133:
1906:
828:
1858:
1285:, the different growth habits, growth period and drought vulnerability of the three crops maximising total productivity and minimising the risk of total crop failure. It is often ground into a flour, rolled into large balls, parboiled, liquefied into a watery paste using fermented milk, and then consumed as a beverage. This beverage, called "fura" in Hausa, is a popular drink in northern Nigeria and southern Niger. Pearl millet is a food widely used in
151:
1891:
1876:
974:
25:
1053:
1391:, which is known to be involved in tolerance to abiotic stresses in pearl millet. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics is evaluating crop wild relatives and will introgress abiotic tolerant traits into cultivated genotypes and make them available for pearl millet improvement.
1172:
is the largest producer of pearl millet. India began growing pearl millet between 1500 and 1100 BCE. It is currently unknown how it made its way to India, but it likely arrived originally from across Africa, and via the Red Sea during Indus Valley Trade networks. Rajasthan is the highest-producing
964:
World production of millets has been stable during the 1980s. According to FAO, 39.4 million hectares (97 million acres) of millet were planted in 1987 with an average production of only 704 kilograms per hectare (628 lb/acre).
1380:
Around 1000 pearl millet genotypes (including 31 wild genotypes) have been sequenced, identifying the genetic diversity of this staple crop and aiding breeding to select for particular characteristics. A reference genotype of pearl millet
984:, globular and elliptical. In Africa, pearl millet is classified as either globular or lanceolate and hexagonal. Most of the millets are very similar to each other in basic structures, although there are some very specific differences.
946:, low soil fertility, low moisture, and high temperature. It performs well in soils with high salinity or low pH. Because of its tolerance to difficult growing conditions, it can be grown in areas where other
958:, would not survive. Pearl millet is a summer annual crop well-suited for double cropping and rotations. The grain and forage are valuable as food and feed resources in Africa, Russia, India and China.
980:
Pearl millet varieties from the world collection probably have more variation in physical characteristics than any other millet. Kernel shape has different classifications: obovate, hexagonal,
1309:. The regions in which this crop is produced are: Zambezi, Kavango East, Kavango West, Ohangwena, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, and; in parts of the Otjozondjupa region, in the Tsumkwe area.
1323:
Traditionally, the mahangu is pounded with heavy pieces of wood in a 'pounding area'. The floor of the pounding area is covered with a concrete-like coating made from the material of
996:
of pearl millet can be affected by both environment and genetics. Pearl millet usually has higher protein and fat contents than sorghum or other millets because the kernel is a naked
961:
Today, pearl millet is grown on over 260,000 square kilometres (100,000 sq mi) of land worldwide. It accounts for about 50% of the total world production of millets.
1198:
of Tamil Nadu. It is the second important food for Tamil people consumed predominantly in the hot humid summer months from
February through May every year. It is made into a
1611:(millet grain midge): The larvae eat the developing grain and form white pupal cases attached to the tips of spikelets. Reported losses in Senegal are as high as 90 percent.
1180:
and is mostly grown in the semiarid districts of North
Karnataka. Sajje is milled and used for making flatbread called 'sajje rotti' and is eaten with yennegai (stuffed
3500:
3270:
3371:
2289:"On the Origins and Dissemination of Domesticated Sorghum and Pearl Millet across Africa and into India: a View from the Butana Group of the Far Eastern Sahel"
1973:"On the Origins and Dissemination of Domesticated Sorghum and Pearl Millet across Africa and into India: a View from the Butana Group of the Far Eastern Sahel"
2287:
Winchell, Frank; Brass, Michael; Manzo, Andrea; Beldados, Alemseged; Perna, Valentina; Murphy, Charlene; Stevens, Chris; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2018-12-01).
1971:
Winchell, Frank; Brass, Michael; Manzo, Andrea; Beldados, Alemseged; Perna, Valentina; Murphy, Charlene; Stevens, Chris; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2018-12-01).
2446:
Board on
Science and Technology for International Development; Office of International Affairs; National Research Council (United States) (1996-02-14).
1327:
mounds. As a result, some sand and grit gets into the pounded mahangu, so products like oshifima are usually swallowed without chewing. After pounding,
863:). These can be nearly white, pale yellow, brown, grey, slate blue or purple. The 1000-seed weight can be anything from 2.5 to 14 g with a mean of 8 g.
1289:
and its surrounding states, it is the most widely grown and harvested crop. There are many products that are obtained from the processing of the crop.
3017:
3474:
3195:
2484:
3513:
3283:
3221:
2420:
3605:
3345:
1358:, pasta shapes, and "rice". Pearl millet is also a vital feedstock for cattle, goats and chickens which can also be explored as an enterprise.
2744:
2526:
2461:
1245:
The second largest producer of pearl millet and the first to start cultivation, Africa has been successful in bringing back this lost crop.
2906:
Lale N, Sastawa BM (2000). "Evaluation of host plant resistance, sowing date modification and intercropping as methods for the control of
2879:
Tanzubil, Paul B.; Yakubu, Emmanuel A. (1997). "Insect pests of millet in
Northern Ghana. 1. Farmers' perceptions and damage potential".
1905:
2812:
2791:
2120:
2086:
2034:
108:
2222:
2395:
3487:
3257:
2626:
2077:
Fuller, D.Q. (2003). "African crops in prehistoric South Asia: a critical review". In
Neumann K, Butler A, Kahlheber S (eds.).
