1936:
1920:
914:
5064:
161:
367:
1817:
781:
62:
5860:
5910:
5934:
5886:
5922:
5898:
2082:
is moving on a stable orbit around the Sun, the position of the Earth's center which is on average about 4,700 kilometres (2,900 mi) from the barycenter, could be shifted in any direction from it—and this affects the timing of the actual closest approach between the Sun's and the Earth's centers
2105:
In the northern hemisphere, summer occurs at the same time as aphelion, when solar radiation is lowest. Despite this, summers in the northern hemisphere are on average 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer than in the southern hemisphere, because the northern hemisphere contains larger land masses, which
4448:
McKevitt, James; Bulla, Sophie; Dixon, Tom; Criscola, Franco; Parkinson-Swift, Jonathan; Bornberg, Christina; Singh, Jaspreet; Patel, Kuren; Laad, Aryan; Forder, Ethan; Ayin-Walsh, Louis; Beegadhur, Shayne; Wedde, Paul; Pappula, Bharath Simha Reddy; McDougall, Thomas; Foghis, Madalin; Kent, Jack;
2132:
For the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, the time of apsis is often expressed in terms of a time relative to seasons, since this determines the contribution of the elliptical orbit to seasonal variations. The variation of the seasons is primarily controlled by the annual cycle of the elevation
2113:
is minimum at aphelion and maximum at perihelion, the planet takes longer to orbit from June solstice to
September equinox than it does from December solstice to March equinox. Therefore, summer in the northern hemisphere lasts slightly longer (93 days) than summer in the southern hemisphere (89
4278:
R. Schödel; T. Ott; R. Genzel; R. Hofmann; M. Lehnert; A. Eckart; N. Mouawad; T. Alexander; M. J. Reid; R. Lenzen; M. Hartung; F. Lacombe; D. Rouan; E. Gendron; G. Rousset; A.-M. Lagrange; W. Brandner; N. Ageorges; C. Lidman; A. F. M. Moorwood; J. Spyromilio; N. Hubin; K. M. Menten (October 17,
4943:
871:, all periodic orbits are ellipses. The barycenter of the two bodies may lie well within the bigger body—e.g., the Earth–Moon barycenter is about 75% of the way from Earth's center to its surface. If, compared to the larger mass, the smaller mass is negligible (e.g., for satellites), then the
3576:
4854:
890:
point (compare both graphics, second figure). The line of apsides denotes the distance of the line that joins the nearest and farthest points across an orbit; it also refers simply to the extreme range of an object orbiting a host body (see top figure; see third figure).
4887:
2144:
On a very long time scale, the dates of the perihelion and of the aphelion progress through the seasons, and they make one complete cycle in 22,000 to 26,000 years. There is a corresponding movement of the position of the stars as seen from Earth, called the
4935:
3810:
discovered when 80+ AU from the Sun need dozens of observations over multiple years to well constrain their orbits because they move very slowly against the background stars. Due to statistics of small numbers, trans-Neptunian objects such as
4846:
4133:
4877:
1887:. The planets travel counterclockwise around the Sun and for each planet, the blue part of their orbit travels north of the ecliptic plane, the pink part travels south, and dots mark perihelion (green) and aphelion (orange).
3456:
3654:
2995:
3126:
3429:
4656:
1372:
Regarding black holes, the term peribothron was first used in a 1976 paper by J. Frank and M. J. Rees, who credit W. R. Stoeger for suggesting creating a term using the greek word for pit: "bothron".
3253:
3982:
Since the Sun, Ἥλιος in Greek, begins with a vowel (H is the long ē vowel in Greek), the final o in "apo" is omitted from the prefix. =The pronunciation "Ap-helion" is given in many dictionaries
2102:
in the other one. Winter falls on the hemisphere where sunlight strikes least directly, and summer falls where sunlight strikes most directly, regardless of the Earth's distance from the Sun.
3300:
1935:
1919:
2086:
Because of the increased distance at aphelion, only 93.55% of the radiation from the Sun falls on a given area of Earth's surface as does at perihelion, but this does not account for the
1851:
to effectively those at a different epoch will generate differences. The time-of-perihelion-passage as one of six osculating elements is not an exact prediction (other than for a generic
3914:
4886:(Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive. The JPL SBDB generically (incorrectly) lists an unperturbed two-body perihelion date in 2260). Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
964:) are equivalent alternatives, but these terms also frequently refer to distances—that is, the smallest and largest distances between the orbiter and its host body (see second figure).
1971:. The length of the horizontal bars correspond to the extreme range of the orbit of the indicated body around the Sun. These extreme distances (between perihelion and aphelion) are
4374:
3043:
4999:
3174:
4050:
4043:
5th edition, 1994, p. 114), since in late Greek, 'p' from ἀπό followed by the 'h' from ἥλιος becomes phi; thus, the Greek word is αφήλιον. (see, for example, Walker, John,
3362:
3333:
2059:(AU) or 147,098,070 km (91,402,500 mi) from the Sun's center. In contrast, the Earth reaches aphelion currently in early July, approximately 14 days after the
3583:
Note that for conversion from heights above the surface to distances between an orbit and its primary, the radius of the central body has to be added, and conversely.
2141:
and other orbital elements are not constant, but vary slowly due to the perturbing effects of the planets and other objects in the solar system (Milankovitch cycles).
4595:
2078:. In the short term, such dates can vary up to 2 days from one year to another. This significant variation is due to the presence of the Moon: while the Earth–Moon
3799:
came to perihelion on 26 December 2021, but using a two-body solution at an epoch of July 2021 less accurately shows Vesta came to perihelion on 25 December 2021.
3677:
2014:
4644:
4761:
4081:
1913:
where a planet's tilted orbit intersects the plane of reference; here they may be 'seen' as the points where the blue section of an orbit meets the pink.
3793:
will come to perihelion around
December 2257. Using an epoch of 2021, which is 236 years early, less accurately shows Eris coming to perihelion in 2260.
2129:, and in 2000 it was about 282.895°; by 2010, this had advanced by a small fraction of a degree to about 283.067°, i.e. a mean increase of 62" per year.
2034:. The radius of the Sun is 0.7 million km, and the radius of Jupiter (the largest planet) is 0.07 million km, both too small to resolve on this image.
4539:
1995:
762:
4398:"Goniopolarimetric study of the revolution 29 perikrone using the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument high-frequency radio receiver"
3772:
3752:
5737:
3706:. To get an accurate time of perihelion passage you need to use an epoch close to the perihelion passage. For example, using an epoch of 1996,
3571:{\displaystyle e={\frac {r_{\text{ap}}-r_{\text{per}}}{r_{\text{ap}}+r_{\text{per}}}}=1-{\frac {2}{{\frac {r_{\text{ap}}}{r_{\text{per}}}}+1}}}
1996:
931:, the farthest point of the orbiting body, is the apocenter (also apoapsis) of the orbit; and the red line between them is the line of apsides.
