Motion capture - Knowledge (XXG)

1620:) is often transmitted wirelessly to a computer, where the motion is recorded or viewed. Most inertial systems use inertial measurement units (IMUs) containing a combination of gyroscope, magnetometer, and accelerometer, to measure rotational rates. These rotations are translated to a skeleton in the software. Much like optical markers, the more IMU sensors the more natural the data. No external cameras, emitters or markers are needed for relative motions, although they are required to give the absolute position of the user if desired. Inertial motion capture systems capture the full six degrees of freedom body motion of a human in real-time and can give limited direction information if they include a magnetic bearing sensor, although these are much lower resolution and susceptible to electromagnetic noise. Benefits of using Inertial systems include: capturing in a variety of environments including tight spaces, no solving, portability, and large capture areas. Disadvantages include lower positional accuracy and positional drift which can compound over time. These systems are similar to the Wii controllers but are more sensitive and have greater resolution and update rates. They can accurately measure the direction to the ground to within a degree. The popularity of inertial systems is rising amongst game developers, mainly because of the quick and easy setup resulting in a fast pipeline. A range of suits are now available from various manufacturers and base prices range from $ 1000 to US$ 80,000. 1381:

having both higher spatial and temporal resolution. Directors can see the actor's performance in real-time, and watch the results on the motion capture-driven CG character. The unique marker IDs reduce the turnaround, by eliminating marker swapping and providing much cleaner data than other technologies. LEDs with onboard processing and radio synchronization allow motion capture outdoors in direct sunlight while capturing at 120 to 960 frames per second due to a high-speed electronic shutter. Computer processing of modulated IDs allows less hand cleanup or filtered results for lower operational costs. This higher accuracy and resolution requires more processing than passive technologies, but the additional processing is done at the camera to improve resolution via subpixel or centroid processing, providing both high resolution and high speed. These motion capture systems typically cost $ 20,000 for an eight-camera, 12-megapixel spatial resolution 120-hertz system with one actor.

1646:, which provides useful results obtained with two-thirds the number of markers required in optical systems; one on upper arm and one on lower arm for elbow position and angle. The markers are not occluded by nonmetallic objects but are susceptible to magnetic and electrical interference from metal objects in the environment, like rebar (steel reinforcing bars in concrete) or wiring, which affect the magnetic field, and electrical sources such as monitors, lights, cables and computers. The sensor response is nonlinear, especially toward edges of the capture area. The wiring from the sensors tends to preclude extreme performance movements. With magnetic systems, it is possible to monitor the results of a motion capture session in real time. The capture volumes for magnetic systems are dramatically smaller than they are for optical systems. With the magnetic systems, there is a distinction between 1722:. The speed of light is 30 centimeters per nanosecond (billionth of a second), so a 10 gigahertz (billion cycles per second) radio frequency signal enables an accuracy of about 3 centimeters. By measuring amplitude to a quarter wavelength, it is possible to improve the resolution down to about 8 mm. To achieve the resolution of optical systems, frequencies of 50 gigahertz or higher are needed, which are almost as dependent on line of sight and as easy to block as optical systems. Multipath and reradiation of the signal are likely to cause additional problems, but these technologies will be ideal for tracking larger volumes with reasonable accuracy, since the required resolution at 100 meter distances is not likely to be as high. Many scientists believe that radio frequency will never produce the accuracy required for motion capture. 237: 1232:, magnetic or reflective markers, or combinations of any of these, are tracked, optimally at least two times the frequency rate of the desired motion. The resolution of the system is important in both the spatial resolution and temporal resolution as motion blur causes almost the same problems as low resolution. Since the beginning of the 21st century - and because of the rapid growth of technology - new methods have been developed. Most modern systems can extract the silhouette of the performer from the background. Afterwards all joint angles are calculated by fitting in a mathematical model into the silhouette. For movements you can not see a change of the silhouette, there are hybrid systems available that can do both (marker and silhouette), but with less marker. In robotics, some motion capture systems are based on 1563:

the image at a relatively high frame rate. This posts a requirement on the bandwidth of the image-capturing hardware. The second challenge is that the image processing software has to be able to extract the target image from its background and calculate its position. Several textbook image-processing algorithms are designed for this task. This problem can be simplified if the tracking system can expect certain characteristics that is common in all the targets it will track. The next problem down the line is controlling the tracking platform to follow the target. This is a typical control system design problem rather than a challenge, which involves modeling the system dynamics and designing

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dynamically for each particular subject. Tracking a large number of performers or expanding the capture area is accomplished by the addition of more cameras. These systems produce data with three degrees of freedom for each marker, and rotational information must be inferred from the relative orientation of three or more markers; for instance shoulder, elbow and wrist markers providing the angle of the elbow. Newer hybrid systems are combining inertial sensors with optical sensors to reduce occlusion, increase the number of users and improve the ability to track without having to manually clean up data.

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brightness as the light source, camera position or both are changed. These techniques tend to be only limited in feature resolution by the camera resolution, apparent object size and number of cameras. If the users face is 50 percent of the working area of the camera and a camera has megapixel resolution, then sub millimeter facial motions can be detected by comparing frames. Recent work is focusing on increasing the frame rates and doing optical flow to allow the motions to be retargeted to other computer generated faces, rather than just making a 3D Mesh of the actor and their expressions.

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parts, measuring the performer's relative motion. Mechanical motion capture systems are real-time, relatively low-cost, free from occlusion, and wireless (untethered) systems that have unlimited capture volume. Typically, they are rigid structures of jointed, straight metal or plastic rods linked together with potentiometers that articulate at the joints of the body. These suits tend to be in the $ 25,000 to $ 75,000 range plus an external absolute positioning system. Some suits provide limited force feedback or

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target being tracked can thereby provide more information than just motion data. The image obtained from NASA's long-range tracking system on the space shuttle Challenger's fatal launch provided crucial evidence about the cause of the accident. Optical tracking systems are also used to identify known spacecraft and space debris despite the fact that it has a disadvantage compared to radar in that the objects must be reflecting or emitting sufficient light.