1366:
Recently more productive varieties of pearl millet have been introduced, enabling farmers to increase production considerably.
816:
2145:
46:
3518:
3288:
2116:
89:
3296:
1407:
42:
1857:
805:. Recent archaeobotanical research has confirmed the presence of domesticated pearl millet on the Sahel zone of northern
61:
1484:
2163:
132:
3448:
3094:
3081:
68:
3595:
3536:
3358:
1950:
1945:
1890:
1760:
1741:
1595:
1875:
35:
1587:) attacks pearl millet, and also sorghum and maize, especially in the Sahel. It is the main pearl millet pest in
150:
1301:, pearl millet is locally known as "mahangu" and is grown mainly in the north of that country, where it is the
3541:
3363:
75:
3182:
2544:"Erratum: Pearl millet genome sequence provides a resource to improve agronomic traits in arid environments"
1653:. Farmers in Niger often fight the species using fires set at night. It is also reported as sorghum pest in
1346:
and other methods. In a food extruder, the mahangu is milled into a paste before being forced through metal
827:
3187:
3174:
3169:
3109:
3029:
2591:
2248:"Crops and Culture: Dispersal of African Millets to the Indian Subcontinent and its Cultural Consequences"
1833:
1149:
in meals. Bajhar ji maani prepared in
Tharparkar, Sindh is served with various types of kadhi and bhaaji.
3099:
57:
1936:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1693:
1472:
1460:
277:
3226:
2832:
3528:
3311:
3143:
2923:
2548:
2424:
2043:
1778:
1766:
1629:
1579:
1538:
1514:
1478:
1374:
2980:
Starks KJ, Cassady AJ, Merkle OG, Boozaya-Angoon D (1982). "Chinch bug resistance in pearl millet".
866:
The height of the plant ranges from 0.5–4 metres (1 ft 8 in – 13 ft 1 in).
3319:
2587:"Harnessing wild relatives of pearl millet for germplasm enhancement: Challenges and opportunities"
1842:
1641:
1615:
1490:
1466:
1347:
1317:
790:
2681:
Moumouni, K.; Kountche, B.; Jean, M.; Hash, C.; Vigouroux, Y.; Haussmann, B.; Belzile, F. (2015).
3562:
3397:
3350:
3135:
2618:
2567:
2190:
2032:) from the Tilemsi Valley, Mali: new insights into an alternative cereal domestication pathway".
1750:
1699:
1687:
1661:
1623:
1607:
1454:
1233:
were the staple food crops in these states but it reduced to a mere cattle fodder crop after the
1088:
303:
145:
3324:
1369:
To combat the problem of micronutrient malnutrition in Africa and Asia, a study of serving iron-
3505:
3275:
3010:
2447:
1173:
state in India. The first hybrid of pearl millet developed in India in 1965 is called the HB1.
3590:
3461:
3117:
2957:
Natarajan US, Raja V, Selvaraj S, Anavardham L (1973). "Extent of damage caused by shoot fly (
2939:
2808:
2787:
2750:
2740:
2709:
2663:
2610:
2522:
2457:
2326:
2308:
2269:
2171:
2082:
2059:
2028:
Manning K, Pelling R, Higham T, et al. (2011). "4500-year-old domesticated pearl millet (
2010:
1992:
1667:
1520:
1420:
899:
1387:) has been fully sequenced, which holds around 38,579 genes. Some of these genes are for wax
3620:
3600:
2989:
2931:
2888:
2859:
2701:
2653:
2600:
2557:
2514:
2316:
2300:
2259:
2051:
2000:
1984:
1772:
1448:
1370:
1234:
931:
923:
915:
911:
895:
3249:
2399:
2247:
1305:. In the dry, unpredictable climate of this area it grows better than alternatives such as
3610:
2716:. National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement at Huazhong Agricultural University.
2682:
2081:. Africa Praehistorica. Vol. 15. Cologne: Heinrich-Barth-Institut. pp. 239–271.
1508:
891:
188:
82:
2927:
2047:
1665:(pink stem borer), especially in lowland forests. This species and the sugarcane borer (
3615:
3337:
3332:
2321:
2199:
2005:
1436:
1430:
1343:
1222:
903:
887:
875:
175:
3376:
2914:
species (Coleoptera: Meloidae) infesting pearl millet in the
Nigerian Sudan savanna".
1603:) attacks pearl millet. The larvae bore in a spiral path, destroying florets or grain.
3584:
2828:
2736:
2622:
2543:
1718:
1710:
1682:
1496:
1442:
1414:
1226:
927:
919:
879:
794:
294:
201:
3567:
3466:
3402:
3122:
2571:
2451:
2149:
1649:) is a nocturnal beetle, recorded as a locally important pest on millet flowers in
1502:
1388:
1377:
to a control group is proved to have higher level of iron absorbance by the group.
1351:
1274:
1195:
3453:
3440:
3213:
2658:
2641:
973:
3429:
3086:
3073:
1338:
Some industrial grain processing facilities now exist, such as those operated by
3301:
3234:
2542:
K Varshney, Rajeev; Shi, Chengcheng; Thudi, Mahendar; et al. (2018-04-05).
