214:. While NdFeB magnets exhibit a superior magnetic field, SmCo magnets have higher coercivity (i.e., less vulnerability to demagnetization) and better corrosion resistance. Furthermore, SmCo magnets have a Curie temperature exceeding 700 °C and superior temperature stability compared to NdFeB, making them more optimal for permanent magnetic motor applications involving high temperatures or cryogenic conditions. However, SmCo magnets contain a higher fraction of rare earth metals than NdFeB magnets, making them even more expensive and subject to the scarcity and environmental concerns of production; as such, SmCo magnets are now typically only used in specialty application cases where their particular temperature and coercivity advantages are significant.
225:
are far cheaper due to their lack of rare earth metals. Furthermore, the high fraction of both aluminum and iron within these magnets lends them excellent corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, and high-temperature stability; Alnico has one of the highest Curie temperatures of any known magnetic material at nearly 800°C. Despite this, Alnicoâs comparatively low magnetic strength means it is one of the permanent magnets most susceptible to demagnetization, especially at cryogenic temperatures when constituent ferritic iron may transition to
99:
single-gear transmission as the drive units of the cars. So, as you know, our Model 3 has a permanent magnet machine now. This is because for the specification of the performance and efficiency, the permanent magnet machine better solved our cost minimization function, and it was optimal for the range and performance target. Quantitatively, the difference is what drives the future of the machine, and it's a trade-off between motor cost, range and battery cost that is determining which technology will be used in the future.
194:
responsible for the characteristic strong magnetic behavior seen in NdFeB magnets. However, this also leads to corrosion vulnerability in NdFeB magnets along sintered grain boundaries, which requires alleviation through the addition of copper-nickel or aluminum-based metallic surface coatings. In addition, the high cost, rarity, and radioactive waste associated with production of the metal neodymium as an input means that NdFeB magnets are very financially and environmentally expensive.
238:
either SmCo or NdFeB but are generally stronger than Alnico magnets, in addition to being both more corrosion resistant and lower cost. However, ceramic magnets exhibit poorer temperature stability in comparison to Alnico and lose magnetization relatively easily when exposed to temperature extremes both hot and cold, with a much lower Curie temperature around 450 °C and a susceptibility to the same ferrite-driven demagnetization phenomena as Alnico under cryogenic conditions.
27:
260:
neodymium, restricted shipments to Japan in 2010 during a controversy over disputed ownership of islands. China imposed strict export quotas on several rare earth metals, saying it wanted to control pollution and preserve resources. The quotas were lifted in 2015. Although neodymium is relatively abundant, global demand for neodymium outstripped production by about 10% in 2017.
193:
which allow it excellent performance in permanent magnetic applications. The most common method of NdFeB magnet production is sintering of alloyed neodymium, iron, and boron, typically in a nominal composition of approximately Nd14Fe78B8 (at%); sintering promotes growth of the Nd2Fe14B phase which is
130:
Permanent magnet motors consist of two main types. Surface permanent magnet motors (SPM) and internal permanent magnet (IPM) motors. The main difference is that SPM motors place the magnets on the outside of the rotor while IPM motors place their magnets inside the motor. Benefits to internal magnets
224:
Alnico is a NRE permanent magnetic material used in permanent magnet motor applications such as magnetic speed and flow sensors, electric generators, and consumer goods. These magnets exhibit weaker performance in comparison to NdFeB and SmCo counterparts but still maintain high coercivity and
150:
This effect is not unique to permanent magnet motors. Induction motors also suffer from it. However in an induction motor the fields from the rotor decrease as speed increases. A permanent magnet motor generates its own constant field. This means that as speed increases a voltage is induced linearly
237:
Strontium carbonate and iron oxide, also known as a âceramicâ or âferriteâ magnet, is a NRE permanent magnetic material found in permanent magnet motor applications such as power tools, industrial magnetic separation processes, and automotive sensors. Ceramic magnets are significantly weaker than
46:
for the field excitation and a wound armature. The permanent magnets can either be stationary or rotating; interior or exterior to the armature for a radial flux machine or layered with the armature for an axial flux topology. The schematic shows a permanent magnet motor with stationary magnets
163:
are used to drive permanent magnetic motors and vary based on multiple factors, principally necessary magnetic strength and cost. The four primary permanent magnetic materials that are found in the vast majority of industrial applications are neodymium iron boron (NdFeB), samarium cobalt (SmCo),
246:
Development of non-rare earth, low cost, mechanically robust, and high strength permanent magnetic materials is a vigorous and ongoing area of research. Some notable materials systems of current interest include iron-cobalt-molybdenum ternary alloys, nanostructured cobalt-platinum alloys, and
98:
It's well known that permanent magnet machines have the benefit of pre-excitation from the magnets, and therefore you have some efficiency benefit for that. Induction machines have perfect flux regulation and therefore you can optimize your efficiency. Both make sense for variable-speed drive
259:
Rare earth production has the consequence of generating waste with elevated radioactivity compared to the natural radioactivity of the ores (waste that is referred to by the US EPA as TENORM, or
Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials). China, the top producer of
172:
NdFeB is the strongest of all permanent magnet materials used in industrial applications and sees wide use in many types of permanent magnetic motors, including in disc drive spindle motors, electric vehicle motors, alternators, and sensors, power tools, electricity generators, and
131:
include structural integrity and reducing Back EMF. Since holes must be cut into the rotor for the placement of the magnets this creates areas of high reluctance allowing carmakers to obtain some of the benefits of reluctance motors as well as of permanent magnet motors.
