194:
estimates. Tau-equivalence requires each item of a scale to have approximately the same size of relationship with the unobserved characteristic (e.g., perceived self-efficacy) driving responses to the items as well as consistent reliability regardless of the latent level driving the responses to the items. Therefore, it is largely unknown whether items on the PSS assign scores with the same degree of reliability for respondents with high latent levels (e.g., perceived helplessness) as respondents with low latent levels. One exception is in Taylor (2015), where the graded response model was utilized to study the reliability levels across levels of the two latent variables. Taylor (2015) reported that the perceived self-efficacy and perceived helplessness subscales tended to estimate scores reliably across levels of the latent variables except among respondents with exceptionally low levels of perceived helplessness and exceptionally high levels of perceived self-efficacy. Finally, much less is known about the reliability of scores from the 4-item form.
180:. Some support for this conceptualization has emerged. For example, Hewitt et al. (1992) found that the perceived helplessness items tended to predict depression in both men and women while the positively phrased items tended to predict depression in women only. The pattern of differential prediction of depression between genders tends to indicate the negatively phrased items are tapping something substantive rather than a method effect. Although the preponderance of evidence is on the side of a multidimensional measure, the issue has not been fully resolved owing in part to limitations in the methodological knowledge available on distinguishing between substantive and method variance.
176:
the negatively phrased items have been found to load onto a second factor separate from the positively phrased items, giving the appearance of a method effect. That is, a significant portion of the variability in the responses to a subset of the items is a product of how the items are phrased. However, inspection of the items suggests a substantive difference in the positively phrased items versus the negatively phrased items with the negatively phrased items on their face characterizing perceived helplessness while the positively phrased items may be characterizing perceived
163:
stressor might have upon the experience of a stressor. Cohen et al. (1983) viewed the void of the subjective component in assessing stress as an unwanted quality and developed the PSS in response. Specifically, the PSS is based upon
Lazarus's original transactional model of stress that argues the experience of a stressor is influenced by evaluations on the part of the person as to how well they can manage a stressor given their coping resources.
24:
175:
Although Cohen et al. (1983) originally argued the PSS to be a unidimensional measure of perceived stress, the research community generally views the 14- and 10-item forms as two dimensional. The predominant forms consist of positively and negatively phrased items. Under exploratory factor analysis
166:
The original PSS consists of 14 items that are purported to form a unidimensional scale of global perceived stress. Although scores on the 14-item PSS tend to exhibit good reliability estimates across the literature, four of the items tend to perform poorly when evaluated using exploratory factor
193:
scales, respectively. Highly similar results were reported in Taylor (2015) in a sample of middle-aged adults. However, one of the limitations for much of the reliability estimates reported in the extant literature is the overly restrictive requirement of tau-equivalence for accurate reliability
162:
Prior to the development of the PSS, assessment of stress tended to focus on objective indicators (e.g., frequencies) of specific stressors (e.g., chronic illness, family loss, new family members). This tendency subsequently overlooks the influence an individual’s subjective interpretation of a
188:
Across diverse conditions, researchers report relatively satisfactory reliability estimates for scores on the 14- and 10-item forms. For example, Roberti et al. (2006) reported reliability estimates of .85 and .82 in a university sample for scores on the perceived helplessness and perceived
111:
for measuring nonspecific perceived stress. It has been used in studies assessing the stressfulness of situations, the effectiveness of stress-reducing interventions, and the extent to which there are associations between psychological stress and psychiatric and physical disorders.
167:
analysis. As a result, the PSS is commonly implemented using the 10-item form. Cohen et al. (1988) further reduced the PSS to a four item form for quick measurements; however, scores on the 4-item PSS tend to exhibit lower reliability estimates than researchers would like.
1267:
Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. M. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The social psychology of health: Claremont
Symposium on Applied Social Psychology (pp. 3-67). Newbury Park, CA:
413:"Cognitive-behavioral stress management buffers decreases in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and increases in the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio and reduces mood disturbance and perceived stress among HIV-seropositive men"
1192:
Stone AA, Mezzacappa ES, Donatone BA, Gonder M (September 1999). "Psychosocial stress and social support are associated with prostate-specific antigen levels in men: results from a community screening program".
1455:
536:
Marcus MT, Fine PM, Moeller FG, Khan MM, Pitts K, Swank PR, Liehr P (September 2003). "Change in Stress Levels
Following Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction in a Therapeutic Community".
751:
Malarkey WB, Pearl DK, Demers LM, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Glaser R (1995). "Influence of academic stress and season on 24-hour mean concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, and beta-endorphin".
