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Other elements such as education, discipline, and harsher policing and sentencing contributed to the decrease of the
Blinders' influence and, by the 1920s, they had disappeared. As the specific gang known as the Peaky Blinders diminished, their name came to be used as generic term to describe violent
378:
A serious assault was committed upon a young man named George
Eastwood. Living at 3 court, 2 house, Arthur Street, Small Heath, on Saturday night. It seems that Eastwood, who has been for some time a total abstainer, called between ten and eleven o'clock at the Rainbow Public House in Adderly Street,
212:
The
Blinders' dominance came about from beating rivals, including the "Sloggers", "a pugilistic term for someone who could strike a heavy blow in the ring", whom they fought for territory in Birmingham and its surrounding districts. They held "control" for 30 years until 1920, when a larger gang, the
369:
The most violent of these youth street gangs organised themselves as a singular group known as the Peaky
Blinders. They were founded in Small Heath, by a man named Thomas Mucklow, as suggested by a newspaper article entitled, "A murderous outrage at Small Heath, a man's skull fractured", printed in
434:
The group was known for its violence, not only towards rival gangs, but also against innocent civilians and constables. Gang wars between rival gangs frequently erupted in
Birmingham, which led to brawls and shootouts. The Peaky Blinders also deliberately attacked police officers, in what became
293:
believes the name is a reference to the gang's sartorial elegance. He says the popular usage of "peaky" at the time referred to any flat cap with a peak. "Blinder" was a familiar
Birmingham slang term, still used today, to describe something or someone of dapper appearance. A further explanation
307:
457:
Other prominent members of the gang were David Taylor, Earnest Haynes, Harry Fowles, and
Stephen McNickle. Harry Fowles, known as "Baby-faced Harry", was arrested at age 19 for stealing a bicycle in October 1904. McNickle and Haynes were arrested at the same time, for stealing a bicycle and
505:
with metal tie buttons. Their distinctive dress was easily recognisable by city inhabitants, police, and rival gang members. The wives, girlfriends, and mistresses of the gang members were known for wearing lavish clothing. Pearls, silks, and colourful scarves were commonplace.
518:. The Peaky Blinders' expansion into racecourses led to violent backlash from the Birmingham Boys gang. Peaky Blinder families physically distanced themselves from Birmingham's centre into the countryside. With the Blinders' withdrawal from the criminal underworld, the
500:
Gang members frequently wore tailored clothing, which was uncommon for gangs of the time. All members wore a flat cap and an overcoat. The Peaky
Blinders wore tailored suits usually with bell-bottom trousers and button jackets. Wealthier members wore silk scarves and
383:
After some gangsters attacked a man in 1890, they sent a letter to various national newspapers declaring themselves as members of this specific group. Their first activities primarily revolved around occupying favourable land, notably the communities of
358:. These gangs frequently fought the police, and assaulted members of the public walking in the streets. During the 1890s youth street gangs consisted of boys and men between the ages of 12 and 30. The late 1890s saw the organisation of these men into a
286:– members with razor blades sewn into their caps would headbutt enemies to potentially blind them, or the caps would be used to slash foreheads, causing blood to pour down into the eyes of their enemies, temporarily blinding them.
209:. Contrary to the television series of the same name, it is unlikely that they had razor blades sewn into these caps, instead gaining their name from the way they wore them with the cap tilted so that the peak covered one eye.
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police records described the three arrested as "foul-mouthed young men who stalk the streets in drunken groups, insulting and mugging passers-by". Taylor was arrested at age 13 for carrying a loaded firearm.
379:
and was supplied with a bottle of gingerbeer. Shortly afterwards several men known as the "Peaky
Blinders" gang, whom Eastwood knew by sight from their living in the same neighborhood as himself, came in.
435:
known as "constable baiting". Constable George Snipe was killed by the gang in 1897, as was
Charles Philip Gunter in 1901. Hundreds more were injured, and some left the force because of the violence.
181:, England, which operated from the 1880s until the 1920s. The group consisted largely of young criminals from lower- to working-class backgrounds. They engaged in robbery, violence,
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493:, canes, and knives. In the case of George Eastwood, he was beaten by belt buckles. Percy Langridge used a knife to stab Police Constable Barker in June 1900. Firearms such as
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217:, led by Billy Kimber, overtook them. Although they had disappeared by the 1920s, the name "Peaky Blinders" became synonymous slang for any street gang in Birmingham.
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The most powerful member of the Peaky Blinders was a man known as Kevin Mooney. His real name was Thomas Gilbert, but he routinely changed his last name.
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system in 1903, in the United States, and the first factory manufacturing them in Great Britain opened in 1908, this idea of the origin of the name is
388:
and Cheapside, Birmingham. Their expansion was noted by their first gang rival, the Cheapside Sloggers, who battled against them to control land.
391:
After Peaky Blinders established controlled territory in the late 19th century their criminal enterprise began expanding. They diversivied into
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was contracted to enforce local law in Birmingham. Police corruption and bribery diminished the effectiveness of his enforcement for a time.
