Pre-Columbian Ecuador - Knowledge (XXG)

4315: 1320: 1207: 1077:

are as heavy as a pound and a quarter) no doubt might be used effectively; but the smaller ones, weighing only a few ounces, would not be very formidable; and taking them as a whole they are less adapted either for offensive or defensive purposes than most of the other stone implements. To this may be added that many are uninjured, and do not seem to have been put to any use whatever. Francisco Campaña (a half-Indian who joined the latter part of Whymper's journey) had assisted in the examination of graves in Peru, and said these stars in stone were found there placed upon the breasts of corpses; and it seems likely that they were to the Children of the Sun symbols of the luminary that they worshipped.

1041:. The majority have six rays (and none have more), proceeding symmetrically from the center, and the whole are fashioned alike upon each side. A certain number have only five rays, and occasional examples are irregular in shape. All are pierced by a hole, which has been drilled from the two sides, and the size of this varies considerably. In dimensions they range from three to five inches in diameter and from three-quarters of an inch to two inches in thickness. Their weight is from five to twenty ounces. The larger part are made from basaltic rock and gabbro. Objects of this class were also cast in metal but these are now rarely found in Ecuador. 510: 1305: 1243: 1279: 1112:

type P-T was the most numerous. The greater part have holes drilled from each side (with the holes having less in diameter in the middle than on their surfaces), though in some the aperture is as broad internally as externally. The positions of the holes vary, some being central, although most of them are nearest to the top. The lower edge is always the sharpest; and, while many would not have cut butter, there are a few sharp enough to cut wood. Their weight ranges from 3¼ to 29 ounces, and like the stars in stone they have been fashioned from a diversity of rocks.

1293: 2422: 1195: 1178:

Building: And for making their Hatchets and Pick-axes, and some few Rakes, they made use of the Silversmiths, for as yet they had not attained to the Art of Working in Iron. Nor did they know how to make Nails, or use them, but tied all their timber with Cords of Hemp. Nor were their Hewers of Stone more artificial, for in cutting and shaping their Stones, they had no other Tool, than one made with some sharp Flints and Pebbles, with which they rather wore out the Stone by continual rubbing, than cutting."

1108:

or cutting edges, are sharp. The examples in the next series (K-O) bear some resemblance to a bill-hook; the top edges are flat; and they are all pierced with holes drilled from the two sides. The specimens in the next row have similar holes—otherwise they approximate to the chisel type; while the type represented in the bottom series U-Y differs from all the others in having projecting shoulders, and (occasionally) in having a groove along the length of the top edge, apparently to facilitate handling.

983:, and in Cusco according to the most reliable chronicles, was the favorite son of Huayna Capac and was very popular among the Inca armies stationed in the north. The brothers battled for six years, killing many men and weakening the empire. Finally in 1532 near Chimborazo, Atahualpa, with the aid of two of his father's generals, defeated his brother. Huáscar was captured and put in prison. Atahualpa became emperor of a severely weakened empire only to face the Spanish conquistadors' arrival in 1532. 732: 1219: 756: 1116: 1097: 901:, where Huascar's northbound troops were met and defeated by Atahualpa's southbound troops. Atahualpa's final victory over Huascar in the days just before the Spanish conquerors arrived resulted in large part from the loyalty of two of Huayna Capac's best generals, who were based in Quito along with Atahualpa. The victory remains a source of national pride to Ecuadorians as a rare case when "Ecuador" forcefully bettered a "neighboring country". 1145:

represented the yellow maize, some the white ... The most surprising circumstance of the whole is, the manner of their working, which, when we consider their want of instruments and the wretched form of those they had, appears an inexplicable mystery: for either they worked with copper tools, a metal little able to resist the hardness of stones, or, to give the nice polish conspicuous on their works, other stones must have been used as tools."

1231: 66: 1267: 1255: 33: 1022: 414:), remain unknown to archaeologists, a fact that adds credence to the possibility of early human habitation. Scholars have studied the Amazon region recently but the forest is so remote and dense that it takes years for research teams to survey even a small area. Their belief that the river basin had complex cultures is confirmed by the recent discovery of the Mayo-Chinchipe Cultural Complex in the 300: 867:(modern-day Peru) was limited to about a half century, or less in some parts of Ecuador. During that period, some aspects of life remained unchanged. Traditional religious beliefs, for example, persisted throughout the period of Inca rule. In other areas, however, such as agriculture, land tenure, and social organization, Inca rule had a profound effect despite its relatively short duration. 1173:"knew not the invention of putting a handle of Wood to their Hammers, but worked with certain Instruments they had made of Copper, mixed with a sort of fine Brass. Neither did they know how to make Files or Graving-tools, or Bellows for Melting down Metals ... But above all, their Carpenters seemed to be worst provided with Tools; for though ours use many Instruments made of Iron, those of 629: 910: 526:. Evidence from the archeological site El Inca date the culture to 9000–8000 BCE. Several sites were excavated around 1961. It is estimated this area is one of the most important in South America and existed along an ancient trade route. The tools used by these early nomadic hunters have provided relationships to the 485:

on the coast of Ecuador between 9000 and 6000 BC. The skeletal remains and other finds show evidence the culture once flourished in the area. Scientists have classified three phases of cultural development. The earliest people were hunter-gatherers and fishermen. At approximately 6000 BC, the culture

421:

The present Republic of Ecuador is at the heart of the region where a variety of civilizations developed for millennia. During the pre-Inca period people lived in clans, which formed great tribes, and some allied with each other to form powerful confederations, as the Confederation of Quito. But none

963:

Huayna Capac grew up in Ecuador and loved the land, in contrast preference to his native Cuzco. He named Quito the second Inca capital and a road was built to connect the two capitals. Cities and temples were built throughout the country. He married a Quitu princess and remained in the country until

788:

to Cerro de Hojas in the south. They were excellent weavers, produced textiles, articles of gold, silver spondylus shells and mother of pearls. The manteños mastered the seas and forged extensive trade routes as far as present-day Chile to the south and western Mexico to the north. The center of the

636:

Succeeding the Valdivia, the Machalilla Culture was a farming culture that throve along the coast of Ecuador between the 2nd and 1st millennia BCE. Its ceramics are easily differentiated from the Valdivia as they were painted black or white with red stripes, and figurines were rare and crudely made.