1149:
Ebrecht M, Hextall J, Kirtley LG, Taylor A, Dyson M, Weinman J (July 2004). "Perceived stress and cortisol levels predict speed of wound healing in healthy male adults".
655:
Kramer JR, Ledolter J, Manos GN, Bayless ML (Winter 2000). "Stress and metabolic control in diabetes mellitus: methodological issues and an illustrative analysis".
1228:
Shewchuk RM, Elliott TR, MacNair-Semands RR, Harkins S (1999-04-01). "Trait
Influences on Stress Appraisal and Coping: An Evaluation of Alternative Frameworks".
1333:
Hewitt PL, Flett GL, Mosher SW (1992-09-01). "The
Perceived Stress Scale: Factor structure and relation to depression symptoms in a psychiatric sample".
571:
Culhane JF, Rauh V, McCollum KF, Hogan VK, Agnew K, Wadhwa PD (June 2001). "Maternal stress is associated with bacterial vaginosis in human pregnancy".
858:
Maes M, Van
Bockstaele DR (1999). "The effects of psychological stress on leukocyte subset distribution in humans: evidence of immune activation".
616:"Psychological stress perturbs epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis: implications for the pathogenesis of stress-associated skin disorders"
1071:
Cohen S, Tyrrell DA, Smith AP (January 1993). "Negative life events, perceived stress, negative affect, and susceptibility to the common cold".
327:
Leon KA, Hyre AD, Ompad D, DeSalvo KB, Muntner P (December 2007). "Perceived stress among a workforce 6 months following hurricane
Katrina".
1032:"Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor and perceived early-life stress in depressed patients and healthy control subjects"
40:
62:
1376:
Roberti JW, Harrington LN, Storch EA (2006). "Further
Psychometric Support for the 10-Item Version of the Perceived Stress Scale".
33:
1414:
Graham JM (2006). "Congeneric and (essentially) tau-equivalent estimates of score reliability what they are and how to use them".
509:
Lane JD, Seskevich JE, Pieper CF (Jan–Feb 2007). "Brief meditation training can improve perceived stress and negative mood".
903:"Perceived stress and psychological well-being are associated with antibody status after meningitis C conjugate vaccination"
794:
Pruessner JC, Hellhammer DH, Kirschbaum C (Mar–Apr 1999). "Burnout, perceived stress, and cortisol responses to awakening".
1465:
1106:
Dyck DG, Short R, Vitaliano PP (Jul–Aug 1999). "Predictors of burden and infectious illness in schizophrenia caregivers".
831:
657:
44:
144:
372:"Immediate and sustained psychological impact of an emerging infectious disease outbreak on health care workers"
96:
was developed to measure the degree to which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful. Psychological
100:
has been defined as the extent to which persons perceive (appraise) that their demands exceed their ability to
1460:
951:
411:
Cruess DG, Antoni MH, Kumar M, Ironson G, McCabe P, Fernandez JB, Fletcher M, Schneiderman N (July 1999).
119:
among persons with higher perceived stress levels. For example, those with higher scores (suggestive of
219:
108:
206:
101:
370:
McAlonan GM, Lee AM, Cheung V, Cheung C, Tsang KWT, Sham PC, Chua SE, Josephine GWS (April 2007).
1431:
1358:
1312:
1174:
1131:
932:
883:
776:
682:
596:
553:
442:
352:
287:
271:
136:
1030:
Carpenter LL, Tyrka AR, McDougle CJ, Malison RT, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB, Price LH (April 2004).
460:
Holzel BK, Carmody J, Evans KC, Hoge EA, Dusek JA, Morgan L, Pitman RK, Lazar SW (March 2010).
1393:
1350:
1304:
1245:
1210:
1166:
1123:
1088:
1053:
1012:
971:
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875:
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768:
733:
674:
637:
588:
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491:
434:
393:
344:
279:
132:
989:
Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Marucha PT, MacCullum RC, Laskowski BF, Malarkey WB (May 1999).
1423:
1385:
1342:
1296:
1237:
1202:
1158:
1115:
1080:
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1002:
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914:
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666:
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383:
336:
263:
97:
700:
Epel ES, Blackburn EH, Lin J, Dhabhar FS, Adler NE, Morrow JD, Cawthon RM (December 2004).
254:
Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R (December 1983). "A global measure of perceived stress".
614:
Garg A, Chren MM, Sands LP, Matsui MS, Marenus KD, Feingold KR, Elias PM (January 2001).