164:
aluminum nickel cobalt (Alnico), and strontium carbonate-iron oxide (also known as âceramic magnetâ); furthermore, significant materials science research is ongoing into the development of additional non-rare earth (NRE) permanent magnetic materials.
834:
Li, Junrui; Sharma, Shubham; Liu, Xiaoming; Pan, Yung-Tin; Spendelow, Jacob S.; Chi, Miaofang; Jia, Yukai; Zhang, Peng; Cullen, David A.; Xi, Zheng; Lin, Honghong; Yin, Zhouyang; Shen, Bo; Muzzio, Michelle; Yu, Chao (January 2019).
93:
Permanent magnet motors are more efficient than induction motor or motors with field windings for certain high-efficiency applications such as electric vehicles. Tesla's chief motor designer was quoted discussing these advantages,
143:(EMF) is also known as the counter-electromotive force. It is the voltage that occurs in electric motors from the relative motion between the stator windings and the rotorâs magnetic field. The rotor's geometry determines the
674:
Zhou, Lin; Miller, M. K.; Lu, Ping; Ke, Liqin; Skomski, R.; Dillon, H.; Xing, Q.; Palasyuk, A.; McCartney, M. R.; Smith, D. J.; Constantinides, S.; McCallum, R. W.; Anderson, I. E.; Antropov, V.; Kramer, M. J. (2014-08-01).
664:
J. Liu and M. Walmer, "Designing With High
Performance Rare Earth Permanent Magnets," presented at the 18th International Workshop on High Performance Magnets and Their Applications, Annecy, France, 2004.
357:
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SmCo is a strong permanent magnetic material of comparable strength to NdFeB and is used across range of applications including very high-performance vehicle electric motors,
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with the speed on the stator. This voltage is negative to the voltage provided to the motor and thus is a loss to the overall system.
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Kurichenko, Vladislav L.; Karpenkov, Dmitriy Yu.; Karpenkov, Alexey Yu.; Lyakhova, Marina B.; Khovaylo, Vladimir V. (2019-01-15).
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789:"Combinatorial exploration of rare-earth-free permanent magnets: Magnetic and microstructural properties of Fe-Co-W thin films"
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884:. International Baltic Conference on Magnetism: focus on functionalized magnetic structures for energy and biotechnology.
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Gao, T. R.; Wu, Y. Q.; Fackler, S.; Kierzewski, I.; Zhang, Y.; Mehta, A.; Kramer, M. J.; Takeuchi, I. (2013-01-14).
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630:"Comparative study of slow-speed slotless synchronous generator using SmCo and NdFeB permanent magnets"
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Mao, Shoudong; Yang, Hengxiu; Song, Zhenlun; Li, Jinlong; Ying, Huagen; Sun, Kefei (2011-05-01).
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86:. Recent dual motor Tesla models use a combination of a permanent magnet motor at the back and
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729:"Magnetic Properties of Alnico Alloy Phases and Temperature Instability of Permanent Magnets"
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of approximately 320 °C, which is significantly above room temperature, as well as very high
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A. Verma, O. P. Pandey, and P. Sharma, "Strontium ferrite permanent magnet - An overview,"
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Tesla's top motor engineer talks about designing a permanent magnet machine for Model 3
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589:"Review of Permanent Magnet Applications and the Potential for High Energy Magnets"
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Sagawa, M.; Fujimura, S.; Togawa, N.; Yamamoto, H.; Matsuura, Y. (1984-03-15).
