Perissodactyla - Knowledge (XXG)

3524:). The names Hippomorpha and Ceratomorpha were introduced in 1937 by Horace Elmer Wood, in response to criticism of the name "Solidungula" that he proposed three years previously. It had been based on the grouping of horses and Tridactyla and on the rhinoceros/tapir complex. The extinct brontotheriidae were also classified under Hippomorpha and therefore possess a close relationship to horses. Some researchers accept this assignment because of similar dental features, but there is also the view that a very basal position within the odd-toed ungulates places them rather in the group of 3553:. The name "Tapiromorpha" goes back to Ernst Haeckel, who coined it in 1873, but it was long considered synonymous to Ceratomorpha because Wood had not considered it in 1937 when Ceratomorpha were named, since the term had been used quite differently in the past. Also in 1984, Robert M. Schoch used the conceptually similar term Moropomorpha, which today applies synonymously to Tapiromorpha. Included within the Tapiromorpha are the now extinct Isectolophidae, a sister group of the Ancylopoda-Ceratomorpha group and thus the most primitive members of this relationship complex. 3733:, which occupied similar ecological niches and had a much more efficient digestive system, is also associated with the decline in diversity of odd-toed ungulates. A significant cause for the decline of perissodactyls was climate change during the Miocene, leading to a cooler and drier climate accompanied by the spread of open landscapes. However, some lines flourished, such as the horses and rhinos; anatomical adaptations made it possible for them to consume tougher grass food. This led to open land forms that dominated newly created landscapes. With the emergence of the 2698: 3917: 3641: 1149:, meaning offspring are born already quite independent: for example, young horses can begin to follow the mother after a few hours. The young are nursed for a relatively long time, often into their second year, with rhinos reaching sexual maturity around eight or ten years old, but horses and tapirs maturing around two to four years old. Perissodactyls are long-lived, with several species, such as rhinos, reaching an age of almost 50 years in captivity. 269: 776: 1046:, a heat exchange that reduces the dependence of the temperature of the brain on that of the body. As a result, perissodactyls have limited thermoregulatory flexibility compared to artiodactyls which has restricted them to habitats of low seasonality and rich in food and water, such as tropical forests. In contrast, artiodactyls occupy a wide range of habits ranging from the Arctic Circle to deserts and tropical savannahs. 7628: 557: 2653: 3756: 2671: 846: 227: 38: 1055: 3721:, one of the largest mammals ever to walk the earth, evolved during this era. They weighed up to 20 metric tons (22 short tons) and lived throughout the Oligocene in Eurasia. About 20 million years ago, at the onset of the Miocene, the perissodactyls first reached Africa when it became connected to Eurasia because of the closing of the 755:, had a withers height of only 30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in). Apart from dwarf varieties of the domestic horse and donkey, living perissodactyls reach a body length of 180–420 cm (71–165 in) and a weight of 150 to 4,500 kg (330 to 9,920 lb). While rhinos have only sparse hair and exhibit a thick 1134: 2728:. They were generally characterized in their late phase by a bony horn at the transition from the nose to the frontal bone and flat molars suitable for chewing soft plant food. The Brontotheroidea, which were almost exclusively confined to North America and Asia, died out at the beginning of the Upper 3932:

of both species began several millennia BCE. Due to the motorisation of agriculture and the spread of automobile traffic, such use has declined sharply in Western industrial countries; riding is usually undertaken more as a hobby or sport. In less developed regions of the world, traditional uses for

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were seen as members of Hippomorpha, and presented as such in 1941. William Berryman Scott thought that, as claw-bearing perissodactyls, they belong in the new suborder Ancylopoda (where Ceratomorpha and Hippomorpha as odd-toed ungulates were combined in the group of Chelopoda). The term Ancylopoda,

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of East Asia is often considered to be one of the oldest close relatives of the ungulates. Its 8 cm skull must have belonged to a very small and primitive animal with a π-shaped crown pattern on the enamel of its rear molars similar to that of perissodactyls and their relatives, especially the

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shedding, prematurely reintroducing an infected horse may risk exposing other horses to the infection, even though the shedding horse appears well and may have previously returned negative samples. The function of the guttural pouch has been difficult to determine, but it is now believed to play a

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The main axes of both the front and rear feet pass through the third toe, which is always the largest. The remaining toes have been reduced in size to varying degrees. Tapirs, which are adapted to walking on soft ground, have four toes on their fore feet and three on their hind feet. Living rhinos

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Odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla) comprise three living families with around 17 species—in horses, however, the exact count is still controversial. Rhinos and tapirs are more closely related to each other than to horses. The separation of horses from other perissodactyls took place according to