2124:
1672:
1555:
1395:
1339:
1302:
1286:
1207:
1134:
859: in) length, the largest kernels of all varieties of millet (not including
802:
244:
214:
24:
3063:
2705:
2518:
2304:
2055:
1988:
1911:
1863:
1678:
1567:
1551:
1203:
1052:
981:
907:
3052:
2943:
2769:
2754:
2713:
2667:
2614:
2312:
2273:
2175:
2063:
1996:
3208:
3156:
2892:
2423:. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. March 2003. Archived from
2288:
1972:
1646:
1600:
1584:
1563:
1328:
1278:
1177:
1126:
1103:
997:
3554:
3389:
2993:
2935:
2371:
2330:
2264:
2148:. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. Archived from
2014:
2864:
2847:
3549:
3423:
3384:
3046:
2585:
Sharma, Shiv; Sharma, Rajan; Govindaraj, Mahalingam; et al. (2021).
2562:
1915:
1867:
1634:
1355:
1313:
1153:
254:
1550:
The larvae of several insect species, primarily belonging to the orders
1342:. Efforts are also being made to develop smaller scale processing using
793:
since prehistoric times. The center of diversity, and suggested area of
3479:
3200:
3130:
2605:
2586:
1897:
1882:
1787:
1654:
1588:
1559:
1324:
1298:
1262:
1258:
1230:
1181:
1138:
1130:
943:
883:
860:
234:
3239:
2833:"Guide to insects, arthropods, and molluscs of northern Dogon country"
2102:
972:
2732:
2513:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. p. 270.
1282:
1185:
1122:
1097:
1073:
1068:
947:
786:
782:
224:
3023:
2195:(Pearl Millet) Using Scanning Electron and Fluorescence Microscopy"
3492:
3262:
3161:
1650:
1571:
1332:
1306:
1266:
1254:
1199:
1194:
is the Tamil name of pearl millet and is a common food across the
1169:
1146:
1142:
1060:
1051:
955:
951:
836:
826:
798:
162:
2421:"Enhancing food security in Namibia through value-added products"
3148:
1270:
1211:
1110:
1056:
806:
3027:
2729:
Insect Pests of
Millets: Systematics, Bionomics, and Management
1100:. It is usually made in summers to be served along with meals.
942:
Pearl millet is well adapted to growing areas characterized by
1350:. Products made this way include breakfast cereals, including
18:
2848:"Management of Economically Important Insect Pests of Millet"
2687:(L.) R. Br., using a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach"
2642:"Recent research progress in combatting root parasitic weeds"
1574:. The following pest species are reported for northern Mali.
2727:
Kalaisekar, A.; Padmaja, P.; Bhagwat, V.; Patil, J. (2017).
1657:, and as a pest on maize, where the larvae attack the roots.
1637:) attack pearl millet. They are major millet pests in Mali.
2784:
Millet pests of the Sahel: biology, monitoring and control
2347:
2770:
Panicle insect pest damage and yield loss in pearl millet
2223:"The origin and dispersal of millet cultivation in India"
2105:. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 2022.
2485:"Biofortified pearl millet 'can combat iron deficiency'"
1823:), have affected early plantings of pearl millet crops.
2079:
1840:
In North
America, regular pests include the chinch bug
1754:(spittle bug) is reported as a millet pest, as well as
1225:
states. There was a time when pearl millets along with
1096:
is a traditional dish made with pearl millet flour and
2456:. Vol. 1. National Academies Press. p. 108.
2509:
Kole, Chittaranjan (2020). Kole, Chittaranjan (ed.).
2396:"Venture Publications - Namibia Holiday & Travel"
2807:, Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute. (80 p.)
3413:
3036:
2786:. Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute. 66 pp.
1717:Grasshoppers that frequently attack millets in the
1373:pearl millets which is bred conventionally without
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2805:Millet pests of the Sahel: an identification guide
1257:region of Africa. It is a main staple (along with
2683:"Construction of a genetic map for pearl millet,
2123:of the United Nations (FAO). 1995. Archived from
1570:adults, are persistent pearl millet pests in the
2252:Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology
1320:to make a drink called "ontaku" or "oshikundu".
1116:
1107:
1091:
2846:Gahukar, Ruparao T.; Reddy, Gadi V. P. (2019).
2511:Genomic Designing of Climate-Smart Cereal Crops
2348:"Welcome to the Namibian Agronomic Board (NAB)"
1671:) are the primary pests of the pearl millet in
1176:Sajje is the local name of the pearl millet in
1152:In Namibia, pearl millet flour is used to make
2646:Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment
2640:Samejima, Hiroaki; Sugimoto, Yukihiro (2018).
2599:(1ali). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: 177–200.
1156:, a staple food in northern part of Namibia.
1253:Pearl millet is an important food across the
8:
1831:In South India, pests include the shoot fly
1044:Values are expressed on a dry matter basis.
1785:In northern Nigeria, heavy infestations of
3024:
2823:
2821:
2739:, USA: Academic Press. pp. xiii+190.
1633:(pearl millet blister beetle; Coleoptera,
1141:, India, are served with various types of
131:
122:
2863:
2657:
2604:
2561:
2320:
2263:
2004:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2881:International Journal of Pest Management
2189:McDonough, C.; Rooney, L. (1989-01-01).