1132:

to be a "hollowing-hammer for metal" by making a handle with a pliable wood rod. It is possible those marked A, B, and C were used for the same purpose. The objects D, F, G, and H are more puzzling. The two latter somewhat resemble the two others represented here, but differ from them in not having

1111:

All these five types were found in numbers, in many localities, and have evidently been among the most common and generally used implements during the Equatorial Stone Age. In minor respects they exhibit considerable variety, and there are large differences in their size, thickness, and weight. The

1107:

Five types are shown in the illustration with a white background. In the top row, series A-E, the whole of the edges are rounded, except the bottom ones. In the next line (F-J) all are of a chisel type. The tops and sides of these are sometimes flat or angular, and sometimes rounded; and the lower,

1076:

Though all these writers appear to regard these objects as a kind of battle-axe (and are probably correct so far as those having a ray prolonged into a hatchet are concerned), there are several considerations that suggest these objects were habitually used as weapons. The larger of the stars (which

1177:

had no other than a Hatchet, and a Pick-axe made of Copper; they neither had Saw, nor Augre, nor Planer, nor any other Tool for the Carpenter's work, so that they could not make Arches or Portals for doors; onely they hewed and cut their Timber, and whitened it, and then it was prepared for their

700:

developed in the coastal region of Southern Colombia and Northern Ecuador between 600 BCE and CE 200. Numerous archaeological sites have been discovered that show the highly artistic nature of this culture. Artifacts are characterized by gold jewelry, beautiful anthropomorphic masks and figurines

783:

were the last of the pre-Columbian cultures in the coastal region and flourished between 600 and 1534. They were the first to witness the arrival of Spanish ships sailing in the surrounding Pacific Ocean. According to archaeological evidence and Spanish chronicles, the civilization extended from

1123:

A large number of implements in stone were obtained, from which selections are given in the illustration with a black background. Those marked E, J, K, L, N-T are unique, and the other forms are more or less rare. The central one, marked M, was the only object for which Ecuadorian natives could

657:

The period of Regional Development is when regional differences developed in the territorial or political and social organization of the peoples. Among the main towns of this period were the cultures: Jambelí, Guangala, Bahía, Tejar-Daule, La Tolita, Jama Coaque in the coast of Ecuador, in the

605:

is the first culture where significant remains have been discovered. Their civilization dates back as early as 3500 BC. Living in the area near The Valdivias were the first Americans to use pottery. They created bowls, jars and female statues out of clay, both for everyday life and for use in

1144:

was made of it; the Indian artists therefore used to shew their skill in making ears of it in a kind of very hard stone; and so perfect was the resemblance that they could hardly be distinguished by the eye from nature; especially as the colour was imitated to the greatest perfection; some

1332: 1182:

From this passage it appears that at the time of the Pizarros the Indians used tools of metal for most purposes. The concluding sentence evidently refers solely to fashioning stones for building. Older writers in general do not indicate that they had a cognizance of a Stone Age.

1133:

the circular cavities in the sides. The objects of this type are highly wrought, and fashioned out of hard stone. It seems not unlikely that they were used for sharpening tools, and that the examples G, H are unused specimens. They have also been found by M. Wiener in Peru.

670:(300 BC– AD 500), La Chimba is the site of the earliest ceramic northern Andes, north of Quito, and is representative of the Formative Period in its final stage. Its inhabitants contacted several villages on the coast and the mountains, keeping close proximity to the 1206: 606:

religious ceremonies. They navigated the seas on rafts with sails and established a trade network with tribes in the Andes and the Amazon. Valdivia art and artifacts have been found throughout the country. An extensive collection is on display at the

542:

During the Formative Period, people of the region moved from hunting-gathering and simple farming into a more developed society, with permanent developments, an increase in agriculture and the use of ceramics. New cultures included the

1044:

While they possess the general points of similarity that have been mentioned, scarcely any two are identical in form. Some are flat and thin, others are thick, or rise in the center upon each side into a shape like the hub of a wheel.

1069:. Finally, the Doctors Reiss and Stübel remark, in their work upon the Peruvian antiquities obtained at Ancon, that "the few stone objects found here show but slight traces of workmanship, an exception being ... a stone weapon of the 801:

The Huancavilcas constitute the most important pre-Columbian culture of Guayas, after Las Vegas. These warriors were noted for their appearance. Huancavilca culture recounts the legend of Guayas and Quiles, for which the city of

1057:, and he says that among the fractured skulls that were found "the larger part seemed to have been broken by blows from some such weapons". Mons. Wiener, in his book on Peru and Bolivia gives a figure of a star and was found at 1304: 986:

During the period of Inca presence, the Ecuadorian organizations adopted agricultural practices, and a few social organization of the Inca occupants, but maintained their traditional religious beliefs and many customs.

1048:

In a U.S. Naval expedition report, figures are given of two stars in bronze (found at Cuzco, Peru), one having a sixth ray prolonged into a hatchet, which suggests that it must have been a war-club or battle-axe. In

766:

Tribes throughout Ecuador integrated during this period. They built better housing that allowed them to improve their living conditions and no longer be subject to the climate. In the mountains the Cosangua-Píllaro,

1319: 960:, Tupac Yupanqui's son with a Cañari princess (the people from modern-day Canar province), was able to conquer the remaining tribes and by 1500 most of Ecuador was incorporated into the Incan Empire loosely. 1013:

objects while in Ecuador during 1880. Most of the items he collected from those brought to him were stone; he thought that most metal artifacts had been smelted in search of any gold they contained.

4295: 723:

valley between 500 BC and 600 AD. Though the culture of these cities' inhabitants is not yet well understood, it is thought that tens of thousands of people resided in the region at its height.

1136:

Among the distinctly ornamental objects in stone there are imitations of corn cobs. These were particularly mentioned in Juan & Ulloa's work, in the mid-18th century. Spanish writers say:

271: 1165:

That the principal part of these objects and implements in stone are of considerable or of great age is apparent from the fact that they are scarcely mentioned at the time of the Pizarros.

2883: 1242: 1053:'s book on Peru, there is a figure of a six-rayed object in bronze, said to have been one of several, which are designated by the author (apparently following some earlier writer) 4290: 674:, located on the plateau of Quito and its surrounding valleys. The Bahia culture occupied the area that stretches from the foothills of the Andes to the Pacific Ocean, and from 682:, to Bahía de Caráquez, in Manabi, in an area of wooded hills and vast beaches of their immigrant who facilitated the gathering of resources of both the jungle and the ocean. 1149:

Squier gives in his book on Peru a bad representation of one of these stone maize-heads and says that they were specially mentioned "by Padre Arriaga in his rare book on the

771:

and Piartal-Tuza cultures arose; in the eastern region was the Yasuní Phase, while the Milagro, Manteña and Huancavilca cultures developed on the coast, from 500 BC onwards.

360:

in the Pacific coast region is another well-known early Ecuadorian culture. Ancient Valdivian artifacts from as early as 3500 BC have been found along the coast north of the

1862: 1292: 1278: 4270: 2916: 2173: 2141: 2105: 4255: 941:

began the incorporation of Ecuador into Inca rule. They began by defeating the people of the Sierra including the Quitus tribe (the people for whom modern-day

2306: 328: 2291: 649:

lived in the Andes and Coastal Regions of Ecuador between 900 and 300 BC. They were best known for their hollow ceramic animal- and plant-shaped figurines.

3232: 2855: 1348: 1194: 964:

his death. When Huayna Capac died, there was no clear successor to the thrown since the designated heir, Ninan Cuyochi, died shortly after his father.