3718:
coming to perihelion on 25 December 2005, but using an epoch of 2012 produces a less accurate unperturbed perihelion date of 20 January 2006.
4939:
4882:
4850:
4645:"How much does aphelion affect our weather? We're at aphelion in the summer. Would our summers be warmer if we were at perihelion, instead?"
4513:
4449:
Morgan, James; Raj, Utkarsh; Heinreichsberger, Carina (June 18, 2021). "An L-class
Multirole Observatory and Science Platform for Neptune".
4425:
3985:
1998:
2074:
The dates of perihelion and aphelion change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as
5797:
3181:
534:
1993:
4344:
3614:
603:
4366:
3192:
2923:
3054:
4048:
246:
145:
4250:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1991:
1984:
5792:
5672:
5091:
3439:
3379:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
5044:
5031:
1990:
5757:
5511:
5052:
2008:
2007:
1875:, and positions of perihelion (q) and aphelion (Q) for the planets of the Solar System as seen from above the northern pole of
4977:
5830:
5469:
5460:
5197:
4709:
2153:.) The dates and times of the perihelions and aphelions for several past and future years are listed in the following table:
424:
83:
4621:
2006:
4834:
4787:
4107:
3199:
4565:
4482:
4154:
1955:
The chart shows the extreme range—from the closest approach (perihelion) to farthest point (aphelion)—of several orbiting
882:—the term can refer to the two distances from the primary body to the orbiting body when the latter is located: 1) at the
4913:
4731:
4678:
4587:
4183:
5777:
5247:
4652:
3839:
2150:
4813:
4029:
5722:
4965:
3864:
3264:
1803:
755:
688:
4259:
940:
The words "pericenter" and "apocenter" are often seen, although periapsis/apoapsis are preferred in technical usage.
1902:. At the time of vernal equinox, the Earth is at the bottom of the figure. The second image (below-right) shows the
126:
5876:
5702:
5529:
2184:
2174:
2122:
868:
98:
5840:
5057:
3710:
shows perihelion on 1 April 1997. Using an epoch of 2008 shows a less accurate perihelion date of 30 March 1997.
2009:
1899:
1884:
1810:
4757:
2010:
5825:
5350:
3827:
802:∗Periapsis and apoapsis as distances: the smallest and largest distances between the orbiter and its host body.
683:
598:
35:
2094:
of 23.4° away from perpendicular to the plane of Earth's orbit. Indeed, at both perihelion and aphelion it is
105:
5835:
5143:
3257:
2846:
913:
554:
72:
31:
3955:
1334:
form is also used as a generic closest-approach-to "any planet" term—instead of applying it only to Earth.
927:, the nearest point of approach of an orbiting body, is the pericenter (also periapsis) of an orbit; point
5697:
5299:
5219:
5207:
4535:
3807:
910:
of the spacecraft above the surface of the central body (assuming a constant, standard reference radius).
748:
471:
181:
79:
188:
5820:
5762:
5732:
5520:
5397:
5365:
5335:
5294:
5279:
5158:
4279:
2002). "A star in a 15.2-year orbit around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way".
3854:
3783:
2817:
2134:
1860:
1832:
The perihelion (q) and aphelion (Q) are the nearest and farthest points respectively of a body's direct
656:
491:
399:
259:
165:
39:
3000:
112:
3131:
1271:
to describe the orbital motions of the planets around the Sun. The words are formed from the prefixes
5845:
5667:
5451:
5340:
5309:
5237:
5212:
5187:
5148:
5129:
5084:
4588:"Solar System Exploration: Science & Technology: Science Features: Weather, Weather, Everywhere?"
4409:
4298:
4218:
3448:
2767:
2138:
2118:
2031:
1964:
1571:
529:
486:
476:
404:
3732:
3707:
1318:
are frequently used in the astronomical literature when referring to the Earth, Sun, stars, and the
5938:
5707:
5502:
5242:
3930:
3849:
3790:
2875:
2075:
2002:
1999:
1844:
1436:
1412:
789:
571:
409:
271:
1994:
94:
5926:
5914:
5380:
5269:
5167:
4505:
4454:
4397:
4322:
4288:
3983:
3711:
2146:
1415:
system. However, only for the Earth, Moon and Sun systems are the unique suffixes commonly used.
1384:
644:
519:
3340:
2001:
2000:
3311:
5747:
5645:
5575:
5330:
5284:
5202:
5022:
4993:
4314:
3844:
3740:
3695:
2121:
not in terms of days and hours, but rather as an angle of orbital displacement, the so-called
2056:
2046:
1997:
1968:
1848:
1710:
1250:
are also used. Since the Moon has no natural satellites this only applies to man-made objects.
895:
559:
496:
375:
4340:
2012:
5890:
5727:
5659:
5423:
5385:
5259:
5229:
5182:
4417:
4306:
4226:
3995:
3724:
3699:
3687:
3185:
2580:
2005:
2004:
1956:
1852:
1514:
1470:
1190:
1139:
1087:
1026:
978:
920:
902:
of the 2-body system and the center of mass of the orbiting body. However, in the case of a
872:
729:
678:
443:
387:
211:
5016:
2133:
angle of the Sun, which is a result of the tilt of the axis of the Earth measured from the
2109:
Perihelion and aphelion do however have an indirect effect on the seasons: because Earth's
5954:
5767:
5360:
5264:
5254:
5153:
5077:
5048:
5035:
4254:
4054:
4033:
3989:
3823:
3599:
3587:
3371:
2125:(also called longitude of the pericenter). For the orbit of the Earth, this is called the
2045:
Currently, the Earth reaches perihelion in early
January, approximately 14 days after the
2011:
1358:
1319:
1268:
734:
639:
549:
524:
4182:. 38th International Communications Satellite Systems Conference (ICSSC). Arlington, VA.
2003:
4413:
4396:
Cecconi, B.; Lamy, L.; Zarka, P.; Prangé, R.; Kurth, W. S.; Louarn, P. (March 4, 2009).
4302:
4245:
4222:
3909:
3826:
of 1 year that have not or will not come to perihelion for roughly 100 years can have a
1992:
5863:
5815:
5807:
5802:
5687:
5682:
5613:
5593:
5584:
5177:
5163:
5139:
5134:
5109:
4564:. Astronomical Applications Department of the U.S. Naval Observatory. August 11, 2011.
