537:, China, as early as the late nineteenth century. There were a series of epidemic outbursts in 1948, 1955, 1966, and 1974, whenever there was social tension or impending disaster, followed by the last widespread episode in 1984–1985 and a much smaller outbreak in 1987. The 1984–1985 epidemics lasted for over a year and affected over 3,000 people in 16 cities and provinces. A mental health campaign was conducted for the epidemic and since then no further episodes of the epidemic has occurred in China. Improvement in local economic conditions, associated with a better quality of life, is suggested to contribute to the fading of the episodic occurrences of koro.
148:
reversible, unlike the effect of cold temperatures on some genital regions that cause retraction. These changes may trigger a koro attack when observed, although the effects of cold temperatures are objectively reversible. According to literature, episodes usually last several hours, though the duration may be as long as two days. There are cases in which koro symptoms persist for years in a chronic state, indicating a potential co-morbidity with
733:, a fifteenth-century European manual for witchcraft investigations, relates stories of men claiming that their genitals had disappeared, being "hidden by the devil … so that they can be neither seen nor felt." They were said to have reappeared after the men had appeased the witches responsible. Witches were said to store the removed genitals in birds' nests or in boxes, where "they move themselves like living members and eat oats and corn".
221:
retraction, fear of death as a result of retraction, and use of mechanical means to prevent retraction. Cases that do not meet all the requirements are generally classified as koro-like symptoms or given a diagnosis of partial koro syndrome. It has been argued that the criteria are sufficient but not necessary to make a diagnosis of koro. Researchers have identified koro as a possible "cultural relative" of
344:-TR) as a condition marked by excessive preoccupation with an imaginary or minor defect in a facial feature or localized part of the body. BDD is different from koro. In koro, a patient is overcome with the belief that his penis is actively shrinking, and it may be in imminent danger of disappearing. Clinical literature indicates that these two psychological conditions should be separated during
245:). Additionally, the physician should inquire about overall beliefs, personal values, and assumptions that the patient is making about his or her genitals. Given that koro is often an “attack” with a great deal of associated anxiety, the physician should ascertain the patient's emotional state along with the timeline from onset to the presentation at the examination.
557:. Rumours relating eating pork and koro spread after a further report of an inoculated pig dying from penile retraction. The cases reported amounted to 97 in a single hospital unit within one day, at five days after the original news report. Government and medical officials alleviated the outbreak only by public announcements over television and in the newspapers.
564:, Thailand caused at least 350 cases, most of them Thai and males. Popular opinion and news media echoed the affected individuals' projection of viewing the epidemic as caused by Vietnamese food and tobacco poisoning in a hideous assault against the Thai people. Another large-scale epidemic in Thailand occurred in 1982.
714:
Comparing West
African genital-shrinking epidemics with koro in Southeast Asia, the latter has symptoms centered on genital retraction (instead of shrinkage) and fear of death (which is absent in African cases). A study analyzing the West African epidemics from 1997 to 2003 concluded that rather than
248:
A physical examination should involve an assessment of overall health along with a detailed genital examination. In men, genital examination should be performed immediately after penile exposure, to avoid changes due to external temperature. The primary intent of the male exam is to exclude genuine
183:
Individuals with extreme anxiety and their family members may resort to physical methods to prevent the believed retraction of the penis. A man may perform manual or mechanical penile traction, or "anchoring" by a loop of string or some clamping device. Similarly, a woman may be seen grabbing her own
147:
Most patients report acute anxiety attacks due to perceived genital retraction and/or genital shrinkage, despite a lack of any objectively visible biological changes in the genitalia that are longstanding. "Longstanding" refers to changes that are sustained over a significant period and do not appear
736:
At least three publications of the 1880s, from US, Russia and
England, reported genital retraction pathology, without using the Malay or Chinese term. Koro epidemics in China were first noticed in a French report in 1908 and descriptions of koro entered clinical books of western medicine in 1936.
297:
Various authors have attempted to distinguish between complete and incomplete forms of koro, along with cultural and non-cultural forms. Cultural forms are said to involve a cultural belief or myth which plays a role in the genesis and spread of the disease in the community. These are regarded as
879:
is considered to be related to a man's vital energy, and hence excessive depletion of semen may lead to illness or death. Some authors believe that the idea of death caused by the semen depletion resembles the idea of death caused by genital disappearance, although such linkage between koro and
635:
In the 1970s and early 1980s, newspapers reported incidents of genital shrinking in
Western Nigeria. Since late 1996, a small-scale epidemic of genital shrinking was reported in West African nations. Affected individuals in the African outbreaks often interpreted the experience as genital theft,
220:
Several criteria are typically used to make a diagnosis of koro. The primary criterion is a patient's report of genital (typically penile or female nipple) retraction despite a lack of objective physical evidence demonstrating retraction. This is accompanied by severe anxiety related to the
294:" (classification with cardinal sign), "the genital retraction taxon" (classification with common factors between syndromes), and the group with "culture-related beliefs as causes for the occurrence" (classification according to how the syndromes might be affected by cultural factors).