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minute changes in body motion. Stretch sensors are unaffected by magnetic interference and are free from occlusion. The stretchable nature of the sensors also means they do not suffer from positional drift, which is common with inertial systems. Stretchable sensors, on the other hands, due to the material properties of their substrates and conducting materials, suffer from relatively low

1430: 139: 77: 36: 1197: 1737:, which contains internal sensors recording the angular movements, removing the need for external cameras and other equipment. Even though this technology could potentially lead to much lower costs for motion capture, the basic sphere is only capable of recording a single continuous direction. Additional sensors worn on the person would be needed to record anything more. 1706:, is the next generation of fidelity and is utilized to record the more complex movements in a human face in order to capture higher degrees of emotion. Facial capture is currently arranging itself in several distinct camps, including traditional motion capture data, blend-shaped based solutions, capturing the actual topology of an actor's face, and proprietary systems. 1271: 1334:

powered to emit their own light. Since the inverse square law provides one quarter of the power at two times the distance, this can increase the distances and volume for capture. This also enables a high signal-to-noise ratio, resulting in very low marker jitter and a resulting high measurement resolution (often down to 0.1 mm within the calibrated volume).

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allows the computer-generated characters, images and sets to have the same perspective as the video images from the camera. A computer processes the data and displays the movements of the actor, providing the desired camera positions in terms of objects in the set. Retroactively obtaining camera movement data from the captured footage is known as

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and the corresponding high-speed image stream, it requires significantly lower data bandwidth. The tags also provide incident illumination data which can be used to match scene lighting when inserting synthetic elements. The technique appears ideal for on-set motion capture or real-time broadcasting of virtual sets but has yet to be proven.

223: 222: 219: 224: 221: 1989:, Accessed June 21, 2014, "..But developments in motion-capture technology, as well as new gaming consoles expected from Sony and Microsoft within the year, indicate that this niche continues to be a growth area for actors. And for those who have thought about breaking in, the message is clear: Get busy...." 1188:. In his thesis, using data provided by 31 sensors placed on his body, he analysed his jumps. He evaluated the use of technology both in order to improve the scoring system and to help skaters improve their jumping technique. In March 2021 a summary of the thesis was published in the academic journal. 1740:

Another alternative is using a 6DOF (Degrees of freedom) motion platform with an integrated omni-directional treadmill with high resolution optical motion capture to achieve the same effect. The captured person can walk in an unlimited area, negotiating different uneven terrains. Applications include

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The two main techniques are stationary systems with an array of cameras capturing the facial expressions from multiple angles and using software such as the stereo mesh solver from OpenCV to create a 3D surface mesh, or to use light arrays as well to calculate the surface normals from the variance in

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The tracking computer is responsible for capturing the images from the optical imaging system, analyzing the image to extract the target position and controlling the mechanical tracking platform to follow the target. There are several challenges. First, the tracking computer has to be able to capture

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These tracking tags work in natural lighting conditions and can be imperceptibly embedded in attire or other objects. The system supports an unlimited number of tags in a scene, with each tag uniquely identified to eliminate marker reacquisition issues. Since the system eliminates a high-speed camera

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Purdue University houses the world’s largest indoor motion capture system, inside the Purdue UAS Research and Test (PURT) facility. PURT is dedicated to UAS research, and provides tracking volume of 600,000 cubic feet using 60 motion capture cameras. The optical motion capture system is able to track

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software to render a screen image which allowed the director and the actor to see what they would look like in the movie, making it easier to direct the movie as it would be seen by the viewer. This method allowed views and angles not possible from a pre-rendered animation. Cameron was so proud of

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Camera movements can also be motion captured so that a virtual camera in the scene will pan, tilt or dolly around the stage driven by a camera operator while the actor is performing. At the same time, the motion capture system can capture the camera and props as well as the actor's performance. This

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Most traditional motion capture hardware vendors provide for some type of low-resolution facial capture utilizing anywhere from 32 to 300 markers with either an active or passive marker system. All of these solutions are limited by the time it takes to apply the markers, calibrate the positions and

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The software that runs such systems is also customized for the corresponding hardware components. One example of such software is OpticTracker, which controls computerized telescopes to track moving objects at great distances, such as planes and satellites. Another option is the software SimiShape,

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Active marker systems can further be refined by strobing one marker on at a time, or tracking multiple markers over time and modulating the amplitude or pulse width to provide marker ID. 12-megapixel spatial resolution modulated systems show more subtle movements than 4-megapixel optical systems by

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Vendors have constraint software to reduce the problem of marker swapping since all passive markers appear identical. Unlike active marker systems and magnetic systems, passive systems do not require the user to wear wires or electronic equipment. Instead, hundreds of rubber balls are attached with

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The mechanical tracking platform holds the optical imaging system and is responsible for manipulating the optical imaging system in such a way that it always points to the target being tracked. The dynamics of the mechanical tracking platform combined with the optical imaging system determines the

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Traditionally markerless optical motion tracking is used to keep track of various objects, including airplanes, launch vehicles, missiles and satellites. Many such optical motion tracking applications occur outdoors, requiring differing lens and camera configurations. High-resolution images of the

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Active optical systems triangulate positions by illuminating one LED at a time very quickly or multiple LEDs with software to identify them by their relative positions, somewhat akin to celestial navigation. Rather than reflecting light back that is generated externally, the markers themselves are

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Stretch sensors are flexible parallel plate capacitors that measure either stretch, bend, shear, or pressure and are typically produced from silicone. When the sensor stretches or squeezes its capacitance value changes. This data can be transmitted via Bluetooth or direct input and used to detect

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Mechanical motion capture systems directly track body joint angles and are often referred to as exoskeleton motion capture systems, due to the way the sensors are attached to the body. A performer attaches the skeletal-like structure to their body and as they move so do the articulated mechanical

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An underwater camera is typically able to measure 15–20 meters depending on the water quality, the camera and the type of marker used. Unsurprisingly, the best range is achieved when the water is clear, and like always, the measurement volume is also dependent on the number of cameras. A range of

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use inexpensive multi-LED high-speed projectors. The specially built multi-LED IR projectors optically encode the space. Instead of retro-reflective or active light emitting diode (LED) markers, the system uses photosensitive marker tags to decode the optical signals. By attaching tags with photo

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the 3D position of a subject between two or more cameras calibrated to provide overlapping projections. Data acquisition is traditionally implemented using special markers attached to an actor; however, more recent systems are able to generate accurate data by tracking surface features identified

