326:
316:
395:
371:
306:
286:
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134:
446:. They are placed around a word or phrase to indicate that it is not used in the fashion that the writer would personally use it. In contrast to the nominal typographic purpose of quotation marks, the enclosed words are not necessarily quoted from another source. When read aloud, various techniques are used to convey the sense, such as prepending the addition of "so-called" or a similar word or phrase of disdain, using a sarcastic or mocking tone, or using
235:
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The modern question mark (? U+003F) is descended from the "punctus interrogativus" (described as "a lightning flash, striking from right to left"), but unlike the modern question mark, the punctus interrogativus may be contrasted with the punctus percontativusâthe former marking questions that
716:) is often used to convey sarcasm. However, it can also be understood to indicate a variety of subtle or concealed emotions. These can include annoyance, indignation, panic, mockery, and other more ambiguous feelings.
231:). The next year he expanded his idea, suggesting the symbol could be used in various orientations (on its side, upside down, etc.) to mark "a point of irritation, an indignation point, a point of hesitation".
1688:
264:
to indicate that a sentence should be understood at a second level (irony, sarcasm, etc.). It is illustrated by a glyph resembling, but not identical to, a small, elevated, backward-facing question mark.
200:
1203:
1635:
770:
A "SarcMark" symbol, which resembled an @, but with the spiral reversed and a period at its center instead of an 'a', requiring custom computer font software was proposed in 2010.
1431:
178:. Its use died out in the 17th century. This character can be represented using the reversed question mark (âžź) found in Unicode as U+2E2E; another character approximating it is
2945:
1461:
30:
This article is about punctuation marks used to indicate irony or sarcasm. For the mirrored question mark used in Arabic and other languages that use Arabic script, see
425:
recommended that ironic statements should be printed in leftward-slanting italics to distinguish from conventional rightward-slanting italics, also called
Sartalics.
1698:
347:
998:
719:
In many gaming communities, the word "Kappa" is frequently used to display sarcasm as well as joking intent. This is due to the word acting as an emoticon on
1799:
1658:
836:
1767:
1098:
2260:
799:
205:
1627:
1516:
Kunneman, Florian; Liebrecht, Christine; van Mulken, Margot; van den Bosch, Antal (July 2015). "Signaling sarcasm: From hyperbole to hashtag".
921:
1732:
1273:
931:
864:; Baker, Peter; Dohnicht, Marcus; Emiliano, AntĂłnio; Haugen, Odd Einar; Pedro, Susana; Perry, David J.; Pournader, Roozbeh (April 10, 2016).
1069:
370:
1210:(1999) "A Roadmap," p. 6, that renders some characters incorrectly when copy-pasted. Under certain circumstances copy-pasting the phrase
767:
jokingly proposed new marks called "sarcastisies" which resemble ragged, or zig-zagged parentheses, used to enclose sarcastic remarks.
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634:
1139:
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579:) adjacent to the punctuation. This allows for easy use with any keyboard, as well as variation. Variations include dry sarcasm (
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Irony punctuation is primarily used to indicate that a sentence should be understood at a second level. A bracketed
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1666:
844:
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51:
619:. One example is the "Mocking SpongeBob" meme, which consists of a caption paired with a still taken from the
502:
It is common in online conversation among some
Internet users to use a fictitious closing tag patterned after
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305:
47:
41:
133:
31:
1094:
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1072:(in Dutch). Stichting Collectieve Propaganda van het Nederlandse Boek (CPNB). 2007-03-13. Archived from
1046:"Revised preliminary proposal to encode six punctuation characters introduced by Hervé Bazin in the UCS"
1017:
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335:
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3021:
2990:
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559:". The equivalent for an ironic or sarcastic statement would be a bracketed exclamation mark, e.g., "
2494:
2980:
2706:
2604:
2449:
2017:
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291:. In the same work, the author proposed five other innovative punctuation marks: the "doubt point"
175:
113:
2995:
2985:
1317:
1073:
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459:
1165:"A Roadmap to the Extension of the Ethiopic Writing System Standard Under Unicode and ISO-10646"
462:, sarcasm and unreal phrases are indicated at the end of a sentence with a sarcasm mark called
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170:, a reversed question mark later referred to as a rhetorical question mark, was proposed by
128:
87:
1768:
Ironic Serif: A Brief
History of Typographic Snark and the Failed Crusade for an Irony Mark
555:
Rhetorical questions in some informal situations can use a bracketed question mark, e.g., "
234:
2952:
2894:
2509:
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861:
247:
216:
1725:
Shady
Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols & Other Typographical Marks
1223:
1331:
1131:
3016:
2756:
1934:
1012:
Bazin, HervĂ© (1966). "Plumons l'oiseau". Paris (France): Ăditions
Bernard Grasset: 142.