517:, fear of genital shrinkage is reported but not all the other typical koro symptoms, such as fear of death, as in endemic countries. The incomplete forms of koro are regarded as the non-cultural forms, while the complete form with acute anxiety is the classical culture-bound type.
261:. The presence of a significant suprapubic fat pad should be noted as well. Careful measurements of flaccid length, stretched length and flaccid girth will also be useful. If male patients insist that their penis is shrinking and disappearing, measurements after intracavernosal
579:
Mass Koro epidemic was reported in Labour Camps in Kochi, Kerala in South India during August and
September 2010 among migrant labour population from North and North-east India. Reportedly, the epidemic spread to about 100 individuals in 3 labour Camps within 2 weeks.
167:
has a strong cultural link with
Chinese traditional beliefs. This is demonstrated by the fact that Asians generally believe koro symptoms are fatal, unlike most patients in the West. Other ideational themes are intra-abdominal organ shrinkage, sex-change to female or
265:
may be used in the office to determine the true erect length and to diagnose any penile abnormalities in the erect state. A physical examination should note any injuries inflicted by the patient in an effort to "prevent" retraction as further confirmation of koro.
1963:
Spyropoulos E, Christoforidisb C, Borousasa D, Mavrikosa S, Bourounisa M, Athanasiadisa S (2005). "Augmentation phalloplasty surgery for penile dysmorphophobia in young adults: Considerations regarding patient selection, outcome evaluation and techniques applied".
387:
distributed according to symptoms and to etiologically significant points in the past. Prognosis appears to be better in cases with a previously functional personality, a short history and low frequency of attacks, and a relatively uncomplicated sexual life.
623:) meaning tingling disease, in that region. Locals created some folk managements for this condition like partly submerging the patient in a pond and pulling and holding her nipples or his genital. It is reported and published in many newspapers like
469:
inhabitants of the countries. Though there are speculations that the occurrence of koro among people in
Malaysia and Indonesia was the result of Chinese migrants, this cultural diffusion view is challenged since koro epidemics have been reported in
298:
complete forms of koro, matching all the symptoms required for diagnosis without significant co-morbidity. Differentiation into primary koro, a culture-bound expression, and secondary koro. Secondary koro is proposed to have co-morbidity with a
278:, koro is listed as one of the entries in the Glossary of Culture-Bound Syndromes of Appendix I. The manual gives koro's definition as "a term, probably of Malaysian origin, that refers to an episode of sudden and intense anxiety that the
152:. In addition to retraction, other symptoms include a perception of alteration of penis shape and loss of penile muscle tone. In cases when patients have no perception of retraction, some patients may complain of genital
408:
or beat the person to drive it out. The person will receive a yang- or yin-augmenting
Chinese medicine to try to balance the internal conditions, usually including herbs, pilose antler (stag of deer) or deer tail, and
290:) will recede into the body and possibly cause death." Attempts have been made by numerous authors to place koro into different classes. For example, koro may fit into the group of "specific culture-imposed
391:
For sporadic
Western cases, careful diagnostic workup including searching for underlying sexual conflict is common. The choice of psychotherapeutic treatment is based on the psychiatric pathology found.
400:
In China, traditional treatment based on the causes suggested by cultural beliefs are administered to the patient. Praying to gods and asking Taoist priests to perform exorcism is common. If a
184:
breast, pulling her nipple, or even having iron pins inserted into the nipple. Physical injury may occur from these attempts. These forceful attempts often lead to injuries, sometimes death.
1843:
Elder JS. Congenital anomalies of the genitalia. In:Walsh PC, Retik AB, Walsh PC, Campbell MF, eds. Campell’s urology. Philadelphia, London, Toronto: W.B. Saunders Comp.; 1998: 2120–43.
124:
The condition can be diagnosed through psychological assessment along with physical examination to rule out genuine disorders of the genitalia that could be causing true retraction.
2112:
Greenfield Jason M.; Lucas Steven; Levine
Laurence A. (2006). "Factors affecting the loss of length associated with tunica albuginea plication for correction of penile curvature".
1242:
Ghanem, Hussein; Glina, Sidney; Assalian, Pierre; Buvat, Jacques (January 2013). "Position Paper: Management of Men
Complaining of a Small Penis Despite an Actually Normal Size".
1015:
88:
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accusing someone with whom they had contact of "stealing" the organ and the spiritual essence, causing impotence. The perceived motive for theft was associated with local
897:
which can make people weak physically and sexually and shrink their tissues. Belief in koro being caused by the fox ghost among the southern Chinese has been reported.
719:, the episodes were product of normal psychological functioning in undisturbed individuals, who were influenced by the local cultural models or social representations.