4075:
3894:
3762:
3728:
3703:
3662:
3595:
3188:) and the conservation of energy, these two quantities are constant for a given orbit:
1856:
1539:
1338:
1299:
807:
793:
785:
706:
622:
616:
539:
464:
458:
453:
4058:
5948:
5717:
5712:
5631:
5274:
5192:
5041:
5028:
4265:
4070:
3715:
2110:
2060:
1942:
1926:
1118:
711:
544:
501:
4179:
NASA Lunar
Exploration – Gateway's Power and Propulsion Element Communications Links
366:
281:
have distinct names to differentiate themselves from other apsides; these names are
164:
The apsides refer to the farthest (2) and nearest (3) points reached by an orbiting
5902:
5782:
5692:
5566:
5549:
5407:
5304:
5172:
4326:
3869:
3859:
3787:
2543:
2019:
1960:
1910:
1872:
1816:
917:
837:
429:
419:
414:
346:
263:
169:
119:
4701:
780:
4617:
2063:. The aphelion distance between the Earth's and Sun's centers is currently about
5787:
5622:
5392:
5372:
5289:
4783:
4146:
4045:
A Key to the
Classical Pronunciation of Greek, Latin, and Scripture Proper Names
3992:, pronouncing the "p" and "h" in separate syllables. However, the pronunciation
1350:
1129:
593:
61:
4561:
4474:
4103:
3714:
can be even more sensitive to the epoch selected. Using an epoch of 2005 shows
1894:
planets, situated outward from the Sun as
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The
5355:
4909:
4735:
4686:
4231:
4206:
4177:
3813:
2567:
2091:
2079:
2023:
1756:
1740:
1411:
to form unique names of apsides for the orbiting bodies of the indicated host/
903:
899:
797:
673:
629:
588:
5772:
5124:
4809:
4027:
1497:
1416:
17:
4318:
952:
are used for naming the extreme points of orbits (see table, top figure);
5029:
Earth's
Seasons: Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion, 2000–2020
3931:"Happy Aphelion Day! Earth is at its farthest from the sun for 2023 today"
3889:
1353:; they reference Cynthia, an alternative name for the Greek Moon goddess
4421:
4293:
2027:
1880:
1876:
1673:
907:
840:, with a suffix that describes the primary body. The suffix for Earth is
342:
4310:
4085:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 149.
5677:
5069:
4878:"Horizons Batch for Eris at perihelion around 7 December 2257 ±2 weeks"
3796:
2910:
2735:
2664:
1774:
1659:
1602:
1588:
1581:
1543:
1354:
330:
2117:
Astronomers commonly express the timing of perihelion relative to the
1383:(from a Greek root) were used by physicist and science-fiction author
2706:
2685:
2539:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2022:
from the Sun. The left and right edges of each bar correspond to the
1730:
1721:
1652:
1642:
1635:
1631:
1609:
1547:
1480:
1463:
944:
For generic situations where the primary is not specified, the terms
898:, the apsides technically refer to the distance measured between the
334:
194:
4847:"Horizons Batch for 12P/Pons-Brooks (90000223) at 2024-Apr-21 03:20"
5897:
4459:
3590:
of the two limiting distances is the length of the semi-major axis
5101:
3649:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {-2\varepsilon }}={\sqrt {\frac {\mu }{a}}}}
2788:
2622:
2601:
2083:(which in turn defines the timing of perihelion in a given year).
1833:
1821:
1815:
1504:
1487:
1073:
912:
779:
338:
310:
255:
50:
3659:
which is the speed of a body in a circular orbit whose radius is
2990:{\textstyle v_{\text{per}}={\sqrt {\frac {(1+e)\mu }{(1-e)a}}}\,}
4591:
3830:
uncertainty of 77.3 years (28,220 days) in the perihelion date.
3121:{\textstyle v_{\text{ap}}={\sqrt {\frac {(1-e)\mu }{(1+e)a}}}\,}
2643:
1702:
1598:
1564:
1554:
1521:
1077:
294:
46:
5073:
4938:(Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive).
4849:(Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive).
4130:
A Comprehensive
Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
1330:
has very rarely been used in the last 50 years for Saturn. The
5065:
list of Main-Belt
Asteroids (H<8) sorted by perihelion date
4074:
4007:
1980:
1837:
1825:
1453:
1148:
1105:
1096:
1061:); when discussing orbits around other stars the terms become
1041:
999:
987:
968:
278:
235:
55:
5042:
Dates and times of Earth's perihelion and aphelion, 2000–2025
1828:
with its nearest (perihelion) and farthest (aphelion) points
1431:
Host objects in the Solar System with named/nameable apsides
4510:
The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight
1423:, but typically, for other host systems the generic suffix,
1217:
1166:
4016:
4013:
3998:
3424:{\displaystyle a={\frac {r_{\text{per}}+r_{\text{ap}}}{2}}}
1941:
The perihelion (green) and aphelion (orange) points of the
1925:
The perihelion (green) and aphelion (orange) points of the
1223:
1220:
1202:
1172:
1169:
1050:
1047:
1008:
1005:
5058:
List of asteroids currently closer to the Sun than Mercury
1102:
27:
Either of two extreme points in a celestial object's orbit
4207:"Effects of massive black holes on dense stellar systems"
4041:
McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms,
1211:
1196:
1160:
1151:
1099:
1029:
990:
226:
217:
4176:
R. Dendy; D. Zeleznikar; M. Zemba (September 27, 2021).
3915:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
3364:
is the distance from the pericenter to the primary focus
3335:
is the distance from the apocenter to the primary focus
2913:
characterize the pericenter and apocenter of an orbit:
2030:
of the body, respectively, hence long bars denote high
810:. The name for each apsis is created from the prefixes
160:
3343:
3314:
3134:
3057:
3003:
2926:
1855:) of the actual minimum distance to the Sun using the
1287:, away from), affixed to the Greek word for the Sun, (
906:, the terms are commonly used to refer to the orbital
5874:
4019:
4004:
3665:
3617:
3459:
3382:
3267:
3248:{\displaystyle h={\sqrt {\left(1-e^{2}\right)\mu a}}}
3202:
1975:
of the orbits of various objects around a host body.
1906:
planets, being Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
1226:
1214:
1208:
1193:
1175:
1163:
1157:
1142:
1053:
1011:
981:
247:
238:
229:
223:
4451:
2021 Global Space Exploration Conference Proceedings
4010:
1859:. Precise predictions of perihelion passage require
1387:
in a story published in 1998, thus appearing before
1199:
1145:
1093:
1044:
1032:
1002:
984:
232:
220:
5746:
5658:
5602:
5538:
5491:
5431:
5422:
5318:
5228:
5117:
5108:
4001:
1395:(from Latin) in the scientific literature in 2002.