1002:
2117:"Sorghum and millet in human nutrition"
1928:
1853:
1599:(pearl millet head-miner; Lepidoptera,
1583:(pearl millet stem-borer; Lepidoptera,
1316:called "oshifima" (or "oshithima"), or
1277:. In Nigeria it is usually grown as an
1137:and bajra no rotlo (બાજરા નો રોટલો) in
1072:flatbread. It is also boiled to make a
809:between 2500 and 2000 BC. 2023 was the
577:Pennisetum americanum convar. typhoides
316:
3012:Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains
2453:Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains
2164:"FAO production yearbook, 1988, v. 42"
1066:Pearl millet is commonly used to make
569:Pennisetum americanum convar. spicatum
2852:Journal of Integrated Pest Management
2483:Munyaradzi, Makoni (29 August 2013).
2342:
2340:
2216:
2214:
1133:, bajrichi bhakri (बाजरीची भाकरी) in
1106:made of pearl millet flour, known as
318:
7:
3529:d2d50272-101a-48d7-bd64-530a8143b01e
3312:bfbd4b99-d724-4cde-ac3b-7ad648f1dd4f
2652:(2). Taylor & Francis: 221–240.
2103:"International Year of Millets 2023"
47:adding citations to reliable sources
2803:Matthews, M. and N. D. Jago. 1993.
2767:S. Krall, O. Youm, and S. A. Kogo.
1004:Proximate analysis of pearl millet
781:) is the most widely grown type of
14:
2448:"Pearl Millet: Subsistence Types"
2121:Food and Agriculture Organization
2035:Journal of Archaeological Science
969:Structure and physical properties
692:(Schltdl.) T.Durand & Schinz
620:(K.Schum.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
3542:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:410495-1
3364:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:415048-1
1904:
1889:
1874:
1856:
1697:), and African rice gall midge (
1261:) in a large region of northern
777:, commonly known as the synonym
149:
23:
2627:Crop Science Society of America
2191:"Structural Characteristics of
1312:Mahangu is usually made into a
817:United Nations General Assembly
34:needs additional citations for
2982:Journal of Economic Entomology
2376:Namibian Agronomic Board (NAB)
2372:"Mahangu | Agronomic Services"
140:Pearl millet hybrid for grain
1:
3606:Crops originating from Africa
2659:10.1080/13102818.2017.1420427
2293:African Archaeological Review
2246:Haaland, Randi (2012-06-20).
1977:African Archaeological Review
1408:List of pearl millet diseases
812:International Year of Millets
700:(Link) T.Durand & Schinz
1709:(cotton-stainer; Hemiptera,
2221:Singh, Purushottam (1996).
992:The composition of variety
839:grains of 3–4 millimetres (
16:Species of cultivated grass
3639:
1951:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1946:Plants of the World Online
1761:Heliocheilus albipunctella
1742:Diabolocatantops axillaris
1645:(Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae,
1596:Heliocheilus albipunctella
1405:
1331:may be used to remove the
332:(Forssk.) Poir. ex Steud.
3018:National Research Council
2706:10.1007/s11032-015-0212-x
2519:10.1007/978-3-319-93381-8
2305:10.1007/s10437-018-9314-2
2056:10.1016/j.jas.2010.09.007
1989:10.1007/s10437-018-9314-2
874:Also known as 'Bajra' in
797:, for the crop is in the
309:
302:
283:
276:
146:Scientific classification
144:
139:
130:
125:
1426:Anoecia fulviabdominalis
1394:A 2015 study provided a
1362:Research and development
1202:and consumed along with
922:of Nigeria, 'Mawele' in
705:Pennisetum pycnostachyum
513:Penicillaria involucrata
2893:10.1080/096708797228825
1685:): millet grain midge (
1217:Pearl millet is called
1117:
1108:
1092:
930:of Kenya, 'Mahangu' in
785:. It has been grown in
681:Pennisetum megastachyum
673:Pennisetum malacochaete
585:Pennisetum ancylochaete
537:Penicillaria roxburghii
529:Penicillaria plukenetii
521:Penicillaria nigritarum
2959:Atherigona approximate
2936:10.1006/jare.2000.0690
2265:10.3126/dsaj.v5i0.6354
1834:Atherigona approximata
1770:, and caterpillars of
1063:
977:
832:
708:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
676:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
668:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
660:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
636:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
628:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
612:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
588:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
564:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
545:Penicillaria solitaria
345:Cenchrus pycnostachyus
2193:Pennisetum Americanum
2168:FAO Statistics Series
1736:Cataloipus cymbiferus
1730:Kraussaria angulifera
1724:Oedaleus senegalensis
1694:Contarinia sorghicola
1534:Tetraneura fusiformis
1473:Protaphis middletonii
1461:Hysteroneura setariae
1412:Insect pests include
1093:bajre ki khatti rabdi
1055:
976:
830:
697:Pennisetum plukenetii
689:Pennisetum nigritarum
505:Penicillaria elongata
500:Andersson ex A.Braun
417:Panicum alopecuroides
369:Chaetochloa lutescens
2994:10.1093/jee/75.2.337
2961:) on bajra hybrid".
2563:10.1038/nbt0418-368d
2549:Nature Biotechnology
1896:Mahangu pounding in
1881:Mahangu pounding in
1779:Helicoverpa armigera
1767:Coniesta ignefusalis
1580:Coniesta ignefusalis
1479:Rhopalosiphum maidis
1375:genetic modification
641:Pennisetum giganteum
625:Pennisetum gambiense
617:Pennisetum echinurus
561:Pennisetum albicauda
553:Penicillaria spicata
508:Schrad. ex Schltdl.
