures.
4186:Anti-nuclear movement
3378:Nuclear proliferation
3368:Nuclear weapon design
2874:Solem, J. C. (2000).
2334:Emsley, John (2011).
2177:, LLNL, June 12, 1998
1326:
1181:that resulted in the
1176:
1048:
1017:
979:reflection seismology
975:deep seismic sounding
913:particle accelerators
883:
811:were produced in the
749:nuclear transmutation
734:
671:Comet "Siding Spring"
669:
495:
431:Chagan (nuclear test)
411:
180:
5094:Reversed field pinch
4889:Traveling-wave (TWR)
4373:Supercritical (SCWR)
3871:Gemstone irradiation
2732:"Operation Plumbbob"
2550:Annals of Geophysics
2450:on November 4, 2012.
2315:on November 13, 2010
2160:by Milo D. Nordyke.
2091:on December 23, 2016
1134:as a component of a
969:practice of mineral
236:Department of Energy
4259:Aqueous homogeneous
4054:Reprocessed uranium
3727:Safety and security
3358:Nuclear disarmament
3035:(video), Sonic bomb
3020:(video), Sonic bomb
2997:Operation Plowshare
2892:2000JBIS...53..180S
2853:1972JSpRo...9..942M
2762:2007laa..book..435S
2686:on October 28, 2009
2525:on November 4, 2015
2493:1966SvPhU...9..294S
2048:. December 19, 2010
2008:on January 31, 2010
1963:2013BuAtS..69e..56P
1249:spacecraft, by the
1187:non-avian dinosaurs
965:, analogous to the
840:radioactive tracers
832:atmospheric science
791:explosions, before
474:Operation Plowshare
468:At the peak of the
445:and human swimming.
416:formed a crater 100
190:Operation Plowshare
107:As part of ongoing
89:cancelled in 1977.
5273:Nuclear technology
5173:Dense plasma focus
4088:Actinide chemistry
3553:Isotope separation
3450:Nuclear technology
3348:Nuclear deterrence
3095:"World Reaction",
3078:, FAS, DOE/NV-209
2466:2000-08-26 at the
1823:. IAEA-TC--81-5/6.
1718:The New York Times
1559:The New York Times
1235:
1221:impacts on planet
1067:
1032:
897:
848:neutron activation
741:
721:Martian atmosphere
679:
598:in what is termed
540:Qattara Depression
520:
506:Qattara Depression
459:isotope production
451:nuclear explosives
447:
414:Sedan nuclear test
357:Qattara Depression
244:Sedan nuclear test
194:nuclear explosives
187:
86:Sedan nuclear test
39:nuclear explosions
5255:
5254:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5152:Magnetized-target
5049:
5048:
5012:
5011:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4783:
4782:
4667:
4666:
4599:
4598:
4204:
4203:
4159:
4158:
4028:
4027:
4015:Weapon-free zones
3842:
3841:
3834:Radiopharmacology
3416:
3415:
3353:Nuclear arms race
2943:on April 29, 2007
2779:978-0-387-30452-6
2345:978-0-19-960563-7
2269:978-0-486-48238-5
1351:Nuclear terrorism
1311:near-Earth object
1140:Project Excalibur
1063:Project Excalibur
1055:rope trick effect
1001:energy equivalent
901:Nobel peace prize
826:and particularly
745:chemical elements
719: mi) of the
536:Mediterranean Sea
528:Friedrich Bassler
502:Mediterranean Sea
483:civil engineering
377:Indian Government
353:Mediterranean Sea
217:artificial harbor
66:Project Plowshare
16:(Redirected from
5285:
5243:
5242:
5231:
5230:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5130:
5089:Levitated dipole
5059:
5051:
4999:Helium gas (GFR)
4862:
4857:
4794:
4678:
4628:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4231:
4223:
4215:Nuclear reactors
4210:
4109:High-level (HLW)
4039:
3886:
3866:Food irradiation
3856:Atomic gardening
3749:
3732:Nuclear meltdown
3558:Nuclear material
3548:Fissile material
3543:Fertile material
3458:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3420:
3405:
3404:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3106:
3090:
3079:
3068:
3067:
3047:
3036:
3021:
3006:
2984:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2939:. Archived from
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2728:
2722:
2717:
2708:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2521:. Archived from
2511:
2505:
2504:
2476:
2470:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2446:. Archived from
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2278:
2272:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2226:. Archived from
2220:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2198:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2075:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1882:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1793:. Archived from
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1630:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1610:, pp. 171–2
1607:World Scientific
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1561:, p. SM14,
1554:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1535:
1522:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1398:on March 3, 2016
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1212:
1196:
1155:laser propulsion
1138:shield known as
1114:orbital velocity
1106:aerodynamic drag
1071:Operation Teapot
919:, to accelerate
809:Fission products
718:
717:
711:
710:
695:greenhouse gases
677:in October 2014.
