Menopause - Knowledge (XXG)

427: 295: 326: 1517:. The Ancient Greeks did not produce medical concepts about any symptoms associated with end of menstruation and did not use a specific word to refer to this time of a woman's life. The word menopause was invented by French doctors at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Greek etymology was reconstructed at this time and it was the Parisian student doctor Charles-Pierre-Louis de Gardanne who invented a variation of the word in 1812, which was edited to its final French form in 1821. 1463:. A June 2023 study by the Mayo Clinic estimated an annual loss of $ 1.8 billion in the United States due to workdays missed as a result of menopause symptoms. This was one of the largest studies to date examining the impact of menopause symptoms on work outcomes. The research concluded there was a strong need to improve medical treatment for menopausal women and make the workplace environment more supportive to avoid such productivity losses. 792: 71: 1078:. The reason for this delay in declaring postmenopause is that periods are usually erratic during menopause. Therefore, a reasonably long stretch of time is necessary to be sure that the cycling has ceased. At this point a woman is considered infertile; however, the possibility of becoming pregnant has usually been very low (but not quite zero) for a number of years before this point is reached. 317:. During the menopausal transition and after menopause, women can experience a wide range of symptoms. However, for women who enter the menopause transition without having regular menstrual cycles (due to prior surgery, other medical conditions or ongoing hormonal contraception) the menopause cannot be identified by bleeding patterns and is defined as the permanent loss of ovarian function. 987:). Expression of four key DNA repair genes that are necessary for homologous recombinational repair during meiosis (BRCA1, MRE11, Rad51, and ATM) decline with age in oocytes. This age-related decline in ability to repair DNA double-strand damages can account for the accumulation of these damages, that then likely contributes to the depletion of the ovarian reserve. 771:). Cessation of menses as a result of removal of the ovaries is called "surgical menopause". Surgical treatments, such as the removal of ovaries, might cause periods to stop altogether. The sudden and complete drop in hormone levels may produce extreme withdrawal symptoms such as hot flashes, etc. The symptoms of early menopause may be more severe. 6943: 1086:

the begin of early postmenopause has been estimated to last 3 to 6 years, so early postmenopause lasts altogether about 5 to 8 years, during which hormone withdrawal effects such as hot flashes disappear. Finally, late postmenopause has been defined as the remainder of a woman s lifespan, when reproductive hormones do not change any more.

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different regions and countries also have different attitudes. Postmenopausal women had more positive attitudes toward menopause compared with peri- or premenopausal women. Other influencing factors of attitudes toward menopause include age, menopausal symptoms, psychological and socioeconomical status, and profession and ethnicity.

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their last bleeding. The average age of the last period in the United States is 51 years, in Russia is 50 years, in Greece is 49 years, in Turkey is 47 years, in Egypt is 47 years and in India is 46 years. The menopausal transition or perimenopause leading up to menopause usually lasts 3–4 years (sometimes as long as 5–14 years).

1182:. Raloxifene exhibits oestrogen agonist activity on bone and lipids, and antagonist activity on breast and the endometrium. Tamoxifen is in widespread use for treatment of hormone sensitive breast cancer. Raloxifene prevents vertebral fractures in postmenopausal, osteoporotic women and reduces the risk of invasive breast cancer. 1395:

expectations, held before the menopause, predict symptom experience during the menopause, and, interestingly, beliefs and attitudes toward menopause tend to be more positive in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women. Women with more negative attitudes towards the menopause report more symptoms during this transition.

282:. These will not improve symptoms such as joint pain or vaginal dryness which affect over 55% of women. Exercise may help with sleeping problems. Many of the concerns about the use of MHT raised by older studies are no longer considered barriers to MHT in healthy women. High-quality evidence for the effectiveness of 1427:

Additionally, while most women in the United States apparently have a negative view of menopause as a time of deterioration or decline, some studies seem to indicate that women from some Asian cultures have an understanding of menopause that focuses on a sense of liberation and celebrates the freedom

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Two multinational studies of Asian women, found that hot flushes were not the most commonly reported symptoms, instead body and joint aches, memory problems, sleeplessness, irritability and migraines were. In another study comparing experiences of menopause amongst White Australian women and women in

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Exercise has been thought to reduce postmenopausal symptoms through the increase of endorphin levels, which decrease as estrogen production decreases. However, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that exercise helps with the symptoms of menopause. Similarly, yoga has not been shown to be useful

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MHT may be unsuitable for some women, including those at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, increased risk of thromboembolic disease (such as those with obesity or a history of venous thrombosis) or increased risk of some types of cancer. There is some concern that this treatment increases the

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Menopause typically occurs at some point between 47 and 54 years of age. According to various data, more than 95% of women have their last period between the ages of 44–56 (median 49–50). 2% of women under the age of 40, 5% between the ages of 40–45 and the same number between the ages of 55–58 have

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In the 21st century, celebrities have spoken out about their experiences of the menopause, which has led to it becoming less of a taboo as it has boosted awareness of the debilitating symptoms. Subsequently, TV shows have been running features on the menopause to help women experiencing symptoms. In

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was associated with wealthy middle-class housewives in Japan, i.e., it was a "luxury disease" that women from traditional, inter-generational rural households did not report. Menopause in Japan was viewed as a symptom of the inevitable process of aging, rather than a "revolutionary transition", or a

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There may be variations in experiences of women from different ethnic backgrounds regarding menopause and care. Immigrant women reported more vasomotor symptoms and other physical symptoms and poorer mental health than non-immigrant women and were mostly dissatisfied with the care they had received.

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The menopause transition is a process, involving hormonal, menstrual, and typically vasomotor changes. However, the experience of the menopause as a whole is very much influenced by psychological and social factors, such as past experience, lifestyle, social and cultural meanings of menopause, and a

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level, greater than 25 IU/L in a random blood draw; it rises as ovaries become inactive. FSH continues to rise, as its counterpart estradiol continues to drop for about 2 years after the last menstrual period, after which the levels of each of these hormones stabilize. The stabilization period after

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Midlife is typically a life stage when men and women may be dealing with demanding life events and responsibilities, such as work, health problems, and caring roles. For example, in 2018 in the UK women aged 45–54 report more work-related stress than men or women of any other age group. Hot flashes

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The word "menopause" was coined specifically for female humans, where the end of fertility is traditionally indicated by the permanent stopping of monthly menstruations. However, menopause exists in some other animals, many of which do not have monthly menstruation; in this case, the term means a

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As of 2005, in Japanese culture, reporting of vasomotor symptoms has been on the increase, with research finding that of 140 Japanese participants, hot flashes were prevalent in 22.1%. This was almost double that of 20 years prior. Whilst the exact cause for this is unknown, possible contributing

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Perimenopause is a natural stage of life. It is not a disease or a disorder. Therefore, it does not automatically require any kind of medical treatment. However, in those cases where the physical, mental, and emotional effects of perimenopause are strong enough that they significantly disrupt the

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repair mechanisms may contribute to earlier depletion of the ovarian reserve during aging. As women age, double-strand breaks accumulate in the DNA of their primordial follicles. Primordial follicles are immature primary oocytes surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells. An enzyme system is

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levels and patterns of production remain relatively unchanged or may increase compared to young women, but the cycles become frequently shorter or irregular. The often observed increase in estrogen is presumed to be in response to elevated FSH levels that, in turn, is hypothesized to be caused by

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The paradigm within which a woman considers menopause influences the way she views it: women who understand menopause as a medical condition rate it significantly more negatively than those who view it as a life transition or a symbol of aging. There is some evidence that negative attitudes and

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Lack of lubrication is a common problem during and after perimenopause. Vaginal moisturizers can help women with overall dryness, and lubricants can help with lubrication difficulties that may be present during intercourse. It is worth pointing out that moisturizers and lubricants are different

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Some of them noted that peasant women had no complaints about the end of menses, while urban middle-class women had many troubling symptoms. Doctors at this time considered the symptoms to be the result of urban lifestyles of sedentary behaviour, alcohol consumption, too much time indoors, and

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The primary indications for treatment of menopause are symptoms and prevention of bone loss. Mild symptoms may be improved with treatment. With respect to hot flashes, avoiding smoking, caffeine, and alcohol is often recommended; sleeping naked in a cool room and using a fan may help. The most

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Menopause has been reported in a variety of other vertebrate species, but these examples tend to be from captive individuals, and thus are not necessarily representative of what happens in natural populations in the wild. Menopause in captivity has been observed in several species of nonhuman

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Menopause is a stage of life experienced in different ways. It can be characterized by personal challenges, changes in personal roles within the family and society. Women's approaches to changes during menopause are influenced by their personal, family and sociocultural background. Women from

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directly cause menopause, although pelvic surgery of this type can often precipitate a somewhat earlier menopause, perhaps because of a compromised blood supply to the ovaries. The time between surgery and possible early menopause is due to the fact that ovaries are still producing hormones.

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may be producing endocrine factors contributing to the endocrine feedback and regulation of the ovarian stimulation. Elimination of these factors contributes to faster depletion of the ovarian reserve. Reduced blood supply to the ovaries that may occur as a consequence of hysterectomy and

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Ethnicity and geography play roles in the experience of menopause. American women of different ethnicities report significantly different types of menopausal effects. One major study found Caucasian women most likely to report what are sometimes described as psychosomatic symptoms, while

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levels average about 20–30% higher than during premenopause, often with wide fluctuations. These fluctuations cause many of the physical changes during perimenopause as well as menopause, especially during the last 1–2 years of perimenopause (before menopause). Some of these changes are

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Haines CJ, Xing SM, Park KH, Holinka CF, Ausmanas MK (November 2005). "Prevalence of menopausal symptoms in different ethnic groups of Asian women and responsiveness to therapy with three doses of conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate: the Pan-Asia Menopause (PAM) study".

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The menopause transition typically begins between 40 and 50 years of age (average 47.5). The duration of perimenopause may be for up to eight years. Women will often, but not always, start these transitions (perimenopause and menopause) about the same time as their mother did.

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but still have functioning ovaries, menopause is not considered to have yet occurred. Following the removal of the uterus, symptoms of menopause typically occur earlier. Iatrogenic menopause occurs when both ovaries are surgically removed along with uterus for medical reasons.

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is a risk factor for early menopause. Coeliac disease can present with several non-gastrointestinal symptoms, in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, and most cases escape timely recognition and go undiagnosed, leading to a risk of long-term complications. A strict

215:, trouble sleeping, and mood changes. The severity of symptoms varies between women. Menopause before the age of 45 years is considered to be "early menopause" and when ovarian failure/surgical removal of the ovaries occurs before the age of 40 years this is termed " 1557:

and to make provisions about menopause support and services, including public education and communication in supporting perimenopausal and post-menopausal women, and to raise awareness of menopause and its effects. The bill was withdrawn on 29 October 2021.

