186:
2804:
2657:
291:
2703:
2616:
2604:
408:
2715:
2766:
2691:
2592:
783:, unit: m) is a part of this, and is a specific property characteristic of the solid skeleton and the microstructure of the porous medium itself, independently of the nature and properties of the fluid flowing through the pores of the medium. This allows to take into account the effect of temperature on the viscosity of the fluid flowing though the porous medium and to address other fluids than pure water,
2739:
84:
2792:
2780:
2816:
43:
2727:
2840:
2756:
2679:
2580:
2828:
2628:
307:
Permeability is a property of porous materials that is an indication of the ability for fluids (gas or liquid) to flow through them. Fluids can more easily flow through a material with high permeability than one with low permeability. The permeability of a medium is related to the
461:
For a rock to be considered as an exploitable hydrocarbon reservoir without stimulation, its permeability must be greater than approximately 100 md (depending on the nature of the hydrocarbon – gas reservoirs with lower permeabilities are still exploitable because of the lower
374:
who first described the flow of water through sand filters for potable water supply. Permeability values for most materials commonly range typically from a fraction to several thousand millidarcys. The unit of square centimetre (cm) is also sometimes used (1 cm = 10 m
2410:
J. P. Bloomfield and A. T. Williams, "An empirical liquid permeability-gas permeability correlation for use in aquifer properties studies". Quarterly
Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology; November 1995; v. 28; no. Supplement 2; pp. S143–S150.
1034:
1745:
is needed. Pressure can be applied in three directions, and for each direction, permeability can be measured (via Darcy's law in 3D) in three directions, thus leading to a 3 by 3 tensor. The tensor is realised using a 3 by 3
1701:. For example, measurement of permeability through sandstones and shales yielded values from 9.0×10 m to 2.4×10 m for water and between 1.7×10 m to 2.6×10 m for nitrogen gas. Gas permeability of
968:
Tissue such as brain, liver, muscle, etc can be treated as a heterogeneous porous medium. Describing the flow of biofluids (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, etc.) within such a medium requires a full 3-dimensional
561:
1689:
Sometimes permeability to gases can be somewhat different than those for liquids in the same media. One difference is attributable to "slippage" of gas at the interface with the solid when the gas
2497:
1457:
617:
841:
1224:
1553:
1059:
2528:
1421:
1201:
101:
56:
753:
724:
393:
368:
1284:
1586:
1326:
1129:
1108:
935:
913:
695:
1263:
2090:
1630:
1608:
1347:
987:
957:
891:
869:
673:
643:
3684:
3493:
2494:
2474:
2469:
2274:
1714:
2398:
2521:
759:
In naturally occurring materials, the permeability values range over many orders of magnitude (see table below for an example of this range).
148:
62:
2135:
120:
207:
2289:"Poroelasticity as a Model of Soft Tissue Structure: Hydraulic Permeability Reconstruction for Magnetic Resonance Elastography in Silico"
1677:; and that it is a function of the material structure only (and not of the fluid). They explicitly distinguish the value from that of
1668:
513:
312:, but also to the shapes of the pores in the medium and their level of connectedness. Fluid flows can also be influenced in different
127:
2546:
2514:
2452:
2432:
247:
229:
167:
70:
2447:
Wang, H. F., 2000. Theory of Linear
Poroelasticity with Applications to Geomechanics and Hydrogeology, Princeton University Press.
134:
31:
2464:
105:
1503:
2397:
L. J. Klinkenberg, "The
Permeability Of Porous Media To Liquids And Gases", Drilling and Production Practice, 41-200, 1941
1659:
denotes the permeability in a porous medium that is 100% saturated with a single-phase fluid. This may also be called the
1429:
485:), as well as in Civil Engineering when determining whether the ground conditions of a site are suitable for construction.
116:
3196:
3077:
2619:
573:
333:
2225:
1763:
3509:
494:
200:
194:
3109:
2554:
2110:
1061:
is the Darcy flux, or filtration velocity, which describes the bulk (not microscopic) velocity field of the fluid,
94:
3412:
2807:
799:. Given the value of hydraulic conductivity for a studied system, the permeability can be calculated as follows:
805:
211:
3488:
3478:
3350:
3340:
3170:
2908:
2706:
2537:
1755:
2607:
2412:
1796:
These values do not depend on the fluid properties; see the table derived from the same source for values of
1207:
3669:
3328:
3303:
3243:
2923:
2864:
2718:
2055:
321:
141:
2694:
466:
of gas with respect to oil). Rocks with permeabilities significantly lower than 100 md can form efficient
3591:
3402:
3216:
3052:
3027:
2948:
2878:
2857:
2749:
2085:
2060:
1797:
1490:
derived formulas. However, for some simple models of porous media, permeability can be calculated (e.g.,
772:
3679:
3674:
3278:
3087:
2595:
2080:
1710:
1678:
1512:
1042:
2742:
2223:
Guerriero V, et al. (2012). "A permeability model for naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs".