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Indoor positioning is another application for optical motion capture systems. Robotics researchers often use motion capture systems when developing and evaluating control, estimation, and perception algorithms and hardware. In outdoor spaces, it’s possible to achieve accuracy to the centimeter by

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Magnetic systems calculate position and orientation by the relative magnetic flux of three orthogonal coils on both the transmitter and each receiver. The relative intensity of the voltage or current of the three coils allows these systems to calculate both range and orientation by meticulously

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The vital part of the system, the underwater camera, has a waterproof housing. The housing has a finish that withstands corrosion and chlorine which makes it perfect for use in basins and swimming pools. There are two types of cameras. Industrial high-speed cameras can also be used as infrared

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An object with markers attached at known positions is used to calibrate the cameras and obtain their positions, and the lens distortion of each camera is measured. If two calibrated cameras see a marker, a three-dimensional fix can be obtained. Typically a system will consist of around 2 to 48

726:). However, this reduces significantly when there is no line-of-sight to the satellites — such as in indoor environments. The majority of vendors selling commercial optical motion capture systems provide accessible open source drivers that integrate with the popular Robotic Operating System ( 1554:

The optical imaging system is responsible for converting the light from the target area into a digital image that the tracking computer can process. Depending on the design of the optical tracking system, the optical imaging system can vary from as simple as a standard digital camera to as

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targets in its volume with millimeter accuracy, effectively providing the true position of targets — the “ground truth” baseline in research and development. Results derived from other sensors and algorithms can then be compared to the ground truth data to evaluate their performance.

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The amount of work does not vary with the complexity or length of the performance to the same degree as when using traditional techniques. This allows many tests to be done with different styles or deliveries, giving a distinct personality that is only limited by the talent of the

590: 2029: 2019:, Accessed June 21, 2014, "...the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' historic reluctance to honor motion-capture performances ... Serkis, garbed in a sensor-embedded Lycra body suit, quickly mastered the then-novel art and science of performance-capture acting. ..." 1459:

Different pools require different mountings and fixtures. Therefore, all underwater motion capture systems are uniquely tailored to suit each specific pool instalment. For cameras placed in the center of the pool, specially designed tripods, using suction cups, are provided.

1058:, allow users to interact with digital content in real time by capturing hand motions. This can be useful for training simulations, visual perception tests, or performing virtual walk-throughs in a 3D environment. Motion capture technology is frequently used in 327:

The first virtual actor animated by motion-capture was produced in 1993 by Didier Pourcel and his team at Gribouille. It involved "cloning" the body and face of French comedian Richard Bohringer, and then animating it with still-nascent motion-capture tools.

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One innovative use is pose detection, which can empower patients during post-surgical recovery or rehabilitation after injuries. This approach enables continuous monitoring, real-time guidance, and individually tailored programs to enhance patient outcomes.

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If the computer model has different proportions from the capture subject, artifacts may occur. For example, if a cartoon character has large, oversized hands, these may intersect the character's body if the human performer is not careful with their physical

1488:, do not require subjects to wear special equipment for tracking. Special computer algorithms are designed to allow the system to analyze multiple streams of optical input and identify human forms, breaking them down into constituent parts for tracking. 1373: 597:

There are many applications of Motion Capture. The most common are for video games, movies, and movement capture, however there is a research application for this technology being used at Purdue University in robotics development.

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Because of the use of a single-view camera, motions captured are usually noisy. Machine learning techniques have been proposed to automatically reconstruct such noisy motions into higher quality ones, using methods such as

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software uses facial recognition technology from ULSee.Inc to map a player's facial expressions and the body tracking technology from Perception Neuron to map the body movement onto a 2D or 3D character's motion on-screen.

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In the field of aerial robotics research, motion capture systems are widely used for positioning as well. Regulations on airspace usage limit how feasible outdoor experiments can be conducted with Unmanned Aerial Systems

1317:. This type of system can capture large numbers of markers at frame rates usually around 120 to 160 fps although by lowering the resolution and tracking a smaller region of interest they can track as high as 10,000 fps. 1426:

cameras. Infrared underwater cameras come with a cyan light strobe instead of the typical IR light for minimum fall-off underwater and high-speed cameras with an LED light or with the option of using image processing.

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The centroid of the marker is estimated as a position within the two-dimensional image that is captured. The grayscale value of each pixel can be used to provide sub-pixel accuracy by finding the centroid of the

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David Noonan, Peter Mountney, Daniel Elson, Ara Darzi and Guang-Zhong Yang. A Stereoscopic Fibroscope for Camera Motion and 3-D Depth Recovery During Minimally Invasive Surgery. In proc ICRA 2009, pp. 4463–68.

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The amount of animation data that can be produced within a given time is extremely large when compared to traditional animation techniques. This contributes to both cost-effectiveness and meeting production

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sensors can compute their location when lit by mobile multi-LED emitters, e.g. in a moving car. With Id per marker, these sensor tags can be worn under clothing and tracked at 500 Hz in broad daylight.

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One of the earliest active marker systems in the 1980s was a hybrid passive-active mocap system with rotating mirrors and colored glass reflective markers and which used masked linear array detectors.

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When problems occur, it is easier to shoot the scene again rather than trying to manipulate the data. Only a few systems allow real-time viewing of the data to decide if the take needs to be redone.

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as the technology matured. Since the 20th century, the performer has to wear markers near each joint to identify the motion by the positions or angles between the markers. Acoustic, inertial,

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specialized as an astronomical telescope on the top of a mountain. The specification of the optical imaging system determines the upper limit of the effective range of the tracking system.

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material to reflect light that is generated near the camera's lens. The camera's threshold can be adjusted so only the bright reflective markers will be sampled, ignoring skin and fabric.

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Motion tracking or motion capture started as a photogrammetric analysis tool in biomechanics research in the 1970s and 1980s, and expanded into education, training, sports and recently

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Andy Serkis: why won't Oscars go ape over motion-capture acting? Star of Rise of the Planet of the Apes says performance capture is misunderstood and its actors deserve more respect

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produced episodes using an active optical system for the VFX allowing the actor to walk around props that would make motion capture difficult for other non-active optical systems.

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cameras. Systems of over three hundred cameras exist to try to reduce marker swap. Extra cameras are required for full coverage around the capture subject and multiple subjects.