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and vaginal dryness), the physical consequences of menopause include bone loss, increased central abdominal fat, and adverse changes in a woman's cholesterol profile and vascular function. These changes predispose postmenopausal women to increased risks of

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In some women, menopause may bring about a sense of loss related to the end of fertility. In addition, this change often aligns with other stressors, such as the responsibility of looking after elderly parents or dealing with the emotional challenges of

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in fat tissues and is produced in small amounts in many other tissues such as ovaries, bone, blood vessels, and the brain where it acts locally. The substantial fall in circulating estradiol levels at menopause impacts many tissues, from brain to skin.

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Dreisler E, Poulsen LG, Antonsen SL, Ceausu I, Depypere H, Erel CT, Lambrinoudaki I, Pérez-López FR, Simoncini T, Tremollieres F, Rees M, Ulrich LG (June 2013). "EMAS clinical guide: assessment of the endometrium in peri and postmenopausal women".

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Laos, Australian women reported higher rates of depression, as well as fears of aging, weight gain and cancer – fears not reported by Laotian women, who positioned menopause as a positive event. Japanese women experience menopause effects, or

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during menopause seem to have an especially unfavorable cardiometabolic profile, as well as women with premature onset of menopause (before 45 years of age). These risks can be reduced by managing risk factors, such as tobacco smoking,

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favors females that stop reproducing and devote that post-reproductive life span to continuing to care for existing offspring, both their own and those of others to whom they are related, especially their granddaughters and grandsons.

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Chedraui P, Pérez-López FR, Mendoza M, Leimberg ML, Martínez MA, Vallarino V, Hidalgo L (January 2010). "Factors related to increased daytime sleepiness during the menopausal transition as evaluated by the Epworth sleepiness scale".

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to hormone therapy has a positive effect on sexual function in postmenopausal women, although it may be accompanied by hair growth or acne if used in excess. Transdermal testosterone therapy in appropriate dosing is generally safe.

1043:, and heart disease. Perimenopause is also associated with a higher likelihood of depression (affecting from 45 percent to 68 percent of perimenopausal women), which is twice as likely to affect those with a history of depression. 202:

In the years before menopause, a woman's periods typically become irregular, which means that periods may be longer or shorter in duration or be lighter or heavier in the amount of flow. During this time, women often experience

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repair", and it is especially effective during meiosis. Meiosis is the general process by which germ cells are formed in all sexual eukaryotes; it appears to be an adaptation for efficiently removing damages in germ line DNA.

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products for different issues: some women complain that their genitalia are uncomfortably dry all the time, and they may do better with moisturizers. Those who need only lubricants do well using them only during intercourse.

1665:. These attempt to suggest evolutionary benefits to the human species stemming from the cessation of women's reproductive capability before the end of their natural lifespan. It is conjectured that in highly social groups 1131:

MHT may be reasonable for the treatment of menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes. It is the most effective treatment option, especially when delivered as a skin patch. Its use, however, appears to increase the risk of

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factors include dietary changes, increased medicalisation of middle-aged women and increased media attention on the subject. However, reporting of vasomotor symptoms is still "significantly" lower than in North America.

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Monterrosa-Castro A, Romero-Pérez I, Marrugo-Flórez M, Fernández-Alonso AM, Chedraui P, Pérez-López FR (August 2012). "Quality of life in a large cohort of mid-aged Colombian women assessed using the Cervantes Scale".

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Individual counseling or support groups can sometimes be helpful to handle sad, depressed, anxious or confused feelings women may be having as they pass through what can be for some a very challenging transition

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permanently stop, marking the end of reproduction. It typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, although the exact timing can vary. Menopause is usually a natural change. It can occur earlier in those who

1613:. Some research suggests that wild chimpanzees do not experience menopause, as their fertility declines are associated with declines in overall health. Menopause has been reported in elephants in captivity and 806:

The menopausal transition, and postmenopause itself, is a natural change, not usually a disease state or a disorder. The main cause of this transition is the natural depletion and aging of the finite amount of

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intake and regular weight-bearing exercise. The bisphosphonate drug alendronate may decrease the risk of a fracture, in women that have both bone loss and a previous fracture and less so for those with just

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Wells GA, Cranney A, Peterson J, Boucher M, Shea B, Robinson V, Coyle D, Tugwell P (January 2008). "Alendronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women".

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diminishes but is not considered to reach zero until the official date of menopause. The official date is determined retroactively, once 12 months have passed after the last appearance of menstrual blood.

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Stanzel KA, Hammarberg K, Fisher J (April 2018). "Experiences of menopause, self-management strategies for menopausal symptoms and perceptions of health care among immigrant women: a systematic review".

4791:"Vasomotor symptoms resulting from natural menopause: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of treatment effects from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline on menopause" 540:. However, these tend to resolve for most women during the postmenopause. Subjective reports of memory and concentration problems are associated with several factors, such as lack of sleep, and stress. 536:. There is evidence of small decreases in verbal memory, on average, which may be caused by the effects of declining estrogen levels on the brain, or perhaps by reduced blood flow to the brain during 1415:, in a different way from American women. Japanese women report lower rates of hot flashes and night sweats; this can be attributed to a variety of factors, both biological and social. Historically, 1062:

supplementation in perimenopausal women can improve thyroid function and gonadotropin levels, as well as restoring fertility and menstruation and preventing depression associated with menopause.

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risk of breast cancer. Women at increased risk of cardiometabolic disease and VTE may be able to use transdermal estradiol which does not appear to increase risks in low to moderate doses.

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Hot flashes and other vasomotor and body symptoms accompanying the menopausal transition are associated with estrogen insufficiency and changes that occur in the brain, primarily the

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Petri Nahás EA, Pontes A, Nahas-Neto J, Borges VT, Dias R, Traiman P (February 2005). "Effect of total abdominal hysterectomy on ovarian blood supply in women of reproductive age".

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Goldstein KM, Shepherd-Banigan M, Coeytaux RR, McDuffie JR, Adam S, Befus D, et al. (April 2017). "Use of mindfulness, meditation and relaxation to treat vasomotor symptoms".

1140:. When used for menopausal symptoms the global recommendation is MHT should be prescribed for a long as there are defined treatment effects and goals for the individual woman. 1007:

The term "perimenopause", which literally means "around the menopause", refers to the menopause transition years before the date of the final episode of flow. According to the

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Nahás E, Pontes A, Traiman P, NahásNeto J, Dalben I, De Luca L (April 2003). "Inhibin B and ovarian function after total abdominal hysterectomy in women of reproductive age".

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Low-dose prescription vaginal estrogen products such as estrogen creams are generally a safe way to use estrogen topically, to help vaginal thinning and dryness problems (see

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is often experienced by women approaching menopause due to the hormonal changes that accompany the menopause transition. Spotting or bleeding may simply be related to vaginal

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Burger HG (January 1994). "Diagnostic role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) measurements during the menopausal transition—an analysis of FSH, oestradiol and inhibin".

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There is no strong evidence that cooling techniques such as using specific clothing or environment control tools (for example fans) help with symptoms. Paced breathing and

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Dashti S, Bahri N, Fathi Najafi T, Amiridelui M, Latifnejad Roudsari R (September 2021). "Influencing factors on women's attitudes toward menopause: a systematic review".

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Few animals have a menopause: humans are joined by just five other species in which females live substantially longer than their ability to reproduce. The others are all

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loss are highest starting one year before the final menstrual period and continuing through the two years after it. Thus, post menopausal women are at increased risk of

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North American Menopause Society (March 2010). "Estrogen and progestogen use in postmenopausal women: 2010 position statement of The North American Menopause Society".

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simply becomes irregular and infrequent. Although older female dogs are not considered good candidates for breeding, offspring have been produced by older animals, see

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Sayakhot P, Vincent A, Teede H (December 2012). "Cross-cultural study: experience, understanding of menopause, and related therapies in Australian and Laotian women".

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Avis N, Stellato RC, Bromberger J, Gan P, Cain V, Kagawa-Singer M (2001). "Is there a menopausal syndrome? Menopausal status and symptoms across racial/ethnic group".

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has been an advocate for getting women to speak about their experiences including sharing her own. This has led to an increase in women seeking treatment such as HRT.

6731: 3200:"International variability in ages at menarche, first livebirth, and menopause. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives" 896:

The menopausal transition is characterized by marked, and often dramatic, variations in FSH and estradiol levels. Because of this, measurements of these hormones are

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Menopause occurs because of the sharp decrease of estradiol and progesterone production by the ovaries. After menopause, estrogen continues to be produced mostly by

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from the risk of pregnancy. Diverging from these conclusions, one study appeared to show that many American women "experience this time as one of liberation and

7600: 5274:"Mindfulness, cognitive behavioural and behaviour-based therapy for natural and treatment-induced menopausal symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 7227: 3745:

Soules MR, Sherman S, Parrott E, Rebar R, Santoro N, Utian W, Woods N (December 2001). "Executive summary: Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW)".

2691:"Changes in six domains of cognitive function with reproductive and chronological ageing and sex hormones: a longitudinal study in 2411 UK mid-life women" 7590: 6518: 1985: 195:. While typically not needed, a diagnosis of menopause can be confirmed by measuring hormone levels in the blood or urine. Menopause is the opposite of 4627:

Bellipanni G, DI Marzo F, Blasi F, Di Marzo A (December 2005). "Effects of melatonin in perimenopausal and menopausal women: our personal experience".

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The stages of the menopause transition have been classified according to a woman's reported bleeding pattern, supported by changes in the pituitary

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Clement YN, Onakpoya I, Hung SK, Ernst E (March 2011). "Effects of herbal and dietary supplements on cognition in menopause: a systematic review".

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Ayers B, Forshaw M, Hunter MS (January 2010). "The impact of attitudes towards the menopause on women's symptom experience: a systematic review".

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A surgical procedure where a part of one of the ovaries is removed earlier in life and frozen and then over time thawed and returned to the body (

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are a category of drugs, either synthetically produced or derived from a botanical source, that act selectively as agonists or antagonists on the

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Griffiths A, S Hunter M (2015). "Psychosocial factors and menopause: The impact of menopause on personal and working life". In C Davies S (ed.).

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Llaneza P, García-Portilla MP, Llaneza-Suárez D, Armott B, Pérez-López FR (February 2012). "Depressive disorders and the menopause transition".

815:). This process is sometimes accelerated by other conditions and is known to occur earlier after a wide range of gynecologic procedures such as 694:

and affects 1 to 2% of women by age 40. also called premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) It is diagnosed or confirmed by high blood levels of

8234: 7479: 7220: 3430:"Aetiological coding sequence variants in non-syndromic premature ovarian failure: From genetic linkage analysis to next generation sequencing" 923:

levels has not been observed. Thus specific tissue effects of natural menopause cannot be attributed to loss of androgenic hormone production.

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remain regular but the interval between cycles begins to lengthen. Hormone levels begin to fluctuate. Ovulation may not occur with each cycle.