1205:
1154:
1090:
1038:
1035:
996:
993:
792:(yellow); both are in elliptic orbits around their
214:
86:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3671:
3648:
3570:
3423:
3356:
3327:
3294:
3247:
3168:
3120:
3037:
2989:
1963:: the planets, the known dwarf planets, including
1403:The suffixes shown below may be added to prefixes
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
3608:The geometric mean of the two limiting speeds is
1898:Earth-orbit is colored yellow and represents the
1802:"Perihelion" redirects here. For other uses, see
4998:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4702:"Earth at Perihelion and Aphelion: 2001 to 2100"
3295:{\displaystyle \varepsilon =-{\frac {\mu }{2a}}}
1909:The orbital nodes are the two end points of the
788:: The smaller, satellite body (blue) orbits the
4810:"101P/Chernykh – A (NK 1293) by Syuichi Nakano"
4562:"Variation in Times of Perihelion and Aphelion"
2546:from the Sun at their perihelion and aphelion.
2538:The following table shows the distances of the
1809:"Aphelion" redirects here. For other uses, see
1682:Other host objects with named/nameable apsides
4980:. Archived from the original on March 14, 2018
4402:Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
4098:
4096:
4094:
4092:
321:, of its orbit around the host Sun. The terms
313:. Earth's two apsides are the farthest point,
293:for the nearest point in the solar orbit. The
5085:
3855:Hyperbolic trajectory § Closest approach
2071:or 152,097,700 km (94,509,100 mi).
2049:. At perihelion, the Earth's center is about
1132:, the point of least distance are called the
1019:), and the point of greatest distance is the
756:
8:
5060:(These objects will be close to perihelion)
4936:"Horizons Batch for 4 Vesta on 2021-Dec-26"
4205:Frank, J.; Rees, M.J. (September 1, 1976).
2694:1,503,509,229 km (934,237,322 mi)
2691:1,349,823,615 km (838,741,509 mi)
1783:
836: 'near') for the closest point to the
5859:
5428:
5114:
5092:
5078:
5070:
4956:(Epoch 2021-Jul-01/Soln.date: 2021-Apr-13)
3722:
3598:of the two distances is the length of the
2548:
1890:The first image (below-left) features the
763:
749:
351:
254:) is the farthest or nearest point in the
4458:
4292:
4257:, by Geoffrey Landis, first published in
4230:
3664:
3634:
3618:
3616:
3551:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3511:
3498:
3486:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3409:
3396:
3389:
3381:
3348:
3342:
3319:
3313:
3277:
3266:
3226:
3209:
3201:
3139:
3133:
3117:
3071:
3062:
3056:
3008:
3002:
2986:
2940:
2931:
2925:
2776:446,428,973 km (277,398,103 mi)
2773:380,951,528 km (236,712,305 mi)
2673:816,001,807 km (507,040,016 mi)
2670:740,679,835 km (460,237,112 mi)
2652:249,232,432 km (154,865,853 mi)
2649:206,655,215 km (128,409,597 mi)
1298:Various related terms are used for other
146:Learn how and when to remove this message
5025:Photographic Size Comparison, perseus.gr
5019:Photographic Size Comparison, perseus.gr
4536:"Perihelion, Aphelion and the Solstices"
3956:"Earth-Moon Barycenter - SkyMarvels.com"
3822:when it had only 8 observations over an
2631:152,098,233 km (94,509,460 mi)
2628:147,098,291 km (91,402,640 mi)
2610:108,942,780 km (67,693,910 mi)
2607:107,476,170 km (66,782,600 mi)
2155:
1680:
1429:
277:Apsides pertaining to orbits around the
159:
5881:
4946:from the original on September 26, 2021
4890:from the original on September 13, 2021
4679:"Data.GISS: Earth's Orbital Parameters"
4598:from the original on September 29, 2015
4110:from the original on September 30, 2019
3881:
3745:
2589:69,817,445 km (43,382,549 mi)
2586:46,001,009 km (28,583,702 mi)
2560:
2557:
2551:
1915:
825: 'away from') for the farthest or
654:
569:
373:
359:
329:apply in the same way to the orbits of
297:'s two apsides are the farthest point,
5738:Transposition, docking, and extraction
4991:
4857:from the original on February 12, 2023
1871:The two images below show the orbits,
1326:is occasionally used for Jupiter, but
4916:from the original on January 31, 2018
4568:from the original on January 11, 2018
4485:from the original on December 8, 2015
4428:from the original on December 9, 2019
4377:from the original on October 24, 2018
4347:from the original on November 8, 2018
4060:dictionaries give both pronunciations
3978:
3976:
1080:, the point of least distance is the
971:, the point of least distance is the
875:are independent of the smaller mass.
7:
4835:JPL SBDB: 101P/Chernykh (Epoch 2012)
4816:from the original on October 3, 2020
4542:from the original on January 3, 2018
4516:from the original on August 23, 2019
2997:, at minimum (pericenter) distance,
2158:
2018:Distances of selected bodies of the
84:adding citations to reliable sources
4867:(JPL#K242/3 Soln.date: 2022-Oct-24)
4186:from the original on March 29, 2022
4157:from the original on March 19, 2010
3128:, at maximum (apocenter) distance,
2888:14,594,512,904 km (9.068609883
784:The two-body system of interacting
202:
4790:from the original on July 17, 2020
4764:from the original on July 16, 2020
4758:"JPL SBDB: Hale-Bopp (Epoch 1996)"
4712:from the original on July 13, 2021
4624:from the original on July 17, 2015
4436:– via ui.adsabs.harvard.edu.
3193:Specific relative angular momentum
3038:{\textstyle r_{\text{per}}=(1-e)a}
2881:5,765,732,799 km (3.582660263
2859:7,894,762,625 km (4.905578065
2852:5,671,928,586 km (3.524373028
2830:7,706,399,149 km (4.788534427
2823:5,157,623,774 km (3.204798834
2801:7,376,124,302 km (4.583311152
2794:4,436,756,954 km (2.756872958
2748:4,537,039,826 km (2.819185846
2741:4,459,753,056 km (2.771162073
2719:3,006,318,143 km (1.868039489
2712:2,734,998,229 km (1.699449110
2149:. (This is closely related to the
2106:are easier to heat than the seas.