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474:. Henry Lightfoot, the first person to be named as a Peaky Blinder, joined the British Army three times in his life and participated in the
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298:. They were known to sneak up from behind, then pull the hat peak down over victims' faces so they could not describe who robbed them.
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were used, such as in the shooting and killing of a Summer Hill gang member by Peaky Blinder William Lacey in September 1905.
562:, premiered in September 2013. It presents a fictional story in which the Peaky Blinders contend in the underworld with the
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In addition to guns, the Peaky Blinders used an assortment of melee weapons, such as belt buckles, metal-tipped boots,
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346:. The origins of this subculture can be traced back to the 1850s, a time when Birmingham's streets were filled with
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Soon, the term "Peaky Blinder" became a generic term for young street criminals in Birmingham. In 1899, an Irish
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After a decade of political control, their growing influence brought on the attention of a larger gang, the
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Peaky Blinders : the aftermath : the real story behind the next generation of British gangsters
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moved in on the Birmingham Boys gang and solidified political control over Central England in the 1930s.
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235:
250:, is a crime story about a fictional crime family operating in Birmingham just after World War I.
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and rough sports. When the police started to crack down on these activities due to pressure from the
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Peaky Blinders : the legacy : the real story of Britain's most notorious 1920's gangs
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282:. British author John Douglas, from Birmingham, said hats were used as weapons in his novel
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This article is about the real-world criminal organisation. For the television series, see
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Peaky Blinders: The Real Story: The new true history of Birmingham's most notorious gangs
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into the peaks of their flat caps, which could then be used as weapons. However, as the
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718:. Friends of the Met Police Museum – via Epsom & Ewell History Explorer.
738:"Origins of the Peaky Blinders shocks author of new book about Birmingham gangs"
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Larner, Tony (1 August 2010). "When Peaky Blinders Ruled Streets with Fear".
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1404:. School of Cultural Studies: Leeds Metropolitan University. Archived from
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street youth. The gang's activities lasted from the 1880s until the 1920s.
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area. The gang had houses located in and around Birmingham, ranging from
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1402:"'Undiscovered Country': Towards A History Of The Criminal 'Underworld'"
374:. This article is the earliest evidence of the Peaky Blinders in print:
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c. 1,000; membership fluctuated widely with alliances and joined forces
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led to a violent youth subculture. Poor youths frequently engaged in
582:. Many of the show's exteriors have been filmed on location at the
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354:, the youth fought back, banding together in what became known as
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570:, and it follows the gang based in post-World War I Birmingham's
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The Gangs of Birmingham: From the Sloggers to the Peaky Blinders
327:
1369:"London A-Z Series No.1 (A Sample....) 'G for Gangland London'"
711:
535:
462:, respectively. Each was held for one month for their crimes.
877:
Men and Menswear: Sartorial Consumption in Britain 1880–1939
1313:
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1034:"Murderous Outrage at Small Heath. A Man's Skull Fractured"
923:"'Peaky Blinders': The Disparate Ingredients of a Cult Hit"
46:
Harry Fowles, a member of the gang sporting the signature
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960:
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427:, robbery, and protection rackets, as opposed to more
804:"Peaky Blinders: Was there a real-life Tommy Shelby?"
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Birmingham's Peaky Blinders – in fact... and fiction
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481:Gangster Billy Kimber was a former Peaky Blinder.
266:is that the gang members would stitch disposable
1444:"Game of Thrones star joins Peaky Blinders cast"
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1268:"12 Eye Opening Facts About the Peaky Blinder"
423:claims that the Blinders were more focused on
1158:"Real Peaky Blinder: Truth Behind the Legend"
1037:. Birmingham Mail. 24 March 1890. p. 3.
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310:Thomas Gilbert, a powerful member of the gang
8:
846:"The Peaky Blinders are a romanticised myth"
34:
1019:Edwardians: The Remaking of British Society
330:areas. These efforts were executed through
40:
274:company introduced the first replaceable
968:"Carl Chinn – The real 'Peaky Blinders'"
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1130:. John Blake Publication. p. 192.
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1156:Louise Rhind Tutt (7 September 2019).
890:Bradley, Michael (12 September 2013).
470:Many gang members later fought in the
33:
1320:"Who Were the Real 'Peaky Blinders'?"
1168:from the original on 14 December 2019
1099:Michael Bradley (12 September 2013).
1080:from the original on 30 December 2017
856:from the original on 15 November 2019
810:from the original on 15 November 2019
769:"The TRUTH Behind the Peaky Blinders"
7:
1537:History of Birmingham, West Midlands
1454:from the original on 18 October 2017
1278:from the original on 1 November 2019
941:from the original on 7 February 2019
779:from the original on 29 January 2017
767:Chamberlain, Zoe (15 October 2014).
62:Late 1880s, widely accepted as 1887.