657:district heating
653:nuclear reactors
622:being reported.
616:tight formations
487:fission products
436:
428:
423:
419:
275:Project Gasbuggy
248:Operation Storax
240:Nevada Test Site
21:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5216:
5214:
5197:
5161:
5128:
5113:
5070:
5060:
5055:
5045:
5008:
4913:
4858:
4851:
4850:
4835:
4779:
4710:
4685:
4663:
4635:
4617:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4595:
4561:
4552:
4534:
4499:
4490:
4404:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4377:
4291:Natural fission
4245:
4244:
4232:
4227:
4217:
4200:
4176:Nuclear weapons
4155:
4114:Low-level (LLW)
4092:
4024:
3976:
3875:
3838:
3785:
3738:
3659:
3591:
3514:
3452:
3447:
3417:
3412:
3392:
3388:Nuclear warfare
3326:
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3148:
3146:
3142:
3135:Atomic Journeys
3131:
3123:
3121:
3110:
3094:
3083:
3072:
3051:
3040:
3025:
3010:
2995:PNE as part of
2988:
2974:
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2944:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2911:Popular Science
2904:
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2868:
2861:10.2514/3.30415
2838:
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2563:10.4401/ag-4815
2543:
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2528:
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2513:
2512:
2508:
2478:
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2468:Wayback Machine
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1767:archive.unu.edu
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1363:
1359:
1347:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1210:
1207:megatons of TNT
1194:
1191:teratons of TNT
1093:from a nuclear
1043:
1037:
905:Andrei Sakharov
863:James Van Allen
859:Van Allen Belts
781:nucleosynthesis
729:
715:
713:
708:
706:
661:tropical biomes
628:
509:
455:high explosives
434:
426:
421:
417:
406:
396:
342:
326:Alexey Yablokov
291:
252:nuclear fallout
209:Project Chariot
175:
125:
74:Nicaragua Canal
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5291:
5289:
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5210:
5207:
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5183:Muon-catalyzed
5180:
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4874:Integral (IFR)
4871:
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4859:
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4360:
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4226:
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4206:
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4191:Uranium mining
4188:
4183:
4178:
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4167:
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4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
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4098:
4094:
4093:
4091:
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4085:
4084:
4083:
4073:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4064:Minor actinide
4061:
4056:
4045:
4043:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
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4000:
3990:
3984:
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3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3761:Autoradiograph
3757:
3755:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3712:
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3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3483:Atomic nucleus
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3373:Nuclear ethics
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3287:(not in force)
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3132:Kuran, Peter,
3129:
3108:
3092:
3081:
3070:
3065:10.2172/793554
3049:
3038:
3023:
3008:
2986:
2972:
2967:
2960:
2959:External links
2957:
2955:
2954:
2924:
2897:
2866:
2831:
2806:
2797:
2785:
2778:
2744:
2723:
2709:
2697:
2671:
2652:"Moon madness"
2643:
2611:
2597:
2569:
2536:
2506:
2487:(2): 294–299.
2471:
2453:
2435:
2407:
2385:
2363:
2351:
2344:
2326:
2300:
2273:
2271:(pbk.) p. 267.
2252:
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2204:
2190:
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2166:
2150:
2138:
2132:10.2172/793554
2102:
2082:10.2172/793554
2059:
2046:MIK Technology
2030:
2019:
1993:
1984:
1937:
1920:
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1850:
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1807:
1778:
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1656:
1637:10.2172/793554
1614:
1592:
1567:
1546:
1509:
1486:
1460:
1427:
1424:on 2013-05-06.