3631:
3483:
3440:
3333:
3258:
2795:
2641:
2310:
2234:
2197:
2150:
1784:
will yield the principal directions of flow where flow is parallel to the pressure gradient, and the
1747:
1693:
is comparable to the pore size (about 0.01 to 0.1 μm at standard temperature and pressure). See also
646:
478:
3407:
3397:
2938:
2898:
2871:
2646:
2636:
649:
through the porous medium (i.e., the average flow velocity calculated as if the fluid was the only
2682:
3664:
3358:
3067:
2850:
2769:
2300:
2185:
2166:
1476:
1356:
1138:
3659:
3455:
3201:
3092:
2913:
2495:
Florida Method of Test For
Concrete Resistivity as an Electrical Indicator of its Permeability
2489:
2448:
2428:
2338:
2259:
2075:
1877:
1694:
1491:
1483:
735:
706:
471:
378:
353:
268:
1475:
under steady state conditions or, more generally, by application of various solutions to the
1269:
3505:
3392:
3283:
3248:
3223:
3082:
2903:
2328:
2318:
2242:
2205:
2158:
1751:
1487:
974:
3538:
2803:
2656:
1564:
1293:
1114:
1064:
920:
898:
680:
17:
3621:
3445:
3363:
3298:
3293:
3191:
3057:
2928:
2783:
2702:
2615:
2501:
2479:
1894:
1726:
1460:
1233:
1029:{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {q}}=-{\frac {1}{\eta }}{\boldsymbol {\kappa }}\cdot \nabla P}
796:
317:
290:
264:
2603:
2314:
2238:
2201:
2154:
438:
The concept of permeability is of importance in determining the flow characteristics of
3568:
3460:
3377:
3181:
2943:
2933:
2819:
2714:
2480:
Graphical depiction of different flow rates through materials of differing permeability
2333:
2288:
1777:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1615:
1593:
1472:
1332:
942:
876:
854:
658:
650:
628:
500:
284:
2765:
2690:
2591:
407:
3653:
3596:
3435:
3313:
3308:
3032:
2953:
2170:
1769:
768:
272:
2378:"Chapter 2: Physical Properties and Principles | Freeze and Cherry Groundwater Book"
2246:
2209:
2162:
477:
The concept also has many practical applications outside of geology, for example in
3616:
3611:
3601:
3581:
3268:
3211:
3042:
2759:
2065:
1781:
1482:
Permeability needs to be measured, either directly (using Darcy's law), or through
439:
342:
337:
280:
1610:
is a dimensionless constant that is related to the configuration of the flow-paths
2377:
1673:
3626:
3323:
3206:
3145:
1785:
1738:
1706:
451:
371:
83:
2738:
2484:
2356:
1667:
These terms refer to the quality that the permeability value in question is an
3450:
3430:
3318:
3130:
3125:
3047:
3037:
2918:
2791:
2779:
2663:
2583:
2070:
970:
482:
27:
Measure of the ability of a porous material to allow fluids to pass through it
2323:
3606:
3586:
3472:
3288:
3273:
2889:
2831:
2815:
2730:
2631:
1890:
1884:
1722:
1718:
1132:
792:
698:
504:
463:
443:
313:
2726:
2506:
2342:
2839:
2755:
2678:
1671:
of the medium, not a spatial average of a heterogeneous block of material
3636:
3523:
3253:
3228:
3155:
3072:
3062:
2485:
Web-based porosity and permeability calculator given flow characteristics
1800:, which are specific to the material through which the fluid is flowing.
1633:
1350:
727:
309:
2579:
503:
which relates discharge (flow rate) and fluid physical properties (e.g.
3576:
3548:
3233:
3160:
3150:
3140:
3135:
2843:
2184:
Bense, V.F.; Gleeson, T.; Loveless, S.E.; Bour, O.; Scibek, J. (2013).
1900:
1768:
The tensor is positive definite because the energy being expended (the
474:). Unconsolidated sands may have permeabilities of over 5000 md.