380:"Developments in the processing and properties of NdFeb-type permanent magnets"
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517:"Corrosion behaviour of sintered NdFeB deposited with an aluminium coating"
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878:"Synthesis of FeNi tetrataenite phase by means of chemical precipitation"
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563:"Not So "Green" Technology: The Complicated Legacy of Rare Earth Mining"
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outside of a brushed armature (a type commonly used on toy slot-cars).
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595:, NATO ASI Series, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 585â616,
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328:"Tesla's electric motor shift to spur demand for rare earth neodymium"
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427:"New material for permanent magnets on a base of Nd and Fe (invited)"
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837:"Hard-Magnet L10-CoPt Nanoparticles Advance Fuel Cell Catalysis"
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775:
International
Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing Science,
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Mitchell, P. (1990). "Corrosion protection of NdFeB magnets".
587:
Howe, D. (1991), Long, Gary J.; Grandjean, Fernande (eds.),
303:
301:
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Brown, David; Ma, Bao-Min; Chen, Zhongmin (2002-08-01).
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Drive Unit and
Battery at the Heart of Chevrolet Bolt EV
352:
350:
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1242:
Dual-rotor permanent magnet induction motor (DRPMIM)
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882:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
384:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
242:Emerging Permanent Magnetic Motor Materials
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893:
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727:Sergeyev, V.; Bulygina, T. (1969-03-01).
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249:meteoric-type ordered iron-nickel alloys
947:"Understanding permanent magnet motors"
358:"Understanding permanent magnet motors"
281:
677:"Architecture and magnetism of alnico"
722:
720:
593:Supermagnets, Hard Magnetic Materials
30:Schematic of a permanent magnet motor
7:
120:Permanent-magnet synchronous motors
155:Permanent magnetic motor materials
14:
255:Environmental and supply concerns
175:magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
1371:Timeline of the electric motor
474:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
78:, and the rear wheel drive of
66:This type of motor is used in
1:
1156:Dahlander pole changing motor
702:10.1016/j.actamat.2014.04.044
404:10.1016/S0304-8853(02)00334-7
601:10.1007/978-94-011-3324-1_24
567:Harvard International Review
541:10.1016/j.corsci.2011.02.006
161:permanent magnetic materials
1200:Brushless DC electric motor
945:Vavra, Chris (2017-01-31).
854:10.1016/j.joule.2018.09.016
88:traditional induction motor
1646:
912:10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.11.040
733:Journal of Applied Physics
431:Journal of Applied Physics
110:Permanent magnet DC motors
59:
18:
1217:Switched reluctance (SRM)
1195:Brushed DC electric motor
1001:
1405:Experimental, futuristic
1322:Variable-frequency drive
135:Back electromotive force
19:Not to be confused with
1422:Superconducting machine
1060:Coil winding technology
793:Applied Physics Letters
638:10.1109/PQ.2014.6866821
101:
62:Electric vehicle motor
36:permanent magnet motor
31:
16:Type of electric motor
1463:Power-to-weight ratio
1327:Direct torque control
212:frictionless bearings
29:
1458:Open-loop controller
1351:Ward Leonard control
1075:DC injection braking
1361:History, education,
1007:Alternating current
951:Control Engineering
904:2019JMMM..470...33K
805:2013ApPhL.102b2419G
745:1969JAP....40.1307S
693:2014AcMat..74..224Z
533:2011Corro..53.1887M
486:1990ITM....26.1933M
443:1984JAP....55.2083S
396:2002JMMM..248..432B
177:. NdFeB exhibits a
141:electromotive force
124:alternating current
1524:Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
1483:Voltage controller
1438:Blocked-rotor test
1376:Ball bearing motor
1346:Motor soft starter
1300:AC-to-AC converter
1161:Wound-rotor (WRIM)
1123:Electric generator
313:, 27 February 2018
32:
1617:
1616:
1453:Open-circuit test
1292:Motor controllers
1173:Synchronous motor
995:Electric machines
813:10.1063/1.4775581
753:10.1063/1.1657643
610:978-94-011-3324-1
521:Corrosion Science
494:10.1109/20.104575
294:, 11 January 2016
227:superconductivity
204:NMR spectrometers
179:Curie temperature
56:Electric vehicles
44:permanent magnets
1637:
1468:Two-phase system
1448:Electromagnetism
1396:Mouse mill motor
1363:recreational use
1237:Permanent magnet
1166:Linear induction
1019:Permanent magnet
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437:(6): 2083â2087.
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147:'s shape.
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