1409:
1378:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1315:laser ablation
1277:Main article:
1274:
1271:
1267:Alpha Centauri
1255:speed of light
1144:laser ablation
1039:Main article:
1036:
1035:Propulsion use
1033:
997:kinetic energy
937:superconductor
869:test shots, a
728:
725:
627:
624:
606:, the flow of
395:
392:
369:Smiling Buddha
341:
338:
290:
287:
213:hydrogen bombs
174:
171:
133:TNT equivalent
124:
121:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5290:
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5145:
5141:
5140:electrostatic
5138:
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5120:
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4922:
4920:
4919:Generation IV
4916:
4910:
4907:
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4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:Breeder (FBR)
4867:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4855:
4846:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
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4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
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4792:
4790:
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4774:
4771:
4767:
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4759:
4757:
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4752:
4749:
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4309:
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4207:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4171:Nuclear power
4169:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4152:
4151:Transmutation
4149:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
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4115:
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3995:
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3991:
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3983:
3979:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:high-altitude
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Proliferation
3936:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3872:
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3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:Brachytherapy
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
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3699:
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3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:Cross section
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3409:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3145:on 2016-06-11
3141:
3137:
3136:
3130:
3120:on 2010-03-31
3119:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3105:on 2001-11-23
3104:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3009:
3005:on 2012-12-08
3004:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2817:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2600:
2598:9780792348771
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2424:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2230:on 2017-07-29
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2147:Freeman Dyson
2142:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2060:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1797:on 2015-11-23
1796:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1674:on 2012-03-08
1673:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1657:
1646:on 2016-12-23
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1582:on 2010-06-07
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1536:on 2021-10-08
1532:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1272:
1270:
1269:in 10 years.
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:Edward Teller
1123:In the 1970s
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1095:shaped charge
1092:
1088:
1087:Project Orion
1083:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1034:
1029:
1028:Project Orion
1025:
1021:
1020:shaped charge
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
956:supercollider
953:
949:
948:shaped charge
945:
941:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
891:
890:Project Orion
887:
882:
878:
876:
875:magnetosphere
872:
868:
867:Project Argus
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
738:
733:
726:
724:
722:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:grazing comet
688:
684:
676:
672:
668:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
625:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
560:
555:
553:
549:
544:
541:
537:
533:
532:hydroelectric
529:
525:
517:
513:
507:
503:
499:
494:
490:
488:
484:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:
440:
432:
415:
410:
405:
404:Project Gnome
401:
393:
391:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:build a canal
346:
340:Other nations
339:
337:
335:
329:
327:
323:
321:
315:
313:
308:
303:
301:
296:
288:
286:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
221:Cape Thompson
218:
215:to create an
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
184:
179:
172:
170:
167:
165:
161:
157:
152:
148:
146:
140:
138:
134:
130:
122:
120:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
90:
87:
83:
79:
78:Project PACER
75:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
55:United States
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
5244:
5232:
5213:
5193:Pyroelectric
5147:Laser-driven
4927:Sodium (SFR)
4854:fast-neutron
4693:
4239:
4129:Reprocessing
4010:WMD treaties
3829:Radiosurgery
3799:Fast-neutron
3771:Scintigraphy
3400:
3147:, retrieved
3140:the original
3134:
3122:, retrieved
3118:the original
3112:
3103:the original
3097:
3085:
3074:
3054:
3042:
3029:
3027:
3014:
3012:
3003:the original
2996:
2992:
2990:
2976:
2947:November 20,
2945:. Retrieved
2941:the original
2936:
2927:
2915:. Retrieved
2910:
2900:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2809:
2800:
2793:
2788:
2753:
2747:
2735:. Retrieved
2726:
2690:November 21,
2688:. Retrieved
2684:the original
2674:
2664:September 9,
2662:. Retrieved
2655:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2614:
2602:. Retrieved
2579:
2572:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2529:November 20,
2527:. Retrieved
2523:the original
2518:
2509:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2456:
2448:the original
2438:
2428:November 20,
2426:. Retrieved
2422:
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2366:
2354:
2335:
2329:
2319:November 25,
2317:. Retrieved
2313:the original
2303:
2291:. Retrieved
2286:
2276:
2260:
2255:
2243:
2232:. Retrieved
2228:the original
2218:
2207:
2182:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2141:
2122:
2093:. Retrieved
2086:the original
2069:
2062:
2052:November 20,
2050:. Retrieved
2045:
2033:
2022:
2012:November 25,
2010:. Retrieved
2006:the original
1996:
1987:
1957:(5): 56–67.