25:
5798:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
4732:"NASA planetary comparison chart"
4659:from the original on July 6, 2020
4367:"Dawn Journal: 11 Years in Space"
3182:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
3169:{\textstyle r_{\text{ap}}=(1+e)a}
1113:), and of greatest distance, the
535:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
5932:
5920:
5908:
5896:
5884:
5858:
5793:Interplanetary Transport Network
5673:Collision avoidance (spacecraft)
3994:
3440:standard gravitational parameter
2090:, which result instead from the
1934:
1918:
1189:
1183:) and the greatest distance the
1138:
1086:
1025:
977:
365:
309:, of its orbit around the host
210:
60:
5758:Astronomical coordinate systems
5512:Longitude of the ascending node
5053:United States Naval Observatory
4263:, January 1998, republished at
4132:, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1965. (
2558:Distance from Sun at perihelion
1867:Inner planets and outer planets
1072:When discussing a satellite of
878:When used as a suffix—that is,
270:is the line connecting the two
71:needs additional citations for
5831:Retrograde and prograde motion
4966:JPL SBDB: 4 Vesta (Epoch 2021)
3918:(5th ed.). HarperCollins.
3702:that does not account for the
3184:(based on the conservation of
3160:
3148:
3107:
3095:
3087:
3075:
3029:
3017:
2976:
2964:
2956:
2944:
2098:in one hemisphere while it is
1:
4910:"JPL SBDB: Eris (Epoch 2021)"
2561:Distance from Sun at aphelion
2041:Earth perihelion and aphelion
852:. For the Sun, the suffix is
806:There are two apsides in any
5778:Equatorial coordinate system
4653:University of Southern Maine
4620:. Space Weather. July 2008.
4341:"MAVEN » Science Orbit"
3840:Distance of closest approach
3698:chosen using an unperturbed
1357:. More recently, during the
1349:were used when referring to
844:, so the apsides' names are
168:(2 and 3) with respect to a
4053:September 21, 2019, at the
3865:Perifocal coordinate system
3735:time of perihelion passage
3357:{\textstyle r_{\text{per}}}
1820:Diagram of a body's direct
1804:Perihelion (disambiguation)
689:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
5971:
5530:Longitude of the periapsis
4253:February 25, 2019, at the
4147:"Apollo 15 Mission Report"
3988:December 22, 2015, at the
3692:time of perihelion passage
3328:{\textstyle r_{\text{ap}}}
3180:While, in accordance with
2123:longitude of the periapsis
1900:orbital plane of reference
1808:
1801:
1322:respectively. The suffix
658:Engineering and efficiency
477:Bi-elliptic transfer orbit
187:
44:
29:
5854:
5841:Specific angular momentum
5047:October 13, 2007, at the
5034:October 13, 2007, at the
4475:"the definition of apsis"
3895:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2762:
2575:
2164:
2161:
1811:Aphelion (disambiguation)
317:, and the nearest point,
303:, and the nearest point,
4260:Asimov's Science Fiction
4104:"Basics of Space Flight"
3929:Joe Rao (July 6, 2023).
2182:
2179:
2172:
2169:
967:For a body orbiting the
684:Propellant mass fraction
583:Gravitational influences
45:Not to be confused with
36:Perigee (disambiguation)
5836:Specific orbital energy
4232:10.1093/mnras/176.3.633
4082:Encyclopædia Britannica
3808:Trans-Neptunian objects
3746:Date of perihelion (tp)
3258:Specific orbital energy
2127:longitude of perihelion
1798:Perihelion and aphelion
869:Newton's laws of motion
555:Specific orbital energy
32:Apogee (disambiguation)
5248:Geostationary transfer
4978:"JPL SBDB: 2015 TH367"
4047:, Townsend Young 1859
4032:July 29, 2017, at the
3673:
3650:
3572:
3425:
3358:
3329:
3296:
3249:
3170:
3122:
3039:
2991:
2151:precession of the axes
1877:Earth's ecliptic plane
1829:
1784:
1125:), "land" or "earth").
932:
803:
472:Hohmann transfer orbit
173:
170:primary, or host, body
5821:Orbital state vectors
5763:Characteristic energy
5733:Trans-lunar injection
5521:Argument of periapsis
5198:Prograde / Retrograde
5159:Hyperbolic trajectory
5023:Aphelion – Perihelion
4784:"JPL SBDB: Hale-Bopp"
3784:Numerical integration
3674:
3651:
3573:
3426:
3359:
3330:
3297:
3250:
3171:
3123:
3040:
2992:
2905:Mathematical formulae
2135:plane of the ecliptic
1885:Earth's orbital plane
1861:numerical integration
1819:
1419:studies commonly use
916:
794:common center of mass
783:
668:Preflight engineering
400:Argument of periapsis
287:for the farthest and
201: 'arch, vault';
163:
40:Apse (disambiguation)
5668:Bi-elliptic transfer
5188:Parabolic trajectory
4422:10.1029/2008JA013830
3663:
3615:
3457:
3380:
3341:
3312:
3265:
3200:
3132:
3055:
3001:
2924:
2119:First Point of Aries
2092:tilt of Earth's axis
2032:orbital eccentricity
1973:the lines of apsides
1857:full dynamical model
886:point, or 2) at the
724:Propulsive maneuvers
80:improve this article
5708:Low-energy transfer
4689:on October 2, 2015.
4643:Rockport, Steve C.
4618:"Earth at Aphelion"
4538:. timeanddate.com.
4414:2009JGRA..114.3215C
4311:10.1038/nature01121
4303:2002Natur.419..694S
4223:1976MNRAS.176..633F
3850:Flyby (spaceflight)
3736:
3712:Short-period comets
3694:are defined at the
2076:Milankovitch cycles
1945:of the Solar System
1929:of the Solar System
1845:osculating elements
1683:
1432:
1427:, is used instead.
1399:Terminology summary
856:, so the names are
776:General description
701:Efficiency measures
604:Sphere of influence
573:Celestial mechanics
355:Part of a series on
5703:Inclination change
5351:Distant retrograde
4683:data.giss.nasa.gov
3960:www.skymarvels.com
3723:
3683:Time of perihelion
3669:
3646:
3568:
3421:
3354:
3325:
3292:
3245:
3166:
3118:
3035:
2987:
2147:apsidal precession
2057:astronomical units
1830:
1681:
1430:
1385:Geoffrey A. Landis
933:
873:orbital parameters
804:
520:Dynamical friction
174:
38:, and
5872:
5871:
5846:Two-line elements
5654:
5653:
5576:Eccentric anomaly
5418:
5417:
5285:Orbit of the Moon
5144:Highly elliptical
4738:on August 4, 2016
4371:www.planetary.org
4287:(6908): 694–696.
4217:(6908): 633–646.