4260: 2000: 4368: 3264: 2237: 863:, as the Inca empire was known. Different tribes also sought refugee in the then thick interior jungles. The influence of these conquerors based in 1423: 4353: 1378: 463:

The preceramic period begins with the first human settlement at the end of the last glacial and continues until around 4200 BC. The Las Vegas and

1065:

showing a stick inserted in the central hole; and another figure of a somewhat similar from in bronze, also handled. Like Squier, he calls them

4363: 2658: 1230: 828:

during the late 15th century met with fierce resistance by several Ecuadorian tribes, particularly the Cañari, in the region around modern-day

2626: 2384: 253: 3252: 1792: 1128:. This one weighs five and a quarter pounds, and another of eleven pounds was obtained. Several examples of form I were found, considered by 874:

and living out his elder years there before his death in about 1527. Huayna Capac's sudden death from a strange disease, described by one as

4166: 3281: 2556: 107: 1218: 4225: 3276: 3154: 1815: 102: 2357: 2352: 2340: 2323: 2313: 2296: 248: 243: 238: 233: 222: 212: 4280: 3259: 2898: 1354: 4219: 3288: 2808: 2482: 2362: 2250: 1166: 2399: 4110: 4040: 3729: 1266: 1254: 321: 509: 4358: 3740: 3422: 3237: 2848: 477: 403:. The archaeological evidence has established that Ecuador was inhabited for at least 4,500 years before the rise of the Inca. 353: 87: 2016: 4343: 4202: 4045: 2893: 2457: 2285: 2276: 1860:

Lovell, W. George. (September 1992). "'Heavy Shadows and Black Night: Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America".

145: 4181: 3457: 990:

Inca domination in Ecuador was short (around 70 years) but they left one of the best-known archaeological sites of Ecuador:

859:, overcame the resistance of these populations and that of the Cara, and thus incorporated most of modern-day Ecuador into 4213: 4207: 4191: 3432: 2936: 2752: 2747: 2638: 2566: 2372: 2333: 345: 428:. The invasion of the Inca in the 15th century was very painful and bloody. However, once occupied by the Quito hosts of 4285: 4177: 3247: 2611: 2533: 2523: 2497: 2477: 2230: 1722: 356:

of coastal Ecuador, flourishing between 8000 and 4600 BC, is one of the oldest cultures in the Americas. The subsequent

3337: 2345: 585:

is an important archaeological site in the highlands of Ecuador, going back as early as 3,500 BC. It is located in the

3879: 3751: 3079: 2888: 2672: 2621: 2548: 2543: 1404: 1058: 534:

in southern Chile, and technological relationships to the late Pleistocene "fluted point" complexes of North America.

314: 286: 276: 45: 4106: 945:

is named). They continued by heading southwest to the coast, eventually subjugating the Ecuadorians living near the

281: 4348: 3990: 3833: 2841: 2767: 2472: 2467: 2318: 2301: 1212:

Ceramic vessel with a sitting human figure. Jama-Coaque Culture, of the Regional Development Period (500 BC–AD 500)

217: 157: 132: 65: 1033:

By far the most common object was a stone star with a hole through the middle. They were found everywhere between

513:

Ceramic male figure representing a richly bejeweled nobleman, from Ecuador. Bahía Culture artwork (500 BC– AD 500)

506:. These human remains and other items can be seen at Museo Los Amantes de Sumpa y Centro Cultural in Santa Elena. 2573: 2492: 2447: 1588: 980: 586: 415: 365: 3342: 994:. They tried to conquer the high Amazonian valley with only partial success, especially in the south, where the 3813: 3417: 3219: 3194: 2908: 2442: 2409: 1331: 691: 3562: 4114: 3889: 3059: 2714: 2689: 2648: 2604: 2538: 2421: 2389: 2271: 2223: 1073:

type ... the six-rayed stone star, here found once only, is elsewhere in Peruvian graves by no means rare."

845: 785: 675: 192: 152: 120: 1997: 1382: 1140:"The maize has ever been the delight of the Indians; for, besides being their food, their favourite liquor 3532: 2462: 582: 1427: 4035: 3884: 3517: 3242: 3041: 3016: 2981: 2782: 1070: 482: 3169: 2089: 4319: 4186: 4050: 4015: 3624: 3512: 3227: 3209: 3109: 2699: 2653: 2561: 2528: 2487: 2430: 1645: 1641:"The song of air and water: Acoustic experiments with an Ecuadorian Whistle Bottle (c.900 BC–100 BC)" 560: 172: 97: 2068:

Report of The U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere during the years 1849-52

731: 556: 4152: 3914: 3144: 2946: 2926: 2762: 2709: 2616: 2511: 2404: 1585: 679: 488: 400: 396: 392: 228: 167: 127: 4171: 2052: 844:. The conquest of Ecuador began in 1463 under the leadership of the ninth Inca, the great warrior 568: 464: 4275: 4265: 3995: 3904: 3683: 3427: 3372: 3347: 3011: 3006: 2976: 2971: 2801: 2777: 2737: 2724: 2643: 2599: 2587: 2452: 2258: 2167: 2135: 2099: 2066: 1538: 1468: 1451: 1359: 849: 736: 716: 710: 671: 623: 544: 205: 54: 678:, to the south of Manabi. The Jama-Coaque culture inhabited areas between Cabo San Francisco in 388: 967:

Since neither of the brothers liked the idea of a torn empire, the two sons sought the throne.

956:

By the end of the 15th century, despite fierce resistance by several Ecuadorian native tribes,

755: 4300: 4230: 4196: 3919: 3909: 3619: 3587: 3497: 3467: 3397: 3362: 3332: 3328: 3129: 3104: 3036: 3026: 2864: 2732: 2704: 2633: 2328: 2127: 1819: 1788: 1530: 1522: 1115: 1096: 946: 890: 821: 768: 572: 564: 458: 411: 162: 4000: 3940: 3924: 3807: 3771: 3678: 3582: 3382: 3199: 3174: 2991: 2986: 2817: 2772: 2757: 2684: 1871: 1660: 1650: 1514: 1460: 667: 646: 602: 552: 432:, the Incas developed an extensive administration and began the colonization of the region. 357: 92: 2833: 4123: 3802: 3761: 3746: 3709: 3673: 3567: 3462: 3377: 3352: 3313: 3298: 3119: 2956: 2742: 2004: 1617: 1311: 1034: 976: 914: 829: 361: 2046: 921:

was chosen by the Emperor Huayna Capac (ruled 1493–1525) to be the Inca northern capital.

637:

These appear to be the earliest people to cultivate maize in this part of South America.

1718: 1556: 4156: 4140: 4054: 4020: 3864: 3839: 3796: 3786: 3776: 3766: 3724: 3507: 3318: 3308: 3001: 2961: 2951: 2822: 2367: 2042: 1875: 1752: 1502: 1449:

Stothert, Karen E. (July 1985). "The Preceramic Las Vegas Culture of Coastal Ecuador".