576:
affected, in majority, poorly educated people from lower socio-economic strata. There was no evidence of significant premorbid or sexual psychopathology in most cases.
2727:
241:
A medical, psychosexual and psychiatric history should be documented. The physician should explore the patient's concerns about appearance and body image (ruling out
1135:
683:
where mobs attacked individuals accused of the penis theft and authorities ordered security forces to curb the violence, following the deaths of five people by
1674:
Dzokoto, Vivian Afi; Adams, Glenn (March 2005). "Understanding Genital-Shrinking Epidemics in West Africa: Koro, Juju, or Mass Psychogenic Illness?".
332:
Men who present with this complaint may have koro, but they may also be misinformed about normal genital size. Additionally, they may have penile
549:
in October 1967 for about ten days. Newspapers initially reported that some people developed koro after eating the meat of pigs inoculated with a
924:. The name could be derived from a river, its surrounding valley, and a local tribe of the same name which is located at northwestern sector of
163:
include fear of impending death, penile dissolution and loss of sexual power. Feelings of impending death along with retraction and perceived
1057:
889:
2147:
Fishbain, David A.; Barsky, Steve; Goldberg, Myron (January 1989). "'Koro' (Genital Retraction Syndrome): Psychotherapeutic Interventions".
2185:
Tseng, W. S. (December 2006), "From Peculiar Psychiatric Disorders through Culture-bound Syndromes to Culture-related Specific Syndromes",
1386:
1100:
Mattelaer, Johan J.; Jilek, Wolfgang (September 2007). "SEXUAL MEDICINE HISTORY: Koro—The Psychological Disappearance of the Penis".
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or genital shortening. Among females, the cardinal symptom is nipple retraction in the breast, generally into the breast as a whole.
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1922:
1897:
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Most of the ancient literature concerning koro was related to Chinese ethnic groups. For example, koro (in its Chinese term of
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807:
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In the late Middle Ages in Europe, it was believed that men could lose their penises through magical attacks by witches. The
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separates koro from physical urological abnormalities. For example, one physical disorder that causes loss of penile size is
299:
82:
are retracting and will disappear, despite the lack of any true longstanding changes to the genitals. Koro is also known as
2893:
2735:
441:. A 1992 study of self-report questionnaires suggests that in the epidemic area of China, individuals with koro are mostly
367:
develops scar tissue that prevents the full expansion of an erection and causes flaccid penis retraction. Additionally, a
841:
799:
771:
477:
Sporadic cases of koro among people with non-Southeast-Asian ethnicity have been reported across the globe, for example,
1020:
868:
830:
823:
309:
3179:
1937:
Wang, Minghui; Wang, Fenglei (March 2002), "Conceptualisation and treatment of koro in traditional Chinese medicine",
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about juju constitute consensual realities that propose both a means and motivation for genital-shrinking experience.
506:
434:
1139:
2077:
Brock Gerald; et al. (1997). "The anatomy of the tunica albuginea in the normal penis and Peyronie's disease".
466:
3160:
490:
364:
352:
337:
333:
242:
222:
149:
3099:
Mattelaer, Johan J.; Jilek, Wolfgang (September 2007). "Koro—The Psychological Disappearance of the Penis".
340:(BDD), defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition (Text Revision) (
196:
significance to koro. Sexual adjustment histories of non-Chinese individuals are often significant, such as
2764:
Chowdhury, Arabinda N. (September 1998). "Hundred Years of Koro the History of a Culture-Bound Syndrome".
1541:
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1010:
649:
486:
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recognises koro as a sexual disease and classifies it into two categories, namely "cold conglomeration in
230:
75:
993:
856:), retraction of the penis with distension of the abdomen was described as a certain sign of death. The
829:
Factors of cultural expectation in the genesis of koro can be built upon ideas of sex physiology in the
371:
is a normally developed penis, partially covered by the suprapubic fat which can be surgically removed.
687:. Later reports of outbreak suggest a spread beyond West Africa, including the coverage of episodes in
360:
258:
822:
with the penis retracting into the abdomen. It asserts that the patient will die if not treated with "
3203:
2537:
Edwards, J. G. (1970), "The Koro pattern of depersonalization in an American schizophrenic patient",
929:
462:
303:
1546:
1532:
Garlipp, Petra (2008), "Koro – a Culture-Bound Phenomenon Intercultural Psychiatric Implications",
729:
624:
173:
2343:
Ifabumunyi, O. I.; Rwegellera, G. G. C. (1979), "Koro in a Nigerian Male Patient: A Case Report",
1575:
Adeniran, R. A.; Jones, J. R. (April 1994). "Koro: Culture-Bound Disorder or Universal Symptom?".
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2781:
2495:
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2406:
2307:
2244:
2210:
2042:
Kim J, Kim M, Lee N, Park Y (2000). "A case of urethrocutaneous fistula with the koro syndrome".