4057:, page 26.) Many
3845:Eccentric anomaly
3781:
3780:
3700:two-body solution
3672:{\displaystyle a}
3644:
3643:
3629:
3566:
3557:
3554:
3544:
3518:
3514:
3501:
3489:
3476:
3419:
3412:
3399:
3351:
3322:
3290:
3243:
3142:
3115:
3114:
3065:
3011:
2984:
2983:
2934:
2902:
2901:
2531:
2530:
2047:December solstice
1795:
1794:
1679:
1678:
1351:orbiting the Moon
1300:celestial objects
896:orbital mechanics
773:
772:
623:Lagrangian points
560:Vis-viva equation
530:Kepler's equation
377:Orbital mechanics
156:
155:
148:
130:
16:(Redirected from
5962:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5901:
5900:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5880:
5862:
5861:
5803:Lagrangian point
5698:Hohmann transfer
5643:
5629:
5620:
5611:
5591:
5582:
5573:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5547:
5527:
5518:
5509:
5500:
5480:
5476:
5467:
5458:
5449:
5429:
5398:Heliosynchronous
5347:Lagrange points
5300:Transatmospheric
5115:
5094:
5087:
5080:
5071:
5017:Apogee – Perigee
5004:
5003:
4997:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4974:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4843:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4734:. Archived from
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4685:. Archived from
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4504:Darling, David.
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4446:Example of use:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4296:
4294:astro-ph/0210426
4275:
4269:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4143:
4137:
4134:Archived version
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4100:
4087:
4086:
4078:
4067:
4061:
4036:is also common (
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3886:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3777:2024-Apr-23.069
3767:2024-Apr-21.139
3757:2024-Apr-19.892
3737:
3688:Orbital elements
3678:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3619:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3467:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3390:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3278:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3210:
3186:angular momentum
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3093:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3013:
3012:
3009:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2962:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2862:
2855:
2849:
2833:
2826:
2820:
2804:
2797:
2791:
2770:
2751:
2744:
2738:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2688:
2667:
2646:
2625:
2604:
2583:
2549:
2156:
2070:
2068:
2055:
2054:
1957:celestial bodies
1951:Lines of apsides
1938:
1922:
1787:
1684:
1670:
1666:
1649:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1595:
1578:
1561:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1511:
1494:
1477:
1460:
1433:
1369:have been used.
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1076:, including the
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
921:orbital elements
765:
758:
751:
730:Orbital maneuver
679:Payload fraction
659:
640:Lissajous orbits
574:
545:Orbital velocity
492:Hyperbolic orbit
388:Orbital elements
378:
369:
352:
250:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
204:
198:
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151:
144:
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131:
129:
88:
64:
56:
21:
5970:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5933:
5931:
5921:
5919:
5909:
5907:
5895:
5885:
5883:
5875:
5873:
5868:
5850:
5768:Escape velocity
5749:
5742:
5723:Rocket equation
5650:
5642:
5636:
5627:
5618:
5609:
5598:
5589:
5580:
5571:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5545:
5534:
5525:
5516:
5507:
5498:
5487:
5478:
5474:
5470:Semi-minor axis
5465:
5461:Semi-major axis
5456:
5447:
5441:
5414:
5336:Areosynchronous
5320:
5314:
5295:Sun-synchronous
5280:Near-equatorial
5224:
5104:
5098:
5049:Wayback Machine
5038:, usno.navy.mil
5036:Wayback Machine
5013:
5008:
5007:
4990:
4983:
4981:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4964:
4960:
4949:
4947:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4919:
4917:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4893:
4891:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4860:
4858:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4833:
4829:
4819:
4817:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4793:
4791:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4767:
4765:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4741:
4739:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4715:
4713:
4700:Espenak, Fred.
4699:
4698:
4694:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4660:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4627:
4625:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4599:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4571:
4569:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4545:
4543:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4519:
4517:
4506:"line of nodes"
4503:
4502:
4498:
4488:
4486:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4431:
4429:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4378:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4350:
4348:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4255:Wayback Machine
4244:
4240:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4189:
4187:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4158:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4128:Klein, Ernest,
4127:
4123:
4113:
4111:
4102:
4101:
4090:
4076:"Perigee"
4069:
4068:
4064:
4055:Wayback Machine
4034:Wayback Machine
3997:
3993:
3990:Wayback Machine
3981:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3937:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3836:
3824:observation arc
3816:
3815:
3812:
3805:
3733:12P/Pons–Brooks
3708:Comet Hale–Bopp
3685:
3661:
3660:
3613:
3612:
3600:semi-minor axis
3588:arithmetic mean
3547:
3537:
3534:
3507:
3494:
3493:
3482:
3469:
3468:
3455:
3454:
3405:
3392:
3391:
3378:
3377:
3372:semi-major axis
3344:
3339:
3338:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3282:
3263:
3262:
3222:
3215:
3211:
3198:
3197:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3094:
3074:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:Minimum speed,
3004:
2999:
2998:
2963:
2943:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2920:Maximum speed,
2907:
2889:
2882:
2874:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2831:
2824:
2816:
2802:
2795:
2787:
2766:
2749:
2742:
2734:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2684:
2663:
2642:
2621:
2600:
2579:
2571:difference (%)
2570:
2536:
2066:
2064:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2015:
2013:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1930:
1923:
1911:"line of nodes"
1869:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1781:
1772:
1764:
1762:
1748:
1746:
1696:
1688:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1647:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1601:
1593:
1576:
1559:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1509:
1492:
1475:
1458:
1447:
1438:
1401:
1359:Artemis program
1320:Galactic Center
1302:. The suffixes
1269:Johannes Kepler
1267:were coined by
1257:
1192:
1188:
1141:
1137:
1128:For objects in
1089:
1085:
1028:
1024:
980:
976:
938:
801:
786:elliptic orbits
778:
769:
740:
739:
735:Orbit insertion
725:
717:
716:
702:
694:
693:
669:
661:
657:
650:
649:
645:Lyapunov orbits
636:
635:
619:
609:
608:
584:
576:
572:
565:
564:
550:Surface gravity
525:Escape velocity
515:
507:
506:
487:Parabolic orbit
483:
482:
449:
447:
444:two-body orbits
435:
434:
425:Semi-major axis
390:
380:
376:
268:line of apsides
248:
213:
209:
152:
141:
135:
132:
89:
87:
77:
65:
54:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5968:
5966:
5958:
5957:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5929:
5917:
5905:
5893:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5866:
5864:List of orbits
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5816:Orbit equation
5813:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5754:
5752:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5688:Gravity assist
5685:
5683:Delta-v budget
5680:
5675:
5670:
5664:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5640:
5634:
5625:
5616:
5614:Orbital period
5606:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5594:True longitude
5587:
5585:Mean longitude
5578:
5569:
5552:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5523:
5514:
5505:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5472:
5463:
5454:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5341:Areostationary
5338:
5333:
5324:
5322:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5310:Very low Earth
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5238:Geosynchronous
5234:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5220:Transfer orbit
5217:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5178:Lagrange point
5175:
5170:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5112:
5106:
5105:
5100:Gravitational
5099:
5097:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5061:
5055:
5039:
5026:
5020:
5012:
5011:External links
5009:
5006:
5005:
4969:
4958:
4927:
4901:
4869:
4838:
4827:
4801:
4775:
4749:
4723:
4692:
4670:
4635:
4609:
4579:
4553:
4527:
4496:
4479:Dictionary.com
4466:
4439:
4408:(A3): A03215.
