39:. Some perennial plants that are not cultivated as perennial crops are tomatoes, whose vines can live for several years but often freeze and die in winters outside of temperate climates, and potatoes which can live for more than two years but are usually harvested yearly. Despite making up 94% of plants on earth, perennials take up only 13% of global cropland. In contrast, grain crops take up about 70% of global cropland and global caloric consumption and are largely annual plants.
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Perennial species have been shown to provide an opportunity for mitigating or reducing the negative effects of climate change while sustaining their agricultural productivity as well. It has also been shown that perennial plant communities may also enhance ecosystem resilience. As well as stability
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Glover, J. D.; Reganold, J. P.; Bell, L. W.; Borevitz, J.; Brummer, E. C.; Buckler, E. S.; Cox, C. M.; Cox, T. S.; Crews, T. E.; Culman, S. W.; DeHaan, L. R.; Eriksson, D.; Gill, B. S.; Holland, J.; Hu, F.; Hulke, B. S.; Ibrahim, A. M. H.; Jackson, W.; Jones, S. S.; Murray, S. C.; Paterson, A. H.;
51:
attempted to perennialize annual wheats by crossing them with perennial relatives such as intermediate wheatgrass. Interest waned when the crosses repeatedly resulted in sterile offspring, and seed yield decreased significantly. The next major time the project of perennializing grain was picked up
26:
species that are cultivated and live longer than two years without the need of being replanted each year. Naturally perennial crops include many fruit and nut crops; some herbs and vegetables also qualify as perennial. Perennial crops have been cultivated for thousands of years; their cultivation
232:- currently in the development stage using similar methods to those used in producing the perennialized sunflower, perennial rice promises to reduce deforestation through increases in production efficiency by keeping cleared land out of the
102:: Because these crops tend to be deeper and more fibrously-rooted than their annual counterparts, they are able to hold onto soil moisture more efficiently, while filtering pollutants (e.g. excess nitrogen) traveling to groundwater sources.
108:: Because perennials more efficiently take up nutrients as a result of their extensive root systems, reduced amounts of nutrients need to be supplemented, lowering production costs while reducing possible excess sources of
936:
Rouw, Anneke de; Soulilad, B.; Phanthavong, K.; Dupin, B. (2005). "The adaptation of upland rice cropping to ever-shorter fallow periods and its limit". In
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Light interception efficiency: Earlier canopy development and longer green leaf duration increase the seasonal light interception efficiency of perennials, an important factor in plant productivity.
442:"Climatic Diversity and Ecological Descriptors of Wild Tomato Species (Solanum sect. Lycopersicon) and Close Related Species (Solanum sect. Juglandifolia y sect. Lycopersicoides) in Latin America"
121:: Because perennial grasses use a greater fraction of carbon to produce root systems, more carbon is integrated into soil organic matter, contributing to increases in soil organic carbon stocks.
766:
Ploschuk, E.; Sacks, E. J.; Snapp, S.; Tao, D.; Van Tassel, D. L.; Wade, L. J.; Wyse, D. L.; Xu, Y. (24 June 2010). "Increased Food and
Ecosystem Security via Perennial Grains".
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RamĂrez-Ojeda, Gabriela; Peralta, Iris E.; RodrĂguez-Guzmán, Eduardo; Chávez-Servia, JosĂ© Luis; SahagĂşn-Castellanos, Jaime; RodrĂguez-PĂ©rez, Juan
Enrique (2021-04-23).
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There is a growing movement to create perennial alternatives to annual crops particularly grains. From the 1920s to the 1950s, researchers in the former
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96:: Because plant materials (stems, crowns, etc.) can remain in place year-round, topsoil erosion due to wind and rainfall/irrigation is reduced
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226:- more extensive root systems allow for more efficient water and nutrient uptake, while reducing erosion due to rain and wind year-round.
385:"Farming the planet: 2. Geographic distribution of crop areas, yields, physiological types, and net primary production in the year 2000"
991:
In southwestern
Minnesota, Audrey Arner and Richard Handeen are securing a future for their farm by "perennializing" the landscape.
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Wagoner, Peggy; Schaeffer, Jurgen R. (January 1, 1990). "Perennial grain development: Past efforts and potential for the future".
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Snapp, Sieglinde S.; Blackie, Malcolm J.; Gilbert, Robert A.; Bezner-Kerr, Rachel; Kanyama-Phiri, George Y. (16 November 2010).