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Frido Welker; Matthew J. Collins; Jessica A. Thomas; Marc Wadsley; Selina Brace; Enrico Cappellini; Samuel T. Turvey; Marcelo Reguero; Javier N. Gelfo; Alejandro Kramarz; Joachim Burger; Thomas Jane Oates; David A. Ashford; Peter D. Ashton; Keri Rowsell; Duncan M. Porter; Benedikt Kessler; Roman

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Perissodactyls inhabit a number of different habitats, leading to different lifestyles. Tapirs are solitary and inhabit mainly tropical rainforests. Rhinos tend to live alone in rather dry savannas, and in Asia, wet marsh or forest areas. Horses inhabit open areas such as grasslands, steppes, or

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saw all three major groups of odd-toed ungulates as peers, based on the extremely long and independent phylogenetic development of the three lines. In the 1980s, Jeremy J. Hooker saw a general similarity between Ancylopoda and Ceratomorpha based on dentition, especially in the earliest members,

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in 1848, the present-day representatives were considered equal in rank. In the first half of the 20th century, a more systematic differentiation of odd-toed ungulates began, based on a consideration of fossil forms, and they were placed in two major suborders: Hippomorpha and Ceratomorpha. The

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The alignment of hyopsodontids and phenacodontids to Perissodactyla in general suggests an older Laurasian origin and distribution for the clade, dispersed across the northern continents already in the early Paleocene. These forms already show a fairly well-developed molar morphology, with no

3711:, known from North America, reached a withers height of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) and could have weighed just over 3 metric tons (3.3 short tons). The decline of brontotheres at the end of the Eocene is associated with competition arising from the advent of more successful herbivores. 784:

have three toes on both the front and hind feet. Modern equines possess only a single toe; however, their feet are equipped with hooves, which almost completely cover the toe. Rhinos and tapirs, by contrast, have hooves covering only the leading edge of the toes, with the bottom being soft.

1377:, a very diverse group of mammals living from the Paleocene to the Pleistocene in South America, whose systematic unity is largely unexplained. Some of these were classified based on their paleogeographic distribution. However, a close relationship can be worked out to perissodactyls by 1066:

Most extant perissodactyl species occupy a small fraction of their original range. Members of this group are now found only in Central and South America, eastern and southern Africa, and central, southern, and southeastern Asia. During the peak of odd-toed ungulate existence, from the

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have reduced the surviving perissodactyl species to fragmented populations. In contrast, domesticated horses and donkeys have gained a worldwide distribution, and feral animals of both species are now also found in regions outside their original range, such as in Australia.

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is very long, reaching up to 26 m (85 ft) in horses. Extraction of nutrients from food is relatively inefficient, which probably explains why no odd-toed ungulates are small; nutritional requirements per unit of body weight are lower for large animals, as their

3819:. He also separated the rhinos from the rodents, but did not combine the three families now known as the odd-toed ungulates. In the transition to the 19th century, the individual perissodactyl genera were associated with various other groups, such as the 4907:

Ross MacPhee; Frido Welker; Jessica Thomas; Selina Brace; Enrico Cappellini; Samuel Turvey; Ian Barnes; Marcelo Reguero; Javier Gelfo; Alejandro Kramarz (2014). "Ancient protein sequencing Resolves litoptern and notoungulate superordinal affinities".

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Fischer; Carsten Baessmann; Stephanie Kaspar; Jesper V. Olsen; Patrick Kiley; James A. Elliott; Christian D. Kelstrup; Victoria Mullin; Michael Hofreiter; Eske Willerslev; Jean-Jacques Hublin; Ludovic Orlando; Ian Barnes; Ross DE MacPhee (2015).

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Kenneth D. Rose; Thierry Smith; Rajendra S. Rana; Ashok Sahni; H. Singh; A. Pieter Missiaen (2006). "Early Eocene (Ypresian) Continental vertebrate assemblage from India, with description of a new anthracobunid (Mammalia, tethytheria )".

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Gong, Y.; Wang, Y.; et al. (December 2019). "Dietary adaptations and palaeoecology of Lophialetidae (Mammalia, Tapiroidea) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, China: combined evidence from mesowear and stable isotope analyses".

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More successful lines of odd-toed ungulates emerged at the end of the Eocene when dense jungles gave way to steppe, such as the chalicotheriid rhinos, and their immediate relatives; their development also began with very small forms.