1006: 950: 938: 894: 790: 527: 384: 304: 32: 1687:

Bouchard, Jean Francois; Usselmann, Pierre (2003). "The region of Tumaco the Tolita".

882:, whose mother was Coya (meaning Empress) Mama Rahua Occillo and legitimate heir, and 4337: 4101: 4097: 4010: 3854: 3823: 3791: 3735: 3703: 3542: 3502: 3492: 3487: 3477: 3472: 3407: 3402: 3357: 3089: 3084: 2921: 2878: 2281: 2121: 1742:

Antonio Fresco y Catálogo del Museo del Banco Central del Ecuador Sala de Arqueología

1129: 930: 376: 372: 185: 17: 2020: 1542: 4093: 4069: 4025: 3975: 3970: 3859: 3844: 3828: 3693: 3644: 3639: 3614: 3592: 3557: 3437: 3139: 3074: 3031: 2377: 2085: 1310:

Cashaloma cup with dripped ("goteado") painting, Museo de las Culturas Aborigenes,

1085: 1050: 1021: 957: 856: 837: 429: 424: 3577: 1518: 2157: 1842: 971:, born of Huayna Capac's sister in Cusco, was voted as ruler by the Inca nobles. 886:, a son who was born to a Quitu princess, and reputedly his father's "favorite". 870:

Emperor Huayna Capac became very fond of Quito, making it a secondary capital of

4089: 4079: 3950: 3894: 3698: 3629: 3482: 3452: 3159: 3051: 2931: 2694: 871: 860: 852:

took over command of the army and began his march northward through the Sierra.

815: 780: 720: 658:

Sierras the Cerro Narrío Alausí; and in the Ecuadorian Amazon jungle the Tayos.

1593:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

4127: 3965: 3945: 3572: 3387: 3179: 2941: 2394: 1837: 995: 968: 628: 531: 1578:

Rudolph, James D. (1989). "Historical Setting". In Dennis M. Hanratty (ed.).

1526: 1104:

A large number of stone objects were found that were undoubtedly implements.

4148: 4144: 4119: 3869: 3204: 3094: 1408: 1010: 991: 972: 934: 918: 883: 803: 759: 697: 3653: 3323: 1640: 1534: 1088:

cultures during centuries until Spanish conquest. They are very effective.

380: 1579: 4135: 3985: 3547: 3527: 3522: 3412: 3392: 1038: 898: 875: 548: 498: 1665: 4131: 3668: 3597: 3552: 3293: 3189: 3164: 3149: 3069: 3064: 3021: 2996: 2966: 2246: 879: 571:

or Chaullabamba culture thrived from 2000 BC to AD 600 in the southern

1472: 909: 348:

cultures, who thrived for thousands of years before the ascent of the

4074: 4064: 3960: 3935: 3447: 3442: 3367: 3303: 3184: 3134: 3124: 3099: 1809: 1655: 1141: 1081: 422:

of these confederations could resist the formidable momentum of the

2215: 1639:

Ayala Esparza, MA; Gallardo Carillo, GF; Molina-Alarcón, M (2019).

1464: 1248:

Standing Figure, La Tolita/Tumaco (1st century BC — 1st century AD)

3714: 3658: 3649: 3537: 3114: 2091:

Peru, Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas

1880:

The Americas before and after 1492: Current Geographical Research.

1114: 1095: 1020: 942: 908: 864: 841: 833: 754: 730: 627: 576: 523: 508: 493: 349: 31: 889:

This struggle raged during the half-decade before the arrival of

589:, and was discovered in 21st century. It belongs to the proposed 1823: 1062: 926: 825: 611: 2837: 2219: 925:

The history of Ecuador is better known from the point of the

701:

that reflect a hierarchical society with complex ceremonies.

4296:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

1505:(17 June 1960). "Early Man Site Found in Highland Ecuador". 555:

on the coast; Cotocollao, and The Chimba in the Sierra; and

1925:

Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru

747:

culture thrived from AD 100 to 800 in the Manabí Province.

383:, emerged in other parts of Ecuador. There are other major 1426:. Proyecto Zamora-Chinchipe. 22 June 2009. Archived from 893:'s conquering expedition in 1532. The key battle of this 481:

is the first known culture in Ecuador. They lived on the

1689:

Trois millénaires de civilisation á Colombia et Equateur

1488:

Pre-Historic Civilizations in Ecuador in Ancient History

1236:

Utensil with a figure from Chorrera culture (900–300 BC)

435:

The pre-Columbian era can be divided up into four eras:

1157:", and were household gods of the ancient inhabitants. 2192:(5th English edition, London ed.). Madrid. 1807 . 2190:

Relacion Historica del viaje a la Americana Meridional

1298:

Capulí ceramic sculpture of a contortionist (800—1500)

4291:

Painting in the Americas before European colonization

406:

Great tracts of Ecuador, including almost all of the

1910:

Historia del Reino de Quito en la América Meridional

486:

was among the first to begin farming (bottle gourd,

4162: 4085: 4060: 4031: 4006: 3981: 3956: 3931: 3900: 3875: 3850: 3819: 3782: 3757: 3720: 3689: 3664: 3635: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3218: 3050: 2907: 2871: 2723: 2671: 2586: 2510: 2429: 2257: 1200:

Valdivia-Machalilla jaguar mortar (c. 2000—1300 BC)

836:, occupants of the site of the modern capital; the 448:

Period of Integration and the Arrival of the Incas.