861:(2000) was the first feature-length film made primarily with motion capture, although many character animators also worked on the film, which had a very limited release. 2001's 3801: 3699: 3684: 4644: 4617: 3097: 1969: 867:

was the first widely released movie to be made with motion capture technology. Despite its poor box-office intake, supporters of motion capture technology took notice.

3127: 3049: 3888: 1941: 5483: 4639: 271:, medical applications, and for validation of computer vision and robots. In films, television shows and video games, motion capture refers to recording actions of 2616:

Li, Jian; Yang, Jiushan; Xu, Zhanwang; Peng, Jingliang (November 2012). "Computer-assisted hand rehabilitation assessment using an optical motion capture system".

1072:. Techniques allow clinicians to evaluate human motion across several biomechanical factors, often while streaming this information live into analytical software. 3421: 3122: 1405:

sensors to scene points, the tags can compute not only their own locations of each point, but also their own orientation, incident illumination, and reflectance.

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Traditional animation techniques, such as added emphasis on anticipation and follow through, secondary motion or manipulating the shape of the character, as with

2581:無線・慣性センサー式モーションキャプチャシステムのフィギュアスケートでの利活用に関するフィージビリティスタディ (A feasibility study on the use of wireless and inertial sensor motion capture systems in figure skating) 1718:

Radio frequency positioning systems are becoming more viable as higher frequency radio frequency devices allow greater precision than older technologies such as

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An optical tracking system typically consists of three subsystems: the optical imaging system, the mechanical tracking platform and the tracking computer.

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There are also possibilities to find the position by using colored LED markers. In these systems, each color is assigned to a specific point of the body.

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Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology researchers said in 2015 that they had made a system that tracks motion by radio frequency signals.

738:). Indoor tests can circumvent such restrictions. Many labs and institutions around the world have built indoor motion capture volumes for this purpose. 4654: 3841: 3785: 3117: 1114:, rather than have him be only CGI as in previous films, making Ruffalo the first actor to play both the human and the Hulk versions of Bruce Banner. 974:

animated digital characters whose appearances were based in part on the actors who provided their motions and voices. James Cameron's highly popular

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reflective tape, which needs to be replaced periodically. The markers are usually attached directly to the skin (as in biomechanics), or they are

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The capture system may have specific requirements for the space in which it is operated, depending on camera field of view or magnetic distortion.

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A high-resolution uniquely identified active marker system with 3,600 × 3,600 resolution at 960 hertz providing real time submillimeter positions

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Motion capture technology has been available for researchers and scientists for a few decades, which has given new insight into many fields.

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is mapped to a 3D model so that the model performs the same actions as the actor. This process may be contrasted with the older technique of

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An alternative approach was developed where the actor is given an unlimited walking area through the use of a rotating sphere, similar to a

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to control it. This will however become a challenge if the tracking platform the system has to work with is not designed for real-time.

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Low latency, close to real-time results can be obtained. In entertainment applications, this can reduce the costs of keyframe-based

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http://www.sciweavers.org/external.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.ic.ac.uk%2F%7Epmountne%2Fpublications%2FICRA%25202009.pdf&p=ieee

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are leading to the rapid development of the markerless approach to motion capture. Markerless systems such as those developed at

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Shum, Hubert P. H.; Ho, Edmond S. L.; Jiang, Yang; Takagi, Shu (2013). "Real-Time Posture Reconstruction for Microsoft Kinect".

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used passive optical system markers for motion capture. Motion capture also uses athletes in based-off animated games, such as

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Since 2001, motion capture has been used extensively to simulate or approximate the look of live-action theater, with nearly

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In motion capture sessions, movements of one or more actors are sampled many times per second. Whereas early techniques used

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to perform as several distinct digital characters (in which he also provided the voices). The 2007 adaptation of the saga

2307: 5446: 4882: 4839: 4180: 3851: 3676: 3666: 3651: 3631: 839:(1999) was the first feature-length film to include a main character created using motion capture (that character being 763: 690: 2534: 5493: 5152: 4784: 3812: 3661: 3636: 3137: 824: 661: 302:, often the purpose of motion capture is to record only the movements of the actor, not their visual appearance. This 1013: 906:

using motion capture in order to animate its main character, Jordan Adalien, and along with non-playable characters.

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The initial results are limited to what can be performed within the capture volume without extra editing of the data.

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was the first feature film to utilize a real-time motion capture system. This method streamed the actions of actor

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Olsen, NL; Markussen, B; Raket, LL (2018), "Simultaneous inference for misaligned multivariate functional data",

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Movies use motion capture for CGI effects, in some cases replacing traditional cel animation, and for completely

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to allow capture of Dracula's flying brides on very large sets similar to Weta's use of active markers in

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models. Such method generates accurate enough motion for serious applications like ergonomic assessment.

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process the data. Ultimately the technology also limits their resolution and raw output quality levels.

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Some physical therapy clinics utilize motion capture as an objective way to quantify patient progress.

2032:." Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2000. Proceedings. IEEE Conference on. Vol. 2. IEEE, 2000. 1142:

about a woman warrior named Senua, was rendered in real-time. The keynote was a collaboration between

730:) framework, allowing researchers and developers to effectively test their robots during development. 5400: 5300: 5045: 4877: 4691: 4497: 4345: 4329: 4190: 4120: 4090: 4072: 4003: 3992: 3738: 3603: 3593: 3553: 3339: 3322: 3302: 3272: 2681: 1956:." Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2009. IROS 2009. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on. IEEE, 2009. 1850: 1485: 1136:

demonstrated full-body motion capture live in Unreal Engine. The whole scene, from the upcoming game

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Inertial motion capture technology is based on miniature inertial sensors, biomechanical models and

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The cost of the software, equipment and personnel required can be prohibitive for small productions.

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Reflective markers attached to skin to identify body landmarks and the 3D motion of body segments

1083: 999: 976: 947: 781: 777: 626: 515: 395: 280: 2606:." Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on. IEEE, 2012. 2759: 283:. When it includes face and fingers or captures subtle expressions, it is often referred to as 5025: 4829: 4745: 4282: 4009: 3950: 3731: 3573: 3538: 3508: 3297: 3242: 3194: 2864: 2831: 2782: 2732: 2631: 2557:"羽生結弦が卒業論文を公開 24時間テレビに出演 (Yuzuru Hanyu publishes graduation thesis and appears on 24-hour TV)" 1954:

Simultaneous tracking and balancing of humanoid robots for imitating human motion capture data

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Markers are placed at specific points on an actor's face during facial optical motion capture.