2024:
1870:
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201:
3128:
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2842:
2808:
2709:
2683:
2656:
2616:
2580:
2554:
2487:
2398:
2299:
2202:
2164:
2129:
2094:
2059:
2016:
1981:
1946:
1918:
1893:
1788:
1734:
1691:
1635:
1618:
Berrios, G. E.; Morley, S. J. (September 1984). "Koro-like symptom in a Non-Chinese Subject".
1592:
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1478:
1366:
1305:
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1207:
1117:
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58:
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Psychosexual conflicts, personality factors, and cultural beliefs are considered as being of
3108:
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2194:
2160:
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2121:
2086:
2051:
2008:
1973:
1862:
1815:
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1726:
1683:
1627:
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1470:
1419:
1297:
1251:
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1109:
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616:
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2943:
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3127:
Frank Bures, "The Geography of Madness" (2016), Melville House Publishing, pp. 3–24,
1393:
716:
573:
554:
494:
482:
478:
766:(simplified Chinese: 缩阳; traditional Chinese: 縮陽)) is documented in the old medical book
3240:
2899:
1890:
The Culture-bound syndromes: Folk Illnesses of Psychiatric and Anthropological Interest
917:
860:
theory proposes that an unbalanced loss of the yang humour produces genital shrinkage.
502:
450:
438:
380:
128:
31:
2394:
2090:
2055:
1853:
Yap, P. M. (December 1967). "Classification of the Culture-Bound Reactive Syndromes".
3214:
3112:
2785:
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2125:
1874:
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1255:
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526:
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384:
164:
112:
96:
3091:
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2214:
2028:
1703:
1604:
1490:
1431:
1317:
1219:
3184:
2523:
2410:
1746:
1647:
857:
791:
787:
446:
368:
321:
205:
197:
153:
3053:
Michael W. Passer; Ronald E. Smith. "Sociocultural factors for Anxiety disorder".
2799:
Jilek, W.; Jilel-Aall, L. (1977), "Mass-hysteria with Koro-symptoms in Thailand",
2324:
Lucieer, W. M. (1984), "The Bitter Taste of Liberty: A Study in Ethnopsychiatry",
1190:
Chowdhury, Arabinda N. (March 1996). "The definition and classification of Koro".
3165:
1977:
2868:
2261:
Baasher, T. A. (1963), "The Influence of Culture on Psychiatric Manifestation",
981:
872:
738:
668:
584:
442:
410:
279:
262:
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193:
177:
78:
delusional disorder in which individuals have an overpowering belief that their
2777:
2611:
2240:
1819:
880:
Taoism, which influences Chinese medicine to some degree, is only speculative.
2838:
2441:
2424:
2362:
Burgeois, M. (1896), "Un Koro Charentais (Transposition Ethnopsychiatrique)",
2227:
Chowdhury, A. N.; Rajbhandari, K. C. (1994), "Koro with Depression in Nepal",
1866:
1687:
1288:
Yap, P. M. (January 1965). "Koro—A Culture-bound Depersonalization Syndrome".
1073:
833:, with free play of imagination which links fatality with genital retraction.
641:
596:
414:
291:
254:
139:), referring to how it looks when they retract their heads into their shells.
63:
2198:
1950:
1555:
1370:
1050:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., text revision
1717:
Berrios GE, Morley SJ (1984). "Koro-like symptom in a non-Chinese subject".
921:
894:
684:
546:
534:
510:
458:
401:
275:
209:
79:
3120:
2972:
2651:
2634:
2550:
2303:
2206:
2133:
2063:
1985:
1792:
1695:
1309:
1301:
1263:
1121:
17:
3083:
3075:
3037:
2963:
2922:
2846:
2713:
2687:
2660:
2584:
2558:
2491:
2482:
2465:
2294:
2168:
2098:
2020:
2012:
1738:
1730:
1639:
1631:
1596:
1588:
1482:
1211:
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penis. Other medicinal foods for therapy are pepper soup, ginger soup and
3192:
2812:
961:
925:
708:
704:
688:
660:
471:
454:
418:
180:, impending madness, spirit possession and a feeling of being bewitched.
3152:
2620:
2402:
3029:
1474:
1423:
1203:
999:
815:
676:
672:
656:
550:
287:
160:
1410:
Chowdhury, Arabinda N. (1992), "Clinical Analysis of 101 Koro Cases",
3062:
Ang, P. C.; Weller, M. P. I. (September 1984). "Koro and Psychosis".
2825:
Sachdev, P. S. (December 1985). "Koro Epidemic in North-East India".
2674:
Koro study team (December 1969), "The Koro "Epidemic" in Singapore",
1461:
Cheng, Sheung-Tak (March 1996). "A critical review of Chinese Koro".