1405:. This kinship group is included among the Euungulata, which also contains the even-toed ungulates and whales (Artiodactyla). The separation of the Litopterna-Notoungulata group from the perissodactyls probably took place before the 2845:, are now understood to be part of the odd-toed ungulate assemblage. Phenacodontids seem to be stem-perissodactyls, while hyopsodontids are closely related to horses and brontotheres, despite their more primitive overall appearance. 2786:

Rhinocerotoidea (rhino relatives) included a large variety of forms from the Eocene up to the Oligocene, including dog-size leaf feeders, semiaquatic animals, and also huge long-necked animals. Only a few had horns on the nose. The

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reached their greatest diversity in the Eocene, when several families lived in Eurasia and North America. They retained a primitive physique and were noted for developing a trunk. The extinct families within this group include the

3608:, indicating that it is actually a member of a sister group. Ancestors of Perissodactyla may have arrived via an island bridge from the Afro-Arab landmass onto the Indian subcontinent as it drifted north towards Asia. A study on 3603:

clade. The saddle-shaped configuration of the navicular joints and the mesaxonic construction of the front and hind feet also indicates a close relationship to Tethytheria. However, this construction deviates from that of

3741:, perissodactyls and other megafauna were given access to one of their last habitable continents: South America. However, many perissodactyls became extinct at the end of the ice ages, including American horses and the 5668:

Robert Milton Schoch (1984). "Two unusual specimens of the Yale Peabody Museum Helaletes in collections, and some comments on the ancestry of the Tapiridae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia)". Peabody Museum, Yale University:

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colonising their guttural pouch can continue to intermittently shed the bacteria for several months, and should be isolated from other horses during this time to prevent transmission. Due to the intermittent nature of

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Dan Graur; Manolo Gouy; Laurent Duret (1997). "Evolutionary Affinities of the Order Perissodactyla and the Phylogenetic Status of the Superordinal taxa Ungulata and Altungulata Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution".

1409:. "Condylarths" can probably be considered the starting point for the development of the two groups, as they represent a heterogeneous group of primitive ungulates that mainly inhabited the northern hemisphere in the 3907:

was held well into the 20th century. Only with the advent of molecular genetic research methods had it been recognized that the hyrax was not closely related to perissodactyls but rather to elephants and manatees.

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Odd-toed ungulates are characterized by a long gestation period and a small litter size, usually delivering a single young. The gestation period is 330–500 days, being longest in rhinos. Newborn perissodactyls are

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Ballenger, Liz; Myers, Phil. "Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2021-03-27."Ballenger, Liz; Myers, Phil. "Rhinocerotidae (rhinoceroses)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2021-03-27.

2867:. However, later studies have shown that, while anthracobunids are definite perissodactyls, desmostylians have enough mixed characters to suggest that a position among the Afrotheria is not out of the question. 2753:. In contrast, the horse family (Equidae) flourished and spread. Over time this group saw a reduction in toe number, extension of the limbs, and the progressive adjustment of the teeth for eating hard grasses. 6168:

Pieter Missiaen; Gregg F. Gunnell; Philip D. Gingerich (2011). "New brontotheriidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Early and Middle Eocene of Pakistan with implications for mammalian paleobiogeography".

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semi-deserts, and live together in groups. Odd-toed ungulates are exclusively herbivores that feed, to varying degrees, on grass, leaves, and other plant parts. A distinction is often made between primarily

689:(even-toed ungulates) bear most of their weight equally on four or two (an even number) of the five toes: their third and fourth toes. Another difference between the two is that perissodactyls digest plant 681:). They typically have reduced the weight-bearing toes to three or one of the five original toes, though tapirs retain four toes on their front feet. The nonweight-bearing toes are either present, absent, 3687:

from the group of brontotheriidae. Initially, the members of the different lineages looked quite similar, with an arched back and generally four toes on the front and three on the hind feet.

3747:. Whether over-hunting by humans (overkill hypothesis), climatic change, or a combination of both factors was responsible for the extinction of ice age mega-fauna, remains controversial. 6397:Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire; Georges Cuvier (1795). "Memoire sur une nouvelle division of Mammifères, et sur les principes qui doivent servir de base dans cette sorte de travail". 794:

ungulates with only one digit or hoof have decreased mobility in their limbs, which allows for faster running speeds and agility. Differences in limb structure and physiology between

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in 1889, had been established for chalicotheres. However, further morphological studies from the 1960s showed a middle position of Ancylopoda between Hippomorpha and Ceratomorpha.