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can be captured, allowing motion capture of 3D human motion and human surface in real-time.

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Specific hardware and special software programs are required to obtain and process the data.

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medical rehabilitation for balance training, bio-mechanical research and virtual reality.

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into the computer-generated imagery skin of Gollum / Smeagol as it was being performed.

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Plantard, Pierre; Shum, Hubert P. H.; Pierres, Anne-Sophie Le; Multon, Franck (2017).

1400:

One can reverse the traditional approach based on high-speed cameras. Systems such as

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had already used the technique, in the scene of the x-ray scanner and the skeletons.

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tracking system's ability to keep the lock on a target that changes speed rapidly.

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company Acclaim Entertainment for use in the film's production. Acclaim's 1995

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capture both the color and depth images. By fusing the two images, 3D colored

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all of the scenes involving motion capture were directed in real-time using

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Television series produced entirely with motion capture animation include

998:(that produces motion capture films), but then closed it in 2011, after a 5405: 5113: 5108: 4585: 4452: 4402: 4387: 4365: 4237: 4214: 3726: 1675:

to make them usable for motion capture. These solutions result in higher

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Potential for free software and third-party solutions reducing its costs.

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Liu, Zhiguang; Zhou, Liuyang; Leung, Howard; Shum, Hubert P. H. (2016).

2209:"Sega Saturn exclusive! Virtua Fighter: fighting in the third dimension" 675:

had its own in-house motion capture studio built into its headquarters.

5326: 5123: 2693: 2142: 1919: 1532: 1117: 621: 561: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 467: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 366: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 229: 2030:

A real time system for robust 3D voxel reconstruction of human motions

827:

also used the same motion capture technology to animate the digitized

291:, but in filmmaking and games, motion tracking usually refers more to 5385: 5380: 5353: 5203: 5157: 4872: 4247: 4222: 4128: 2619:

2012 International Conference on Image Analysis and Signal Processing

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Movement that does not follow the laws of physics cannot be captured.

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Two repetitions of a walking sequence recorded using motion capture

5415: 5198: 5177: 5162: 4502: 3528: 3027: 2858:"Full 6DOF Human Motion Tracking Using Miniature Inertial Sensors" 1719: 1528: 1436: 1428: 1324: 1277: 1269: 1203: 1195: 1170: 1110:, Mark Ruffalo used motion capture so he could play his character 1051: 942: 932: 848: 803: 676: 588: 1987:

Growth In Performance Capture Helping Gaming Actors Weather Slump

5305: 4080: 2978:." 2011 International Conference on Computer Vision. IEEE, 2011. 2256:"Yu Suzuki Recalls Using Military Tech to Make Virtua Fighter 2" 1643: 1519:

movies, used a technique called Universal Capture that utilized

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A dancer wearing a suit used in an optical motion capture system

1221: 4706: 3452: 3031: 2371:"Gollum Actor: How New Motion-Capture Tech Improved The Hobbit" 2040: 2038: 4565: 2672:

Veis, G. (1963). "Optical tracking of artificial satellites".

2423:"AI-based pose detection for physical rehabilitation software" 1481: 1451:

underwater markers are available for different circumstances.

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used this technique to create the Na'vi that inhabit Pandora.

941:

was animated without motion capture. In the ending credits of

530: 436: 335: 132: 70: 29: 3024:, an introduction to the history of motion capture technology 1837:

Goebl, W.; Palmer, C. (2013). Balasubramaniam, Ramesh (ed.).

1062:

systems to drive computer-generated characters in real time.

593:

Motion capture performers from Buckinghamshire New University

417:

Complex movement and realistic physical interactions such as

232:' right hands playing the same piece (slow-motion, no-sounds) 2332:"Coin-Op News: Acclaim technology tapped for "Batman" movie" 815:(1995) used some motion capture for certain visual effects. 2069:"The Next Generation 1996 Lexicon A to Z: Motion Capture". 1571:

which can also be used hybrid in combination with markers.

2436: 1985:

Andrew Harris Salomon, Feb. 22, 2013, Backstage Magazine,

394:

Motion capture offers several advantages over traditional

994:

using this technique. In 2007, Disney acquired Zemeckis'

2767:

IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics

1753:, an actor's pose can be reconstructed from an image or 649:). Motion capture was later notably used to animate the 156: 94: 2462:"This facial recognition software lets you be Octodad" 2340:. Vol. 20, no. 11. October 1994. p. 22. 300:

images from multiple cameras to calculate 3D positions

27:

Process of recording the movement of objects or people

2969:

Accurate 3d pose estimation from a single depth image

2358:. Vol. 20, no. 4. January 1995. p. 71. 1616:

algorithms. The motion data of the inertial sensors (

1441:

Motion tracking in swimming by using image processing

287:. In many fields, motion capture is sometimes called 2604:

A benchmark for the evaluation of RGB-D SLAM systems

1967:

Motion Capture Actors: Body Movement Tells the Story

167:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a 5424: 5346: 5339: 5314: 5191: 5096: 5089: 5038: 5008: 4977: 4951: 4920: 4865: 4858: 4767: 4645:

List of animated television series by episode count

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The sensor output is 1784:(a different way of making CGI effects realistic) 1313:to a performer wearing a full-body spandex/lycra 888:Storymind Entertainment, which is an independent 796:, many of the orcs and goblins in the 2012 film 4640:List of animated films by box office admissions 2017:When will a motion capture actor win an Oscar? 718:using the Global Navigation Satellite System ( 609:often use motion capture to animate athletes, 4718: 3464: 3043: 2308:"Purdue's Home for Drone Systems Engineering" 2015:Hugh Hart, January 24, 2012, Wired magazine, 1315:suit designed specifically for motion capture 255:, for short) is the process of recording the 8: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2224:. 15 December 1994. pp. 12–3, 15–6, 19. 1257:utilize data captured from image sensors to 819:had acquired motion capture technology from 1539:capture leading to photorealistic results. 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5343: 5093: 4862: 4725: 4711: 4703: 4068: 3928: 3491: 3471: 3457: 3449: 3190: 3050: 3036: 3028: 2285:. Motioncapturesociety.com. Archived from 518:animation techniques, must be added later. 2825: 2584:(Thesis) (in Japanese). Waseda University 2140:"Hooray for Hollywood! Acclaim Studios". 2135: 2133: 1909: 1872: 1862: 836:Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace 671:(1994). In mid-1995, developer/publisher 577:Learn how and when to remove this message 483:Learn how and when to remove this message 382:Learn how and when to remove this message 205:Learn how and when to remove this message 187:Learn how and when to remove this message 121:Learn how and when to remove this message 2163:"Martech Games - The Personality People" 1383: 1371: 1179:two-time Olympic figure skating champion 1068:is one application of motion capture in 235: 216: 2578:Hanyu, Yuzuru; 羽生, 結弦 (18 March 2021). 1829: 1794:List of motion and gesture file formats 911:Academy Award for Best Animated Feature 909:Out of the three nominees for the 2006 5484:Computer-related introductions in 1994 3203:3D reconstruction from multiple images 2183:"Pre-Street Fighter II Fighting Games" 1679:when compared to alternative sensors. 1082:During the filming of James Cameron's 722:) together with Real-Time Kinematics ( 275:and using that information to animate 148:contains content that is written like 5396:Software related to augmented reality 4943:Simultaneous localization and mapping 3223:Simultaneous localization and mapping 2437:"Markerless Motion Capture | EuMotus" 1952:Yamane, Katsu, and Jessica Hodgins. " 1234:simultaneous localization and mapping 1101:on set to view the system in action. 878:The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers 7: 4613:Films with live action and animation 2922:"Motion Capture: Magnetic Systems". 1468:Emerging techniques and research in 559:adding citations to reliable sources 465:adding citations to reliable sources 364:adding citations to reliable sources 259:of objects or people. It is used in 4995:Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera 2651:"Motion Capture: Optical Systems". 2482:Plunkett, Luke (27 December 2013). 2460:Corriea, Alexa Ray (30 June 2014). 2441:Markerless Motion Capture | EuMotus 1241:Left-hand–right-hand activity chart 806:were created using motion capture. 4969:Image-based modeling and rendering 3288:Automatic number-plate recognition 3015:The fascination for motion capture 2110:Jon Radoff, Anatomy of an MMORPG, 1790:(created by Microsoft Corporation) 1289:systems use markers coated with a 25: 5489:Audiovisual introductions in 2000 3705:Modern TV cable and streaming era 2943:Alba, Alejandro (November 2015). 2509:"Put your (digital) game face on" 2369:Savage, Annaliza (12 July 2012). 1396:Semi-passive imperceptible marker 864:Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within 799:The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey 45:This article has multiple issues. 4681: 4672: 4671: 3293:Automated species identification 2717:IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics 2254:Wawro, Alex (October 23, 2014). 2237:Maximum: The Video Game Magazine 1433:Underwater motion capture camera 1413:Underwater motion capture system 925:) used motion capture, and only 858:Sinbad: Beyond the Veil of Mists 535: 441: 410:technique is an example of this. 340: 137: 75: 34: 3278:Audio-visual speech recognition 2220:. No. 158 (January 1995). 546:needs additional citations for 452:needs additional citations for 351:needs additional citations for 53:or discuss these issues on the 3123:Recognition and categorization 2046:"Xsens MVN Animate – Products" 1355:Rise of the Planet of the Apes 792:. The Great Goblin, the three 1: 5411:Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK 4635:Most expensive animated films 4290:Direct manipulation animation 3941:Barrier-grid and stereography 3387:Optical character recognition 3318:Content-based image retrieval 2889:"A history of motion capture" 2312:Aerogram Magazine - 2021-2022 1496:created especially to enable 964:used motion capture to allow 5447:List of PlayStation VR games 4840:Virtual reality applications 4181:Non-photorealistic rendering 2827:10.1016/j.apergo.2016.10.015 2471:– via www.polygon.com. 2150:. July 1995. pp. 28–29. 1864:10.1371/journal.pone.0050901 1368:Time modulated active marker 1093:his results that he invited 899:/ shooter video game called 3813:International Animation Day 2283:"History of Motion Capture" 2171:. No. 133. p. 51. 2028:Cheung, German KM, et al. " 1998:Ben Child, 12 August 2011, 1714:Radio frequency positioning 1346:ILM used active markers in 825:video game of the same name 101:the claims made and adding 5525: 5509:Motion control photography 4805:Projection augmented model 4283:Linear Animation Generator 4186:Physically based animation 3283:Automatic image annotation 3118:Noise reduction techniques 2352:"Acclaim Stakes its Claim" 2241:Emap International Limited 1691: 1238: 1127:Game Developers Conference 958:digital character models. 5442:List of Oculus Rift games 5021:Omnidirectional treadmill 4990:Free viewpoint television 4959:Asynchronous reprojection 4795:On-set virtual production 4780:Computer-mediated reality 4775:Cinematic virtual reality 4741: 4667: 3872:Children's animated films 3494: 3435: 3248:Free viewpoint television 3005:Resources in your library 2779:10.1109/TVCG.2015.2510000 2729:10.1109/TCYB.2013.2275945 2628:10.1109/iasp.2012.6425069 2079:. March 1996. p. 37. 5437:List of Meta Quest games 4845:Virtual reality sickness 3781:Animation film festivals 3313:Computer-aided diagnosis 2893:Xsens 3D motion tracking 2217:Computer and Video Games 2050:Xsens 3D motion tracking 2006:, Accessed June 21, 2014 1976:, Accessed June 21, 2014 1618:inertial guidance system 1494:Warner Brothers Pictures 1029:in The Netherlands, and 773:Pirates of the Caribbean 653:character models in the 643:Last Apostle Puppet Show 5504:Computing input devices 4912:Virtual retinal display 4900:Virtual reality headset 4603:Twelve basic principles 4523:Instructional animation 3375:Moving object detection 3365:Medical image computing 3128:Research infrastructure 3098:Image sensor technology 2602:Sturm, Jürgen, et al. " 1965:NY Castings, Joe Gatt, 1729:Non-traditional systems 982:The Walt Disney Company 913:, two of the nominees ( 247:(sometimes referred as 5432:List of HTC Vive games 4825:Six degrees of freedom 4201:Virtual cinematography 3798:Highest-grossing films 3700:Early TV broadcast era 3412:Video content analysis 3380:Small object detection 3159:Computer stereo vision 2622:. IEEE. pp. 1–5. 