952:(缩阳), adapted from Chinese, means "the shrinkage of penis". The term
864:
700:
696:
637:
422:
341:
317:
226:
169:
108:
100:
2993:
Palthe, W. P. M. van (1934), "Koro, een Eigenaardige Angstneurose",
1892:. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company. pp. 485–6.
996:, a dysfunction of the pelvic floor that causes constant "turtling"
591:
from July to December 2010, in the districts near southern part of
973:
969:
876:
692:
680:
664:
648:, to feed the spiritual agency or to hold the genital for ransom.
592:
588:
313:
283:
449:
and koro. The phenomenon is also found among overseas Chinese in
645:
561:
525:
Local official records indicate genital retraction epidemics in
405:
104:
2801:
Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie
2571:
Dow, T. W.; Silver, D. (1973), "A drug induced Koro syndrome",
2280:
Al-Hmoud, N. (1999), "Koro-like syndrome in a Jordanian male",
1806:
Jilek WG, Jilek-Aall L (1977). "A koro epidemic in Thailand".
379:
In historical culture-bound cases, reassurance and talks on
795:
3199:
A mind dismembered: In search of the magical penis thieves
2700:
Ng, B. Y. (August 1969), "History of Koro in Singapore",
3016:
Cheng S.T. (1996). "A Critical Review of Chinese Koro".
2937:
2935:
2933:
1357:
Ngui, P. W. (1969), "The Koro Epidemic in Singapore",
445:, male, young, single, poorly educated and fearful of
3188:
s "Best of the Web Today," Wednesday, 22 October 2003
1016:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
89:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
3142:
2895:
Lynchings in Congo as penis theft panic hits capital
1760:
1758:
1756:
1095:
1093:
1091:
3146:
2597:Ede, A. (1976), "Koro in an Anglo-Saxon Canadian",
1513:Gwee, Ah Leng (1963), "Koro – A Cultural Disease",
1365:(3a (special issue on studies of anxiety)): 263–6,
1333:"What we can learn from 'untranslatable' illnesses"
599:border, affecting hundreds of people. It is called
474:and India, involving masses of non-Chinese people.
57:
49:
44:
2827:Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
1855:Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2517:, New York: Grune and Stratton, pp. 109–10,
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
887:also plays a role. The novel about ghost stories
2995:Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie
1999:Ang PC, Weller MP (1984). "Koro and psychosis".
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1359:Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
583:Mass Koro epidemic was reported in the state of
2898:, Reuters Africa, 23 April 2008, archived from
3055:Psychology - The science of mind and behaviour
2728:"The year S'pore men feared for their penises"
1888:Simons, Ronald C.; Hughes, Charles C. (1985).
1839:
1837:
1052:. American Psychiatric Pub. pp. 898–901.
932:, meaning "to shrink"; the full expression is
115:and Europe, the syndrome is commonly known as
99:of genital-shrinkage anxiety has a history in
2180:
2178:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
8:
1767:"Penile size and the 'small penis syndrome'"
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
53:Genital retraction syndrome, shrinking penis
1381:
1379:
1043:
1041:
905:The earliest Western reference to the term
404:is believed to be involved, people may hit
3143:
2918:
2916:
2766:International Journal of Social Psychiatry
2381:Barrett, K. (1978), "Koro in a Londoner",
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1138:. Discovery Communications. Archived from
1002:, a similar Chinese culture-bound syndrome
513:. In most of the non-Chinese cases in the
41:
2962:
2650:
2610:
2522:
2481:
2440:
2293:
2263:Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review
2229:Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review
1782:
1545:
1048:American Psychiatric Association (2000).
875:is regarded as detrimental to health, as
560:An epidemic outbreak in November 1976 in
351:In addition to differentiating koro from
2599:Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal
336:. Penile dysmorphophobia is related to
2161:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1989.43.1.87
1037:
790:. The book described the condition as "
433:Among the Chinese, koro is confined to
3193:Koro - the Genital Retraction Syndrome
2869:"Benin alert over 'penis theft' panic"
2573:Journal of Florida Medical Association
1939:The Chinese Journal of Human Sexuality
1136:"Top 10 Little-Known Mental Disorders"
928:, Indonesia. The word is also used in
901:Etymology and geographical background
890:Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio
383:are given. Patients are treated with
7:
2282:Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
836:In the ancient Chinese medical book
572:In 1982, a koro epidemic episode in
1412:Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry
768:New Collection of remedies of value
95:The syndrome occurs worldwide, and
3195:- BBC h2g2, Page dedicated to Koro
2466:"Another Case of Koro in a Briton"
948:which means "to shrink". The term
25:
2149:American Journal of Psychotherapy
355:, physicians also recommend that
159:Psychological components of koro
3113:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00586.x
3018:Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry
2926:Part II, Question I, Chapter VII
2126:10.1097/00005392-200601000-00078
1784:10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.06806.x
1765:Wylie K. R., Eardley I. (2007).
