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in pearl culture due to their compatibility with the host animal, and the nacre they are to be covered by. These high-quality and sought-after shells are first sliced into strips and then into cubes. The edges and corners are ground down until they are a roughly spherical and then milled to become perfectly round, and brought to a highly polished finish.
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The development of cultured pearls took much of the chance, risk, and guesswork out of the pearl industry, allowing it to become stable and predictable, and fostering its rapid growth over the past 100 years. Today, more than 99% of all pearls sold worldwide are cultured pearls. Colored pearls, which
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A pearl nucleus or a bead for cultured pearl is a sphere (usually) or other shape (occasionally) formed only by cutting and polishing a nacreous shell used to accommodate the nacre secreted from a graft of mantle tissue, that eventually forms the centre of a beaded cultured pearl. While the material
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The cultured pearls on the market today can be divided into two categories. The first category covers the beaded cultured pearls, including Akoya, South Sea, Tahiti, and the large, modern freshwater pearl, the Edison pearl. These pearls are gonad-grown, and usually one pearl is grown at a time. This
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The most popular and effective method for creating cultured pearls utilizes the shells of freshwater river mussels harvested in the
Midwestern U.S., from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Shells with the common names "Washboard", "Maple Leaf", "Ebony", "Pimpleback", and "Three Ridge" are popular for use
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The second category includes the non-beaded freshwater cultured pearls, like the Biwa or
Chinese pearls. As they grow in the mantle, where on each wing up to 25 grafts can be implanted, these pearls are much more frequent and saturate the market completely. An impressive improvement in quality has
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One of the first recorded histories of cultured pearls was found in the ancient China during the Song
Dynasty. The cultivation method was the same as the Mabe-pearl (half pearl) that we know of today. Instead of using the shells or saibo as the core, they used a mold to create a buddhist figure
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are initiated in nature more or less by chance, but cultured pearls are human-initiated, formed by inserting a tissue graft from a donor mollusk, upon which a pearl sac forms, and the inner side precipitates calcium carbonate, in the form of nacre or "mother-of-pearl".
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taken place in the last 10 years, when the formerly rice grain-shaped pebbles are compared with the near round pearls of today. In the last two years, large, near perfectly round, bead-nucleated pearls up to 15 mm in diameter with metallic luster have been produced.
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The nucleus bead in a beaded cultured pearl is generally a polished sphere made from freshwater mussel shell. Along with a small piece of mantle tissue from another mollusk (donor shell) to serve as a catalyst for the pearl sac, it is surgically implanted into the
438:, respectively, which survive the subsequent surgery to remove the finished pearl, are often implanted with a new, larger bead as part of the same procedure, and then returned to the water for another 2–3 years of growth. An experimental process using a
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From the 16th to the 18th century, the western world advanced in pearl research as new technologies, such as microscopes, developed. Scientists began more sophisticated research on pearl formation, developing new theories one after another.
426:(reproductive organ) of a saltwater mollusk. In freshwater perliculture, only the piece of tissue is used in most cases, and is inserted into the fleshy mantle of the host bivalve. South Sea and Tahitian pearl oysters, as
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Disease
Causation Theory (Guillaume Rondeletius, 1507 - 1566), Egg Causation Theory (Chauveton, 1578), Sand Grain Causation Theory (Sir R. Redding, 1674), Parasite Causation Theory (D. E. von Baer, 1830),
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A pearl is formed when the mantle tissue is injured by a parasite, an attack of a fish, or another event that damages the external fragile rim of the shell of a mollusk shell bivalve or
266:, Tiangong Kaiwu arrived in Europe and was translated. Scientists who were fascinated by the mysteries of pearls began their quest to find out how pearls are formed.
320:. Mitsubishi was the first to produce a cultured South Sea pearl – although the first small commercial crop of pearls was not successfully produced until 1928.
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occur due to local chemicals inside the shell, much in the way of rubies or sapphires, can be made by inserting colored minerals into the mussel shell, e.g.,
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pearls larger than 10 mm in diameter are extremely rare and highly priced. Today, a hybrid mollusk is used in both Japan and China in the production of
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262:). Chapter 18 of this collection mentioned about the pearls and the formation theory. Along the line of history and with the help of the
406:, 2–4 years for Tahitian and South Sea, and 2–7 years for Edison. This perliculture process was first developed by British biologist
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was able to use
Nishikawa's technology. After the patent was granted in 1916, the technology was immediately commercially applied to
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can be of anything that does not negatively affect the health of a pearl oyster, the modern age pearl cultivators normally use
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203:. As the nacre builds up in layers of minute aragonite tablets, it fills the growing pearl sac and eventually forms a pearl.