1968:de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamayhua, Juan. 1841: 1970:Relación de las antigüedades deste Reyno del Perú 1863:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 751:Period of Integration and the arrival of the Inca 878:, precipitated a bitter power struggle between 395:and in the middle Andean highland provinces of 4271:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas 4256:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas 2048:Travels Amongst the Great Andes of the Equator 1027:Travels Amongst the Great Andes of the Equator 840:(originally of Manabi) in the Sierra north of 522:The Inga lived in the Sierra near present-day 502:L.) The best known remains of the culture are 2849: 2231: 1025:Macanas, illustraction from Edward Whymper's 322: 8: 1719:"Huge ancient lost city found in the Amazon" 1604:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology 1124:assign a use, and it was pronounced to be a 2019:. Proyecto Zamora-Chinchipe. Archived from 1844:The Peru Reader: History, Culture, Politics 1773:James A. Zeidler, Colorado State University 1349:Museo Antropologico y de Arte Contemporaneo 645:Existing in the late Formative period, the 567:and many others in the Oriente region. The 4239: 2856: 2842: 2834: 2677: 2592: 2516: 2435: 2238: 2224: 2216: 2172:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2140:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2104:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1272:Statue from Chorrera Culture (1800—300 BC) 1260:Statue from Chorrera Culture (1800—300 BC) 1224:Ceramic bowls of Carchi culture (800-1500) 632:Statue from Chorrera Culture (1800—300 BC) 329: 315: 39: 4261:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 2080: 2078: 1818:. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 1664: 1654: 2865:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures 1704:Old America: Pre-Columbian civilizations 2292:Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute 1370: 1190: 1084:(s), used by armies of many Andean and 53: 42: 2165: 2133: 2097: 1785:Le Grand Inca Pachacútec Inca Yupanqui 371:Several other cultures, including the 1888: 1886: 1717:Rannard, Georgina (11 January 2024). 7: 1998:Galapagosonline.com Incas in Ecuador 1927:. Translated by V. Livemore, Harold. 897:was fought on Ecuadorian soil, near 824:expansion northward from modern-day 108:Spanish colonization of the Americas 36:Jama-Coaque figurine, 300 BC-AD 600. 3289:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela 2405:2010 coup d'état attempt and crisis 2307:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860) 1816:Library of Congress Country Studies 1381:. Exploring Ecuador. Archived from 1325:Jama-Coaque figurine, 300 BC-AD 800 445:Period of Regional Development; and 27:Ecuador before Spanish colonization 4281:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas 3260:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia 2156:Reiss, W.; A. Stübel (1880–1887). 1876:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x 1355:Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino 387:sites in the coastal provinces of 25: 3272:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador 3243:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia 2627:1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis 2071:. 1855. pp. vol. ii, p. 138. 913:Pumapungo ruins at right, on the 4313: 3265:Archaeological sites in Colombia 3238:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil 2420: 2051:. London: John Murray. pp. 1850:Quote by Pedro de Cieza de Leon. 1606:. Oxford University Press. 2002. 1330: 1318: 1303: 1291: 1277: 1265: 1253: 1241: 1229: 1217: 1205: 1193: 298: 186:Ecuador as part of Gran Colombia 64: 4369:Indigenous peoples of the Andes 3248:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile 2159:The Necropolis of Ancon in Peru 1923:de la Vega El Inca, Garcilaso. 1706:. Barcelona: Circle of Readers. 1151:Extirpation of Idolatry in Peru 933:era. In 1463, the Inca warrior 4354:Archaic period in the Americas 2206:The Royal Commentaries of Peru 653:Period of Regional Development 591:Mayo Chinchipe-Marañón culture 1: 4364:Indigenous peoples in Ecuador 4192:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala 3253:Archaeological sites in Chile 2373:Supreme Council of Government 1955:Suma y Narración de los Incas 1519:10.1126/science.131.3416.1805 1284:Statue from La Tolita/Tumaco 975:, born in Quito according to 719:emerged in eastern Ecuador's 4286:Mesoamerican writing systems 3282:Archaeological sites in Peru 1893:Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro. 1783:Rostworowski, María (2008). 1029:. London: John Murray, 1892. 832:, who fought along with the 4182:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán 2659:Water supply and sanitation 1983:Cabello de Balboa, Miguel. 1080:These weapons are known as 1059:Ancon (archaeological site) 998:defeated them three times. 789:culture was in the area of 4385: 4208:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 4111:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil 2319:Liberal Revolution of 1895 1840:; Degregori; Kirk (1995). 1808:Rudolph, James D. (1991). 1702:Coe; Snow; Benson (1989). 929:expansion than during the 813: 708: 689: 621: 608:Museo Fianco Banco Central 456: 218:Marcist (March) Revolution 158:Free Province of Guayaquil 133:Viceroyalty of New Granada 4309: 4251: 4242: 3606: 3433:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia) 2795: 2680: 2595: 2519: 2438: 2418: 1589:Federal Research Division 1405:"Arqueología Ecuatoriana" 587:Zamora-Chinchipe Province 416:Zamora-Chinchipe Province 4320:Civilizations portal 3277:Cultural periods of Peru 2410:2024 Ecuadorian conflict 2204:de la Vega, Garcilasso. 2094:. New York. p. 177. 1848:. Duke University Press. 1811:Ecuador: A Country Study 1581:A Country Study: Ecuador 1501:William J. Mayer-Oakes; 905:Ecuador under Incan rule 848:. In that year, his son 793:, named in their honor. 692:Tumaco-La Tolita culture 4214:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 3060:Mesoamerican chronology 2390:War on drugs in Ecuador 2346:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War 2272:Real Audiencia of Quito 2210:cited by Whymper, 1892. 2194:cited by Whymper, 1892. 2178:cited by Whymper, 1892. 2146:cited by Whymper, 1892. 2110:cited by Whymper, 1892. 1940:El Señorio de los Incas 1753:"Manteño – Huancavilca" 1691:. Paris: CNRS Editions. 846:Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui 492:, and an early type of 467:dominated this period. 193:1827 Guayaquil uprising 153:Revolution of October 9 4359:Archaeology of Ecuador 2917:Archaeological periods 2363:Military Junta of 1963 1938:Cieza de León, Pedro. 1169:says that the Indians 1120: 1101: 1030: 922: 763: 740: 633: 583:Santa Ana (La Florida) 514: 364:in the modern city of 272:Ecuador–Peru conflicts 37: 4344:Prehistory of Ecuador 4220:List of Conquistadors 4107:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal 3518:Quebrada de Humahuaca 2937:Caddoan Mississippian 2267:Pre-Columbian Ecuador 1895:Historia de los Incas 1787:. Paris: Tallandier. 