497:Penicillaria deflexa
489:Penicillaria arabica
473:Panicum involucratum
329:Andropogon racemosus
321:Alopecurus typhoides
43:improve this article
2928:2000JArEn..46..263L
2865:10.1093/jipm/pmz026
2048:2011JArSc..38..312M
1939:Cenchrus americanus
1843:Blissus leucopterus
1805:Mylabris fimbriatus
1791:species, including
1748:In northern Ghana,
1642:Rhinyptia infuscata
1616:Pachnoda interrupta
1526:Tetraneura africana
1491:Schizaphis graminum
1467:Melanaphis sacchari
1121:(बाजरे की रोटी) in
1005:
918:of Ghana, 'Zuk' in
791:Indian subcontinent
779:Pennisetum glaucum
774:Cenchrus americanus
713:Pennisetum spicatum
633:Pennisetum gibbosum
609:Pennisetum cinereum
385:Holcus paniciformis
377:Chamaeraphis glauca
287:Cenchrus americanus
3415:Panicum americanum
3325:Pennisetum glaucum
3038:Pennisetum glaucum
3016:- released by the
2782:Jago, N. D. 1993.
2694:Molecular Breeding
2685:Pennisetum glaucum
2606:10.1002/csc2.20343
2427:on 6 December 2005
2030:Pennisetum glaucum
1817:Hycleus chevrolati
1809:Hycleus hermanniae
1801:Hycleus fimbriatus
1793:Hycleus terminatus
1751:Poophilus costalis
1713:) attacks flowers.
1700:Orseolia oryzivora
1691:), sorghum midge (
1688:Geromyia penniseti
1662:Sesamia calamistis
1624:Psalydolytta fusca
1608:Geromyia penniseti
1455:Geoica utricularia
1089:Rajasthani cuisine
1064:
1003:
978:
833:
815:, declared by the
753:Setariopsis glauca
649:Pennisetum glaucum
601:Pennisetum cereale
441:Panicum compressum
425:Panicum americanum
420:J.Koenig ex Trin.
361:Chaetochloa glauca
269:C. americanus
3596:Grasses of Africa
3578:
3577:
3030:Taxon identifiers
2746:978-0-12-804285-4
2735:, United Kingdom
2528:978-3-319-93380-1
2463:978-0-309-04990-0
1821:Coryna chevrolati
1813:Coryna hermanniae
1756:Dysdercus volkeri
1707:Dysdercus volkeri
1668:Eldana saccharina
1485:R. rufiabdominale
1384:Tift 23D2B1-P1-P5
1281:with sorghum and
1042:
1041:
835:Pearl millet has
766:
765:
757:
749:
748:(Aiton) P.Beauv.
741:
733:
725:
717:
709:
701:
693:
685:
677:
669:
661:
657:Pennisetum leonis
653:
645:
637:
629:
621:
613:
605:
597:
593:Pennisetum aureum
589:
581:
573:
565:
557:
549:
541:
533:
525:
517:
509:
501:
493:
485:
477:
469:
461:
457:Panicum holcoides
453:
445:
437:
433:Panicum coeruleum
429:
421:
413:
409:Ixophorus glaucus
405:
397:
389:
388:Roxb. ex Hook.f.
381:
373:
365:
357:
353:Cenchrus spicatus
349:
341:
340:B.Heyne ex Wall.
337:Cenchrus paniceus
333:
325:
119:
118:
111:
93:
3628:
3571:
3570:
3558:
3557:
3545:
3544:
3532:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3509:
3508:
3496:
3495:
3483:
3482:
3470:
3469:
3457:
3456:
3444:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3406:
3405:
3393:
3392:
3380:
3379:
3367:
3366:
3354:
3353:
3341:
3340:
3328:
3327:
3315:
3314:
3305:
3304:
3302:NBNSYS0200002816
3292:
3291:
3279:
3278:
3266:
3265:
3253:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3229:
3217:
3216:
3204:
3203:
3191:
3190:
3178:
3177:
3165:
3164:
3152:
3151:
3139:
3138:
3126:
3125:
3113:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3090:
3089:
3077:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3025:
2998:
2997:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2825:
2816:
2801:
2795:
2780:
2774:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2691:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2608:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2398:. Archived from
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2344:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2008:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1933:
1908:
1893:
1878:
1860:
1797:Mylabris afzelli
1773:Amsacta moloneyi
1530:Tetraneura basui
1515:Sit. leelamaniae
1386:
1385:
1235:Green Revolution
1160:Around the world
1120:
1114:
1095:
1076:porridge called
1006:
916:Dagbani language
906:, 'Mexoeira' in
858:
857:
853:
848:
847:
843:
814:
813:
755:
747:
739:
731:
723:
721:Phleum africanum
715:
707:
699:
691:
683:
675:
667:
665:Pennisetum maiwa
659:
651:
643:
635:
627:
619:
611:
603:
595:
587:
579:
571:
563:
555:
547:
539:
531:
523:
516:(Roxb.) Schult.
515:
507:
499:
491:
483:
481:Panicum spicatum
475:
467:
459:
451:
444:Balb. ex Steud.