16:Criminal gang in Birmingham, England
1107:from the original on 25 August 2019
1072:Nick McCarthy (11 September 2013).
736:Young, Graham (15 September 2019).
220:In 2013, the name was reused for a
1532:Gangs in Birmingham, West Midlands
1101:"Birmingham's real Peaky Blinders"
974:from the original on 2 August 2019
921:Egner, Jeremy (21 December 2017).
892:"Birmingham's real Peaky Blinders"
14:
326:of men walking on the streets of
1510:Birmingham's real Peaky Blinders
902:from the original on 4 July 2018
419:. Historian Heather Shor of the
1266:Cormier, Roger (30 May 2016).
1128:Peaky Blinders: The Real Story
1074:"Meet the real Peaky Blinders"
1:
1518:(Birmingham Mail, 2013-09-12)
370:the 24 March 1890 edition of
294:might be from the gang's own
205:, leather boots, and peaked
1482:Black Country Living Museum
710:Kirby, Dick (7 July 2002).
584:Black Country Living Museum
1575:
1205:Gooderson, Philip (2010).
230:. The series, which stars
18:
970:. History West Midlands.
685:John Blake Publishing Ltd
647:John Blake Publishing Ltd
609:John Blake Publishing Ltd
39:
1021:. Routledge. p. 50.
95:West Midlands of England
1433:Chinn, p. 108, 116, 194
1400:Shore, Heather (2001).
875:Ugolini, Laura (2007).
539:television drama series
444:Charles Haughton Rafter
284:A Walk Down Summer Lane
132:, fraud, murder, rape,
1512:(BBC News, 2013-09-12)
1322:. Smithsonian Magazine
1017:Paul Thompson (1992).
1006:. F. Cass. p. 36.
879:. Ashgate. p. 42.
712:"The Race Track Gangs"
381:
311:
67:Founding location
1367:Barley, Nick (2001).
1002:Eric Moonman (1987).
314:Economic hardship in
309:
289:Birmingham historian
31:Criminal organization
1415:on 29 September 2007
203:bell-bottom trousers
1381:on 30 December 2006
1126:Carl Chinn (2019).
1076:. Birmingham Mail.
1004:The Violent Society
485:Weapons and fashion
476:Battle of the Somme
421:University of Leeds
372:The Birmingham Mail
122:Criminal activities
36:
1348:on 12 October 2007
1256:Chinn, pp. 155–159
927:The New York Times
530:In popular culture
393:protection rackets
312:
296:criminal behaviour
1450:. 29 March 2017.
1162:I Love Manchester
898:. West Midlands.
450:Notorious members
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82:Years active
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860:30 December
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673:Chinn, Carl
635:Chinn, Carl
597:Chinn, Carl
572:Small Heath
568:Sabini gang
546:, starring
520:Sabini gang
386:Small Heath
193:, buttoned
175:street gang
148:and robbery
140:, bribery,
138:hooliganism
128:, assault,
111:Membership
71:Small Heath
50:and peaked
24:(TV series)
1526:Categories
1478:bclm.co.uk
1419:6 December
1385:6 December
1352:18 January
1342:"UK Chaps"
1282:1 November
1172:1 November
783:18 October
724:References
716:The Peeler
703:1309300519
665:1291506049
627:1136540063
576:Longbridge
491:fire irons
478:in 1916.
417:bookmaking
364:soft power
344:strangling
316:Birmingham
291:Carl Chinn
280:apocryphal
195:waistcoats
187:bookmaking
185:, illegal
179:Birmingham
126:Bookmaking
75:Birmingham
1374:The Times
1048:4 January
1043:780029664
935:0362-4331
556:Sam Neill
405:smuggling
401:land grab
360:hierarchy
254:Etymology
240:Sam Neill
207:flat caps
191:overcoats
177:based in
146:hijacking
142:smuggling
130:extortion
101:Ethnicity
90:Territory
77:, England
1452:Archived
1326:10 April
1276:Archived
1209:. Milo.
1166:Archived
1105:Archived
1078:Archived
972:Archived
939:Archived
900:Archived
896:BBC News
854:Archived
808:Archived
777:Archived
749:10 April
675:(2021).
637:(2020).
599:(2019).
566:and the
340:stabbing
272:Gillette
248:Joe Cole
52:flat cap
48:overcoat
906:20 June
510:Decline
413:robbery
336:battery
332:assault
320:robbery
199:scarves
197:, silk
173:were a
157:Sabinis
134:fencing
105:English
59:Founded
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342:, and
153:Rivals
113:(est.)
397:fraud
1494:2017
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1421:2006
1411:.doc
1387:2006
1354:2018
1328:2022
1284:2019
1211:ISBN
1174:2019
1132:ISBN
1113:2017
1086:2017
1050:2022
1039:OCLC
980:2017
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931:ISSN
908:2018
862:2017
816:2017
785:2014
751:2022
699:OCLC
689:ISBN
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613:ISBN
558:and
534:The
328:slum
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