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312:'s Baron Iwasaki immediately applied the technology to the South Sea pearl oyster in 1917 in the Philippines, and later in
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664:"Pearl farming in Hong Kong: enthusiasts restock oyster beds in city waters to revive a 1,000-year-old industry"
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limits the number of pearls at a harvest period. The pearls are usually harvested after one year for
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into the pearl sac, a cyst that forms during the healing process. Chemically speaking, this is
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in Japan in 1916. Mise's brother was the first to produce a commercial crop of pearls in the
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Cultured pearls can often be distinguished from natural pearls through the use of
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in a variety of conditions depending upon the mollusc and the goals. Having the
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made from lead. The mold was then inserted into the freshwater mussel shell,
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bodies. Over 95% of the pearls available on the market are cultured pearls.
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sac with human intervention in the interior of productive living
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nucleus allows the provenance of cultured pearls to be tracked.
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were all theories that tried to explain the pearls' formation.
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one of the pearls is cut to expose the manmade nucleus bead
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species are also used for producing cultured pearls today.
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pearls, are produced by a species of small pearl oyster,
333:, which is no bigger than 6 to 8 cm in size, hence
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as natural pearls, cultured pearls can be cultivated in
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
614:Southgate, Paul C.; Lucas, John S., eds. (2011).
446:Pearl nuclei: the core of modern cultured pearls
381:, which reveals the inner nucleus of the pearl.
323:The original Japanese cultured pearls, known as
179:Cross-section of a cultured and a natural pearl
27:Pearl created under human-controlled conditions
642:"Discovery of the Pearl Cultivating Technique"
290:The Rise of the Modern Cultured Pearl Industry
147:are pearls which are formed within a cultured
8:
231:Cultured Mabe pearl in the shape of a Buddha
270:Formation Theories and Cultivation Research
529:"A History of the Cultured Pearl Industry"
546:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
467:or China's freshwater bodies located in
365:X-ray of a cultured pearl set in jewelry
580:"Debunking a widely held Japanese myth"
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254:compiled a Chinese encyclopedia called
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
662:Lazarus, Sarah (15 February 2018).
587:The International Pearling Journal
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191:tissue of the mollusk secretes
45:needs additional citations for
644:. Antique-jewelry-investor.com
440:radio-frequency identification
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463:that either come from the US
199:and a fibrous protein called
694:. CIBJO standard. p. 8.
620:. Elsevier. pp. 31–34.
603:– via Pearl-Guide.com.
284:(William Saville Kent, 1893)
223:Song Dynasty (960 - 1279 AD)
374:to create a pinkish color.
341:pearls. Furthermore, other
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485:Cultured freshwater pearls
669:South China Morning Post
527:Nagai, Kiyohito (2013).
722:20th-century inventions
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435:Pinctada margaritifera
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171:Development of a pearl
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395:pearls —
393:Cultured dark Tahiti
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454:White pearl necklace
408:William Saville-Kent
54:improve this article
717:Japanese inventions
516:. 2020. p. 11.
461:freshwater bivalves
187:. In response, the
578:George, C. Denis.
548:10.2108/zsj.30.783
534:Zoological Science
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239:Hyriopsis cumingii
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465:Mississippi River
197:calcium carbonate
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18:Pearling industry
16:(Redirected from
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52:Please help
47:verification
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675:25 December
475:provinces.
706:Categories
648:2013-08-30
600:2013-08-30
496:References
385:Nucleation
310:Mitsubishi
201:conchiolin
165:freshwater
110:March 2013
80:newspapers
264:Silk Road
185:gastropod
136:Cultured
557:24125642
479:See also
344:Pinctada
308:oyster.
279:and the
161:seawater
153:molluscs
565:1429376
473:Jiangxi
218:History
94:scholar
712:Pearls
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379:X-rays
350:Pteria
325:akoya
189:mantle
140:pearls
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594:(PDF)
583:(PDF)
561:S2CID
514:CIBJO
469:Hunan
424:gonad
412:Japan
404:akoya
339:akoya
335:akoya
318:Palau
314:Buton
306:akoya
299:akoya
193:nacre
149:pearl
138:akoya
101:JSTOR
87:books
677:2018
622:ISBN
553:PMID
471:and
432:and
347:and
316:and
260:天工開物
73:news
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