455:
2827:
2627:
3558:
3553:
3543:
3533:
3465:
3263:
3238:
3186:
2996:
1824:
1742:
1227:
978:
2136:"Tortuosity of porous media: Image analysis and physical simulation"
767:
The global proportionality constant for the flow of water through a
2305:
977:
hydraulic permeability is replaced with the hydraulic permeability
324:. Permeability is also affected by the pressure inside a material.
3011:
1837:
1471:
Permeability is typically determined in the lab by application of
788:
287:
or an unconsolidated material) to allow fluids to pass through it.
3498:
3006:
3001:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2966:
2668:
1861:
1855:
1841:
1830:
1772:
of fluid flow and negative pressure gradient) is always positive
556:{\displaystyle v={\frac {k}{\eta }}{\frac {\Delta P}{\Delta x}}}
2510:
1641:
Absolute permeability (aka intrinsic or specific permeability)
1506:
for viscous flow in a pipe, permeability can be expressed as:
1287:
447:
402:
179:
77:
36:
1459:, where k is the scalar hydraulic permeability, and 1 is the
2134:
Fu, Jinlong; Thomas, Hywel R.; Li, Chenfeng (January 2021).
320:; the mechanisms by which this occurs are the subject of
779:, unit: m/s). Permeability, or intrinsic permeability, (
499:
Permeability is part of the proportionality constant in
507:), to a pressure gradient applied to the porous media:
419:
1713:, when considering the optimal extraction of gas from
1618:
1596:
1567:
1515:
1452:{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\kappa }}=k\mathbb {1} }
1432:
1359:
1335:
1296:
1272:
1236:
1210:
1141:
1117:
1067:
1045:
990:
945:
923:
901:
879:
857:
808:
738:
709:
683:
661:
631:
576:
516:
381:
356:
755:
is the thickness of the bed of the porous medium (m)
612:{\displaystyle k=v{\frac {\eta \Delta x}{\Delta P}}}
3567:
3522:
3421:
3385:
3376:
3349:
3169:
3118:
3105:
3020:
2974:
2965:
2888:
2566:
2553:
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1780:(being both symmetric and positive definite). The
1624:
1602:
1580:
1547:
1451:
1426:Connecting this expression to the isotropic case,
1415:
1341:
1320:
1278:
1257:
1218:
1195:
1123:
1102:
1053:
1028:
951:
929:
907:
885:
863:
835:
747:
718:
689:
667:
637:
611:
555:
387:
362:
2357:"CalcTool: Porosity and permeability calculator"
2470:Tailoring porous media to control permeability
2277:, an application of Darcy's law, at iMechanica
2111:"Reading: Porosity and Permeability | Geology"
2091:Electrical resistivity measurement of concrete
340:(m). A practical unit for permeability is the
2522:
8:
973:treatment of the tissue. In this case the
915:is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, Pa·s
370:10 m). The name honors the French Engineer
298:permeability tests in geotechnical drawings
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3382:
3115:
2971:
2563:
2529:
2515:
2507:
836:{\displaystyle k=K{\frac {\eta }{\rho g}}}
2332:
2322:
2304:
1792:Ranges of common intrinsic permeabilities
1617:
1595:
1572:
1566:
1539:
1520:
1514:
1492:random close packing of identical spheres
1445:
1444:
1433:
1431:
1404:
1395:
1383:
1374:
1363:
1358:
1334:
1309:
1300:
1295:
1271:
1249:
1240:
1235:
1211:
1209:
1184:
1165:
1156:
1145:
1140:
1116:
1091:
1082:
1071:
1066:
1046:
1044:
1012:
1002:
991:
989:
944:
922:
900:
878:
856:
818:
807:
737:
708:
682:
660:
630:
586:
575:
533:
523:
515:
380:
355:
248:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
1898:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1865:
1859:
1854:
1835:
1828:
1822:
1802:
1788:represent the principal permeabilities.
1498:Permeability model based on conduit flow
959:is the acceleration due to gravity, m/s.
289:
193:This article includes a list of general
2102:
1434:
1219:{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\kappa }}}
1212:
1047:
1013:
992:
2490:Multiphase fluid flow in porous media
2260:Multiphase fluid flow in porous media
117:"Permeability" materials science
7:
106:adding citations to reliable sources
3685:In situ geotechnical investigations
2425:Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media,
675:is the permeability of a medium (m)
653:present in the porous medium) (m/s)
316:by brittle deformation of rocks in
279:) is a measure of the ability of a
1776:The permeability tensor is always
1632:is the average, or effective pore
1548:{\displaystyle k_{I}=C\cdot d^{2}}
1273:
1020:
893:is the hydraulic conductivity, m/s
763:Relation to hydraulic conductivity
739:
710:
600:
592:
544:
536:
199:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2547:Offshore geotechnical engineering
1054:{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {q}}}
937:is the density of the fluid, kg/m
52:This article has multiple issues.