976:
789:
539:
491:
443:
268:
228:
1603:"The đ Upside Down Emoji And Other Emojis To Get You Through The Day | đ Emojiguide"
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in the 1580s and was used at the end of a question that does not require an answerâa
99:
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567:, sometimes use an exclamation mark within brackets or parentheses to mark sarcasm.
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appeared previously in this article and has propagated on the internet (see e.g.
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1809:
1362:"Positive Feedback Loops: Sarcasm and the Pseudo-Argument in Reddit Communities"
1164:
794:
422:
91:
599:) after the period at the end of the sentence. It has also been adopted by the
2817:
2619:
2547:
1911:
1813:
1529:
866:"Proposal to add Medievalist and Iranianist punctuation characters to the UCS"
447:
164:
90:
and other languages, lacks a standard way to mark irony, and several forms of
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2957:
2775:
2362:
2032:
1972:
1949:
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1291:
905:[Jobard invents the precursor of the smiley in 1841]. Archived from
711:
689:) character to simulate air quotes, are often used as well, particularly in
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652:
1553:
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906:
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223:) in the shape of an oversized arrow head with small stem (rather like an
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2047:
779:
723:, a livestreaming site, where it has gained popularity for such purpose.
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224:
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131:
in the 19th century, and in a form resembling a reversed question mark (
2913:
2802:
1987:
1538:
698:
694:
674:
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120:
have also been proposed, such as in the form of an open upward arrow (
83:
1206:). The error is due to an encoding issue in the online PDF of Tsigie,
615:
lettering to convey a mocking or sarcastic tone, often in the form of
2123:
1892:
1693:
1473:
1373:
1305:
Khodak, Mikhail; Saunshi, Nikunj; Vodrahalli, Kiran (7â12 May 2018).
1163:
Asteraye Tsigie; Berhanu Beyene; Daniel Aberra; Daniel Yacob (1999).
531:
1322:
2524:
2479:
2002:
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27:
Proposed form of notation used to denote irony or sarcasm in text
2169:
1283:
503:
1781:
1773:
How to Tell a Joke on the
Internet; The new typography of irony
1314:
Proceedings of the
Language Resources and Evaluation Conference
201:
An Essay
Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
186:
require an answer while the latter marks rhetorical questions.
215:, a Belgian newspaper publisher, introduced an "irony mark" (
1424:"The Guide to Card Chronicle's memes / inside jokes / quirks"
575:
Another method of expressing sarcasm is by placing a tilde (
1691:[New punctuation mark warns of sarcasm and irony].
1727:. New York & London: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
1268:. Vol. 1. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 986.
510:. Over time, it has evolved to lose the angle brackets (
277:" ("Let's pluck the bird", 1966), used the Greek letter
152:
are also occasionally used to express irony or sarcasm.
1222:
94:
have been proposed to fill the gap. The oldest is the
1689:"Nieuw leesteken waarschuwt voor sarcasme en ironie"
1044:
Yevstifeyev, Mykyta; Pentzlin, Karl (Feb 28, 2012).
1239:Yacob, Daniel; Ishida, Richard, eds. (2020-05-26).