4388:
4358:
4332:
4270:
4238:
4197:
4168:
4138:
4121:
4088:
4073:, ed. (1911).
4071:Chisholm, Hugh
4062:
3972:
3947:
3921:
3901:
3898:(Online). n.d.
3880:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3835:
3832:
3804:
3801:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3704:n-body problem
3684:
3681:
3668:
3657:
3656:
3642:
3639:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3596:geometric mean
3581:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3564:
3561:
3550:
3540:
3533:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3510:
3506:
3497:
3485:
3481:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3442:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3418:
3408:
3404:
3395:
3388:
3385:
3365:
3347:
3336:
3318:
3303:
3302:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3195:
3178:
3177:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3138:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3070:
3061:
3049:
3046:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3007:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2939:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2564:difference (%)
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2137:. The Earth's
2042:
2039:
2016:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1969:Halley's Comet
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1868:
1865:
1853:two-body model
1847:at a specific
1799:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1537:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1400:
1397:
1339:Apollo program
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1126:
1070:
965:
937:
934:
808:elliptic orbit
777:
774:
771:
770:
768:
767:
760:
753:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
732:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
709:
707:Gravity assist
703:
700:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
686:
681:
676:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
642:
634:
633:
625:
621:
620:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
540:Orbital period
537:
532:
527:
522:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
505:
504:
502:Decaying orbit
499:
494:
489:
481:
480:
474:
467:
465:Transfer orbit
463:
462:
461:
459:Elliptic orbit
456:
454:Circular orbit
450:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
391:
386:
385:
382:
381:
374:
371:
370:
362:
361:
357:
356:
333:and the other
272:extreme values
260:planetary body
166:planetary body
154:
153:
68:
66:
59:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5967:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5940:
5930:
5928:
5918:
5916:
5906:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5892:
5882:
5878:
5865:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5811:-body problem
5810:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5745:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5713:Oberth effect
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5647:
5639:
5635:
5633:
5632:Orbital speed
5626:
5624:
5617:
5615:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5588:
5586:
5579:
5577:
5570:
5568:
5553:
5551:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5524:
5522:
5515:
5513:
5506:
5504:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5473:
5471:
5464:
5462:
5455:
5453:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5386:Earth's orbit
5384:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5243:Geostationary
5241:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5095:
5090:
5088:
5083:
5081:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5001:
4995:
4984:September 23,
4979:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4962:
4959:
4950:September 26,
4945:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4928:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4894:September 13,
4889:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4870:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4831:
4828:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4636:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4602:September 19,
4597:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4580:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4497:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4461:
4456:
4452:
4443:
4440:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4389:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4266:Infinity Plus
4262:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4201:
4198:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4172:
4169:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4024:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3875:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3809:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3785:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3731:solution for
3730:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3716:101P/Chernykh
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3680:
3666:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3562:
3559:
3548:
3538:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3508:
3504:
3495:
3483:
3479:
3470:
3463:
3460:
3453:
3452:
3451:, defined as
3450:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3416:
3406:
3402:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3345:
3337:
3316:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3145:
3136:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3047:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3014:
3005:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2763:Dwarf planet
2761:
2757:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2544:dwarf planets
2541:
2534:Other planets
2533:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2168:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2111:orbital speed
2107:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2062:
2061:June solstice
2058:
2048:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1943:outer planets
1937:
1932:
1928:
1927:inner planets
1921:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:orbital nodes
1866:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1672:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:, near) and
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1242:, as well as
1241:
1237:
1234:). The terms
1231:
1186:
1180:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1119:Ancient Greek
1116:
1110:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1022:
1016:
974:
970:
966:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:
941:
935:
930:
926:
922:
919:
915:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
867:According to
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
817:
813:
809:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
775:
766:
761:
759:
754:
752:
747:
746:
744:
743:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
721:
720:
713:
712:Oberth effect
710:
708:
705:
704:
698:
697:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
665:
664:
660:
653:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
631:
627:
626:
624:
618:
617:N-body orbits
613:
612:
605:
602:
600:
599:Perturbations