1954:
1950:
1940:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1880:
1869:
1859:
1853:
1842:. Retrieved
1838:
1829:
1820:
1810:
1799:. Retrieved
1795:the original
1790:
1781:
1770:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1746:. Retrieved
1742:
1732:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:
1707:
1696:. Retrieved
1694:(in Russian)
1691:
1681:
1672:the original
1666:
1659:
1648:. Retrieved
1641:the original
1624:
1617:
1606:
1595:
1584:. Retrieved
1580:the original
1570:
1562:
1558:
1538:, retrieved
1531:the original
1525:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
1463:
1454:
1448:, retrieved
1439:
1430:
1422:the original
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:the original
1391:
1381:
1364:
1327:
1319:
1288:
1247:interstellar
1238:
1236:
1217:). The 1994
1179:impact event
1151:laser weapon
1148:
1128:
1122:
1108:, the first
1103:
1084:
1068:
985:Project A119
983:
960:
898:
856:
821:
805:strontium-90
797:
742:
735:The element
697:, and other
683:demonstrated
682:
680:
629:
626:Terraforming
596:fusion power
581:
574:
565:
561:
556:
548:Soviet Union
545:
521:
467:
448:
381:
366:
343:
330:
324:
316:
304:
295:Soviet Union
292:
272:
270:of the gas.
233:
225:Panama Canal
206:
188:
182:
168:
160:hydrodynamic
153:
149:
141:
126:
109:arms control
106:
91:
82:radionuclide
70:Panama Canal
63:
59:Soviet Union
34:
30:
29:
5104:Stellarator
5068:confinement
4962:Superphénix
4789:Molten-salt
4741:VHTR (HTGR)
4518:HW BLWR 250
4484:R4 Marviken
4413:Pressurized
4383:Heavy water
4367:many others
4296:Pressurized
4251:Light water
3953:underground
3911:Disarmament
3819:Tomotherapy
3814:Proton-beam
3678:Power plant
3640:Temperature
3473:Engineering
3028:The Soviet
3013:The Soviet
2886:: 180–196.
2847:(12): 942.
2737:October 24,
2293:December 7,
2289:. IOP Group
1913:October 24,
1892:October 24,
1576:"Gas Buggy"
1526:Rulison, CO
1259:X-ray laser
1243:ultraviolet
1231:Chelyabinsk
1132:X-ray laser
1110:macroscopic
1101:mechanism.
1061:white hot.
989:prospecting
971:prospecting
909:earthquakes
824:climatology
801:caesium-137
773:einsteinium
765:Teller–Ulam
753:einsteinium
737:einsteinium
675:planet Mars
649:Michio Kaku
640:terraformed
612:natural gas
592:heat engine
559:Uzbekistani
463:natural gas
439:Lake Chagan
437:kt, formed
307:Chagan test
181:One of the
102:Volga River
5262:Categories
5129:(acoustic)
4746:PBR (PBMR)
4134:Spent fuel
4124:Repository
4104:Fuel cycle
4071:Activation
3848:Processing
3715:Propulsion
3673:by country
3605:Activation
3149:2011-06-19
3124:2006-01-12
2991:The 104Kt
2917:January 6,
2259:Byrne, J.