1118: 1099: 1024: 1002:Objects and artifacts 912: 855:By 1500 Tupac's son, 758: 734: 631: 559:(4500 BC — AD 1532), 512: 483:Santa Elena Peninsula 342:Pre-Columbian Ecuador 83:Pre-Columbian Ecuador 35: 18:Period of Integration 4187:Francisco de Montejo 4115:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I 3228:Andean civilizations 3155:Shaft tomb tradition 2162:. London and Berlin. 1985:Miscelánea antártica 1646:Internet Archaeology 1167:Garcilaso de la Vega 981:Garcilaso de la Vega 666:The figurine of the 173:Guayaquil Conference 4153:Manco Inca Yupanqui 3458:Manteño-Huancavilca 2927:Ancestral Puebloans 2334:1922 general strike 2277:War of Independence 2003:18 May 2010 at the 1953:de Betanzos, Juan. 1755:. Exploring Ecuador 1620:. Exploring Ecuador 1586:Library of Congress 1559:. Exploring Ecuador 1513:(3416): 1805–1806. 1430:on 29 November 2014 1385:on 30 November 2010 1337:Manta culture chair 1119:Various stone tools 1100:Five types of tools 504:The Lovers of Sumpa 489:Lagenaria siceraria 282:Demographic history 229:Battle of Guayaquil 206:Republic of Ecuador 168:Battle of Pichincha 146:War of Independence 128:Viceroyalty of Peru 4276:Columbian exchange 4266:Portal:Mesoamerica 3418:La Tolita (Tumaco) 3233:Indigenous peoples 2972:Hopewell tradition 2899:Indigenous peoples 2748:Indigenous peoples 2639:Telecommunications 2549:National Congress 2126:. Paris. pp. 1908:de Velasco, Juan. 1452:American Antiquity 1360:History of Ecuador 1121: 1102: 1031: 923: 764: 741: 737:Walters Art Museum 711:Upano Valley sites 705:Upano River valley 672:Cotocollao culture 634: 624:Machalilla culture 618:Machalilla Culture 545:Machalilla culture 515: 439:Preceramic Period; 344:included numerous 305:Ecuador portal 38: 4349:Pre-Columbian era 4331: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4301:Pre-Columbian art 4237: 4236: 4231:Francisco Pizarro 4197:Pedro de Alvarado 3513:Pucará de Tilcara 2831: 2830: 2791: 2790: 2667: 2666: 2612:Coffee production 2582: 2581: 2557:Political parties 2544:National Assembly 2534:Foreign relations 2506: 2505: 2329:Concha Revolution 2086:Squier, E. George 2023:on 1 October 2013 1794:978-2-84734-462-2 1379:"Native Cultures" 947:Gulf of Guayaquil 891:Francisco Pizarro 786:Bahía de Caráquez 762:Ruins near Cuenca 735:Guangala Head in 717:cluster of cities 686:La Tolita Culture 676:Bahía de Caráquez 610:in Quito and the 471:Las Vegas culture 459:Andean preceramic 453:Preceramic period 442:Formative Period; 412:Amazon rainforest 354:Las Vegas culture 339: 338: 88:Las Vegas Culture 16:(Redirected from 4376: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4240: 4226:Spanish Conquest 4203:Spanish Conquest 4178:Spanish Conquest 4167:Spanish Conquest 3609: 3608: 2858: 2851: 2844: 2835: 2811: 2804: 2678: 2622:Economic history 2593: 2552: 2517: 2436: 2424: 2400:2000 coup d'état 2302:March Revolution 2240: 2233: 2226: 2217: 2211: 2209: 2208:. pp. 52–3. 2201: 2195: 2193: 2185: 2179: 2177: 2171: 2163: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2139: 2131: 2123:Pérou et Bolivie 2117: 2111: 2109: 2103: 2095: 2082: 2073: 2072: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2013: 2007: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1890: 1881: 1879: 1857: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1668: 1658: 1656:10.11141/ia.52.2 1636: 1630: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1600: 1594: 1592: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1486:Dennis Jamison. 1483: 1477: 1476: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1424:"Mayo-Chinchipe" 1420: 1418: 1416: 1411:on 25 March 2016 1407:. Archived from 1401: 1395: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1375: 1334: 1322: 1307: 1295: 1281: 1269: 1257: 1245: 1233: 1221: 1209: 1197: 797:Los Huancavilcas 647:Chorrera culture 641:Chorrera Culture 603:Valdivia culture 597:Valdivia Culture 553:Chorrera culture 538:Formative Period 358:Valdivia culture 331: 324: 317: 303: 302: 301: 287:Economic history 277:Military history 121:Colonial Ecuador 103:Spanish conquest 93:Valdivia culture 68: 58: 40: 21: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4312: 4305: 4247: 4238: 4228: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4180: 4169: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4124:Quemuenchatocha 4122: 4113: 4109: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4053: 3922: 3831: 3805: 3794: 3741:Human Sacrifice 3738: 3730:Human Sacrifice 3727: 3701: 3674:Mayan Languages 3602: 3214: 3046: 2903: 2884:Genetic history 2867: 2862: 2832: 2827: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2787: 2768:Public holidays 2719: 2663: 2578: 2550: 2502: 2425: 2416: 2253: 2244: 2214: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2164: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2132: 2120:Wiener (1880). 2119: 2118: 2114: 2096: 2084: 2083: 2076: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2043:Whymper, Edward 2041: 2040: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2005:Wayback Machine 1996: 1992: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1891: 1884: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1795: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1727: 1725: 1716: 1715: 1711: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1433: 1431: 1422: 1414: 1412: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1388: 1386: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1345: 1338: 1335: 1326: 1323: 1314: 1312:Cuenca, Ecuador 1308: 1299: 1296: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1273: 1270: 1261: 1258: 1249: 1246: 1237: 1234: 1225: 1222: 1213: 1210: 1201: 1198: 1189: 1163: 1153:under the name 1094: 1019: 1004: 977:Juan de Velasco 915:Tomebamba River 907: 818: 812: 799: 777: 753: 729: 713: 707: 694: 688: 664: 655: 643: 626: 620: 599: 540: 520: 473: 461: 455: 362:Guayas Province 335: 299: 297: 292: 291: 267: 259: 258: 225: 208: 198: 197: 188: 178: 177: 148: 138: 137: 123: 113: 112: 78: 56: 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4382: 4380: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4336: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4235: 4234: 4223: 4200: 4175: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4138: 4117: 4104: 4087: 4086:Notable Rulers 4083: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4055:Neo-Inca State 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3800: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3733: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3696: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3274: 3269: 3268: 3267: 3257: 3256: 3255: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3224: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3056: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2913: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2860: 2853: 2846: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2813: 2812: 2805: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2763:Notable people 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2729: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2576: 2574:Vice President 2571: 2570: 2569: 2559: 2554: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2483:National parks 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2368:El Carnavalazo 2365: 2355: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2294: 2289: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2235: 2228: 2220: 2213: 2212: 2196: 2180: 2148: 2112: 2074: 2058: 2034: 2008: 1990: 1975: 1960: 1945: 1930: 1915: 1900: 1882: 1870:(3): 426–443. 