443:
435:
427:
419:
411:
403:
395:
393:Holcus racemosus
387:
379:
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
331:
323:
289:
154:
153:
135:
123:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3566:
3561:
3553:
3548:
3540:
3535:
3527:
3525:
3517:
3512:
3504:
3499:
3491:
3486:
3478:
3473:
3465:
3460:
3452:
3447:
3439:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3409:
3401:
3396:
3388:
3383:
3375:
3370:
3362:
3357:
3349:
3344:
3336:
3331:
3323:
3318:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3287:
3282:
3274:
3269:
3261:
3256:
3248:
3246:
3238:
3233:
3225:
3220:
3212:
3207:
3199:
3194:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3134:
3129:
3121:
3116:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3093:
3085:
3080:
3072:
3070:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3032:
3007:
3005:Further reading
3002:
3001:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2963:Madras Agric. J
2956:
2955:
2951:
2916:J. Arid Environ
2905:
2904:
2900:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2802:
2798:
2781:
2777:
2766:
2762:
2747:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2378:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2027:
2026:
2022:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1829:
1619:(millet beetle)
1548:
1509:Sitobion avenae
1410:
1404:
1383:
1382:
1364:
1295:
1251:
1243:
1223:Northern Indian
1206:or consumed as
1167:
1162:
1050:
990:
971:
950:crops, such as
940:
902:and 'Maiwa' in
890:, 'Sajjalu' in
872:
870:Other languages
855:
851:
850:
845:
841:
840:
825:
811:
810:
762:
745:Setaria sericea
644:Ten. ex Steud.
465:Panicum indicum
449:Panicum glaucum
401:Holcus spicatus
315:
314:
298:
291:
285:
272:
148:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3583:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:wfo-0000882979
3559:
3546:
3533:
3523:
3510:
3497:
3484:
3471:
3458:
3445:
3435:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:wfo-0000888897
3394:
3381:
3368:
3355:
3342:
3329:
3316:
3306:
3293:
3280:
3267:
3254:
3244:
3231:
3218:
3205:
3192:
3179:
3166:
3153:
3140:
3127:
3114:
3104:
3091:
3078:
3068:
3058:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3014:, Chapters 4-6
3006:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2988:(2): 337–339.
2972:
2949:
2922:(3): 263–280.
2898:
2887:(2): 133–136.
2871:
2858:(1:28): 1–10.
2838:
2829:Heath, Jeffrey
2817:
2796:
2775:
2760:
2745:
2719:
2673:
2632:
2577:
2534:
2527:
2501:
2475:
2462:
2438:
2412:
2387:
2363:
2336:
2299:(4): 483–505.
2279:
2238:
2210:
2200:Food Structure
2181:
2155:
2152:on 2007-07-11.
2137:
2108:
2094:
2087:
2069:
2042:(2): 312–322.
2020:
1983:(4): 483–505.
1963:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1886:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1828:
1825:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1676:
1658:
1638:
1620:
1612:
1604:
1592:
1547:
1544:
1437:Aphis gossypii
1403:
1400:
1363:
1360:
1344:food extrusion
1294:
1291:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1237:in the 1960s.
1227:finger millets
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
989:
986:
970:
967:
939:
936:
914:, 'Za' in the
910:, 'Baajri' in
894:, 'Bajeer' in
871:
868:
824:
821:
764:
763:
761:
760:
759:
758:
750:
742:
734:
732:(L.) P.Beauv.
729:Setaria glauca
726:
718:
710:
702:
694:
686:
678:
670:
662:
654:
646:
638:
630:
622:
614:
606:
598:
590:
582:
574:
566:
558:
550:
542:
534:
526:
518:
510:
502:
494:
486:
478:
470:
462:
454:
446:
438:
430:
422:
414:
406:
398:
390:
382:
374:
366:
358:
350:
342:
334:
326:
312:
311:
310:
307:
306:
300:
299:
292:
281:
280:
274:
273:
266:
264:
260:
259:
252:
248:
247:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
212:
205:
204:
199:
192:
191:
186:
179:
178:
173:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
142:
141:
137:
136:
128:
127:
117:
116:
58:"Pearl millet"
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3634:
3633:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2813:0-85954-331-5
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2792:0-85954-349-8
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2737:San Diego, CA
2734:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2686:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2402:on 2013-02-21
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2239:
2224:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2127:on 2018-10-01
2126:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2088:3-927688-20-7
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1941:(L.) Morrone"
1940:
1932:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1827:Other regions
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1719:Dogon country
1712:
1711:Pyrrhocoridae
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1683:Cecidomyiidae
1680:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1566:, as well as
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1521:Sit. pauliani
1517:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1497:Sipha elegans
1493:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:F. orientalis
1445:
1444:
1443:Forda hirsuta
1439:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1421:An. cornicola
1417:
1416:
1415:Anoecia corni
1409:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:puffed grains
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
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1164:
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1157:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1118:bajre ki roti
1113:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1026:Pearl millet
1025:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1001:
999:
995:
987:
985:
983:
975:
968:
966:
962:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
937:
935:
933:
929:
928:Meru language
926:, 'Mwere' in
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
898:, 'Bajri' in
897:
893:
889:
886:, 'Kambu' in
885:
882:, 'Sajje' in
881:
877:
869:
867:
864:
862:
838:
829:
822:
820:
818:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:domestication
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:
770:
754:
751:
746:
743:
738:
735:
730:
727:
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719:
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703:
698:
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631:
626:
623:
618:
615:
610:
607:
602:
599:
594:
591:
586:
583:
578:
575:
572:(L.) Tzvelev
570:
567:
562:
559:
554:
551:
546:
543:
538:
535:
530:
527:
522:
519:
514:
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378:
375:
370:
367:
364:(L.) Scribn.