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often define menopause as having occurred when a woman has not had any menstrual bleeding for a year. It may also be defined by a decrease in

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Hoga L, Rodolpho J, Gonçalves B, Quirino B (September 2015). "Women's experience of menopause: a systematic review of qualitative evidence".

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Warming L, Hassager C, Christiansen C (1 February 2002). "Changes in bone mineral density with age in men and women: a longitudinal study".

1565:, Republican from West Virginia introduced the Menopause Research Act in September 2022 for $ 100 million in 2023 and 2024, but it stalled. 1553:

sponsored the Menopause (Support and Services) Bill in June 2021. It was to exempt hormone replacement therapy from National Health Service

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The term "postmenopausal" describes women who have not experienced any menstrual flow for a minimum of 12 months, assuming that they have a

7873: 7863: 7008: 6217:"Lifestyle and demographic factors in relation to vasomotor symptoms: baseline results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation" 5364:

Moore TR, Franks RB, Fox C (May 2017). "Review of Efficacy of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Treatments for Menopausal Symptoms".

1372:) has been tried. While at least 11 women have undergone the procedure and paid over £6,000, there is no evidence it is safe or effective. 6718: 2060: 8019: 2235: 2205: 4605: 1969: 1228:

can also improve the frequency and severity of vasomotor symptoms. Side effects of using gabapentin include drowsiness and headaches.

3626:"Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging" 954:

is hypothesized to contribute to increased ovarian stimulation and earlier menopause. Hastened ovarian aging has been observed after

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Psychological symptoms are often reported but they are not specific to menopause and can be caused by other factors. They include

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are also common. Other physical symptoms may be reported that are not specific to menopause but may be exacerbated by it, such as

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reduces the risk. Women with early diagnosis and treatment of coeliac disease present a normal duration of fertile life span.

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Faubion SS, Enders F, Hedges MS, Chaudhry R, Kling JM, Shufelt CL, Saadedine M, Mara K, Griffin JM, Kapoor E (1 June 2023).

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Chichester M, Ciranni P (August–September 2011). "Approaching menopause (but not there yet!): caring for women in midlife".

4369: 3284:"Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms" 6742: 8204: 7743: 4434: 1236: 561:, which is lost around 10 years after the onset of menopause. The menopausal transition is associated with an increase in 216: 1391:

experience, with social and cultural factors playing a prominent role in the way menopause is experienced and perceived.

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In women with or without a uterus, menopause or postmenopause can also be identified by a blood test showing a very high

8063: 8014: 7464: 5449:"Complementary and alternative therapies for the management of menopause-related symptoms: a systematic evidence review" 1082: 850: 832: 695: 263: 6927: 4898:

de Villiers TJ, Stevenson JC (June 2012). "The WHI: the effect of hormone replacement therapy on fracture prevention".

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Boardman HM, Hartley L, Eisinga A, Main C, Roqué i Figuls M, Bonfill Cosp X, Gabriel Sanchez R, Knight B (March 2015).

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Titus S, Li F, Stobezki R, Akula K, Unsal E, Jeong K, Dickler M, Robson M, Moy F, Goswami S, Oktay K (February 2013).

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fracture, but it is generally recommended only for women at significant risk for whom other therapies are unsuitable.

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In contrast to the sudden fall in estradiol during menopause, the levels of total and free testosterone, as well as

729:. However, in about 50–80% of cases of premature ovarian insufficiency, the cause is unknown, i.e., it is generally 7671: 3374:

Podfigurna-Stopa A, Czyzyk A, Grymowicz M, Smolarczyk R, Katulski K, Czajkowski K, Meczekalski B (September 2016).

1689: 1684: 1453: 1117: 259: 4492: 7958: 7868: 7658: 7449: 6334: 691: 529: 187:. At the physiological level, menopause happens because of a decrease in the ovaries' production of the hormones 6544: 8219: 8173: 8153: 8115: 7736: 7666: 7149: 3282:

Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, Scambia G, Di Simone N (2014).

1827:. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 28 June 2013. Archived from 1699: 1594: 976: 763:(removal of ovaries), which is often, but not always, done in conjunction with removal of the fallopian tubes ( 751:; about 5% of twins reach menopause before the age of 40. The reasons for this are not completely understood. 626:

Menopause can be induced or occur naturally. Induced menopause occurs as a result of medical treatment such as

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are often reported to be particularly distressing at work and lead to embarrassment and worry about potential

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present in oocytes that ordinarily accurately repairs DNA double-strand breaks. This repair system is called "

2018:. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 6 May 2013. Archived from 6585: 578: 6869:

Emery Thompson M, Jones JH, Pusey AE, Brewer-Marsden S, Goodall J, Marsden D, et al. (December 2007).

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Nappi RE, Chedraui P, Lambrinoudaki I, Simoncini T (June 2022). "Menopause: a cardiometabolic transition".

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found not enough evidence in 2016 to show a difference between Chinese herbal medicine and placebo for the

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is of concern and requires an appropriate investigation to rule out the possibility of malignant diseases.

8209: 7943: 7900: 7832: 7499: 5144:"The STAR trial: evidence for raloxifene as a breast cancer risk reduction agent for postmenopausal women" 3706:"Risk for new onset of depression during the menopausal transition: the Harvard study of moods and cycles" 1704: 1662: 1656: 996: 558: 345: 6604:"Analyses of ovarian activity reveal repeated evolution of post-reproductive lifespans in toothed whales" 410:, along with considerable shrinking and loss in elasticity of all of the outer and inner genital areas – 8143: 8128: 8105: 8037: 7887: 7712: 7707: 7548: 7377: 3624:

Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, Lobo R, Maki P, Rebar RW, Sherman S, Sluss PM, de Villiers TJ (April 2012).

1694: 1628: 1388: 1311: 764: 3176: 2153:

Davis SR, Lambrinoudaki I, Lumsden M, Mishra GD, Pal L, Rees M, et al. (April 2015). "Menopause".

2089: 958:. While it is difficult to prove that these surgeries are causative, it has been hypothesized that the 325: 6372: 4128:"Impairment of BRCA1-related DNA double-strand break repair leads to ovarian aging in mice and humans" 3678: 3147: 2632: 211:, and reddening of the skin. Hot flashes can recur for four to five years. Other symptoms may include 7702: 6882: 6672: 6615: 5818: 4636: 2689:

Kilpi F, Soares AL, Fraser A, Nelson SM, Sattar N, Fallon SJ, Tilling K, Lawlor DA (14 August 2020).

1554: 1267: 1263:

is a risk factor for vasomotor symptoms in particular. Weight loss may help with symptom management.

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Gannon L, Ekstrom B (1993). "Attitudes toward menopause: The influence of sociocultural paradigms".

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In rare cases, a woman's ovaries stop working at a very early age, ranging anywhere from the age of

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Rates of premature menopause have been found to be significantly higher in fraternal and identical

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Hickey M, Szabo RA, Hunter MS (November 2017). "Non-hormonal treatments for menopausal symptoms".

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This article is about the condition affecting women. For the condition called male menopause, see

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Ellis S, Franks DW, Nattrass S, Currie TE, Cant MA, Giles D, Balcomb KC, Croft DP (August 2018).

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Moore AM (2018). "Conceptual Layers in the Invention of Menopause in Nineteenth-Century France".

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Stevenson JC, Collins P, Hamoda H, Lambrinoudaki I, Maas AH, Maclaran K, Panay N (October 2021).

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Crandall CJ, Mehta JM, Manson JE (February 2023). "Management of Menopausal Symptoms: A Review".

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Krause MS, Nakajima ST (March 2015). "Hormonal and nonhormonal treatment of vasomotor symptoms".

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Krause MS, Nakajima ST (March 2015). "Hormonal and nonhormonal treatment of vasomotor symptoms".

1590: 1440:" when children move out of the family home. This situation can be accentuated in cultures where 1429: 1299: 1279: 1218:. They may, however, be associated with appetite and sleeping problems, constipation and nausea. 1090: 1036: 722: 678:

with ovary conservation go through menopause on average 1.5 years earlier than the expected age.

582: 570: 391: 90: 5578:

Dodin S, Blanchet C, Marc I, Ernst E, Wu T, Vaillancourt C, Paquette J, Maunsell E (July 2013).

919:

appear to decline more or less steadily with age. An effect of natural menopause on circulating

3570:

Gosden RG, Treloar SA, Martin NG, Cherkas LF, Spector TD, Faddy MJ, Silber SJ (February 2007).

3335:"Risk of infertility in patients with celiac disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies" 7494: 7459: 7408: 7189: 7160: 7113: 7016: 6990: 6933: 6908: 6851: 6841: 6798: 6700: 6641: 6500: 6400: 6392: 6308: 6238: 6179: 6136: 6090: 6055: 6011: 5975: 5932: 5889: 5846: 5838: 5791: 5690: 5658: 5609: 5560: 5511: 5470: 5424: 5381: 5338: 5303: 5246: 5203: 5165: 5124: 5075: 5024: 4975: 4915: 4880: 4813: 4771: 4714: 4652: 4574: 4534: 4528: 4473: 4344: 4323: 4279: 4243: 4208: 4157: 4105: 4056: 4015: 3974: 3925: 3887: 3849: 3811: 3762: 3727: 3655: 3599: 3591: 3543: 3505: 3451: 3407: 3356: 3315: 3221: 3118: 3083: 3048: 2991: 2940: 2883: 2846: 2819: 2792: 2765: 2730: 2712: 2660: 2652: 2584: 2527: 2492: 2454: 2416: 2364: 2356: 2281: 2225: 2195: 2170: 2050: 2042: 1965: 1942: 1867: 1666: 1610: 1357: 1198:

appear to provide some relief from vasomotor symptoms. The most effective SSRIs and SNRIs are

1171: 1102:

life of the woman experiencing them, palliative medical therapy may sometimes be appropriate.

983:

Human primary oocytes are present at an intermediate stage of meiosis, termed prophase I (see

714: 467: 447: 78: 6959:"The evolution of senescence and post-reproductive lifespan in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)" 5490:"Use of Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 5488:

Franco OH, Chowdhury R, Troup J, Voortman T, Kunutsor S, Kavousi M, et al. (June 2016).

2813: 2784: 2219: 2189: 8158: 8138: 8098: 8068: 8004: 7948: 7778: 7273: 6980: 6970: 6898: 6890: 6833: 6788: 6780: 6690: 6680: 6631: 6623: 6490: 6482: 6448: 6384: 6300: 6265: 6228: 6171: 6128: 6082: 6047: 6003: 5967: 5924: 5881: 5830: 5783: 5743: 5735: 5682: 5648: 5640: 5599: 5591: 5550: 5542: 5501: 5460: 5416: 5373: 5330: 5293: 5285: 5238: 5195: 5155: 5114: 5065: 5055: 5042:

Davis SR, Baber R, Panay N, Bitzer J, Cerdas Perez S, Islam RM, et al. (October 2019).