1852: 1829: 1800: 1793: 1775: 1766: 1744: 1735: 1709: 1694: 1679: 1631: 1609: 1595: 1570: 1557:"Cerro Narrío" 1548: 1503:Robert E. Bell 1493: 1478: 1465:10.2307/280325 1459:(3): 613–637. 1441: 1396: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1317: 1315: 1309: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1162: 1161:Age of objects 1159: 1147: 1146: 1093: 1090: 1018: 1015: 1007:Edward Whymper 1003: 1000: 953:to Inca rule. 951:Island of Puna 939:Tupac Yupanqui 906: 903: 811: 808: 798: 795: 776: 773: 752: 749: 728: 725: 709:Main article: 706: 703: 690:Main article: 687: 684: 663: 660: 654: 651: 642: 639: 622:Main article: 619: 616: 614:in Guayaquil. 598: 595: 557:Mayo Chinchipe 539: 536: 528:Clovis culture 519: 516: 472: 469: 457:Main article: 454: 451: 450: 449: 446: 443: 440: 385:archaeological 337: 336: 334: 333: 326: 319: 311: 308: 307: 294: 293: 290: 289: 284: 279: 274: 268: 265: 264: 261: 260: 257: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 220: 215: 209: 204: 203: 200: 199: 196: 195: 189: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 175: 170: 165: 163:Luz de América 160: 155: 149: 144: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 130: 124: 119: 118: 115: 114: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 79: 74: 73: 70: 69: 61: 60: 51: 50: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4381: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4322: 4321: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4232: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4172:Hernán Cortés 4168: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3610: 3605: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3220:South America 3217: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3042:Weeden Island 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3017:Poverty Point 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2982:Mississippian 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2909:North America 2906: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2879:Paleo-Indians 2877: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2286:reunification 2283: 2282:Gran Colombia 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2207: 2200: 2197: 2191: 2188:"1047,1048". 2184: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2161: 2160: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2116: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2069: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2022: 2018: 2017:"San Agustín" 2012: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1979: 1976: 1971: 1964: 1961: 1956: 1949: 1946: 1941: 1934: 1931: 1926: 1919: 1916: 1911: 1904: 1901: 1896: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1856: 1853: 1846: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1804: 1801: 1796: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1776: 1770: 1767: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1724: 1720: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1698: 1695: 1690: 1683: 1680: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1635: 1632: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1574: 1571: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1497: 1494: 1489: 1482: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1445: 1442: 1429: 1425: 1410: 1406: 1400: 1397: 1384: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1333: 1328: 1321: 1316: 1313: 1306: 1301: 1294: 1289: 1280: 1275: 1268: 1263: 1256: 1251: 1244: 1239: 1232: 1227: 1220: 1215: 1208: 1203: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1168: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1130:Thomas Ewbank 1127: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1098: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1028: 1023: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1001: 999: 997: 993: 988: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 965: 961: 959: 954: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 931:Pre-Columbian 928: 920: 916: 911: 904: 902: 900: 896: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 868: 866: 862: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 817: 809: 807: 805: 796: 794: 792: 787: 782: 774: 772: 770: 761: 757: 750: 748: 746: 738: 733: 726: 724: 722: 718: 712: 704: 702: 699: 693: 685: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 668:Bahía culture 661: 659: 652: 650: 648: 640: 638: 630: 625: 617: 615: 613: 609: 604: 596: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 537: 535: 533: 529: 525: 517: 511: 507: 505: 501: 500: 495: 491: 490: 484: 480: 479: 470: 468: 466: 465:Inga cultures 460: 452: 447: 444: 441: 438: 437: 436: 433: 431: 427: 426: 419: 417: 413: 409: 404: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 332: 327: 325: 320: 318: 313: 312: 310: 309: 306: 296: 295: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 269: 263: 262: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 207: 202: 201: 194: 191: 190: 187: 182: 181: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 150: 147: 142: 141: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 122: 117: 116: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 80: 77: 76:Pre-Columbian 72: 71: 67: 63: 62: 59: 52: 47: 41: 34: 30: 19: 4311: 4244: 4094:Moctezuma II 4051:Inca history 3976:Andean Music 3920:Architecture 3915:Architecture 3910:Architecture 3905:Architecture 3901:Architecture 3895:Gender Roles 3640:Tenochtitlan 3563:Timoto–Cuica 3558:Tierradentro 3343:Casma–Sechin 3271: 3075:Chalcatzingo 2715:Social class 2690:Demographics 2649:Trade unions 2605:Central Bank 2524:Constitution 2385:1990–present 2378:Paquisha War 2266: 2205: 2199: 2189: 2183: 2158: 2151: 2122: 2115: 2090: 2067: 2061: 2047: 2037: 2025:. Retrieved 2021:the original 2011: 1993: 1984: 1978: 1969: 1963: 1954: 1948: 1939: 1933: 1924: 1918: 1909: 1903: 1894: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1843: 1832: 1810: 1803: 1784: 1778: 1769: 1757:. Retrieved 1747: 1738: 1726:. Retrieved 1712: 1703: 1697: 1688: 1682: 1670:. Retrieved 1666:10251/157919 1644: 1634: 1622:. Retrieved 1612: 1603: 1598: 1580: 1573: 1561:. Retrieved 1551: 1510: 