2838:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2764:
2754:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2677:
2655:
2626:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
1850:Unconsolidated clay and organic
406:
184:
82:
41:
2247:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.11.002
2210:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.09.008
2163:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103439
1820:Unconsolidated sand and gravel
1762:The tensor is symmetric by the
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
32:Permeability (electromagnetism)
1588:is the intrinsic permeability
1479:for unsteady flow conditions.
1401:
1392:
1380:
1371:
1368:
1360:
1306:
1297:
1246:
1237:
1226:is the hydraulic permeability
1181:
1174:
1162:
1153:
1150:
1142:
1088:
1079:
1076:
1068:
1:
3197:Mechanically stabilized earth
336:unit for permeability is the
2949:Hydraulic conductivity tests
2475:Permeability of Porous Media
2226:Marine and Petroleum Geology
1764:Onsager reciprocal relations
3510:Stress distribution in soil
18:Permeability (soil science)
3701:
2660:Pore pressure measurement
2275:Controlling Capillary Flow
1416:{\displaystyle ^{-1}^{-2}}
1196:{\displaystyle ^{-1}^{-1}}
981:so that Darcy's Law reads
492:
346:(d), or more commonly the
29:
3413:Preconsolidation pressure
2808:Standard penetration test
2544:
2287:Sowinski, Damian (2021).
2264:Transport in porous media
2186:"Fault zone hydrogeology"
2115:courses.lumenlearning.com
1852:
1845:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1737:To model permeability in
1504:Hagen–Poiseuille equation
294:Symbol used to represent
2909:California bearing ratio
2707:Rotary-pressure sounding
2538:Geotechnical engineering
2324:10.3389/fphy.2020.617582
964:Anisotropic permeability
748:{\displaystyle \Delta x}
719:{\displaystyle \Delta P}
495:Fick's laws of diffusion
388:{\displaystyle \approx }
363:{\displaystyle \approx }
275:(commonly symbolized as
30:Not to be confused with
3329:Geosynthetic clay liner
3304:Expanded clay aggregate
2924:Proctor compaction test
2865:Crosshole sonic logging
2851:Nuclear densometer test
2608:Geo-electrical sounding
2056:Fault zone hydrogeology
1874:Highly fractured rocks
1279:{\displaystyle \nabla }
322:fault zone hydrogeology
214:more precise citations.
3592:Earthquake engineering
3403:Lateral earth pressure
3028:Hydraulic conductivity
2879:Wave equation analysis
2858:Exploration geophysics
2750:Deformation monitoring
2719:Rotary weight sounding
2465:Defining Permeability
2086:Klinkenberg correction
2061:Hydraulic conductivity
1836:Very fine sand, silt,
1798:hydraulic conductivity
1741:media, a permeability
1665:specific permeability.
1661:intrinsic permeability
1626:
1604:
1582:
1549:
1453:
1417:
1343:
1322:
1280:
1259:
1220:
1197:
1125:
1104:
1055:
1030:
953:
931:
909:
887:
871:is the permeability, m
865:
837:
773:hydraulic conductivity
749:
720:
691:
669:
639:
613:
557:
389:
364:
299:
2770:Settlement recordings
2695:Rock control drilling
2596:Cone penetration test
2190:Earth-Science Reviews
2143:Earth-Science Reviews
2081:Relative permeability
1711:petroleum engineering
1685:Permeability to gases
1679:relative permeability
1657:Absolute permeability
1627:
1605:
1583:
1581:{\displaystyle k_{I}}
1550:
1454:
1418:
1344:
1323:
1321:{\displaystyle ^{-1}}
1281:
1260:
1221:
1198:
1126:
1124:{\displaystyle \eta }
1105:
1103:{\displaystyle ^{-1}}
1056:
1031:
954:
932:
930:{\displaystyle \rho }
910:
908:{\displaystyle \eta }
888:
866:
838:
750:
721:
692:
690:{\displaystyle \eta }
670:
640:
614:
558:
390:
365:
314:lithological settings
293:
3632:Agricultural science
3334:Cellular confinement
2293:Frontiers in Physics
1733:Permeability tensor
1616:
1594:
1565:
1513:
1430:
1357:
1353:field in the fluid,
1333:
1294:
1270:
1258:{\displaystyle ^{2}}
1234:
1208:
1139:
1115:
1065:
1043:
988:
943:
921:
899:
877:
855:
806:
736:
707:
681:
659:
629:
574:
514:
479:chemical engineering
379:
354:
102:improve this article
3524:Numerical analysis
3408:Overburden pressure
3398:Pore water pressure
3178:Shoring structures
3053:Reynolds' dilatancy
2954:Water content tests
2939:Triaxial shear test
2899:Soil classification
2872:Pile integrity test
2423:Bear, Jacob, 1972.