2234:2017-07-24
1844:2016-08-18
1801:2016-08-18
1772:2016-08-18
1748:2010-07-08
1723:2010-06-18
1698:2013-09-18
1650:2010-06-19
1586:2010-09-19
1540:2012-02-15
1450:2012-01-22
1357:References
1338:subsurface
1305:, or in a
1283:See also:
1251:light sail
1241:X-ray, to
1203:Tsar Bomba
1164:lightcraft
1099:propulsion
1018:A nuclear
903:recipient
857:After the
793:beta decay
712: km (
689:a Martian-
620:well heads
584:salt domes
512:kilometers
470:Atomic Age
429:kt Soviet
398:See also:
279:Farmington
229:Suez Canal
5099:Spheromak
4798:Fluorides
4462:IPHWR-700
4457:IPHWR-540
4452:IPHWR-220
4241:Moderator
3921:Explosion
3896:Arms race
3683:Economics
3635:Reflector
3630:Radiation
3625:Generator
3580:Plutonium
3533:Deuterium
3498:Radiation
3468:Chemistry
3316:New START
3298:START III
2913:. Bonnier
1692:Новый Мир
1498:. Insider
1330:stand-off
1307:stand-off
1170:in 2000.
1080:Lew Allen
1059:guy-wires
991:(LCROSS)
844:hydrology
789:supernova
777:r-process
703:C/2013 A1
638:could be
632:Elon Musk
608:petroleum
562:Urtabulak
554:program.
412:The 1962
384:Australia
351:from the
139:of 1963.
98:plutonium
5234:Category
5188:Polywell
5119:Inertial
5076:Magnetic
4831:TMSR-LF1
4826:TMSR-500
4806:Fuji MSR
4766:THTR-300
4606:Graphite
4469:PHWR KWU
4435:ACR-1000
4363:IPWR-900
4346:ACPR1000
4341:HPR-1000
4331:CPR-1000
4306:APR-1400
4097:Disposal
4049:Actinide
4042:Products
3901:Delivery
3744:Medicine
3573:depleted
3568:enriched
3538:Helium-3
3503:ionizing
3267:START II
3193:Treaties
2627:Archived
2464:Archived
2095:June 19,
1979:38457101
1345:See also
1328:Nuclear
1317:effect.
1291:asteroid
1263:angstrom
1227:Tunguska
1213:10
1197:10
1160:test-bed
1118:Pascal-B
1075:ablation
940:solenoid
852:aerosols
842:used in
769:Ivy Mike
604:fracking
538:and the
518:in 1967.
51:fracking
47:harbours
5246:Commons
5157:Z-pinch
5127:Bubble
5109:Tokamak
4972:FBR-600
4952:CFR-600
4947:BN-1200
4613:coolant
4540:Organic
4425:CANDU 9
4422:CANDU 6
4390:coolant
4351:ACP1000
4326:CAP1400
4264:Boiling
4229:Fission
4076:Fission
4020:Weapons
3960:Warfare
3943:Testing
3933:History
3926:effects
3881:Weapons
3791:Therapy
3766:RadBall
3753:Imaging
3645:Thermal
3610:Capture
3597:Neutron
3585:Thorium
3563:Uranium
3528:Tritium
3508:braking
3488:Fission
3478:Physics
3461:Science
3331:Related
3261:START I
2888:Bibcode
2849:Bibcode
2824:May 30,
2758:Bibcode
2636:May 30,
2604:May 30,
2556:(1–2).
2489:Bibcode
2400:May 30,
2378:May 30,
1959:Bibcode
1934:YouTube
1743:Reuters
1667:Seismic
1664:"DSS",
1502:2 April
1479:2 April
1402:May 15,
1334:surface
1320:A 2007
1261:with 1
1223:Jupiter
1030:vehicle
1026:to the
952:protons
946:into a
921:protons
836:fallout
828:aerosol
761:neutron
757:fermium
727:Physics
644:dry-ice
504:to the
388:Pilbara
355:to the
345:Germany
320:seismic
283:tritium
183:Chariot
164:seismic
5057:Fusion
5017:Others
4957:Phénix
4942:BN-800
4937:BN-600
4932:BN-350
4761:HTR-PM
4756:HTR-10
4736:UHTREX
4701:Magnox
4696:(UNGG)
4589:Lucens
4584:KS 150
4321:ATMEA1
4301:AP1000
4284:Kerena
4164:Debate
3916:Ethics
3906:Design
3889:Topics
3720:rocket
3698:Fusion
3693:Policy
3655:Fusion
3615:Poison
3493:Fusion
3229:1970s
3143:(film)
3043:Russia
3015:Chagan
2794:et al.
2792:Covey
2776:
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