78:is any form of notation proposed or used to denote
66:
61:
490:"/s" redirects here. For further information, see
352:) presented another design of an irony mark, the
1366:Academic Commons - Columbia University Libraries
903:"Jobard invente le précurseur du smiley en 1841"
522:(not to be confused with the valid HTML end tag
1454:"Community Guidelines§A few things to consider"
348:Collectieve Propaganda van het Nederlandse Boek
923:How Words Get Good: The Story of Making a Book
856:
854:
538:, as shorthand. This usage later evolved into
474:: á”á„ááá°áĄá„áá
), a character that looks like the
1793:
534:frequently denote sarcasm through the use of
8:
1579:"The semiotics of the upside-down smiley đ"
272:
259:
1697:(in Dutch). 18 October 2010. Archived from
1307:"A Large Self-Annotated Corpus for Sarcasm"
1214:(with quotation marks) from the PDF yields
595:has adopted this methodology by inserting (
353:
345:
258:(alias, Marcel Bernhardt) in his 1899 book
1800:
1786:
1778:
997:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
344:In March 2007, the Dutch foundation CPNB (
1537:
1321:
514:) and has subsequently been shortened to
116:, which can be a form of irony. Specific
2946:Version of this table as a sortable list
1158:
1156:
1659:"8 new and necessary punctuation marks"
1518:Information Processing & Management
1118:
1097:(in Dutch). Nieuwsblad.be. 2007-03-15.
963:
901:Marie-Christine Claes (June 23, 2012).
888:
816:
800:Inverted question and exclamation marks
603:Machine Learning Nanodegree community.
366:
52:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1095:"Leesteken moet ironie verduidelijken"
1026:
1015:
990:
673:, as well as using the "victory hand"
281:with a dot below for the same purpose
58:
1628:"How Kappa Became The Face Of Twitch"
1234:
1232:
1172:15th International Unicode Conference
823:
611:On the Internet, it is common to see
211:In an article dated 11 October 1841,
7:
2798: ⟨ ⟩
1638:from the original on 26 October 2017
1626:David Goldenberg (21 October 2015).
1464:from the original on 20 January 2021
1341:from the original on 9 February 2019
1434:from the original on 9 January 2015
645:Typing in all-capital letters, and
613:alternating uppercase and lowercase
450:, or any combination of the above.
208:to punctuate rhetorical questions.
1070:"Nieuw: een leesteken voor ironie"
987:. Vol. 5. Paris. p. 329.
254:) was proposed by the French poet
242:in a French encyclopedia from 1905
86:in written text. Written text, in
25:
1657:Trapp, Mike (February 20, 2013).
1132:"WATCH: A Sarcasm Font At Last?!"
1058:from the original on 2016-05-07.
950:Rapport sur l'exposition de 1839
750:
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405:
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1498:from the original on 2019-11-05
1404:from the original on 2019-10-20
1181:from the original on 2009-11-23
1142:from the original on 2021-11-30
1101:from the original on 2013-06-22
705:, is also increasingly common.
530:passage). Users of the website
108:), proposed by English printer
1241:"Ethiopic Layout Requirements"
1:
1360:Mueller, Christopher (2016).
953:. chez l'Auteur. p. 350.
388:Percontation point in Unicode
1577:Kramer, Elise (2017-02-05).
1264:Kane, Thomas Leiper (1990).
708:The upside-down face emoji (
587:), and sarcastic questions (
180:the Arabic question mark (Ű)
148:or question mark as well as
1554:"đ Upside-Down Face Emoji"
1422:Mr_Hobbes (5 August 2014).
979:, ed. (1897â1905). "Ironie
947:J. B. A. M. Jobard (1842).
418:Reverse italics (Sartalics)
137:), proposed by French poet
3038:
2261:inverted ! and ?
1266:Amharic-English Dictionary
489:
476:inverted exclamation point
432:
238:Irony mark as designed by
98:in the form of a reversed
29:
2941:
2829:
2733:
2677:sound recording copyright
2631:
2536:
2419:
2287:
2200:
2135:
1961:
1821:
1744:Eats, Shoots & Leaves
1530:10.1016/j.ipm.2014.07.006
1394:"BBC Subtitle Guidelines"
985:Nouveau Larousse illustré
583:), enthusiastic sarcasm (
563:". Subtitles, such as in
206:inverted exclamation mark
141:during the 19th century.
112:in the 1580s for marking
742:Pair of sarcastisies by
442:are a particular use of
1723:Houston, Keith (2013).
637:acting like a chicken.
607:Capitalization patterns
261:L'ostensoir des ironies
160:The percontation point
2794: { }
2786: ( )
2771: « »
2767: âč âș
2752: " "
2748: ' '
2744: â â
2740: â â
1025:Cite journal requires
376:Alcanter de Brahm 1899
354:
346:
311:, "acclamation point"
273:
260:
251:
243:
220:
40:This article contains
32:Mirrored question mark
1742:Truss, Lynne (2003).