2315:2021FrP.....8..637S
2239:1990MarPG...7..410M
2202:2013ESRv..127..171B
2155:2021ESRv..21203439F
1871:Consolidated rocks
1833:or sand and gravel
701:of the fluid (Pa·s)
450:reservoirs, and of
3499:Slab stabilisation
3479:Stability analysis
2500:2011-06-16 at the
2359:. www.calctool.org
1669:intensive property
1622:
1600:
1578:
1545:
1477:diffusion equation
1449:
1413:
1339:
1318:
1276:
1255:
1216:
1193:
1121:
1100:
1051:
1026:
949:
927:
905:
883:
861:
833:
745:
716:
687:
665:
635:
609:
553:
418:. You can help by
385:
360:
300:
3647:
3646:
3518:
3517:
3494:Sliding criterion
3456:Response spectrum
3372:
3371:
3202:Pressure grouting
3101:
3100:
2961:
2960:
2914:Direct shear test
2620:Permeability test
2076:Petroleum geology
2047:
2046:
1866:Unweathered clay
1756:positive definite
1695:Knudsen diffusion
1625:{\displaystyle d}
1603:{\displaystyle C}
1398:
1377:
1366:
1342:{\displaystyle P}
1303:
1288:gradient operator
1243:
1159:
1148:
1085:
1074:
1010:
952:{\displaystyle g}
886:{\displaystyle K}
864:{\displaystyle k}
831:
668:{\displaystyle k}
638:{\displaystyle v}
607:
563:(for linear flow)
551:
531:
472:petroleum geology
436:
435:
269:materials science
258:
257:
250:
240:
239:
232:
178:
177:
170:
152:
75:
16:(Redirected from
3692:
3506:Bearing capacity
3393:Effective stress
3383:
3284:Land reclamation
3224:Land development
3119:Natural features
3116:
3083:Specific storage
2972:
2904:Atterberg limits
2842:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2794:
2782:
2768:
2758:
2743:Screw plate test
2741:
2729:
2717:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2659:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2564:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2508:
2435:
2421:
2415:
2408:
2402:
2395:
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2385:
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2365:
2364:
2353:
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2346:
2336:
2326:
2308:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2140:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2107:
1803:
1717:sources such as
1709:is important in
1676:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1525:
1524:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1437:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1378:
1375:
1367:
1364:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1304:
1301:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1241:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1173:
1172:
1160:
1157:
1149:
1146:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1086:
1083:
1075:
1072:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1016:
1011:
1003:
995:
958:
956:
955:
950:
936:
934:
933:
928:
914:
912:
911:
906:
892:
890:
889:
884:
870:
868:
867:
862:
842:
840:
839:
834:
832:
830:
819:
797:organic solvents
782:
778:
754:
752:
751:
746:
725:
723:
722:
717:
696:
694:
693:
688:
674:
672:
671:
666:
644:
642:
641:
636:
618:
616:
615:
610:
608:
606:
598:
587:
562:
560:
559:
554:
552:
550:
542:
534:
532:
524:
431:
428:
410:
403:
394:
392:
391:
386:
369:
367:
366:
361:
253:
246:
235:
228:
224:
221:
215:
210:this article by
201:inline citations
188:
187:
180:
173:
166:
162:
159:
153:
151:
110:
86:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3622:Earth materials
3563:
3525:
3514:
3423:
3417:
3368:
3345:
3299:Earth structure
3294:Erosion control
3192:Ground freezing
3182:Retaining walls
3165:
3107:
3097:
3058:Angle of repose
3016:
2957:
2891:
2884:
2883:
2844:Visible bedrock
2796:Simple sounding
2784:Shear vane test
2560:instrumentation
2559:
2557:
2549:
2540:
2535:
2502:Wayback Machine
2461:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2422:
2418:
2409:
2405:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2258:
2254:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2052:
1794:
1735:
1727:coalbed methane
1687:
1672:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1614:
1613:
1592:
1591:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1535:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1469:
1461:identity tensor
1428:
1427:
1400:
1379:
1355:
1354:
1331:
1330:
1305:
1292:
1291:
1268:
1267:
1245:
1232:
1231:
1206:
1205:
1180:
1161:
1137:
1136:
1131:is the dynamic
1113:
1112:
1087:
1063:
1062:
1041:
1040:
986:
985:
966:
941:
940:
919:
918:
897:
896:
875:
874:
853:
852:
823:
804:
803:
787:, concentrated
780:
776:
765:
734:
733:
730:difference (Pa)
726:is the applied
705:
704:
697:is the dynamic
679:
678:
657:
656:
627:
626:
599:
588:
572:
571:
543:
535:
512:
511:
497:
491:
432:
426:
423:
416:needs expansion
401:
377:
376:
352:
351:
350:(md) (1 d
330:
305:
281:porous material
265:fluid mechanics
254:
243:
242:
241:
236:
225:
219:
216:
206:Please help to
205:
189:
185:
174:
163:
157:
154:
111:
109:
99:
87:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3698:
3696:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3670:Soil mechanics
3667:
3662:
3652:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3569:Related fields
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3489:Classification
3486:
3481:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3461:Seismic hazard
3458:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3088:Shear strength
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3063:Friction angle
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2944:Oedometer test
2941:
2936:
2934:Sieve analysis
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2835:
2834:
2823:
2822:
2820:Total sounding
2811:
2810:
2799:
2798:
2787:
2786:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2746:
2745:
2734:
2733:
2722:
2721:
2710:
2709:
2698:
2697:
2686:
2685:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2623:
2622:
2611:
2610:
2599:
2598:
2587:
2586:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2561:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2460:
2459:External links
2457:
2456:
2455:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2416:
2403:
2390:
2369:
2348:
2279:
2267:
2252:
2215:
2176:
2126:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:Semi-pervious
1810:
1807:
1793:
1790:
1778:diagonalizable
1774:
1773:
1766:
1758:(SPD matrix):
1734:
1731:
1715:unconventional
1703:reservoir rock
1699:constrictivity
1691:mean free path
1686:
1683:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1621:
1611:
1599:
1589:
1575:
1571:
1556:
1555:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1499:
1496:
1468:
1465:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1424:
1423:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1370:
1362:
1338:
1328:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1275:
1265:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1214:
1203:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1144:
1135:of the fluid,
1120:
1110:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1078:
1070:
1049:
1037:
1036:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1001:
998:
994:
965:
962:
961:
960:
948:
938:
926:
916:
904:
894:
882:
872:
860:
849:
848:
844:
843:
829:
826:
822:
817:
814:
811:
771:is called the
764:
761:
757:
756:
744:
741:
731:
715:
712:
702:
686:
676:
664:
654:
647:fluid velocity
634:
620:
619:
605:
602:
597:
594:
591:
585:
582:
579:
565:
564:
549:
546:
541:
538:
530:
527:
522:
519:
490:
487:
434:
433:
413:
411:
400:
397:
384:
359:
329:
326:
304:
301:
273:Earth sciences
256:
255:
238:
237:
220:September 2014
192:
190:
183:
176:
175:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3697:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:Geomorphology
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:Consolidation
3439:
3437:
3436:Frost heaving
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3314:Geosynthetics
3312:
3310:
3309:Crushed stone
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Cut-and-cover
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3104:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:Water content
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:Sample series
2728:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2562:
2556:
2555:Investigation
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2453:0-691-03746-9
2450:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2433:0-486-65675-6
2430:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2004:(millidarcy)
2003:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1879:
1878:Oil reservoir
1870:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1806:Permeability
1805:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1770:inner product