1506: 1496: 1487: 1481: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1432:. Retrieved 1428:the original 1413:. Retrieved 1409:the original 1399: 1387:. Retrieved 1383:the original 1373: 1181: 1174: 1164: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1135: 1126:corn-pounder 1125: 1122: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1086:Mesoamerican 1079: 1075: 1071:morning star 1066: 1054: 1047: 1043: 1032: 1026: 1005: 989: 985: 966: 962: 958:Huayna Capac 955: 937:and his son 924: 888: 872:Tawantinsuyu 869: 861:Tawantinsuyu 857:Huayna Capac 854: 819: 800: 778: 775:Los Manteños 765: 744: 742: 714: 695: 665: 656: 644: 635: 607: 600: 590: 581: 569:Cerro Narrío 541: 521: 503: 497: 487: 476: 474: 462: 434: 430:Huayna Capac 425:Tawantinsuyu 423: 420: 407: 405: 370: 341: 340: 254:1990–present 82: 75: 29: 4157:Túpac Amaru 4141:Manco Cápac 4090:Moctezuma I 4001:Agriculture 3996:Agriculture 3991:Agriculture 3982:Agriculture 3925:Road System 3814:Mathematics 3679:Muysc Cubun 3533:San Agustín 3483:Monte Verde 3160:Teotihuacan 3052:Mesoamerica 2947:Coles Creek 2932:Anishinaabe 2889:Archaeology 2463:Environment 2458:Earthquakes 2027:17 November 1672:18 November 1434:17 November 1351:, Guayaquil 1067:casse-têtes 1055:casse-têtes 816:Inca Empire 806:was named. 721:Upano River 579:provinces. 532:Fell's Cave 530:level I at 366:Santa Elena 98:Inca Empire 55:History of 4338:Categories 4128:Tisquesusa 4102:Cuauhtémoc 4098:Cuitláhuac 3428:Lauricocha 3398:Gran Chaco 3388:Cupisnique 3373:Chinchorro 3348:Chachapoya 3338:Caral–Supe 3180:Tlaxcaltec 3170:Teuchitlán 3085:Chupícuaro 3012:Plum Bayou 3007:Plaquemine 2977:Marksville 2942:Chichimeca 2783:Television 2753:Newspapers 2395:Cenepa War 1728:12 January 1618:"Chorrera" 1366:References 1092:Implements 996:Bracamoros 814:See also: 680:Esmeraldas 401:Chimborazo 397:Tungurahua 393:Esmeraldas 346:indigenous 4149:Atahualpa 4145:Pachacuti 4120:Nemequene 3986:Chinampas 3808:Astronomy 3797:Astronomy 3777:Mythology 3772:Mythology 3767:Mythology 3762:Mythology 3758:Mythology 3588:Wankarani 3578:Tuncahuán 3468:Marajoara 3423:Las Vegas 3309:Atacameño 3205:Xochipala 3145:Purépecha 3105:Epi-Olmec 3095:Cuicuilco 3037:Troyville 3027:St. Johns 2700:Education 2654:Transport 2562:President 2529:Elections 2498:Volcanoes 2488:Provinces 2478:Mountains 2431:Geography 2358:1960–1990 2353:1944–1960 2341:1925–1944 2324:1895–1925 2314:1860–1895 2297:1830–1860 2168:cite book 2136:cite book 2100:cite book 1759:5 January 1624:5 January 1563:5 January 1527:0036-8075 1389:5 January 1286:(c. 1 BC) 1011:Stone Age 992:Ingapirca 973:Atahualpa 935:Pachacuti 919:Tumebamba 895:civil war 884:Atahualpa 810:The Incas 804:Guayaquil 760:Ingapirca 698:La Tolita 478:Las Vegas 249:1960–1990 244:1944–1960 239:1925–1944 234:1895–1925 223:1860–1895 213:1830–1860 4245:See also 4163:Conquest 4136:Zoratama 3803:Calendar 3792:Calendar 3787:Calendar 3783:Calendar 3752:Religion 3747:Religion 3736:Religion 3725:Religion 3721:Religion 3710:Numerals 3704:Numerals 3665:Language 3645:Multiple 3583:Valdivia 3568:Tiwanaku 3528:Saladoid 3523:Quimbaya 3413:Kuhikugu 3393:Diaguita 3383:Chorrera 3200:Veraguas 3195:Veracruz 3175:Tlatilco 2987:Mogollon 2894:Cultures 2872:Americas 2818:Category 2710:Religion 2617:Currency 2551:(former) 2539:Military 2512:Politics 2251:articles 2088:(1877). 2045:(1892). 2001:Archived 1824:91009494 1543:26234989 1535:17753208 1343:See also 1155:zaramama 1039:Riobamba 949:and the 899:Riobamba 876:smallpox 781:Manteños 745:Guangala 727:Guangala 662:La Bahía 565:Chiguaza 549:Valdivia 499:Zea mays 352:Empire. 46:a series 44:Part of 4132:Tundama 4061:Peoples 4046:History 4041:History 4036:History 4032:History 4026:Cuisine 4021:Cuisine 4016:Cuisine 4011:Cuisine 4007:Cuisine 3865:Warfare 3860:Warfare 3855:Warfare 3851:Warfare 3845:Society 3840:Economy 3829:Society 3824:Society 3820:Society 3690:Writing 3684:Quechua 3669:Nahuatl 3636:Capital 3573:Toyopán 3553:Tairona 3463:Mapuche 3378:Chiripa 3353:Chancay 3324:Cañaris 3299:Amotape 3294:El Abra 3210:Zapotec 3190:Totonac 3165:Tepanec 3150:Quelepa 3120:Mezcala 3110:Huastec 3080:Cholula 3070:Capacha 3065:Acolhua 3022:Sinagua 2997:Patayan 2967:Hohokam 2957:Fremont 2802:Outline 2778:Smoking 2738:Cuisine 2725:Culture 2673:Society 2644:Tourism 2600:Banking 2588:Economy 2473:Mammals 2468:Islands 2453:Climate 2259:History 2247:Ecuador 1507:Science 1187:Gallery 1017:Macanas 1009:sought 969:Huáscar 880:Huascar 561:Pastaza 518:El Inga 408:Oriente 381:Cañaris 57:Ecuador 4075:Muisca 4070:Mayans 4065:Aztecs 3699:Script 3694:Script 3654:Bacatá 3625:Muisca 3508:Pucará 3503:Piaroa 3498:Paiján 3493:Omagua 3448:Lupaca 3443:Lokono 3408:Kalina 3403:Huetar 3363:Chavín 3358:Chango 3333:Nariño 3329:Capulí 3319:Calima 3314:Aymara 3304:Arawak 3185:Toltec 3135:Olmecs 3130:Nicoya 3125:Mixtec 3100:Diquis 3002:Picosa 2992:Oshara 2962:Glades 2952:Dorset 2823:Portal 2733:Cinema 2705:Health 2695:People 2634:Mining 2493:Rivers 2448:Cities 2249: 1822: 1791: 1649:(52). 1541: 1533: 1525: 1473:280325 1471: 1415:2 June 1142:chicha 1082:Macana 1051:Squire 1035:Ibarra 830:Cuenca 769:Capulí 389:Manabí 373:Quitus 266:Topics 48:on the 4080:Incas 3971:Music 3966:Music 3961:Music 3957:Music 3890:Women 3885:Women 3880:Women 3876:Women 3834:Trade 3715:Quipu 3659:Cusco 3650:Hunza 3615:Aztec 3548:Taíno 3543:Sican 3538:Shuar 3488:Nazca 3478:Mollo 3473:Moche 3453:Luzia 3368:Chimú 3140:Pipil 3115:Izapa 3090:Coclé 3032:Thule 2922:Adena 2809:Index 2773:Sport 2758:Music 2685:Crime 2443:Birds 2055:–286. 1838:Starn 1539:S2CID 1469:JSTOR 1061:near 943:Quito 865:Cuzco 850:Tupac 842:Quito 834:Quitu 791:Manta 577:Azuay 573:Cañar 524:Quito 494:maize 377:Caras 350:Incan 3870:Army 3652:and 3630:Inca 3620:Maya 3598:Zenú 3593:Wari 3438:Lima 2743:Flag 2567:List 2174:link 2142:link 2106:link 2029:2014 1820:LCCN 1789:ISBN 1761:2011 1730:2024 1674:2019 1626:2011 1565:2011 1531:PMID 1523:ISSN 1436:2014 1421:and 1417:2010 1391:2011 1175:Peru 1063:Lima 1037:and 979:and 927:Inca 838:Cara 826:Peru 822:Inca 820:The 779:The 743:The 696:The 612:UEES 601:The 575:and 475:The 399:and 391:and 379:and 3951:Art 3946:Art 3941:Art 3936:Art 3932:Art 2128:685 2053:268 1872:doi 1723:BBC 1661:hdl 1651:doi 1515:doi 1511:131 1461:doi 593:. 4340:: 4189:) 2170:}} 2166:{{ 2138:}} 2134:{{ 2102:}} 2098:{{ 2077:^ 1885:^ 1868:82 1866:. 1814:. 1721:. 1659:. 1643:. 1584:. 1537:. 1529:. 1521:. 1509:. 1467:. 1457:50 1455:. 917:. 715:A 563:, 551:, 547:, 496:, 418:. 375:, 368:. 4233:) 4229:( 4222:) 4218:( 4216:) 4212:( 4210:) 4206:( 4199:) 4195:( 4185:( 4174:) 4170:( 3927:) 3923:( 3836:) 3832:( 3810:) 3806:( 3799:) 3795:( 3743:) 3739:( 3732:) 3728:( 3706:) 3702:( 3331:/ 2857:e 2850:t 2843:v 2288:) 2284:( 2239:e 2232:t 2225:v 2176:) 2144:) 2130:. 2108:) 2031:. 1987:. 1972:. 1957:. 1942:. 1912:. 1897:. 1878:. 1874:: 1826:. 1797:. 1763:. 1732:. 1676:. 1663:: 1653:: 1628:. 1591:. 1567:. 1545:. 1517:: 1490:. 1475:. 1463:: 1438:. 1419:. 1393:. 739:. 410:( 330:e 323:t 316:v 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.