649:like "Rolling eyes" (
635:SpongeBob SquarePants
622:SpongeBob SquarePants
301:, "conviction point"
246:Another irony point (
237:
2991:Japanese punctuation
2692:registered trademark
2577: |
2435:plus and minus signs
1828:
920:Rebecca Lee (2022).
837:"Interrogativus.png"
321:, "authority point"
204:, proposed using an
114:rhetorical questions
2981:Chinese punctuation
2707:service mark symbol
2450:multiplication sign
1968: &
1488:"Mocking SpongeBob"
1332:2017arXiv170405579K
1198:The erroneous form
641:Emoji and emoticons
591:). The sports blog
331:, and "love point"
176:rhetorical question
2996:Korean punctuation
2986:Hebrew punctuation
1460:. 14 August 2017.
966:, pp. 215â217
891:, pp. 212â214
629:Little Yellow Book
546:Paired punctuation
460:Ethiopic languages
412:CPNB proposal 2007
244:
156:Percontation point
96:percontation point
42:special characters
18:Percontation point
3004:
3003:
2333:ordinal indicator
2276:irony punctuation
1734:978-0-393-06442-1
1669:on 8 January 2014
1583:Ruthless Benedict
1275:978-3-447-02871-4
933:978-1-78283-759-6
926:. Profile Books.
727:Custom indicators
691:instant messaging
633:of the character
256:Alcanter de Brahm
240:Alcanter de Brahm
146:exclamation point
139:Alcanter de Brahm
76:Irony punctuation
73:
72:
68:Irony punctuation
48:rendering support
16:(Redirected from
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871:. Archived from
870:
862:Everson, Michael
858:
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508:</sarcasm>
498:Pseudo-HTML Tags
486:Other typography
478:(U+00A1) (
409:
400:Hervé Bazin 1966
397:
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274:Plumons l'Oiseau
271:, in his essay "
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213:Marcellin Jobard
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129:Marcellin Jobard
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2893:
2890: â
2889:
2886: â
2885:
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2871: â
2870:
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2862:(hedera, aldus)
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2855: â§
2854:
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763:
757:A "SarcMark"
744:CollegeHumor
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429:Scare quotes
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2314:numero sign
2299:number sign
2242:interrobang
1810:punctuation
1539:2066/148844
977:Claude Augé
795:Interrobang
458:In certain
423:Tom Driberg
355:ironieteken
269:Hervé Bazin
127:), used by
118:irony marks
92:punctuation
3011:Categories
2974:Whitespace
2958:Diacritics
2818:ditto mark
2620:interpunct
2548:underscore
1912:apostrophe
1812:and other
1642:5 February
1612:2022-05-26
1607:Emojiguide
1588:2022-05-26
1563:2022-05-26
1558:Emojipedia
1502:2019-10-27
1408:2019-10-26
1379:2023-11-13
1345:8 February
1323:1704.05579
1250:2024-01-05
1185:2010-04-16
1146:2021-11-30
1105:2012-09-15
1080:2012-09-15
824:Truss 2003
812:References
693:, while a
561:Oh, really
557:Oh, really
524:</s>
448:air quotes
190:Irony mark
182:, U+061F.
2960:(accents)
2776:guillemet
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1973:ampersand
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1878:semicolon
1468:14 August
1458:MLND Wiki
1438:9 January
993:cite book
806:Poe's law
647:emoticons
482: ).
194:In 1668,
2876:manicule
2662:copyleft
2078:asterism
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2048:ellipsis
1636:Archived
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1432:Archived
1402:Archived
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1292:24468448
1284:91166276
1176:Archived
1140:Archived
1136:HuffPost
1099:Archived
1053:Archived
841:TypoWiki
780:Emoticon
774:See also
703:#sarcasm
661:", and "
625:episode
565:Teletext
551:Brackets
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1988:at sign
1816:symbols
1808:Common
1717:Sources
1328:Bibcode
981:(irony)
699:hashtag
697:-style
695:Twitter
675:dingbat
601:Udacity
472:Amharic
88:English
84:sarcasm
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