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335:"The Perennialization Project: Perennials as a Pathway to Sustainable Agricultural Landscapes in the Upper Midwestern U.S."
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728:"Perennial filter strips reduce nitrate levels in soil and shallow groundwater after grassland-to-cropland conversion"
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and ability to adapt to environmental fluctuations, due to them possessing high levels of biodiversity.
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860:"Carbon sequestration in perennial bioenergy, annual corn and uncultivated systems in southern Quebec"
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was a wheat hybrid developed by the
Montana Agricultural Experiment Station in 1986, which the
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http://www.perennialgrains.org/index.php?title=Rice_perennialization_program%2C_YAAS-
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Poverty reduction and shifting cultivation stabilization in the uplands of Lao PDR
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agriculture because regular tilling is not required and this results in decreased
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Zan, Claudia S; Fyles, James W; Girouard, Patrick; Samson, Roger A (2001-08-01).
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905:. Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes: Investing without Losing Interest.
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Negative
Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda
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811:"More Productive Than Maize in the Midwest: How Does Miscanthus Do It?"
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899:"Utilizing and conserving agrobiodiversity in agricultural landscapes"
210:- a perennial crop with high yields and high GHG mitigation potential.
233:
168:
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Monfreda, Chad; Ramankutty, Navin; Foley, Jonathan A. (March 2008).
517:
153:
61:
501:"Revising the global biogeography of annual and perennial plants"
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701:"Perennial Grain Cropping Research: Why Perennial Grain Crops?"
499:
Poppenwimer, Tyler; Mayrose, Itay; DeMalach, Niv (2023-11-08).
357:"Perennial agriculture | Benefits, Practices & Challenges"
1004:"Biodiversity can support a greener revolution in Africa"
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Jackson, L. E.; Pascual, U.; Hodgkin, T. (2007-07-01).
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Dohleman, Frank G.; Long, Stephen P. (August 2009).
656:. National Academies Press. 2019. pp. 87–136.
68:. By eliminating or greatly reducing the need for
216:- a perennial oil and seedcrop developed through
80:, and greatly reduce waterway pollution through
1008:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
679:"Perennial crops: The garden that keeps giving"
650:"Terrestrial Carbon Removal and Sequestration"
8:
983:crops: Mother Jones Q&A with Wes Jackson
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989:Rodale Institute: Farm, food and family:
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903:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
864:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
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625:"Perennial crops a win for food security"
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703:. The Land Institute. Archived from
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76:due to erosion, increase biological
677:Rich, Deborah (24 November 2007).
590:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
565:"Perennial Grain Crop Development"
14:
305:Berry, Wendell (5 January 2009).
998:Perennializing rice gene project
732:Journal of Environmental Quality
72:, perennial cropping can reduce
236:stage for long periods of time.
16:Perennial plants used as crops
1:
876:10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00273-5
84:due to less nitrogen input.
389:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
27:differs from the mainstream
106:Nutrient cycling efficiency
56:field tested. For example,
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915:10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.017
527:10.1038/s41586-023-06644-x
220:genes with wild sunflower.
610:10.1080/07352689009382298
1021:10.1073/pnas.1007199107
780:10.1126/science.1188761
277:Sustainable agriculture
459:10.3390/plants10050855
252:Biodynamic agriculture
827:10.1104/pp.109.139162
337:Iowa State University
307:"A 50-Year Farm Bill"
282:List of culinary nuts
60:has bred a perennial
744:10.2134/jeq2010.0151
410:10.1029/2007GB002947
207:Miscanthus giganteus
119:Carbon sequestration
100:Water-use efficiency
78:carbon sequestration
1014:(48): 20840–20845.
774:(5986): 1638–1639.
602:1990CRvPS...9..381W
401:2008GBioC..22.1022M
262:No-till agriculture
257:Guild (agriculture)
214:Perennial sunflower
82:agricultural runoff
569:The Land Institute
361:www.britannica.com
311:The New York Times
58:The Land Institute
726:Zhou, X. (2010).
663:978-0-309-48452-7
511:(7990): 109–114.
200:Under development
110:fertilizer runoff
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144:Fruit trees
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518:2304.13101
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293:References
287:Fruit tree
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316:25 March
241:See also
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133:Examples
88:Benefits
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