5014: 5006: 4965: 4957: 4907: 4870: 4860: 4852: 4805: 4761: 4753: 4706: 4644: 4601: 4566: 4500: 4465: 4315: 4271: 4235: 4198: 4188: 4147: 4139: 4095: 4087: 4046: 4005: 3964: 3917: 3879: 3841: 3801: 3754: 3717: 3645: 3637: 3583: 3535: 3495: 3485: 3441: 3397: 3389: 3346: 3305: 3295: 3248: 3211: 3110: 3075: 3038: 3030: 2981: 2971: 2930: 2922: 2875: 2757: 2720: 2702: 2644: 2574: 2566: 2519: 2484: 2408: 2348: 2273: 2221:

International position paper on women's health and menopause : a comprehensive approach

2162: 1932: 1859: 1644: 668: 357: 303: 207:; these typically last from 30 seconds to ten minutes and may be associated with shivering, 96: 1015:

describes it as a six- to ten-year phase ending 12 months after the last menstrual period.

705:

Premature ovarian insufficiency may be auto immune and therefore might co occur with other

8148: 8133: 7983: 7968: 7928: 7759: 7301: 7255: 7212: 6215:

Gold EB, Block G, Crawford S, Lachance L, FitzGerald G, Miracle H, Sherman S (June 2004).

4685: 1795: 1766: 1343: 1322: 1295: 1287: 1283: 1260: 1032: 1028: 916: 877: 857: 812: 799: 741: 663: 455: 411: 387: 341: 231:

and bone fracture, and of cardio-metabolic disease (diabetes and cardiovascular disease).

212: 7200: 3953:"Minireview: aromatase and the regulation of estrogen biosynthesis—some new perspectives" 6886: 6793: 6768: 6676: 6619: 4875: 4840: 4640: 2337:"The 2023 nonhormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society" 2336: 8168: 7978: 7973: 7385: 7306: 6985: 6958: 6903: 6870: 6837: 6636: 6603: 6495: 6470: 5739: 5653: 5628: 5604: 5579: 5555: 5530: 5298: 5273: 5019: 4994: 4970: 4945: 4766: 4741: 4203: 4176: 4152: 4127: 4100: 4075: 3650: 3625: 3500: 3473: 3402: 3375: 3216: 3199: 3043: 3018: 2935: 2911:"Vasomotor symptoms: natural history, physiology, and links with cardiovascular health" 2910: 2815:

Pre-Menopause, Menopause and Beyond: Volume 5: Frontiers in Gynecological Endocrinology

2725: 2690: 2579: 2554: 1636: 1606: 1562: 1550: 1535: 1472: 1215: 639: 7143: 5971: 4742:"The 2012 hormone therapy position statement of: The North American Menopause Society" 4239: 3539: 3019:"Autonomic Cardiovascular Damage during Post-menopause: the Role of Physical Training" 2879: 995:

Ways of assessing the impact on women of some of these menopause effects, include the

893:

is hypothesized to contribute to increased ovarian stimulation and earlier menopause.

791: 8193: 8093: 8088: 8073: 7988: 7938: 7842: 7648: 7343: 7293: 7067: 6427:

The French Invention of Menopause and the Medicalisation of Women’s Ageing, A History

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Maoz B, Dowty N, Antonovsky A, Wisjenbeck H (1970). "Female attitudes to menopause".

6132: 6102: 5944: 5757: 5215: 5087: 4825: 4586: 4469: 3641: 3003: 2895: 2672: 2539: 2376: 2293: 1643:) do not have a post-reproductive life-stage. Gradual senescence is exhibited by all 1640: 1578: 1539: 1514: 1460: 407: 379: 330: 176: 6810: 6277: 6175: 6148: 6051: 5901: 5858: 5787: 5420: 5350: 5258: 4927: 4726: 4664: 4319: 4291: 3937: 3774: 3351: 3334: 3268: 3066:

ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2011). "Perimenopausal risk factors and future health".

2761: 2488: 1407:

Self-management strategies for menopausal symptoms were also influenced by culture.

344:

can show shorter cycling (by 2–7 days); longer cycles remain possible. There may be

7963: 7933: 7788: 7773: 7521: 7504: 7435: 7395: 7311: 7283: 7268: 6661:"Ecological knowledge, leadership, and the evolution of menopause in killer whales" 6320: 6023: 5686: 5644: 5595: 5546: 5393: 4961: 4856: 4430: 3526:

Kalantaridou SN, Davis SR, Nelson LM (December 1998). "Premature ovarian failure".

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for menopausal symptoms. These widely marketed but ineffective supplements include

1240: 1225: 1203: 1155: 1144: 1040: 951: 935: 927: 890: 869: 865: 816: 768: 760: 726: 718: 675: 643: 635: 631: 627: 611: 603: 587: 574: 566: 511: 314: 275: 267: 246: 228: 208: 192: 184: 171: 122: 6486: 6007: 5834: 5803: 5242: 5060: 5044:"Global Consensus Position Statement on the Use of Testosterone Therapy for Women" 5043: 3130: 2976: 2959: 2926: 2648: 1491:

is actually different. In Ancient Greek, the menses were described in the plural,

7154: 6975: 6388: 6086: 5928: 5465: 5448: 5272:

van Driel CM, Stuursma A, Schroevers MJ, Mourits MJ, de Bock GH (February 2019).

5186:

Potter B, Schrager S, Dalby J, Torell E, Hampton A (December 2018). "Menopause".

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McNamara M, Batur P, DeSapri KT (February 2015). "In the clinic. Perimenopause".

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Stotland NL (August 2002). "Menopause: social expectations, women's realities".

4841:"Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women" 2602: 2120: 1892: 1318: 1244: 1211: 1137: 1125: 959: 820: 647: 591: 487: 435: 383: 365: 6627: 5885: 4995:"Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer mortality: clinical implications" 4790: 2707: 2277: 1937: 1920: 70: 8178: 7918: 7717: 7687: 7580: 7541: 7536: 7516: 7243: 7165: 7128: 6894: 6685: 6660: 6354:

Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer, 2014, The Health of the 51%: Women

5199: 4505: 3921: 3722: 3705: 3446: 3429: 3393: 3252: 2570: 2412: 1863: 1632: 1221: 1207: 1199: 1175: 931: 730: 607: 515: 463: 451: 271: 223: 151: 138: 83: 31: 17: 6519:"'Breakthrough moment': how Lorraine Kelly helped shift the menopause debate" 6396: 5842: 5010: 4865: 3969: 3952: 3595: 3490: 3034: 2716: 2656: 2360: 1525:

natural end to fertility that occurs before the end of the natural lifespan.

1387:

woman's social and material circumstances. Menopause has been described as a

8123: 7783: 7643: 7633: 7610: 7454: 7444: 7355: 7328: 7316: 7278: 7195: 6659:

Brent LJ, Franks DW, Foster EA, Balcomb KC, Cant MA, Croft DP (March 2015).

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Lock M, Nguyen V (2010). "Chapter 4: Local Biologies and Human Difference".

5289: 5160: 5143: 4809: 4648: 4091: 3758: 3587: 3572:"Prevalence of premature ovarian failure in monozygotic and dizygotic twins" 3571: 3300: 3283: 3079: 2523: 1574: 1543: 1361: 1346:) while only minimally increasing the levels of estrogen in the bloodstream. 1326: 1179: 1075: 1059: 1047: 1024: 984: 939: 904: 881: 861: 795: 737: 537: 479: 475: 459: 439: 430:

Bone mineral density, especially of the vertebrae, decreases with menopause.

204: 147: 42: 6994: 6912: 6802: 6784: 6704: 6645: 6504: 6404: 6312: 6242: 6183: 6094: 6059: 6015: 5979: 5936: 5893: 5850: 5795: 5708: 5694: 5662: 5613: 5564: 5515: 5506: 5489: 5474: 5447:

Nedrow A, Miller J, Walker M, Nygren P, Huffman LH, Nelson HD (July 2006).

5428: 5385: 5342: 5307: 5250: 5207: 5169: 5128: 5103:"Postmenopausal hormone therapy: from monkey glands to transdermal patches" 5079: 5028: 4979: 4919: 4884: 4817: 4775: 4718: 4656: 4578: 4477: 4327: 4283: 4212: 4193: 4161: 4109: 4060: 4019: 3978: 3929: 3891: 3806: 3789: 3766: 3731: 3659: 3603: 3509: 3455: 3411: 3360: 3319: 3122: 3087: 3052: 2995: 2944: 2887: 2769: 2734: 2664: 2588: 2531: 2496: 2420: 2368: 2285: 2174: 1946: 1871: 378:

Urogenital symptoms (that may appear during menopause and continue through

6855: 6571:"Menopause (Support and Services) Bill, House of Commons, Session 2021-22" 6304: 6140: 5748: 4570: 4247: 3853: 3845: 3815: 3547: 3225: 3114: 222:

In addition to symptoms (hot flushes/flashes, night sweats, mood changes,

7804: 7575: 7531: 7526: 7403: 7360: 7348: 7333: 7263: 6570: 6233: 6216: 4051: 4034: 4010: 3993: 2264:

Davis SR, Baber RJ (August 2022). "Treating menopause - MHT and beyond".

1733: 1602: 1121: 1089:

A period-like flow during postmenopause, even spotting, may be a sign of

1019: 920: 831:. The depletion of the ovarian reserve causes an increase in circulating 615: 562: 554: 533: 471: 443: 372: 196: 188: 6452: 5119: 5102: 5070: 4944:

Marjoribanks J, Farquhar C, Roberts H, Lethaby A, Lee J (January 2017).

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considered to be reliable guides to a woman's exact menopausal status.

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The menopausal transition: interface between gynecology and psychiatry

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African-American women were more likely to report vasomotor symptoms.

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Melby MK (2005). "Factor analysis of climacteric symptoms in Japan".

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questionnaire, the Cervantes scale and the Menopause rating scale.

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and follicles responding to these hormones and producing estrogen.

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Cohen LS, Soares CN, Vitonis AF, Otto MW, Harlow BL (April 2006).

2637:

Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology

1986:"Menopause & Chemotherapy - Managing Side Effects - Chemocare" 1614: 1471:

Menopause literally means the "end of monthly cycles" (the end of

1195: 1191: 790: 748: 425: 395: 324: 242: 3992:

Davison SL, Bell R, Donath S, Montalto JG, Davis SR (July 2005).

1497:("the monthlies"), and its modern descendant has been clipped to 557:

during reproductive years provides women with protection against

6719:| Why did menopause evolve? New study of whales gives some clues 1586: 1247:

is not yet proven to be effective in easing vasomotor symptoms.

483: 7732: 7216: 4789:

Sarri G, Pedder H, Dias S, Guo Y, Lumsden MA (September 2017).