2243:: 142–3. October 1995. 2113:"Anatomy of an MMORPG" 1819:VR positional tracking 1579:RGB-D cameras such as 1516:The Matrix Revolutions 1498:virtual cinematography 1478:University of Maryland 1442: 1434: 1392: 1377: 1330: 1283: 1275: 1209: 1201: 1130:2016 in San Francisco 1090:Autodesk MotionBuilder 645:(to animate digitized 594: 241: 233: 228:Motion capture of two 5281:The Sword of Damocles 5183:Windows Mixed Reality 4820:Simulation hypothesis 4518:Independent animation 4508:Educational animation 3417:Video motion analysis 3228:Structure from motion 3174:3D object recognition 2674:Space Science Reviews 1809:Motion History Images 1804:Motion-capture acting 1694:Facial motion capture 1688:Facial motion capture 1665:signal-to-noise ratio 1523:and the tracking the 1440: 1432: 1387: 1375: 1328: 1281: 1273: 1239:Further information: 1207: 1199: 673:Acclaim Entertainment 592: 239: 227: 169:neutral point of view 5499:3D computer graphics 5401:Virtual reality game 5046:Cyberith Virtualizer 4878:Head-mounted display 4498:Animated documentary 4330:Whiteboard animation 4223:Traditional puppetry 3867:Adult animated films 3776:Biologist simulators 3739:Animation department 3340:Foreground detection 3323:Reverse image search 3303:Bioimage informatics 3273:Activity recognition 1486:Max Planck Institute 679:'s 1995 arcade game 630:(performed by model 555:improve this article 461:improve this article 360:improve this article 4571:Character animation 4351:Character animation 3889:Children's animated 3407:Autonomous vehicles 3345:Gesture recognition 3208:2D to 3D conversion 2932:: 51. October 1995. 2686:1963SSRv....2..250V 2661:: 53. October 1995. 2187:Hardcore Gaming 101 2100:: 50. October 1995. 1855:2013PLoSO...850901G 1777:Gesture recognition 1704:performance capture 1648:alternating-current 1603:Non-optical systems 1543:Traditional systems 1510:The Matrix Reloaded 1505:digital look-alikes 1474:Stanford University 1329:Body motion capture 1208:Silhouette tracking 1192:Methods and systems 1050:providers, such as 996:ImageMovers Digital 754:creatures, such as 285:performance capture 279:models in 2D or 3D 161:promotional content 18:Performance capture 5494:Computer animation 5141:Microsoft HoloLens 4964:Foveated rendering 4598:Creature animation 4528:Virtual newscaster 4473:Abstract animation 4305:Ink-wash animation 4295:Humanoid animation 4278:Audio-Animatronics 3842:Lost or unfinished 3766:Animation database 3744:Animation director 3422:Video surveillance 3360:Landmark detection 3268:3D pose estimation 3253:Volumetric capture 3213:Gaussian splatting 3169:Object recognition 3083:Commercial systems 3020:2016-03-04 at the 2974:2020-01-13 at the 2814:Applied Ergonomics 2694:10.1007/BF00216781 2235:"Virtua Fighter". 2090:"Motion Capture". 1972:2014-07-03 at the 1920:10.1111/rssc.12276 1782:Inverse kinematics 1767:Animation database 1751:3D pose estimation 1745:3D pose estimation 1683:Related techniques 1492:, a subsidiary of 1446:Measurement volume 1443: 1435: 1421:Underwater cameras 1393: 1378: 1331: 1284: 1276: 1214:computer animation 1210: 1202: 1000:box office failure 892:studio, created a 595: 516:squash and stretch 396:computer animation 281:computer animation 242: 234: 163:and inappropriate 86:possibly contains 5466: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5335: 5334: 5109:Golden-i headsets 5034: 5033: 5026:Wearable computer 4830:Spatial computing 4746:Augmented reality 4700: 4699: 4461: 4460: 4388:Erasure animation 4209: 4208: 3951:Limited animation 3894:Computer-animated 3832:Computer-animated 3754:Animation studios 3715: 3714: 3446: 3445: 3355:Image restoration 3298:Augmented reality 3263: 3262: 3243:4D reconstruction 3195:3D reconstruction 3088:Feature detection 2991:Library resources 2967:Ye, Mao, et al. " 2773:(11): 2437–2450. 2637:978-1-4673-2546-2 2404:. 29 October 2017 1624:Mechanical motion 1537:facial expression 1490:ESC entertainment 1186:Waseda University 1070:clinical medicine 1048:Augmented reality 991:A Christmas Carol 961:The Polar Express 821:arcade video game 618:player characters 587: 586: 579: 493: 492: 485: 419:secondary motions 392: 391: 384: 277:digital character 225: 215: 214: 207: 197: 196: 189: 131: 130: 123: 88:original research 68: 16:(Redirected from 5516: 5369:virtual graffiti 5344: 5214:Google Cardboard 5104:Apple Vision Pro 5094: 5061:PlayStation Move 4985:360-degree video 4863: 4800:Persistent world 4734:Extended reality 4727: 4720: 4713: 4704: 4685: 4675: 4674: 4655:anime franchises 4630:Cartoon violence 4618:highest grossing 4513:Erotic animation 4488:Animated cartoon 4255:Supermarionation 4228:Digital puppetry 4149:Facial animation 4069: 3929: 3802:Opening weekends 3492: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3450: 3370:Object detection 3335:Face recognition 3218:Shape from focus 3191: 3078:Digital geometry 3052: 3045: 3038: 3029: 2979: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2955: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2919: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2895:. 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No. 82. 2139: 2138: 2131: 2122: 2120: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2093:Next Generation 2089: 2088: 2084: 2075:. No. 15. 2072:Next Generation 2068: 2067: 2063: 2054: 2052: 2044: 2043: 2036: 2027: 2023: 2014: 2010: 1997: 1993: 1984: 1980: 1974:Wayback Machine 1964: 1960: 1951: 1947: 1938: 1934: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1772:Finger tracking 1763: 1747: 1731: 1716: 1696: 1690: 1685: 1660: 1658:Stretch sensors 1639: 1626: 1610: 1605: 1577: 1545: 1470:computer vision 1466: 1457: 1448: 1423: 1415: 1398: 1370: 1323: 1291:retroreflective 1287:Passive optical 1268: 1266:Passive markers 1255:Optical systems 1252: 1250:Optical systems 1247: 1194: 1184:graduated from 1044:Virtual reality 1041: 1005:Mars Needs Moms 986:Robert Zemeckis 919:and the winner 786:, and Clu from 748: 715: 707:Dinosaur Planet 695:Insomniac Games 691:Crash Bandicoot 636:Magical Company 632:Corinne Russell 611:martial artists 604: 583: 572: 566: 563: 552: 540: 529: 489: 478: 472: 469: 458: 446: 435: 398:of a 3D model: 388: 377: 371: 368: 357: 345: 334: 321:camera tracking 289:motion tracking 217: 211: 200: 199: 198: 193: 182: 176: 173: 154: 142: 138: 127: 116: 110: 107: 92: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5522: 5520: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5479:Motion capture 5471: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5391:Pervasive game 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5361: 5356: 5350: 5348: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5261:PlayStation VR 5258: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5138: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5091: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 5000:VR photography 4997: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4921:3D interaction 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4875: 4869: 4867: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4707: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4679: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4554:Mickey Mousing 4551: 4540: 4538: 4537:Related topics 4534: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4428:Straight ahead 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4408:Paint-on-glass 