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1674:equation 2.28
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1635:
1619:
1612:
1597:
1590:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1502:Based on the
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1467:Determination
1466:
1464:
1462:
1441:
1438:
1408:
1405:
1387:
1384:
1352:
1336:
1329:
1313:
1310:
1289:
1266:
1250:
1229:
1204:
1188:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1166:
1134:
1118:
1111:
1095:
1092:
1039:
1038:
1023:
1017:
1007:
1004:
999:
996:
984:
983:
982:
980:
976:
972:
963:
946:
939:
924:
917:
902:
895:
880:
873:
858:
851:
850:
846:
845:
827:
824:
820:
815:
812:
809:
802:
801:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
774:
770:
769:porous medium
762:
760:
742:
732:
729:
713:
703:
700:
684:
677:
662:
655:
652:
648:
632:
625:
624:
623:
603:
595:
589:
583:
580:
577:
570:
569:
568:
547:
539:
528:
525:
520:
517:
510:
509:
508:
506:
502:
496:
488:
486:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
430:
427:February 2016
421:
417:
414:This section
412:
409:
405:
404:
398:
396:
382:
373:
357:
349:
345:
344:
339:
335:
327:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
302:
297:
292:
288:
286:
282:
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270:
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249:
234:
231:
223:
213:
209:
203:
202:
196:
191:
182:
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172:
169:
161:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119: –
118:
114:
113:Find sources:
107:
103:
97:
96:
91:This article
89:
85:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3680:Porous media
3675:Soil physics
3617:Biogeography
3612:Hydrogeology
3602:Soil science
3582:Geochemistry
3341:Infiltration
3269:Cut and fill
3212:Soil nailing
3078:Permeability
3043:Bulk density
2760:Inclinometer
2683:Ram sounding
2568:
2424:
2419:
2406:
2393:
2382:. Retrieved
2380:. 2016-09-08
2372:
2361:. Retrieved
2351:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2146:
2142:
2129:
2118:. Retrieved
2114:
2105:
2066:Hydrogeology
2001:
1954:
1907:
1829:Well sorted
1823:Well sorted
1795:
1782:eigenvectors
1775:
1736:
1688:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1557:
1501:
1481:
1470:
1425:
967:
784:
766:
758:
621:
566:
498:
476:
467:
460:
440:hydrocarbons
437:
424:
420:adding to it
415:
399:Applications
347:
341:
338:square metre
331:
306:
303:Permeability
295:
276:
261:Permeability
260:
259:
244:
226:
217:
198:
164:
155:
145:
138:
131:
124:
112:
100:Please help
95:verification
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
3627:Archaeology
3351:Foundations
3324:Geomembrane
3207:Slurry wall
3146:Water table
3110:Interaction
3106:Structures
3093:Sensitivity
2890:Laboratory
2233:: 115–134.
2196:: 171–192.
1815:Impervious
1786:eigenvalues
1750:being both
1739:anisotropic
1707:source rock
1488:empirically
1473:Darcy's law
971:anisotropic
567:Therefore:
501:Darcy's law
489:Description
452:groundwater
372:Henry Darcy
318:fault zones
212:introducing
3654:Categories
3484:Mitigation
3466:Shear wave
3451:Earthquake
3446:Compaction
3431:Permafrost
3422:Phenomena/
3319:Geotextile
3244:Embankment
3234:Excavation
3171:Earthworks
3131:Vegetation
3126:Topography
3048:Thixotropy
3038:Void ratio
3021:Properties
2919:Hydrometer
2664:Piezometer
2584:Core drill
2442:References
2413:(abstract)
2399:(abstract)
2384:2023-05-02
2363:2008-05-30
2306:2012.03993
2149:: 103439.
2120:2022-01-14
2071:Permeation
1484:estimation
493:See also:
483:filtration
348:millidarcy
283:(often, a
195:references
158:April 2008
128:newspapers
57:improve it
3665:Hydrology
3607:Hydrology
3587:Petrology
3475:analysis
3473:Landslide
3378:Mechanics
3289:Track bed
3274:Fill dirt
3259:Terracing
2832:Trial pit
2647:Statnamic
2632:Load test
2171:229386129
2097:Footnotes
1891:limestone
1885:sandstone
1809:Pervious
1752:symmetric
1723:tight gas
1719:shale gas
1533:⋅
1435:κ
1406:−
1385:−
1311:−
1274:∇
1213:κ
1186:−
1167:−
1133:viscosity
1119:η
1093:−
1021:∇
1018:⋅
1014:κ
1008:η
1000:−
925:ρ
903:η
825:ρ
821:η
793:petroleum
740:Δ
711:Δ
699:viscosity
685:η
601:Δ
593:Δ
590:η
545:Δ
537:Δ
529:η
505:viscosity
464:viscosity
383:≈
358:≈
63:talk page
3660:Aquifers
3637:Agrology
3526:software
3424:problems
3254:Causeway
3229:Landfill
3156:Subgrade
3073:Porosity
3068:Cohesion
2498:Archived
2427:Dover.