2859:, but they may actually represent stem-perissodactyls. They are an early lineage of mammals that took to the water, spreading across semi-aquatic to fully marine niches in the 6497:

Rodolphe Tabuce; Laurent Marivaux; Mohammed Adaci; Mustapha Bensalah; Jean-Louis Hartenberger; Mohammed Mahboubi; Fateh Mebrouk; Paul Tafforeau; Jean-Jacques Jaeger (2007).

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can be very small or completely absent, as in the two African species of rhinoceros. In horses, usually only the males possess canines. The surface shape and height of the

3854:(1777–1850) classified ungulates by the structure of their feet, differentiating those with an even number of toes from those with an odd number. He moved the horses as 3653:

The Perissodactyla appeared relatively abruptly at the beginning of the Lower Paleocene about 63 million years ago, both in North America and Asia, in the form of

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Rose, Kenneth D.; Holbrook, Luke T.; Kumar, Kishor; Rana, Rajendra S.; Ahrens, Heather E.; Dunn, Rachel H.; Folie, Annelise; Jones, Katrina E.; Smith, Thierry (2019).

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Luke T. Holbrook; Joshua Lapergola (2011). "A new genus of perissodactyl (Mammalia) from the Bridgerian of Wyoming, with comments on basal perissodactyl phylogeny".

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is heavily dependent on whether soft leaves or hard grass make up the main component of their diets. Three or four cheek teeth are present on each jaw half, so the

3948: 3699:, the first representative of the rhino and tapir line. All were small compared to later forms and lived as fruit and foliage eaters in forests. The first of the 7887: 3936:

In contrast, the existence in the wild of almost all other odd-toed ungulates species has declined dramatically because of hunting and habitat destruction. The

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Ross Secord; Jonathan I. Bloch; Stephen GB Chester; Doug M. Boyer; Aaron R. Wood; Scott L. Wing; Mary J. Kraus; Francesca A. McInerney; John Krigbaum (2012).

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Mario A. Cozzuol; Camila L. Clozato; Elizete C. Holanda; Flávio HG Rodrigues; Samuel Nienow; Benoit de Thoisy; Rodrigo Redondo; AF Fabrício R. Santos (2013).

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Kenneth D. Rose; Luke T. Holbrook; Rajendra S. Rana; Kishor Kumar; Katrina E. Jones; Heather E. Ahrens; Pieter Missiaen; Ashok Sahni; Thierry Smith (2014).

7961: 4925:"Phylogenetic Relationships of the Five Extant Rhinoceros species (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla) Based on Mitochondrial Cytochrome b and 12S rRNA gene" 1180:

and other "ungulates". A close family relationship with hyraxes was suspected based on similarities in the construction of the ear and the course of the

3629: 1406: 5759:"New Early Eocene cambaythere (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Vastan Lignite Mine (Gujarat, India) and on evaluation of cambaythere relationships" 3729:

also entered the ancient settlement areas of odd-toed ungulates, creating competition that led to the extinction of some of their lines. The rise of

7809: 7159: 4137: 7848: 5892:"Anatomy, Relationships, and Paleobiology of Cambaytherium (Mammalia, Perissodactylamorpha, Anthracobunia) from the lower Eocene of western India" 6338:

Ludovic Orlando; Jessica L. Metcalf; Maria T. Alberdi; Miguel Telles Antunes-Dominique Bonjean; Marcel Otte; Fabiana Martin; et al. (2009).

4591: 1239:). In a discredited alternative scenario, a close relationship exists between perissodactyls, carnivores, and bats, this assembly comprising the 3507:

Relationships within the large group of odd-toed ungulates are not fully understood. Initially, after the establishment of "Perissodactyla" by

4383: 6651: 6244: 4630: 3839:, tapirs and hyrax. The horses were still generally regarded as a group separate from other mammals and were often classified under the name 1025:

is present. The stomach of perissodactyls is simply built, while the cecum accommodates up to 90 L (24 US gal) in horses. The

4295:"What are the most accurate categories for mammal tarsus arrangement? A review with attention to South American Notoungulata and Litopterna" 6127:"New Early Eocene tapiromorph perissodactyls from the Ghazij formation of Pakistan, with implications for mammalian biochronology in Asia" 3891:, which he used for what are today called the odd-toed ungulates, including their extinct relatives, but explicitly excluding the hyrax. 991:

infection) is a highly transmissible respiratory infection of horses that can cause pus to accumulate in the guttural pouch; horses with

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According to studies published in March 2015, odd-toed ungulates are in a close family relationship with at least some of the so-called

749:, is considered one of the largest land mammals of all time. At the other extreme, an early member of the order, the prehistoric horse 3851: 4410: 6689: 6635: 6618: 6603: 6588: 6573: 6412:

Georges Cuvier (1817). "Le Règne Animal distribue d'après son organisation pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux".