942:, which are found in KNDy neurons in the infundibular nucleus. 313:

refers to a point in time that follows one year after the last

7567: 4433:. Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research (CeMCOR). 3903: 3901: 3865: 3863: 3474:"Premature ovarian insufficiency: Pathogenesis and management" 971: 5874:

JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports

2047:

Dynamics of Human Reproduction: Biology, Biometry, Demography

360:

or lesion), or may be a functional endometrial response. The

1661:

There are various theories on the origin and process of the

1317:

As of 2023, there is no evidence to support the efficacy of

1174:

throughout the body. The most commonly prescribed SERMs are

930:

and involve complex interplay between the neurotransmitters

702:(LH) on at least three occasions at least four weeks apart. 368:, which is usually the main source of spotting or bleeding. 5101:

Davis SR, Dinatale I, Rivera-Woll L, Davison S (May 2005).

2960:"Cardiometabolic health in premature ovarian insufficiency" 1243:

can decrease the amount women are affected by hot flashes.

371:

In post-menopausal women, however, any unscheduled vaginal

6732:"Evidence for reproductive senescence in female cetaceans" 4033:

Fogle RH, Stanczyk FZ, Zhang X, Paulson RJ (August 2007).

2842:

Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2018, 57th Edition

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also led an awareness campaign based on a documentary on

1487:("month"). This is a medical coinage; the Greek word for 1278:

There is no evidence of consistent benefit of taking any

434:

The most common physical symptoms of menopause are heavy

6373:"Impact of Menopause Symptoms on Women in the Workplace" 5531:"Black cohosh (Cimicifuga spp.) for menopausal symptoms" 1521:

over-eating, with a lack of fresh fruit and vegetables.

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Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine

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Brown L, Brown V, Judd F, Bryant C (2 October 2018).

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Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America

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Santoro N, Epperson CN, Mathews SB (September 2015).

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Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology

5148:

Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network

4039:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

3998:

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

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has been hypothesized to contribute to this effect.