2343:36340954
2050:See also
1895:dolomite
1860:Layered
1634:diameter
1351:pressure
728:pressure
456:aquifers
310:porosity
3577:Geology
3549:SVSlope
3359:Shallow
3279:Grading
3217:Tieback
3161:Subsoil
3151:Bedrock
3141:Topsoil
3136:Terrain
2929:R-value
2892:testing
2642:Dynamic
2569:in situ
2567:Field (
2334:9635531
2311:Bibcode
2299:: 637.
2235:Bibcode
2198:Bibcode
2151:Bibcode
2043:0.0001
2019:10,000
1916:0.0001
1901:granite
1645:)": -->
1558:where:
1349:is the
1286:is the
645:is the
622:where:
481:(e.g.,
395:10 d).
296:in situ
208:improve
142:scholar
3559:Plaxis
3554:UTEXAS
3544:SVFlux
3534:SEEP2D
3386:Forces
3239:Trench
3187:Gabion
2997:Gravel
2637:Static
2451:
2431:
2341:
2331:
2169:
2040:0.001
2022:1,000
1913:0.001
1899:Fresh
1889:Fresh
1883:Fresh
1880:rocks
1825:gravel
1748:matrix
1743:tensor
1486:using
1228:tensor
1073:Length
979:tensor
975:scalar
789:brines
197:, but
144:
137:
130:
123:
115:
3539:STABL
3012:Loess
2975:Types
2301:arXiv
2262:From
2167:S2CID
2139:(PDF)
2037:0.01
1910:(cm)
1838:loess
1725:, or
847:where
795:, or
651:phase
470:(see
468:seals
343:darcy
328:Units
149:JSTOR
135:books
3364:Deep
3007:Loam
3002:Peat
2992:Sand
2987:Silt
2982:Clay
2967:Soil
2669:Well
2449:ISBN
2429:ISBN
2339:PMID
2034:0.1
2025:100
1957:(m)
1862:clay
1856:Peat
1842:loam
1831:sand
1754:and
1705:and
1697:and
1647:edit
1147:Mass
1084:Time
785:e.g.
446:and
332:The
285:rock
271:and
121:news
3249:Cut
2558:and
2329:PMC
2319:doi
2243:doi
2206:doi
2194:127
2159:doi
2147:212
2028:10
2016:10
2013:10
2010:10
2007:10
1996:10
1993:10
1990:10
1987:10
1984:10
1981:10
1978:10
1975:10
1972:10
1969:10
1966:10
1963:10
1960:10
1949:10
1946:10
1943:10
1940:10
1937:10
1934:10
1931:10
1928:10
1925:10
1922:10
1919:10
1663:or
1494:).
454:in
448:gas
444:oil
442:in
422:.
263:in
104:by
3656::
3508:*
2337:.
2327:.
2317:.
2309:.
2295:.
2291:.
2241:.
2231:40
2229:.
2204:.
2192:.
2188:.
2165:.
2157:.
2145:.
2141:.
2113:.
2031:1
1893:,
1840:,
1729:.
1721:,
1681:.
1463:.
1290:,
1230:,
791:,
458:.
334:SI
267:,
66:.
3112:)
3108:(
2571:)
2530:e
2523:t
2516:v
2401:.
2387:.
2366:.
2345:.
2321::
2313::
2303::
2297:8
2249:.
2245::
2237::
2212:.
2208::
2200::
2173:.
2161::
2153::
2123:.
2002:k
1955:k
1908:k
1651:]
1636:.
1620:d
1598:C
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1570:k
1541:2
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1530:C
1527:=
1522:I
1518:k
1446:1
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1409:2
1402:]
1397:T
1393:[
1388:1
1381:]
1376:L
1372:[
1369:]
1365:M
1361:[
1337:P
1314:1
1307:]
1302:L
1298:[
1251:2
1247:]
1242:L
1238:[
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1178:T
1175:[
1170:1
1163:]
1158:L
1154:[
1151:]
1143:[
1096:1
1089:]
1080:[
1077:]
1069:[
1048:q
1024:P
1005:1
997:=
993:q
947:g
881:K
859:k
828:g
816:K
813:=
810:k
781:k
777:K
775:(
743:x
714:P
663:k
633:v
604:P
596:x
584:v
581:=
578:k
548:x
540:P
526:k
521:=
518:v
429:)
425:(
277:k
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245:(
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227:(
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218:(
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171:)
165:(
160:)
156:(
146:·
139:·
132:·
125:·
98:.
73:)
69:(
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20:)
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