362:
359:
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351:
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343:
338:
335:
330:
327:
322:
319:
317:
308:
305:
301:
296:
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288:
282:
279:
278:Binomial name
275:
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184:
181:
180:
177:
176:Tracheophytes
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
152:
147:
143:
138:
134:
129:
126:Pearl millet
124:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3414:
3037:
3011:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2966:
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2841:
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2778:
2768:
2763:
2728:
2722:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2676:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2596:
2592:Crop Science
2590:
2580:
2553:
2547:
2537:
2510:
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2488:
2478:
2467:. Retrieved
2452:
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2425:the original
2415:
2404:. Retrieved
2400:the original
2390:
2379:. Retrieved
2375:
2366:
2355:. Retrieved
2351:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2204:
2198:
2192:
2184:
2167:
2158:
2150:the original
2140:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:the original
2111:
2097:
2078:
2072:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2023:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1944:
1938:
1931:
1841:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
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1784:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1721:of Mali are
1716:
1706:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1666:
1660:
1640:
1628:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1594:
1578:
1549:
1539:T. yezoensis
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1503:Sipha maydis
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1393:
1389:biosynthesis
1379:
1371:biofortified
1368:
1365:
1337:
1322:
1311:
1296:
1275:Burkina Faso
1252:
1244:
1218:
1216:
1196:Indian state
1191:
1190:
1175:
1168:
1151:
1102:
1086:
1082:kamban koozh
1081:
1078:kamban choru
1077:
1067:
1065:
1048:Culinary use
1043:
1009:Millet type
993:
991:
979:
963:
960:
941:
934:of Namibia.
873:
865:
834:
778:
773:
772:
769:Pearl millet
768:
767:
752:
744:
737:Setaria rufa
736:
728:
720:
712:
704:
696:
688:
680:
672:
664:
656:
648:
640:
632:
624:
616:
608:
600:
592:
584:
576:
568:
560:
556:(L.) Willd.
552:
544:
536:
528:
520:
512:
504:
496:
488:
480:
472:
464:
456:
448:
440:
432:
424:
416:
408:
400:
392:
384:
380:(L.) Kuntze
376:
368:
360:
352:
344:
336:
328:
320:
286:
284:
268:
267:
255:
208:
195:
182:
169:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3235:iNaturalist
1956:15 November
1679:gall midges
1673:Ivory Coast
1630:Ps. vestita
1556:Lepidoptera
1396:genetic map
1340:Namib Mills
1303:staple food
1287:Borno state
1135:Maharashtra
988:Composition
938:Cultivation
823:Description
803:West Africa
756:(L.) Samp.
716:(L.) Körn.
652:(L.) R.Br.
484:(L.) Roxb.
245:Panicoideae
241:Subfamily:
215:Commelinids
189:Angiosperms
3585:Categories
3338:kew-432725
3333:Plant List
3107:Calflora:
2969:: 584–585.
2556:(4): 368.
2489:SciDev Net
2469:2007-11-07
2406:2006-05-19
2381:2023-05-16
2357:2023-05-16
2231:October 9,
2131:2016-11-04
1923:References
1912:Flour mill
1864:Agronomist
1681:(Diptera,
1568:Orthoptera
1552:Coleoptera
1431:An. vagans
1406:See also:
1204:buttermilk
1109:bajhar ji
1104:Flatbreads
982:lanceolate
908:Mozambique
831:Seed heads
412:(L.) Nash
356:(L.) Cav.
69:newspapers
3430:Q21876078
3209:GrassBase
3188:242336504
3175:242336504
2944:0140-1963
2755:967265246
2714:1380-3743
2668:1310-2818
2623:224875047
2615:1435-0653
2494:29 August
2313:1572-9842
2274:1994-2672
2176:0071-7118
2064:0305-4403
1997:1572-9842
1647:Anomalini
1601:Noctuidae
1585:Crambidae
1564:Hemiptera
1329:winnowing
1318:fermented
1279:intercrop
1178:Karnataka
1127:Rajasthan
1021:Total DF
998:caryopsis
819:in 2021.
740:Chevall.
524:Schltdl.
297:) Morrone
263:Species:
159:Kingdom:
99:June 2021
3591:Cenchrus
3555:25524071
3550:Tropicos
3506:10763272
3493:410495-1
3424:Wikidata
3390:25514680
3385:Tropicos
3276:11118751
3263:415048-1
3214:imp07760
3047:Wikidata
2908:Mylabris
2831:(2009).
2331:30880862
2258:: 1–30.
2170:. 1989.
2146:"Millet"
2015:30880862
1916:Tanzania
1868:Zimbabwe
1635:Meloidae
1356:porridge
1314:porridge
1154:Oshifima
1012:Protein
994:Changara
932:Kwanyama
900:Gujarati
801:zone of
789:and the
580:Tzvelev
540:A.Braun
492:A.Braun
396:Forssk.
324:Burm.f.