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4348: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4325:Squigglevision 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4300:Idle animation 4297: 4292: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4269: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4225: 4219: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4159:Motion capture 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4111:Onion skinning 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4066: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4012: 4007: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3980: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3966:Exposure sheet 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3884:Adult animated 3876: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3837:Feature-length 3834: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3795: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3690:The Golden Age 3687: 3681:United States 3679: 3677:United Kingdom 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3608: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3468: 3461: 3453: 3444: 3443: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3429: 3427:Video tracking 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3397:Remote sensing 3394: 3389: 3384: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3315: 3310: 3308:Blob detection 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3240: 3235: 3233:View synthesis 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3199: 3197: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3166: 3164:Motion capture 3161: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3047: 3040: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3008: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2996:Motion capture 2989: 2988: 2986: 2985:External links 2983: 2981: 2980: 2960: 2935: 2909: 2880: 2849: 2800: 2750: 2707: 2680:(2): 250–296. 2664: 2643: 2636: 2608: 2595: 2570: 2548: 2526: 2500: 2474: 2452: 2428: 2414: 2402:That Moment In 2389: 2361: 2343: 2323: 2299: 2274: 2246: 2227: 2200: 2174: 2153: 2129: 2103: 2082: 2061: 2034: 2021: 2008: 1991: 1978: 1958: 1945: 1932: 1904:(5): 1147–76, 1888: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1814:Video tracking 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1762: 1759: 1746: 1743: 1730: 1727: 1715: 1712: 1692:Main article: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1659: 1656: 1652:direct-current 1638: 1635: 1625: 1622: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1576: 1573: 1544: 1541: 1521:7 camera setup 1502:photorealistic 1465: 1462: 1456: 1453: 1447: 1444: 1422: 1419: 1414: 1411: 1397: 1394: 1369: 1366: 1337:The TV series 1322: 1319: 1267: 1264: 1251: 1248: 1193: 1190: 1040: 1037: 1026:Cafe de Wereld 956:photorealistic 902:My Eyes On You 812:Batman Forever 780:from the film 747: 744: 714: 711: 662:Virtua Fighter 624:'s video game 603: 600: 585: 584: 543: 541: 534: 528: 525: 524: 523: 519: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 491: 490: 449: 447: 440: 434: 431: 430: 429: 426: 422: 415: 411: 390: 389: 348: 346: 339: 333: 330: 304:animation data 245:Motion capture 213: 212: 195: 194: 165:external links 145: 143: 136: 129: 128: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5521: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5286:VFX1 Headgear 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4938:Pose tracking 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4850:Virtual world 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4758:Mixed reality 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4740: 4735: 4728: 4723: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4678: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4549:Bouncing ball 4547: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4393:Hydrotechnics 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4383:Drawn-on-film 4381: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4339:Other methods 4337: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4310:Magic Lantern 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4243:Virtual human 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4169:hand tracking 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3989:clay painting 3987: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3786:international 3784: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3589:United States 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3441: 3440: 3439:Main category 3434: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3392:Pose tracking 3390: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3048: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3006: 3003: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2984: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2936: 2931: 2930:Imagine Media 2927: 2926: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2899:on 2019-01-22 2898: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2870:on 2013-04-04 2866: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2665: 2660: 2659:Imagine Media 2656: 2655: 2647: 2644: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2583: 2582: 2574: 2571: 2559:(in Japanese) 2558: 2552: 2549: 2537:(in Japanese) 2536: 2530: 2527: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2475: 2463: 2456: 2453: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2289:on 2018-10-23 2288: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2250: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2231: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2157: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2119:on 2009-12-13 2118: 2114: 2107: 2104: 2099: 2098:Imagine Media 2095: 2094: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2077:Imagine Media 2074: 2073: 2065: 2062: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1849:(1): e50901. 1848: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1614:sensor fusion 1607: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1593:lazy learning 1588: 1586: 1582: 1575:RGB-D cameras 1574: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1463: 1461: 1454: 1452: 1445: 1439: 1431: 1427: 1420: 1418: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1374: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1327: 1321:Active marker 1320: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1280: 1272: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1206: 1198: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1177:In 2020, the 1175: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1145:Unreal Engine 1141: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1066:Gait analysis 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1021: 1020:Sprookjesboom 1016: 1015: 1009: 1007: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 992: 987: 984:has produced 983: 979: 978: 973: 972: 967: 963: 962: 957: 952: 950: 949: 944: 940: 939: 934: 931: 928: 924: 923: 918: 917: 916:Monster House 912: 907: 905: 903: 898: 895: 891: 886: 884: 880: 879: 874: 872: 871: 866: 865: 860: 859: 854: 850: 846: 842: 841:Jar Jar Binks 838: 837: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 813: 807: 805: 801: 800: 795: 791: 790: 785: 784: 779: 775: 774: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 745: 743: 739: 737: 731: 729: 725: 721: 712: 710: 708: 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