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
580:
579:
575:
568:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
511:
510:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
478:
475:
473:
469:
468:
466:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
445:
439:
438:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
420:Orbital nodes
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
389:
384:
383:
379:
372:
368:
364:
363:
360:Astrodynamics
358:
354:
353:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:
302:
301:
296:
292:
291:
286:
285:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:
243:
208:
200:
197:
190:
186:
183:
182:Ancient Greek
179:
171:
167:
162:
158:
150:
147:
139:
136:December 2020
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97: –
96:
92:
91:Find sources:
85:
81:
75:
74:
69:This article
67:
63:
58:
57:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5939:Solar System
5826:Perturbation
5808:
5783:Ground track
5693:Gravity turn
5644:
5637:
5630:
5621:
5612:
5592:
5583:
5574:
5567:True anomaly
5565:
5550:Mean anomaly
5548:
5528:
5519:
5510:
5501:
5482:
5481:
5468:
5459:
5452:Eccentricity
5450:
5408:Lunar cycler
5381:Heliocentric
5321:other points
5270:Medium Earth
5168:Non-inclined
4982:. Retrieved
4972:
4961:
4948:. Retrieved
4940:JPL Horizons
4930:
4918:. Retrieved
4904:
4892:. Retrieved
4883:JPL Horizons
4881:
4872:
4861:February 11,
4859:. Retrieved
4851:JPL Horizons
4841:
4830:
4818:. Retrieved
4804:
4792:. Retrieved
4778:
4766:. Retrieved
4752:
4740:. Retrieved
4736:the original
4726:
4714:. Retrieved
4705:
4695:
4687:the original
4682:
4673:
4661:. Retrieved
4648:
4638:
4626:. Retrieved
4612:
4600:. Retrieved
4582:
4570:. Retrieved
4556:
4544:. Retrieved
4530:
4518:. Retrieved
4509:
4499:
4489:November 28,
4487:. Retrieved
4478:
4469:
4450:
4442:
4430:. Retrieved
4405:
4401:
4391:
4379:. Retrieved
4370:
4361:
4349:. Retrieved
4335:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4264:
4258:
4246:
4241:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4188:. Retrieved
4178:
4171:
4159:. Retrieved
4150:
4141:
4129:
4124:
4112:. Retrieved
4080:
4065:
4044:
4040:
4037:
3963:. Retrieved
3959:
3950:
3938:. Retrieved
3934:
3924:
3913:
3904:
3893:
3884:
3870:True anomaly
3860:Mean anomaly
3806:
3795:
3788:dwarf planet
3782:
3727:solution vs
3720:
3691:
3690:such as the
3686:
3658:
3607:
3602:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3449:eccentricity
3444:
3435:
3367:
3304:
3179:
2908:
2552:Type of body
2537:
2143:
2139:eccentricity
2131:
2126:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2085:
2073:
2044:
2020:Solar System
2017:
1972:
1961:Solar System
1954:
1908:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1870:
1842:
1831:
1789:
1778:
1769:
1732:
1726:-galacticon
1714:
1697:of the name
1689:host object
1687:Astronomical
1448:of the name
1437:Astronomical
1424:
1420:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1392:
1389:perinigricon
1388:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1361:, the terms
1346:
1343:pericynthion
1342:
1341:, the terms
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1184:
1134:pericynthion
1133:
1122:
1114:
1081:
1066:
1062:
1020:
972:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
939:
928:
924:
893:
887:
883:
879:
877:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
838:primary body
833:
830:
826:
822:
819:
815:
811:
805:
790:primary body
497:Radial orbit
448:eccentricity
430:True anomaly
415:Mean anomaly
405:Eccentricity
394:
347:Solar System
326:
322:
318:
314:
305:
304:
299:
298:
289:
288:
283:
282:
276:
267:
264:primary body
206:
195:
192:
185:
177:
175:
157:
142:
133:
123:
116:
109:
102:
90:
78:Please help
73:verification
70:
18:Perinigricon
5927:Outer space
5915:Spaceflight
5788:Hill sphere
5623:Mean motion
5503:Inclination
5492:Orientation
5393:Mars cycler
5331:Areocentric
5203:Synchronous
4706:astropixels
4649:Planetarium
4572:January 10,
4546:January 10,
4432:December 9,
4381:October 24,
4351:November 7,
4247:Perimelasma
4161:October 16,
2892:10 mi)
2885:10 mi)
2863:10 mi)
2856:10 mi)
2834:10 mi)
2827:10 mi)
2805:10 mi)
2798:10 mi)
2752:10 mi)
2745:10 mi)
2723:10 mi)
2716:10 mi)
2162:Perihelion
1879:, which is
1836:around the
1824:around the
1768:Gr: melos;
1439:host object
1393:aponigricon
1377:perimelasma
1347:apocynthion
1337:During the
1316:-galacticon
1185:apocynthion
1130:lunar orbit
936:Terminology
800:), (red +).
630:Halo orbits
594:Hill sphere
410:Inclination
5728:Rendezvous
5424:Parameters
5260:High Earth
5230:Geocentric
5183:Osculating
5140:Elliptical
4920:January 5,
4460:2106.09409
3876:References
3803:Short arcs
2917:Pericenter
2568:insolation
2518:January 2
2501:January 5
2484:January 3
2467:January 3
2450:January 4
2433:January 3
2416:January 4
2399:January 4
2382:January 2
2080:barycenter
2024:perihelion
1843:Comparing
1765:-nigricon
1757:Black hole
1741:Barycenter
1731:galaxias;
1711:Lat: astra
1669:-poseidion
1665:-poseideum
1623:-saturnium
1381:apomelasma
1375:The terms
1328:-saturnium
1261:perihelion
1259:The words
1244:periselene
1063:periastron
973:perihelion
946:pericenter
904:spacecraft
900:barycenter
862:perihelion
829:(from
823:, (ap(o)-)
818:(from
798:barycenter
674:Mass ratio
589:Barycenter
341:, and the
327:perihelion
319:perihelion
290:perihelion
262:about its
180:(from
106:newspapers
5891:Astronomy
5773:Ephemeris
5750:mechanics
5660:Maneuvers
5603:Variation
5366:Libration
5361:Lissajous
5265:Low Earth
5255:Graveyard
5154:Horseshoe
5063:JPL SBDB
5051:from the
4742:August 4,
3965:April 23,
3940:April 22,
3935:Space.com
3638:μ
3627:ε
3621:−
3527:−
3480:−
3280:μ
3275:−
3269:ε
3238:μ
3220:−
3091:μ
3082:−
3048:Apocenter
3024:−
2971:−
2960:μ
2365:January 5
2348:January 3
2331:January 3
2314:January 4
2297:January 2
2280:January 4
2263:January 4
2246:January 2
2229:January 5
2212:January 3
2195:January 3
2165:Aphelion
1896:reference
1531:-cynthion
1498:Cytherean
1417:Exoplanet
1413:(primary)
1255:Etymology
1248:aposelene
954:periapsis
950:apocenter
918:Keplerian
884:periapsis
514:Equations
442:Types of
343:asteroids
251:-sih-deez
5949:Category
5539:Position
5164:Inclined
5135:Circular
5045:Archived
5032:Archived
4994:cite web
4944:Archived
4914:Archived
4888:Archived
4855:Archived
4820:July 17,
4814:Archived
4794:July 16,
4788:Archived
4768:July 16,
4762:Archived
4716:June 24,
4710:Archived
4657:Archived
4622:Archived
4596:Archived
4566:Archived
4540:Archived
4514:Archived
4483:Archived
4426:Archived
4375:Archived
4345:Archived
4319:12384690
4251:Archived
4190:July 18,
4184:Archived
4155:Archived
4151:Glossary
4108:Archived
4106:. NASA.
4051:Archived
4030:Archived
3986:Archived
3834:See also
3725:Two body
2911:formulae
2847:Makemake
2069: AU
2028:aphelion
1881:coplanar
1763:-bothron
1761:-melasma
1707:-astron
1674:Poseidon
1648:-uranion
1577:-demeter
1476:-hermion
1363:perilune
1283:(Greek:
1275:(Greek:
1265:aphelion
1236:perilune
1067:apastron
1021:aphelion
958:apoapsis
923:: point
908:altitude
888:apoapsis
858:aphelion
323:aphelion
315:aphelion
284:aphelion
5877:Portals
5748:Orbital
5718:Phasing
5678:Delta-v
5483:Apsides
5477:,
5275:Molniya
5193:Parking
5130:Capture
5118:General
4663:July 4,
4628:July 7,
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