304:Synonyms
256:Cenchrus
231:Family:
202:Monocots
3621:Cereals
3601:Millets
3480:2706149
3201:2706141
3149:1115854
3131:Ecocrop
3053:Q654332
3020:in 1996
2924:Bibcode
2629:(CSSA).
2572:4608024
2431:4 March
2322:6394749
2044:Bibcode
2006:6394749
1898:Namibia
1883:Namibia
1850:Gallery
1815:), and
1788:Hycleus
1655:Senegal
1589:Senegal
1560:Diptera
1325:termite
1299:Namibia
1293:Namibia
1263:Nigeria
1259:sorghum
1231:sorghum
1182:brinjal
1139:Gujarat
1131:Haryana
944:drought
924:Swahili
912:Marathi
896:Kumaoni
884:Kannada
861:sorghum
854:⁄
844:⁄
684:Steud.
548:Stokes
372:Stuntz
348:Steud.
251:Genus:
235:Poaceae
221:Order:
163:Plantae
83:scholar
3611:Fodder
3526:NZOR:
3519:518212
3454:224903
3441:126098
3438:APDB:
3377:1326-7
3346:PLANTS
3309:NZOR:
3289:508150
3240:136388
3100:293898
3071:APDB:
2942:
2912:Coryna
2811:
2790:
2753:
2743:
2733:London
2712:
2666:
2621:
2613:
2570:
2525:
2460:
2329:
2319:
2311:
2272:
2174:
2085:
2062:
2013:
2003:
1995:
1819:(syn.
1811:(syn.
1803:(syn.
1795:(syn.
1739:, and
1562:, and
1546:Africa
1536:, and
1283:cowpea
1241:Africa
1186:yogurt
1184:) and
1147:bhaaji
1123:Punjab
1098:yogurt
1069:bhakri
948:cereal
892:Telugu
787:Africa
783:millet
724:Lour.
604:Trin.
476:Roxb.
468:Mill.
460:Trin.
436:Mill.
225:Poales
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3616:Sahel
3501:IRMNG
3467:4CCWG
3372:SANBI
3351:PEGL2
3271:IRMNG
3247:IPA:
3227:27187
3162:PESGL
3123:76K3N
3087:69683
3074:53064
3061:APA:
2700:(1).
2690:(PDF)
2619:S2CID
2568:S2CID
2226:(PDF)
1651:Niger
1572:Sahel
1402:Pests
1333:chaff
1307:maize
1267:Niger
1255:Sahel
1249:Sahel
1219:bajra
1200:gruel
1192:Kambu
1170:India
1165:India
1143:kadhi
1111:maani
1074:Tamil
1061:Sindh
1029:12.8
956:wheat
952:maize
904:Hausa
888:Tamil
876:Hindi
837:ovoid
799:Sahel
596:Link
532:Link
209:Clade
196:Clade
183:Clade
170:Clade
90:JSTOR
76:books
3537:POWO
3514:ITIS
3488:IPNI
3475:GBIF
3449:APNI
3359:POWO
3320:PfaF
3284:ITIS
3258:IPNI
3250:6157
3222:GRIN
3196:GBIF
3157:EPPO
3136:8418
3110:8690
3095:BOLD
3082:APNI
3064:4988
2940:ISSN
2910:and
2809:ISBN
2788:ISBN
2751:OCLC
2741:ISBN
2710:ISSN
2664:ISSN
2611:ISSN
2523:ISBN
2496:2013
2458:ISBN
2433:2012
2327:PMID
2309:ISSN
2270:ISSN
2233:2017
2207:(1).
2172:ISSN
2083:ISBN
2060:ISSN
2011:PMID
1993:ISSN
1958:2020
1776:and
1627:and
1354:and
1273:and
1271:Mali
1229:and
1212:idly
1208:dosa
1145:and
1129:and
1057:Roti
1038:7.1
1035:1.2
1032:6.0
1018:Ash
1015:Fat
920:Tyap
880:Urdu
878:and
807:Mali
313:List
62:news
3563:WFO
3462:CoL
3398:WFO
3297:NBN
3183:FoC
3170:FNA
3144:EoL
3118:CoL
2990:doi
2932:doi
2889:doi
2860:doi
2702:doi
2654:doi
2601:doi
2558:doi
2515:doi
2352:NAB
2317:PMC
2301:doi
2260:doi
2052:doi
2001:PMC
1985:doi
1807:),
1799:),
1348:die
1297:In
1221:in
1210:or
1115:or
1087:In
1080:or
954:or
452:L.
428:L.
404:L.
45:by
3587::
3565::
3552::
3539::
3516::
3503::
3490::
3477::
3464::
3451::
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3387::
3374::
3361::
3348::
3335::
3322::
3299::
3286::
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3237::
3224::
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3185::
3172::
3159::
3146::
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3097::
3084::
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2986:75
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2967:60
2965:.
2938:.
2930:.
2920:46
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2883:.
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2820:^
2749:.
2731:.
2708:.
2698:35
2696:.
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2595:.
2589:.
2566:.
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2521:.
2487:.
2450:.
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2350:.
2339:^
2325:.
2315:.
2307:.
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2291:.
2268:.
2254:.
2250:.
2213:^
2203:.
2197:.
2166:.
2119:.
2058:.
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2040:38
2038:.
2009:.
1999:.
1991:.
1981:35
1979:.
1975:.
1949:.
1943:.
1914:,
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