1676:Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry
1463:Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry
1256:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02725.x
1192:Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry
1114:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00586.x
944:which means "head of turtle" or
936:. Koro may also be derived from
675:by 1997. Cases were reported in
461:, and less frequently among the
237:History and physical examination
172:, non-specific physical danger,
2464:Cremona, Anne (February 1981).
1915:Handbook of Cultural Psychiatry
960:(genital shrinkage disease) in
737:In the 1950s, koro is noted in
3101:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
2726:Lee, Teh Jen (11 March 2012).
2539:American Journal of Psychiatry
1244:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
1102:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
853:
845:
811:
803:
783:
775:
1:
3064:British Journal of Psychiatry
2639:British Journal of Psychiatry
2633:Kumar, H. V. (January 1987).
2470:British Journal of Psychiatry
2429:British Journal of Psychiatry
2395:10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92093-7
2364:Annales médico-psychologiques
2345:African Journal of Psychiatry
2091:10.1016/s0022-5347(01)65359-x
2056:10.1016/s0022-5347(05)67465-4
1917:, San Diego: Academic press,
1620:British Journal of Psychiatry
1577:British Journal of Psychiatry
1290:British Journal of Psychiatry
233:between these two disorders.
3057:(3rd ed.). p. 542.
1978:10.1016/j.eururo.2005.02.021
1534:German Journal of Psychiatry
1021:Traditional Chinese Medicine
869:traditional Chinese medicine
831:traditional Chinese medicine
310:Traditional Chinese medicine
1808:Transcult Psychiatr Res Rev
741:and diagnostic psychiatry.
611:) meaning weird disease or
127:The word was borrowed from
118:genital retraction syndrome
3257:
2778:10.1177/002076409804400304
2612:10.1177/070674377602100605
2515:Psychotherapy of Psychosis
2423:Yap, P. M. (August 1965).
2241:10.1177/136346159503200108
1820:10.1177/136346157701400110
909:is found in B.F. Matthes'
814:) which involved a sudden
29:
3207:, Frank Bures, June 2008.
2944:"The Disorder Named Koro"
2839:10.1080/00048678509158852
2702:Singapore Medical Journal
2676:Singapore Medical Journal
2442:10.1192/bjp.111.477.774-a
2326:Psychopathologic Africane
1913:Tseng, Wen-Shing (2001),
1867:10.3109/00048676709159191
1688:10.1007/s11013-005-4623-8
1515:Singapore Medical Journal
786:) which was published in
620:
608:
249:penile anomalies such as
3221:Mass psychogenic illness
2635:"Koro in an Israeli Man"
2199:10.1177/1363461506070781
2187:Transcultural Psychiatry
750:Chinese cultural beliefs
353:body dysmorphic disorder
338:body dysmorphic disorder
306:, or possible drug use.
243:body dysmorphic disorder
229:explains the process of
223:body dysmorphic disorder
150:body dysmorphic disorder
86:, and was listed in the
30:Not to be confused with
27:Genital-related neurosis
3231:Culture-bound syndromes
2524:2027/mdp.39015000915887
980:by the Bogoba tribe in
545:A koro epidemic struck
2942:Durst, Rimona (1991).
2652:10.1192/bjp.150.1.133b
2551:10.1176/ajp.126.8.1171
2513:Bychowski, G. (1952),
2114:The Journal of Urology
2079:The Journal of Urology
1302:10.1192/bjp.111.470.43
1026:Mental health in China
1011:Culture-bound syndrome
655:The epidemic began in
650:Social representations
357:differential diagnosis
346:differential diagnosis
328:Differential diagnosis
231:differential diagnosis
3226:Sexuality and society
3076:10.1192/bjp.145.3.335
2951:Behavioural Neurology
2483:10.1192/bjp.138.2.180
2295:10.26719/1999.5.3.611
2013:10.1192/bjp.145.3.335
1731:10.1192/bjp.145.3.331
1632:10.1192/bjp.145.3.331
1589:10.1192/bjp.164.4.559
994:Hard flaccid syndrome
703:in October 2003; and
282:(or, in females, the
3186:Wall Street Journal'
930:Makassarese language
396:Indigenous treatment
316:" and "depletion of
304:psychiatric disorder
2964:10.1155/1991/525393
2924:Malleus Maleficarum
850:traditional Chinese
808:traditional Chinese
780:traditional Chinese
745:Society and culture
730:Malleus Maleficarum
695:in September 2003;
625:Anandabazar Patrika
447:supernatural forces
174:urinary obstruction
3030:10.1007/bf00118751
2875:, 27 November 2001
2425:"Koro in a Briton"
1475:10.1007/BF00118751
1424:10.1007/BF00589238
1204:10.1007/BF00118750
1142:on 15 October 2012
1006:Castration anxiety
883:The popularity of
842:simplified Chinese
820:sexual intercourse
800:simplified Chinese
772:simplified Chinese
515:Western hemisphere
361:Peyronie's disease
259:Peyronie's disease
202:sexual promiscuity
143:Signs and symptoms
3204:Harper's Magazine
3175:
3174:
1771:BJU International
1059:978-0-89042-025-6
956:is also known as
913:Buginese Language
826:" drugs in time.