8114: 8056: 8028: 7997: 7909: 7886: 7851: 7825: 7818: 7797: 7766: 7680: 7657: 7624: 7589: 7566: 7478: 7376: 7292: 7254: 7175: 7090: 4177:"The evolution of meiotic sex and its alternatives" 1143:MHT is also effective for preventing bone loss and 872:in a cyclical pattern under the control of FSH and 646:, unilateral or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy or 137: 129: 111: 103: 89: 77: 60: 55: 2453:. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 555–56. 2401:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 2016:"How do health care providers diagnose menopause?" 1852:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 1314:for menopausal symptoms despite their popularity. 1027:, night sweats, difficulty sleeping, mood swings, 333:before and after menopause, demonstrating vaginal 7040:"The evolutionary origins of menopause explained" 5629:"Chinese herbal medicine for menopausal symptoms" 2631:Hogervorst E, Craig J, O'Donnell E (1 May 2022). 1013:Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research 846:The transition has a variable degree of effects. 759:Menopause can be surgically induced by bilateral 179:. Other causes include surgery that removes both 880:. During perimenopause (approaching menopause), 117:Can also be caused by surgery that removes both 6739:Reports of the International Whaling Commission 6597: 6595: 6204:. 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Similarly, decreased inhibin feedback after 364:has released guidelines for assessment of the 7744: 7228: 6545:"Davina McCall: Sex, Myths and the Menopause" 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 1321:as a management for menopausal symptoms. The 321:Vagina, uterus and bladder (urogenital tract) 8: 6464: 6462: 6335:"Work related stress, depression or anxiety" 4533:. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. 3239:Ringa V (2000). 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The North American Menopause Society. 3333:Lasa JS, Zubiaurre I, Soifer LO (2014). 3198:Morabia A, Costanza MC (December 1998). 2868:The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 1964:( ed.). Basel: Karger. p. 73. 1617:. Dogs do not experience menopause; the 293: 199:, the time when a girl's periods start. 6584:McKinley, David B. (6 September 2022). 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2238:from the original on 10 September 2017. 2208:from the original on 10 September 2017. 2063:from the original on 10 September 2017. 2049:. Transaction Publishers. p. 401. 1716: 1256:as a treatment for vasomotor symptoms. 302:During early menopause transition, the 280:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 156:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 7081:, The North American Menopause Society 5769: 5767: 5181: 5179: 4939: 4937: 4339: 4337: 3951:Simpson ER, Davis SR (November 2001). 3142: 3140: 3017:Souza HC, Tezini GC (September 2013). 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2224:. DIANE Publishing. 2002. p. 36. 1270:are not effective in easing symptoms. 1163:Selective estrogen receptor modulators 526:Menopause-related cognitive impairment 7606:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis 4437:from the original on 25 February 2013 4370:"Perimenopause – Symptoms and causes" 2684: 2682: 2626: 2624: 1919:Takahashi TA, Johnson KM (May 2015). 876:(LH), which are both produced by the 736:An early menopause can be related to 7: 6769:"Menopause in female rhesus monkeys" 6569:House of Commons (27 October 2021). 5627:Zhu X, Liew Y, Liu ZL (March 2016). 5529:Leach MJ, Moore V (September 2012). 4608:from the original on 2 November 2013 3576:Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) 3434:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2191:Menopause: a biocultural perspective 1925:The Medical Clinics of North America 1529:In popular culture, law and politics 1128:in women who have an intact uterus. 839:(LH) levels because there are fewer 340:During the transition to menopause, 7601:Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis 4999:Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 1635:; rapid senescing organisms (e.g., 1501:. The Modern Greek medical term is 1442:being older is negatively perceived 1058:Some research appears to show that 394:– thinning of the membranes of the 6838:10.1016/b978-0-12-039228-5.50015-2 5740:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1993.tb00487.x 4405:from the original on 10 April 2013 3217:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009609 2785:"Memory and Mood in the Menopause" 1960:Warren M, Soares CN, eds. (2009). 856:In younger women, during a normal 25: 6946:from the original on 12 May 2016. 6471:"Menopause in nonhuman primates?" 6429:|Oxford University Press |page 85 6293:Archives of Women's Mental Health 3910:Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 3834:European Journal of Endocrinology 1116:In the context of the menopause, 950:Decreased inhibin feedback after 6741:. pp. 57–74. Archived from 6221:American Journal of Epidemiology 6133:10.1097/00006842-199807000-00005 4470:10.1111/j.1751-486X.2011.01652.x 3642:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.01.128 3204:American Journal of Epidemiology 1009:North American Menopause Society 69: 8043:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 7038:Almansa JC (16 November 2022). 6773:American Journal of Primatology 6176:10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.02.002 6052:10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.03.012 5788:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.10.016 5421:10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.12.005 4399:A primer for the perimenopausal 4320:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.11.003 3352:10.1590/S0004-28032014000200014 2762:10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.11.017 2489:10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.03.011 2155:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers 2090:"Menopause Symptoms and Relief" 1370:ovarian tissue cryopreservation 682:Premature ovarian insufficiency 217:premature ovarian insufficiency 34:. For the medical journal, see 6932:. Cambridge University Press. 6202:An Anthropology of Biomedicine 5687:10.1002/14651858.CD001155.pub2 5645:10.1002/14651858.CD009023.pub2 5596:10.1002/14651858.CD007410.pub2 5547:10.1002/14651858.CD007244.pub2 4962:10.1002/14651858.CD004143.pub5 4857:10.1002/14651858.CD002229.pub4 4132:Science Translational Medicine 3710:Archives of General Psychiatry 3679:"Early or premature menopause" 2791:. Cambridge University Press. 913:dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate 350:Dysfunctional uterine bleeding 348:(lighter, heavier, spotting). 1: 8235:Human female endocrine system 7075:, National Institute on Aging 7015:. 15 May 2012. Archived from 6487:10.1095/biolreprod.108.068536 6008:10.1080/13697137.2017.1421922 5972:10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00147-7 5960:Social Science & Medicine 5835:10.1080/0167482X.2017.1368486 5728:Psychology of Women Quarterly 5453:Archives of Internal Medicine 5243:10.1080/13697137.2017.1283685 5061:10.1080/13697137.2019.1637079 4491:Gilbert N (27 January 2022). 4240:10.1016/s0378-5122(98)00025-5 3540:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70051-7 3339:Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 2977:10.1080/13697137.2021.1910232 2927:10.1080/13697137.2018.1430131 2880:10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00076-6 2649:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2021.10.009 2266:Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 1237:Cognitive behavioural therapy 8215:Gynaecological endocrinology 8064:Menstrual hygiene management 8015:Premenstrual water retention 7989:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea) 7954:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea) 7009:"How long is a cat in heat?" 6976:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040007 6389:10.1016/j.mayocp.2023.02.025 6087:10.1097/gme.0b013e31825fd14e 5929:10.1097/GME.0000000000001833 5466:10.1001/archinte.166.14.1453 5142:Bevers TB (September 2007). 5107:The Journal of Endocrinology 4912:10.3109/13697137.2012.659975 4758:10.1097/GME.0000000000000921 4711:10.1097/gme.0b013e3181d0f6b9 4276:10.1097/gme.0b013e318247908d 4144:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004925 2818:. Springer. pp. 38–39. 2353:10.1097/GME.0000000000002200 2347:(6): 573–590. 21 June 2023. 1493: 1083:follicle-stimulating hormone 851:follicle-stimulating hormone 833:follicle-stimulating hormone 778:removal of the ovaries does 696:follicle stimulating hormone 690:to age 40. This is known as 264:cognitive-behavioral therapy 4559:Annals of Internal Medicine 3872:Gynecological Endocrinology 2125:National Institute on Aging 1112:Hormone replacement therapy 965:uterine artery embolisation 829:uterine artery embolisation 520:interest in sexual activity 8251: 7591:Reproductive endocrinology 6730:Marsh H, Kasuya T (1986). 6628:10.1038/s41598-018-31047-8 5886:10.11124/jbisrir-2015-1948 4458:Nursing for Women's Health 3478:Journal of Mid-Life Health 3103:Osteoporosis International 2909:Thurston RC (April 2018). 2708:10.1186/s12905-020-01040-3 2278:10.1038/s41574-022-00685-4 1938:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.006 1690:Menopause in incarceration 1685:Menopause in the workplace 1663:evolution of the menopause 1654: 1454:Menopause in the workplace 1451: 1118:menopausal hormone therapy 1109: 1106:Menopausal hormone therapy 977:homologous recombinational 662:Undiagnosed and untreated 260:menopausal hormone therapy 144:Menopausal hormone therapy 115:Usually a natural change. 40: 29: 7959:Metropathia haemorrhagica 7869:Billings Ovulation Method 7659:Human reproductive system 6895:10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.033 6686:10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.037 5200:10.1016/j.pop.2018.08.001 4530:Disorders of menstruation 4506:10.1146/knowable-012722-1 4080:Human Reproduction Update 3922:10.7863/jum.2005.24.2.169 3723:10.1001/archpsyc.63.4.385 3447:10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.005 3428:Laissue P (August 2015). 3394:10.1007/s40618-016-0467-z 3288:Human Reproduction Update 3068:Human Reproduction Update 2571:10.1016/j.ecl.2015.05.001 2413:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.09.008 1864:10.1016/j.ogc.2014.09.008 1631:show a varying degree of 1595:short-finned pilot whales 1382:Attitudes and experiences 721:, being a carrier of the 692:premature ovarian failure 674:Women who have undergone 530:mild cognitive impairment 528:can be confused with the 68: 8174:Sustainable menstruation 8154:Menstruation celebration 5011:10.1177/2042098614568300 4345:"What Is Perimenopause?" 3970:10.1210/endo.142.11.8547 3788:Prior JC (August 1998). 3491:10.4103/0976-7800.172292 3241:Quality of Life Research 3035:10.14336/AD.2013.0400320 2639:. Menopause Management. 2094:Office on Women's Health 1800:Office on Women's Health 1771:Office on Women's Health 1738:Office on Women's Health 1074:and are not pregnant or 997:Greene climacteric scale 245:. In those who have had 41:Not to be confused with 8116:In culture and religion 6475:Biology of Reproduction 6377:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 6360:. Department of Health. 5290:10.1111/1471-0528.15153 5161:10.6004/jnccn.2007.0073 4810:10.1111/1471-0528.14619 4649:10.1196/annals.1356.030 4187:(1838). Proc Biol Sci. 3759:10.1080/cmt.4.4.267.272 3630:Fertility and Sterility 3253:10.1023/A:1008913605129 2524:10.1001/jama.2022.24140 1479:), from the Greek word 717:. Other causes include 579:endothelial dysfunction 553:Exposure to endogenous 502:Mood and memory effects 133:None, lifestyle changes 7944:Irregular menstruation 7901:Lactational amenorrhea 7864:Calendar-based methods 7833:Basal body temperature 7681:Diseases and disorders 7490:Sexual differentiation 7068:Menopause: MedlinePlus 6785:10.1002/ajp.1350350106 6121:Psychosomatic Medicine 5507:10.1001/jama.2016.8012 4602:"Inevitable Menopause" 4194:10.1098/rspb.2016.1221 3807:10.1210/edrv.19.4.0341 1705:Evolution of menopause 1657:Evolution of menopause 1251:Lifestyle and exercise 1018:During perimenopause, 885:decreased feedback by 803: 800:woman's hormone levels 774:Removal of the uterus 638:, or complications of 559:cardiovascular disease 462:, breast enlargement, 431: 422:Other physical effects 337: 299: 8144:Menstrual suppression 8106:Menstrual Hygiene Day 8038:Premenstrual syndrome 7713:Premature ejaculation 7708:Hard flaccid syndrome 7378:Human sexual activity 6305:10.1007/s007370200016 4571:10.7326/AITC201502030 4092:10.1093/humupd/dmu009 3846:10.1530/eje.0.1300038 3588:10.1093/humrep/del382 3301:10.1093/humupd/dmu007 3115:10.1007/s001980200001 3080:10.1093/humupd/dmr020 1695:Pregnancy over age 50 1452:Further information: 1312:alternative therapies 794: 765:salpingo-oophorectomy 549:Cardiovascular health 429: 328: 298:Symptoms of menopause 297: 235:Medical professionals 8205:Developmental stages 7703:Erectile dysfunction 6748:on 21 September 2020 6717:Article | Reuters - 4684:11 July 2012 at the 4052:10.1210/jc.2007-0581 4011:10.1210/jc.2005-0212 3152:www.womenshealth.gov 2121:"What Is Menopause?" 1555:prescription charges 1356:can be minimized by 1306:Alternative medicine 1120:(MHT) is the use of 1046:During this period, 956:endometrial ablation 860:the ovaries produce 825:endometrial ablation 707:autoimmune disorders 604:bone mineral density 602:The annual rates of 416:urinary incontinence 286:has not been found. 284:alternative medicine 166:, also known as the 121:, and some types of 8079:Cloth menstrual pad 8048:Menstrual psychosis 8010:Menstrual synchrony 7859:Fertility awareness 7482:reproductive system 7470:Vaginal lubrication 7248:sexual reproduction 7019:on 14 November 2015 6887:2007CBio...17.2150E 6677:2015CBio...25..746B 6620:2018NatSR...812833E 5120:10.1677/joe.1.05847 4641:2005NYASA1057..393B 3560:Bucher, et al. 1930 3179:on 25 February 2021 2451:Williams Gynecology 2188:Sievert LL (2006). 2167:10.1038/nrdp.2015.4 2127:. 30 September 2021 1996:on 21 November 2012 1894:Menopause: Overview 1645:placental mammalian 1623:Canine reproduction 1619:canine estrus cycle 1591:false killer whales 1438:empty nest syndrome 1377:Society and culture 1302:among many others. 1280:dietary supplements 1274:Dietary supplements 874:luteinizing hormone 837:luteinizing hormone 700:luteinizing hormone 384:painful intercourse 170:, is the time when 36:Menopause (journal) 7480:Development of the 7391:Sexual intercourse 7176:External resources 7079:Menopause & Me 7073:What Is Menopause? 6929:The Asian Elephant 6926:Sukumar R (1992). 6767:Walker ML (1995). 6608:Scientific Reports 6270:10.1007/BF01539794 6234:10.1093/aje/kwh168 5715:. 28 January 2020. 5378:10.1111/jmwh.12628 5190:. Women's Health. 3472:Fenton AJ (2015). 2695:BMC Women's Health 2607:NIH News in Health 2449:Hoffman B (2012). 2096:. 22 February 2021 1802:. 22 February 2021 1773:. 22 February 2021 1767:"Menopause Basics" 1740:. 22 February 2021 1430:self-actualization 1172:estrogen receptors 1091:endometrial cancer 819:(with and without 804: 755:Surgical menopause 723:fragile X syndrome 583:vasomotor symptoms 571:insulin resistance 569:), an increase in 565:(predominantly in 468:heart palpitations 432: 414:and burning up to 392:atrophic vaginitis 346:irregular bleeding 342:menstrual patterns 338: 300: 290:Signs and symptoms 241:production by the 8187: 8186: 7882: 7881: 7767:Events and phases 7726: 7725: 7495:Sexual dimorphism 7460:Postpartum period 7210: 7209: 6453:10.1093/fh/cry006 6258:Social Psychiatry 6081:(12): 1300–1308. 5923:(10): 1192–1200. 5500:(23): 2554–2563. 5335:10.1136/bmj.j5101 4866:20.500.12105/9999 4804:(10): 1514–1523. 4527:Hurst BS (2011). 