829:
van Eck MM, Nicolson NA (1994). "Perceived stress and salivary cortisol in daily life".
1389:
1241:
919:
902:
486:
461:
120:
39:
It may require cleanup to comply with
Knowledge (XXG)'s content policies, particularly
1162:
952:"Psychological stress, cytokine production, and severity of upper respiratory illness"
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446:
291:
115:
The PSS predicts both objective biological markers of stress and increased risk for
1178:
686:
356:
1287:
Taylor JM (2015). "Psychometric analysis of the Ten-Item
Perceived Stress Scale".
1206:
1084:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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The PSS was published in 1983, and has become one of the most widely used
991:"Stress-related changes in proinflammatory cytokine production in wounds"
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116:
871:
1300:
462:"Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala"
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degree to which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful
306:"Perceived Stress Scale: Measuring the self-perception of stress"
17:
702:"Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress"
123:) on the PSS fend worse on biological markers of aging,
901:
Burns VE, Drayson M, Ring C, Carroll D (Nov–Dec 2002).
32:
A major contributor to this article appears to have a
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Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
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1456:Mental disorders screening and assessment tools
329:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
950:Cohen S, Doyle WJ, Skoner DP (Mar–Apr 1999).
8:
1073:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
511:Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine
150:The Perceived Stress scale was developed by
466:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
1416:Educational and Psychological Measurement
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538:Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment
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63:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1242:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb02019.x
920:10.1097/01.PSY.0000038936.67401.28
376:The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
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573:Maternal and Child Health Journal
1120:10.1097/00006842-199907000-00001
968:10.1097/00006842-199903000-00009
808:10.1097/00006842-199903000-00012
550:10.1097/00132576-200302030-00001
43:. Please discuss further on the
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995:Archives of General Psychiatry
1:
1378:Journal of College Counseling
1163:10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00144-6
832:Annals of Behavioral Medicine
658:Annals of Behavioral Medicine
430:10.1016/S0306-4530(99)00010-4
765:10.1016/0306-4530(94)00077-N
198:Translations and adaptations
205:Journal article (free PDF)
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1207:10.1037/0278-6133.18.5.482
1085:10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.131
389:10.1177/070674370705200406
1008:10.1001/archpsyc.56.5.450
633:10.1001/archderm.137.1.53
341:10.1007/s00127-007-0260-6
145:prostate-specific antigen
109:psychological instruments
1428:10.1177/0013164406288165
1289:Psychological Assessment
1151:Psychoneuroendocrinology
753:Psychoneuroendocrinology
417:Psychoneuroendocrinology
1036:Neuropsychopharmacology
719:10.1073/pnas.0407162101
620:Archives of Dermatology
585:10.1023/A:1011305300690
1108:Psychosomatic Medicine
1049:10.1038/sj.npp.1300375
956:Psychosomatic Medicine
907:Psychosomatic Medicine
796:Psychosomatic Medicine
94:Perceived Stress Scale
78:Perceived Stress Scale
220:Psychological testing
41:neutral point of view
1466:Psychological stress
845:10.1093/abm/16.3.221
154:and his colleagues.
712:(49): 17312–17315.
478:10.1093/scan/nsp034
203:Portuguese version:
1347:10.1007/BF00962631
860:Neuropsychobiology
671:10.1007/BF02895164
137:infectious disease
1195:Health Psychology
872:10.1159/000026552
335:(12): 1005–1011.
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36:with its subject.
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1422:(6): 930–944.
1403:
1384:(2): 135–147.
1368:
1341:(3): 247–257.
1322:
1270:
1255:
1236:(4): 685–704.
1220:
1201:(5): 482–486.
1184:
1157:(6): 798–809.
1141:
1114:(4): 411–419.
1098:
1079:(1): 131–140.
1063:
1042:(4): 777–784.
1022:
1001:(5): 450–456.
981:
962:(2): 175–180.
942:
913:(6): 963–970.
893:
850:
839:(3): 221–227.
821:
802:(2): 197–204.
786:
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743:
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606:
579:(2): 127–134.
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423:(5): 537–549.
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382:(4): 241–247.
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262:(4): 385–396.
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1295:(1): 90–101.
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152:Sheldon Cohen
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789:
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752:
746:
709:
705:
695:
665:(1): 17–28.
662:
656:
650:
626:(1): 53–59.
623:
619:
609:
576:
572:
566:
544:(3): 63–68.
541:
537:
531:
517:(1): 38–44.
514:
510:
504:
472:(1): 11–17.
469:
465:
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420:
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379:
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310:. Retrieved
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