531:Leizhou Peninsula
69:
68:
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3248:
3144:
3124:
3107:(5): 1509–1515.
3095:
3058:
3049:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2966:
2948:
2939:
2928:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2761:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2734:. Archived from
2723:
2717:
2716:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2614:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2485:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2435:(477): 774–775.
2420:
2414:
2413:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2297:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2039:
2033:
2032:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1777:(6): 1449–1455.
1762:
1751:
1750:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1671:
1652:
1651:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1572:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1510:
1495:
1494:
1458:
1435:
1434:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1392:. Archived from
1391:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1331:Gorvett, Zaria.
1328:
1322:
1321:
1285:
1268:
1267:
1239:
1224:
1223:
1187:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1108:(5): 1509–1515.
1097:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1076:. dictionary.com
1070:
1064:
1063:
1045:
885:Chinese folklore
855:
847:
813:
805:
785:
777:
663:, and spread to
622:
610:
365:tunica albuginea
200:sex inadequacy,
133:head of a turtle
42:
21:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3211:
3210:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3155:
3141:
3098:
3061:
3052:
3015:
3012:
3010:Further reading
3007:
3006:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2931:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2903:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2878:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2763:
2762:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2001:Br J Psychiatry
1998:
1997:
1993:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1764:
1763:
1754:
1719:Br J Psychiatry
1716:
1715:
1711:
1673:
1672:
1655:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1574:
1573:
1562:
1547:10.1.1.556.8045
1531:
1530:
1526:
1512:
1511:
1498:
1460:
1459:
1438:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1399:on 5 July 2010.
1396:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1287:
1286:
1271:
1241:
1240:
1227:
1189:
1188:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1099:
1098:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1034:
990:
966:jinjinnia bemar
903:
838:Zhong Zang Jing
752:
747:
725:
717:psychopathology
633:
613:Jhinjhinani Rog
574:Northeast India
570:
555:swine influenza
543:
523:
431:
398:
377:
334:dysmorphophobia
330:
272:
239:
218:
190:
145:
84:shrinking penis
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3254:
3252:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3196:
3190:
3182:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:Classification
3140:
3139:External links
3137:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3096:
3059:
3050:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3004:
2985:
2929:
2912:
2902:on 11 May 2008
2885:
2860:
2833:(4): 433–438.
2817:
2791:
2772:(3): 181–188.
2749:
2738:on 3 June 2015
2718:
2692:
2666:
2625:
2589:
2563:
2529:
2505:
2476:(2): 180–181.
2456:
2415:
2373:
2354:
2335:
2316:
2272:
2253:
2219:
2193:(4): 554–576,
2174:
2139:
2120:(1): 238–241.
2104:
2085:(1): 276–281.
2069:
2034:
1991:
1955:
1941:(in Chinese),
1929:
1923:
1905:
1898:
1880:
1861:(4): 172–179.
1845:
1833:
1798:
1752:
1709:
1653:
1626:(3): 331–334.
1610:
1583:(4): 559–561.
1560:
1524:
1496:
1436:
1402:
1375:
1349:
1323:
1296:(470): 43–50.
1269:
1250:(1): 294–303.
1225:
1153:
1127:
1087:
1065:
1058:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
997:
989:
986:
918:South Sulawesi
911:Dictionary of
902:
899:
751:
748:
746:
743:
724:
721:
632:
629:
627:at that time.
569:
566:
542:
541:Southeast Asia
539:
522:
519:
451:Southeast Asia
439:Yangtze Valley
437:and the lower
430:
427:
397:
394:
381:sexual anatomy
376:
373:
329:
326:
271:
270:Classification
268:
238:
235:
217:
214:
189:
186:
144:
141:
131:and means the
67:
66:
61:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
38:
32:Kuru (disease)
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3253:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3180:Koro Syndrome
3178:
3177:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3134:
3133:9781612193724
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2737:
2733:
2732:The New Paper
2729:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2682:(4): 234–42,
2681:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2605:(6): 389–92,
2604:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2545:(8): 1171–3,
2544:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1945:(1): 559–61,
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1924:0-12-701632-5
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1899:90-277-1858-X
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1395:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
991:
987:
985:
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2826:
2820:
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2800:
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2769:
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1068:
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978:lanuk e laso
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640:belief, the
634:
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429:Epidemiology
399:
390:
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369:buried penis
363:, where the
350:
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300:CNS disorder
296:
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240:
219:
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2389:(2): 1319,
1337:www.bbc.com
982:Philippines
873:ejaculation
871:, frequent
798:invasion" (
739:nosological
669:Ivory Coast
585:West Bengal
435:South China
411:tiger penis
263:alprostadil
251:hypospadias
194:etiological
50:Other names
18:Penis panic
3215:Categories
3070:(3): 335.