4497:Knowable Magazine 3884:10.1080/713603218 3794:Endocrine Reviews 3023:Aging and Disease 2603:"Red in the Face" 1796:"Menopause Baics" 1667:natural selection 1358:smoking cessation 1241:clinical hypnosis 1186:Other medications 715:diabetes mellitus 594:and body weight. 544:Long-term effects 356:, a benign sore ( 268:clinical hypnosis 183:or some types of 172:menstrual periods 161: 160: 97:menstrual periods 50:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 8242: 8159:Menstruation hut 8139:Menstrual stigma 8099:Period underwear 8069:Feminine hygiene 8005:Folliculogenesis 7949:Menometrorrhagia 7823: 7779:Follicular phase 7753: 7746: 7739: 7730: 7465:Mechanics of sex 7274:Follicular phase 7244:Human physiology 7237: 7230: 7223: 7214: 7088: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7044:The Conversation 7035: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6988: 6978: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6906: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6796: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6747: 6736: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6698: 6688: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6639: 6599: 6590: 6589: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6549:www.channel4.com 6541: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6498: 6466: 6457: 6456: 6436: 6430: 6425:Moore ADM |2022| 6423: 6417: 6416: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6236: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6197: 6188: 6187: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6116: 6107: 6106: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6046:(3–4): 264–276. 6034: 6028: 6027: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5771: 5762: 5761: 5751: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5656: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5607: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5558: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5509: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5468: 5444: 5433: 5432: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5301: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5183: 5174: 5173: 5163: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5122: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5073: 5063: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5022: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4973: 4941: 4932: 4931: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4878: 4868: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4795: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4769: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4694: 4688: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4554: 4545: 4544: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4508: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4426: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4206: 4196: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4155: 4138:(172): 172ra21. 4123: 4114: 4113: 4103: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4054: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4013: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3972: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3905: 3896: 3895: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3829: 3820: 3819: 3809: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3725: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3683:Womenshealth.gov 3675: 3664: 3663: 3653: 3621: 3608: 3607: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3503: 3493: 3469: 3460: 3459: 3449: 3425: 3416: 3415: 3405: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3354: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3313: 3303: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3219: 3210:(12): 1195–205. 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3144: 3135: 3134: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3046: 3014: 3008: 3007: 2989: 2979: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2938: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2728: 2710: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2628: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2582: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2446: 2425: 2424: 2396: 2381: 2380: 2333: 2298: 2297: 2261: 2240: 2239: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2150: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2117: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2086: 2065: 2064: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1992:. Archived from 1982: 1976: 1975: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1940: 1916: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1889: 1876: 1875: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1831:on 20 March 2015 1821: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1792: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1763: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1730: 1700:Biological clock 1647:life histories. 1496: 740:smoking, higher 669:gluten-free diet 486:skin, thinning, 304:menstrual cycles 249:to remove their 73: 53: 21: 8250: 8249: 8245: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8220:Menstrual cycle 8190: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8149:Menstrual taboo 8134:Menstrual leave 8110: 8052: 8024: 8020:Sexual activity 7993: 7984:Polymenorrhagia 7969:Oligoamenorrhea 7929:Cryptomenorrhea 7905: 7878: 7874:Creighton Model 7847: 7814: 7793: 7762: 7760:Menstrual cycle 7757: 7727: 7722: 7676: 7653: 7620: 7593:and infertility 7592: 7585: 7562: 7481: 7474: 7372: 7302:Spermatogenesis 7288: 7256:Menstrual cycle 7250: 7241: 7211: 7206: 7205: 7171: 7170: 7099: 7064: 7059: 7058: 7048: 7046: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7022: 7020: 7007: 7006: 7002: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6940: 6925: 6924: 6920: 6875:Current Biology 6868: 6867: 6863: 6848: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6734: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6665:Current Biology 6658: 6657: 6653: 6601: 6600: 6593: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6553: 6551: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6528: 6526: 6525:. 29 April 2022 6517: 6516: 6512: 6468: 6467: 6460: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6424: 6420: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6328: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6255: 6254: 6250: 6227:(12): 1189–99. 6214: 6213: 6209: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6170:(3–4): 205–22. 6161: 6160: 6156: 6118: 6117: 6110: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6036: 6035: 6031: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5914: 5913: 5909: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5816: 5815: 5811: 5773: 5772: 5765: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5681:(1): CD001155. 5675: 5674: 5670: 5639:(5): CD009023. 5626: 5625: 5621: 5590:(7): CD007410. 5577: 5576: 5572: 5541:(9): CD007244. 5528: 5527: 5523: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5459:(14): 1453–65. 5446: 5445: 5436: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5185: 5184: 5177: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5041: 5040: 5036: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4956:(1): CD004143. 4943: 4942: 4935: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4851:(3): CD002229. 4838: 4837: 4833: 4793: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4686:Wayback Machine 4676: 4672: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4556: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4509: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4438: 4431:"Perimenopause" 4428: 4427: 4418: 4408: 4406: 4395:"Menopause 101" 4393: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4343: 4342: 4335: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4125: 4124: 4117: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4032: 4031: 4027: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3963:(11): 4589–94. 3950: 3949: 3945: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3869: 3868: 3861: 3831: 3830: 3823: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3667: 3623: 3622: 3611: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3534:(4): 989–1006. 3525: 3524: 3517: 3471: 3470: 3463: 3427: 3426: 3419: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3145: 3138: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3016: 3015: 3011: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2688: 2687: 2680: 2630: 2629: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2461: 2448: 2447: 2428: 2398: 2397: 2384: 2335: 2334: 2301: 2263: 2262: 2243: 2232: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2202: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2152: 2151: 2140: 2130: 2128: 2119: 2118: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2088: 2087: 2068: 2057: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2022:on 2 April 2015 2014: 2013: 2009: 1999: 1997: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1972: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1900: 1898: 1891: 1890: 1879: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1834: 1832: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1794: 1793: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1765: 1764: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1718: 1713: 1676: 1659: 1653: 1571: 1531: 1473:monthly periods 1469: 1456: 1450: 1389:biopsychosocial 1384: 1379: 1344:vaginal atrophy 1335: 1323:Cochrane review 1308: 1292:pollen extracts 1288:soy isoflavones 1284:herbal products 1276: 1259:However a high 1253: 1234: 1188: 1165: 1114: 1108: 1099: 1068: 1029:vaginal dryness 1005: 993: 948: 917:androstenedione 878:pituitary gland 858:menstrual cycle 813:ovarian reserve 789: 757: 742:body mass index 713:disease, , and 684: 664:coeliac disease 656: 624: 600: 551: 546: 504: 424: 412:urinary urgency 388:vaginal dryness 323: 292: 213:vaginal dryness 116: 51: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8248: 8246: 8238: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8192: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8169:Period poverty 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8120: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8066: 8060: 8058: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8034: 8032: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8001: 7999: 7998:Related events 7995: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7979:Oligoovulation 7976: 7974:Oligomenorrhea 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7915: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7903: 7898: 7892: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7838:Cervical mucus 7835: 7829: 7827: 7820: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7733: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7663: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7630: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7597: 7595: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7583: 7578: 7572: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7486: 7484: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7438: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7418: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7386:Sexual arousal 7382: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7307:spermatogonium 7298: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7232: 7225: 7217: 7208: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7201:article/264088 7192: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7157: 7146: 7131: 7116: 7100: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7091:Classification 7085: 7084: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7063: 7062:External links 7060: 7057: 7056: 7030: 7000: 6949: 6938: 6918: 6881:(24): 2150–6. 6861: 6846: 6816: 6759: 6722: 6710: 6671:(6): 746–750. 6651: 6591: 6576: 6561: 6536: 6510: 6481:(3): 398–406. 6458: 6447:(2): 226–248. 6441:French History 6431: 6418: 6383:(6): 833–845. 6363: 6343: 6326: 6283: 6248: 6207: 6189: 6154: 6108: 6065: 6029: 6002:(2): 101–110. 5985: 5950: 5907: 5880:(8): 250–337. 5864: 5829:(4): 281–288. 5809: 5763: 5749:2286/R.I.44298 5718: 5700: 5668: 5619: 5570: 5521: 5480: 5434: 5399: 5372:(3): 286–297. 5356: 5313: 5284:(3): 330–339. 5264: 5237:(2): 178–182. 5221: 5194:(4): 625–641. 5175: 5134: 5093: 5054:(5): 429–434. 5034: 4985: 4933: 4890: 4831: 4781: 4732: 4705:(2): 242–255. 4689: 4670: 4635:(1): 393–402. 4619: 4592: 4565:(3): ITC1–15. 4546: 4539: 4519: 4483: 4448: 4416: 4386: 4361: 4333: 4297: 4253: 4218: 4167: 4115: 4086:(4): 485–500. 4066: 4025: 4004:(7): 3847–53. 3984: 3943: 3897: 3859: 3821: 3800:(4): 397–428. 3780: 3737: 3696: 3685:. 12 July 2017 3665: 3609: 3582:(2): 610–615. 3562: 3553: 3515: 3461: 3417: 3366: 3325: 3274: 3247:(6): 695–707. 3231: 3190: 3164: 3136: 3109:(2): 105–112. 3093: 3074:(5): 706–717. 3058: 3029:(6): 320–328. 3009: 2970:(5): 474–480. 2950: 2901: 2874:(6): 442–456. 2858: 2851: 2831: 2824: 2804: 2797: 2775: 2740: 2678: 2620: 2609:. 27 June 2017 2594: 2565:(3): 497–515. 2545: 2518:(5): 405–420. 2502: 2466: 2459: 2426: 2407:(1): 163–179. 2382: 2299: 2272:(8): 490–502. 2241: 2230: 2211: 2200: 2180: 2138: 2107: 2066: 2055: 2033: 2007: 1977: 1971:978-3805591010 1970: 1952: 1931:(3): 521–534. 1908: 1877: 1858:(1): 163–179. 1842: 1813: 1784: 1751: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1675: 1672: 1655:Main article: 1652: 1649: 1637:Pacific salmon 1629:Life histories 1607:rhesus monkeys 1570: 1567: 1563:David McKinley 1551:Carolyn Harris 1536:Lorraine Kelly 1530: 1527: 1483:("pause") and 1468: 1465: 1461:stigmatisation 1449: 1448:Impact on work 1446: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1351: 1347: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1307: 1304: 1275: 1272: 1252: 1249: 1233: 1230: 1216:desvenlafaxine 1187: 1184: 1164: 1161: 1110:Main article: 1107: 1104: 1098: 1095: 1067: 1064: 1004: 1001: 992: 989: 947: 944: 853:(FSH) levels. 