2879:26 January
2645:(1): 133.
2383:The Lancet
2050:(1): 123.
2007:(3): 335.
1032:References
916:(1874) of
895:fox spirit
760:shook yong
685:vigilantes
642:witchcraft
609:ডিস্কো রোগ
597:Bangladesh
467:Indonesian
415:deer penis
402:fox spirit
302:, another
292:nosophobia
255:epispadias
80:sex organs
64:Psychiatry
3236:Andrology
2786:144247275
2451:145195844
2312:239277016
2249:220492794
2235:: 87–90,
1951:1672-1993
1875:143891689
1828:220519180
1556:1433-1055
1542:CiteSeerX
1418:: 67–70,
1371:0004-8674
950:shuk yang
922:Indonesia
756:shuk yang
711:in 2008.
601:Disco Rog
547:Singapore
535:Guangdong
491:Tanzanian
487:Jordanian
459:Indonesia
375:Treatment
276:DSM-IV-TR
216:Diagnosis
210:impotence
198:premorbid
178:sterility
111:. In the
59:Specialty
3121:17727356
3092:27348863
3046:34630225
2973:24487349
2873:BBC News
2855:38528731
2500:32259117
2370:: 749–51
2304:10793842
2215:30282109
2207:17166946
2134:16406919
2064:10840440
2029:27348863
1986:15967261
1966:Eur Urol
1814:: 57–9.
1793:17355371
1704:23364473
1696:16108203
1605:41221689
1540:: 21–8,
1521:: 119–22
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1432:43088184
1318:19901339
1310:14261727
1264:22512935
1220:12734087
1122:17727356
988:See also
962:Thailand
926:Sulawesi
794:type of
764:suo yang
709:DR Congo
705:Kinshasa
689:Khartoum
661:Cameroon
511:Canadian
507:American
495:Nigerian
483:Sudanese
472:Thailand
455:Malaysia
419:fur seal
137:tortoise
3166:D016911
3084:6478130
3038:8740959
2847:3869009
2714:9364894
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2661:3651668
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2559:5411375
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2332:: 17–40
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2021:6478130
1747:1728029
1739:6478129
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1640:6478129
1597:8038952
1483:8740959
1387:"DSM-5"
1212:8740958
1146:15 July
1080:1 April
1000:Shenkui
958:rok loo
818:during
816:seizure
796:cold qi
677:Cotonou
673:Senegal
657:Nigeria
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605:Bengali
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503:British
288:nipples
161:anxiety
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865:Taoism
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810::
802::
782::
774::
701:Gambia
697:Banjul
638:occult
631:Africa
499:French
479:Nepali
423:liquor
342:DSM-IV
318:kidney
227:DSM-IV
208:, and
188:Causes
170:eunuch
109:Europe
101:Africa
3241:Penis
3088:S2CID
3042:S2CID
2947:(PDF)
2906:2 May
2851:S2CID
2782:S2CID
2621:13924
2496:S2CID
2447:S2CID
2407:S2CID
2403:82833
2308:S2CID
2245:S2CID
2211:S2CID
2025:S2CID
1871:S2CID
1824:S2CID
1743:S2CID
1700:S2CID
1644:S2CID
1601:S2CID
1487:S2CID
1428:S2CID
1397:(PDF)
1390:(PDF)
1314:S2CID
1216:S2CID
974:India
970:Assam
946:keruk
940:term
938:Malay
877:semen
824:heaty
693:Sudan
681:Benin
665:Ghana
593:India
589:India
568:India
521:China
463:Malay
417:, or
406:gongs
314:liver
284:vulva
280:penis
129:Malay
74:is a
3161:MeSH
3129:ISBN
3117:PMID
3080:PMID
3034:PMID
2980:2015
2969:PMID
2908:2008
2881:2010
2843:PMID
2809:PMID
2744:2015
2710:PMID
2684:PMID
2657:PMID
2617:PMID
2581:PMID
2555:PMID
2488:PMID
2399:PMID
2387:8103
2300:PMID
2203:PMID
2165:PMID
2130:PMID
2095:PMID
2060:PMID
2017:PMID
1982:PMID
1947:ISSN
1919:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1789:PMID
1735:PMID
1692:PMID
1636:PMID
1593:PMID
1552:ISSN
1479:PMID
1367:ISSN
1344:2020
1306:PMID
1260:PMID
1208:PMID
1148:2012
1118:PMID
1082:2013
1054:ISBN
954:koro
942:Kura
907:koro
867:and
812:陰症傷寒
804:阴症伤寒
784:驗方新篇
776:验方新篇
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562:Isan
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