788: 785: 767:) and uterus ( 756: 753: 683: 680: 655: 652: 640:tubal ligation 623: 620: 599: 596: 581:. Women with 550: 547: 545: 542: 532:that precedes 503: 500: 452:joint soreness 448:lack of energy 423: 420: 406:and the outer 322: 319: 291: 288: 159: 158: 141: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 113: 109: 108: 105: 101: 100: 93: 87: 86: 81: 75: 74: 66: 65: 62: 58: 57: 49: 26: 24: 18:Perimenopausal 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8247: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8210:Endocrinology 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8094:Menstrual pad 8092: 8090: 8089:Menstrual cup 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8074:Menstrual pad 8072: 8071: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8030:Mental health 8027: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7996: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7939:Hypomenorrhea 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7885: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7843:Mittelschmerz 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7754: 7749: 7747: 7742: 7740: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7679: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7650: 7649:Breastfeeding 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7441:Fertilization 7439: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7375: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7294:Gametogenesis 7291: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7238: 7233: 7231: 7226: 7224: 7219: 7218: 7215: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7167: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7147: 7145: 7141: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7101: 7098: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7080: 7077: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7061: 7045: 7041: 7034: 7031: 7018: 7014: 7013:Animal Planet 7010: 7004: 7001: 6996: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6950: 6945: 6941: 6939:9780521437585 6935: 6931: 6930: 6922: 6919: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6865: 6862: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6847:9780120392285 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6820: 6817: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6763: 6760: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6714: 6711: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6655: 6652: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6580: 6577: 6572: 6565: 6562: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6537: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6511: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6432: 6428: 6422: 6419: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6367: 6364: 6356: 6355: 6347: 6344: 6336: 6330: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6284: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6249: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6211: 6208: 6203: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6158: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6069: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6033: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5989: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5966:(3): 345–56. 5965: 5961: 5954: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5810: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5734:(3): 275–88. 5733: 5729: 5722: 5719: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5620: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5415:(3): 256–63. 5414: 5410: 5403: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5360: 5357: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5317: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5154:(8): 719–24. 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5113:(2): 207–22. 5112: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4752:(3): 257–71. 4751: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4620: 4607: 4603: 4600:Kessenich C. 4596: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4540:9781444391817 4536: 4532: 4531: 4523: 4520: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4449: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4270:(8): 924–30. 4269: 4265: 4257: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4045:(8): 3040–3. 4044: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3957:Endocrinology 3954: 3947: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3916:(2): 169–74. 3915: 3911: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3878:(2): 125–31. 3877: 3873: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3784: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3753:(4): 267–72. 3752: 3748: 3741: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3716:(4): 385–90. 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3697: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3636:(4): 843–51. 3635: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3484:(4): 147–53. 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3388:(9): 983–90. 3387: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3370: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3345:(2): 144–50. 3344: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3294:(4): 582–93. 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3191: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2921:(2): 96–100. 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2852:9781259861499 2848: 2844: 2843: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2825:9783319635408 2821: 2817: 2816: 2808: 2805: 2800: 2798:9781316352717 2794: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2756:(2): 120–30. 2755: 2751: 2744: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2483:(2): 181–90. 2482: 2478: 2470: 2467: 2462: 2460:9780071716727 2456: 2452: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2231:9781428905214 2227: 2223: 2222: 2215: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2201:9780813538563 2197: 2193: 2192: 2184: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2056:9780202365701 2052: 2048: 2044: 2037: 2034: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2008: 1995: 1991: 1990:chemocare.com 1987: 1981: 1978: 1973: 1967: 1963: 1956: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1896: 1895: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1846: 1843: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1641:annual plants 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1579:beluga whales 1576: 1569:Other animals 1568: 1566: 1564: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1540:Davina McCall 1537: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1515:Demotic Greek 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1455: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1431: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1365:osteoporosis. 1363: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1333:Other efforts 1332: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1113: 1105: 1103: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1087: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1066:Postmenopause 1065: 1063: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1003:Perimenopause 1002: 1000: 998: 990: 988: 986: 981: 978: 973: 968: 966: 961: 957: 953: 946:Ovarian aging 945: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 924: 922: 918: 914: 909: 906: 901: 899: 894: 892: 888: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 854: 852: 847: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 801: 797: 793: 786: 784: 781: 777: 772: 770: 766: 762: 754: 752: 750: 745: 743: 739: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 681: 679: 677: 672: 670: 665: 660: 653: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 621: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 597: 595: 593: 589: 584: 580: 576: 575:dyslipidaemia 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 548: 543: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 501: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 428: 421: 419: 417: 413: 409: 408:urinary tract 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 380:postmenopause 376: 374: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 336: 332: 331:vaginal canal 327: 320: 318: 316: 312: 307: 305: 296: 289: 287: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 255: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 230: 225: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 200: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 177:smoke tobacco 173: 169: 165: 157: 153: 149: 145: 142: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 92: 88: 85: 82: 80: 76: 72: 67: 63: 59: 54: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 7964:Metrorrhagia 7934:Dysmenorrhea 7809: 7789:Luteal phase 7774:Menstruation 7557: 7553:Paternal age 7549:Maternal age 7522:Tanner scale 7505:Virilization 7500:Feminization 7450:Implantation 7436:Insemination 7420:Ejaculation 7396:Masturbation 7312:spermatocyte 7284:Luteal phase 7269:Menstruation 7194: 7183: 7159: 7148: 7133: 7118: 7103: 7049:20 September 7047:. Retrieved 7043: 7033: 7021:. Retrieved 7017:the original 7012: 7003: 6966: 6963:PLOS Biology 6962: 6952: 6928: 6921: 6878: 6874: 6864: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6779:(1): 59–71. 6776: 6772: 6762: 6750:. Retrieved 6743:the original 6738: 6725: 6713: 6668: 6664: 6654: 6614:(1): 12833. 6611: 6607: 6579: 6564: 6552:. Retrieved 6548: 6539: 6527:. Retrieved 6523:The Guardian 6522: 6513: 6478: 6474: 6444: 6440: 6434: 6426: 6421: 6380: 6376: 6366: 6353: 6346: 6329: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6201: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6127:(4): 410–9. 6124: 6120: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6043: 6039: 6032: 5999: 5995: 5988: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5826: 5822: 5812: 5782:(1): 28–36. 5779: 5775: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5712: 5703: 5678: 5671: 5636: 5632: 5622: 5587: 5583: 5573: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5497: 5493: 5483: 5456: 5452: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5369: 5365: 5359: 5326: 5322: 5316: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5191: 5188:Primary Care 5187: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5071:2158/1176450 5051: 5047: 5037: 5005:(2): 45–56. 5002: 4998: 4988: 4953: 4949: 4906:(3): 263–6. 4903: 4899: 4893: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4801: 4797: 4784: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4673: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4610:. Retrieved 4595: 4562: 4558: 4529: 4522: 4510:. Retrieved 4496: 4486: 4464:(4): 320–4. 4461: 4457: 4451: 4439:. 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Retrieved 2606: 2597: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2450: 2404: 2400: 2344: 2340: 2269: 2265: 2220: 2214: 2190: 2183: 2161:(1): 15004. 2158: 2154: 2129:. Retrieved 2124: 2098:. Retrieved 2093: 2046: 2036: 2024:. Retrieved 2020:the original 2010: 1998:. Retrieved 1994:the original 1989: 1980: 1961: 1955: 1928: 1924: 1899:. Retrieved 1893: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1833:. Retrieved 1829:the original 1804:. Retrieved 1799: 1775:. Retrieved 1770: 1742:. Retrieved 1737: 1660: 1627: 1605:, including 1599: 1572: 1560: 1548: 1532: 1523: 1519: 1510: 1507:Katharevousa 1503:emmenopausis 1502: 1498: 1484: 1480: 1477:menstruation 1470: 1457: 1434: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1385: 1354:Osteoporosis 1316: 1309: 1296:black cohosh 1277: 1265: 1258: 1254: 1235: 1226:fezolinetant 1220: 1204:escitalopram 1190:Some of the 1189: 1166: 1156:testosterone 1153: 1149: 1145:osteoporotic 1142: 1130: 1115: 1100: 1088: 1080: 1069: 1057: 1053: 1045: 1041:osteoporosis 1037:incontinence 1017: 1006: 994: 982: 969: 952:hysterectomy 949: 936:neurokinin B 928:hypothalamus 925: 915:(DHEAS) and 910: 902: 897: 895: 891:hysterectomy 870:progesterone 866:testosterone 855: 848: 845: 817:hysterectomy 805: 779: 775: 773: 769:hysterectomy 761:oophorectomy 758: 746: 735: 727:radiotherapy 719:chemotherapy 704: 685: 676:hysterectomy 673: 661: 657: 644:hysterectomy 636:oophorectomy 632:radiotherapy 628:chemotherapy 625: 612:osteoporosis 601: 592:blood lipids 590:, increased 588:hypertension 567:visceral fat 552: 524: 512:irritability 505: 436:night sweats 433: 377: 370: 339: 329:Size of the 315:menstruation 310: 308: 301: 276:fezolinetant 256: 233: 229:osteoporosis 221: 209:night sweats 201: 193:progesterone 185:chemotherapy 167: 163: 162: 123:chemotherapy 47: 7924:Anovulation 7888:Suppression 7798:Life stages 7698:Dyspareunia 7693:Dysorgasmia 7639:Development 7185:MedlinePlus 6832:: 305–341. 6696:10871/32919 5996:Climacteric 5231:Climacteric 5048:Climacteric 4900:Climacteric 4374:Mayo Clinic 3747:Climacteric 3311:10807/56796 3183:22 February 2987:2066/238753 2964:Climacteric 2915:Climacteric 1921:"Menopause" 1734:"Menopause" 1611:chimpanzees 1561:In the US, 1549:In the UK, 1511:emmenopausi 1360:, adequate 1319:acupuncture 1245:Mindfulness 1212:venlafaxine 1138:blood clots 1126:progestogen 1025:hot flashes 960:endometrium 821:ovariectomy 648:leuprorelin 598:Bone health 538:hot flashes 518:, and less 516:mood swings 496:weight gain 464:breast pain 440:hot flashes 366:endometrium 205:hot flashes 168:climacteric 64:Climacteric 61:Other names 8230:Senescence 8225:Middle age 8194:Categories 8179:Tampon tax 7919:Amenorrhea 7718:Vaginismus 7688:Anorgasmia 7542:Adrenarche 7537:Spermarche 7517:Gonadarche 7161:DiseasesDB 6299:(1): 5–8. 3689:7 November 3480:(Review). 3440:: 243–57. 3436:(Review). 3157:21 October 2701:(1): 177. 2131:20 October 2100:20 October 2000:20 October 1901:20 October 1806:20 October 1777:20 October 1744:20 October 1711:References 1633:senescence 1494:ta emmēnia 1329:symptoms. 1268:relaxation 1222:Gabapentin 1208:citalopram 1200:paroxetine 1176:raloxifene 1097:Management 932:kisspeptin 835:(FSH) and 731:idiopathic 725:gene, and 698:(FSH) and 608:osteopenia 382:) include 272:gabapentin 224:arthralgia 152:gabapentin 139:Medication 99:for a year 84:Gynecology 32:Andropause 8200:Menopause 8124:Chhaupadi 7911:Disorders 7810:Menopause 7784:Ovulation 7644:Lactation 7634:Thelarche 7611:Andrology 7558:Menopause 7455:Pregnancy 7445:Fertility 7400:Erection 7356:Germ cell 7329:Oogenesis 7317:spermatid 7279:Ovulation 7196:eMedicine 6969:(1): e7. 6413:258367393 6397:0025-6196 6264:: 35–40. 6164:Maturitas 6103:205613667 6075:Menopause 6040:Maturitas 5945:237516036 5917:Menopause 5843:0167-482X 5776:Maturitas 5758:144546258 5409:Maturitas 5329:: j5101. 5216:239485855 5088:201713094 4826:206909766 4746:Menopause 4699:Menopause 4587:216041116 4429:Prior J. 4379:6 October 4354:6 October 4308:Maturitas 4264:Menopause 4228:Maturitas 3596:0268-1161 3004:235634591 2896:248561432 2750:Maturitas 2717:1472-6874 2673:244805452 2657:1521-6934 2643:: 69–84. 2540:256628900 2477:Maturitas 2377:258969337 2361:1072-3714 2341:Menopause 2294:249069157 1651:Evolution 1575:cetaceans 1544:Channel 4 1499:ta emmēna 1467:Etymology 1362:vitamin D 1327:vasomotor 1180:tamoxifen 1076:lactating 1060:melatonin 1048:fertility 991:Diagnosis 985:Oogenesis 970:Impaired 940:dynorphin 905:aromatase 882:estradiol 862:estradiol 796:Bone loss 787:Mechanism 738:cigarette 616:fractures 476:dizziness 460:back pain 456:stiffness 311:menopause 309:The term 164:Menopause 148:clonidine 130:Treatment 79:Specialty 56:Menopause 43:mesopause 8129:In Islam 7819:Tracking 7805:Menarche 7581:Vivipary 7551: / 7532:Menarche 7527:Pubarche 7409:Clitoral 7361:gonocyte 7334:oogonium 7264:Menarche 6995:16363919 6944:Archived 6913:18083515 6811:83848539 6803:31924061 6794:10590078 6705:25754636 6646:30150784 6529:2 August 6505:18495681 6405:37115119 6313:12503068 6278:30147685 6243:15191936 6184:16154301 6149:38878080 6095:22929035 6060:15921865 6016:29345497 5980:11330770 5937:34520416 5902:21908463 5894:26455946 5859:24085899 5851:28937311 5796:19954900 5713:BBC News 5695:18253985 5663:26976671 5614:23897589 5565:22972105 5516:27327802 5475:16864755 5429:21237589 5386:28561959 5351:46856968 5343:29170264 5308:29542222 5259:10446084 5251:28286985 5208:30401346 5170:17927929 5129:15845914 5080:31474158 5029:25922653 4980:28093732 4928:40340985 4920:22612613 4885:25754617 4876:10183715 4818:28276200 4776:22367731 4727:24806751 4719:20154637 4682:Archived 4665:25213110 4657:16399909 4612:11 April 4606:Archived 4579:25643316 4478:21884497 4435:Archived 4409:11 April 4403:Archived 4328:19945237 4292:19201297 4284:22549166 4213:27605505 4162:23408054 4110:24615662 4061:17519304 4020:15827095 3979:11606422 3938:30259666 3930:15661947 3892:12737673 3775:28673617 3767:11770182 3732:16585467 3660:22341880 3604:17065173 3510:26903753 3456:25960166 3412:27091671 3361:25003268 3320:24619876 3269:22496307 3123:11905520 3088:21565809 3053:24307965 2996:34169795 2945:29390899 2888:35525259 2770:22196311 2735:32795281 2665:34969617 2613:31 March 2589:26316239 2532:36749328 2497:23619009 2421:25681847 2369:37252752 2286:35624141 2236:Archived 2206:Archived 2175:27188659 2061:Archived 2041:Wood J. 1947:25841598 1872:25681847 1674:See also 1603:primates 1583:narwhals 1122:estrogen 1020:estrogen 921:androgen 709:such 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