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Christine Janis (2008). "An evolutionary history of browsing and grazing ungulates". In Iain J. Gordon; Herbert H. T. Prins (eds.).

4213: 121: 2767:. The Chalicotheriidae developed claws instead of hooves and considerable extension of the forelegs. The best-known genera include 5931:"Convergence of Afrotherian and Laurasiatherian Ungulate-Like Mammals: First Morphological Evidence from the Paleocene of Morocco" 5125:"Convergence of Afrotherian and Laurasiatherian Ungulate-Like Mammals: First Morphological Evidence from the Paleocene of Morocco" 3933:

these animals are, however, still widespread. To a lesser extent, horses and donkeys are also kept for their meat and their milk.

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The domestic horse and the donkey play an important role in human history, particularly as transport, work and pack animals. The

2582: 1075:, perissodactyls were distributed over much of the globe, the major exceptions being Australia and Antarctica. Horses and tapirs 6038: 1374: 55: 5406:

Cooper, L. N.; Seiffert, E. R.; Clementz, M.; Madar, S. I.; Bajpai, S.; Hussain, S. T.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (8 October 2014).

7866: 2516: 2507: 2456: 102: 59: 7853: 5990:"Eutherians experienced elevated evolutionary rates in the immediate aftermath of the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction" 4163: 3566:

The evolutionary development of Perissodactyla is well documented in the fossil record. Numerous finds are evidence of the

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There are many perissodactyl fossils of multivariant form. The major lines of development include the following groups:

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and comparison with fossil collagen from remnants of phylogenetically young members of the Meridiungulata (specifically

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Despite their very different appearances, they were recognized as related families in the 19th century by the zoologist

865:, giving them an elongated head. The various forms of snout between families are due to differences in the form of the 7861: 7731: 7708: 6626: 6208:(Perissodactyla, Mammalia) in den eozänen Geiseltalschichten" [Tooth morphology and stratigraphic distribution of 4203: 81: 5814:"Comments on 'Early Eocene Land Mammals from Vastan Lignite Mine, District Surat (Gujarat), western India' by Bajpai" 1401:). Both kinship groups, the odd-toed ungulates and the Litopterna-Notoungulata, are now in the higher-level taxon of 7981: 7788: 2697: 1076: 4077: 3899:, but it was sometimes also used for the true odd-toed ungulates as a subcategory (rhinos, horses, tapirs), while 48: 7892: 7801: 7137: 4045: 2545: 2536: 2444: 4240:"Evolutionary and Functional Anatomy of the Pelvic Limb in Fossil and Recent Equidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia)" 88: 3812: 2588: 2498: 2486: 1929: 6564:

Martin S. Fischer: Mesaxonia (Perissodactyla) Perissodactyla. In: Wilfried Westheide, Reinhard Rieger (eds.):

5790: 4462: 959:) can cause serious damage to the tissues of the pouch, as well as surrounding structures including important 7966: 7632: 7145: 4037: 2811: 2477: 980: 874: 5220:

Ravel, Anthony; Orliac, Maeva (2014). "The inner ear morphology of the 'condylarthran' Hyopsodus lepidus".

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Ravel, Anthony; Orliac, Maeva (2014). "The inner ear morphology of the 'condylarthran' Hyopsodus lepidus".

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as a deeply nested subclade) are the sister taxon of the Perissodactyla; together, the two groups form the

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JJ Hooker (1984). "A primitive ceratomorph (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Early Tertiary of Europe".

2468: 1158: 1026: 964: 628: 4141: 7923: 6682: 6455: 5674: 4056: 3956: 3882: 7291: 5626:, a new early Eocene chalicothere (Mammalia, Perissodactyla), and a revision of Eocene chalicotheres". 3941: 2086: 7736: 4599: 3158: 7902: 7757: 7695: 7594: 6351: 6050: 5942: 5891: 5844: 5419: 5259:(Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Zambrana (Álava, Basque-Cantabrian Region). Phylogenetic analysis of 5136: 5077: 4855: 4792: 4014: 2815:). The rhinos (Rhinocerotidae) emerged in the Middle Eocene; five species survive to the present day. 2379: 1972: 1954: 1192: 1138: 1122: 1058:

Restriction of their habitat and poaching threaten the survival of most rhino species, including the

323: 251: 7686: 7484: 6039:"Evolution of the Earliest Horses Driven by Climate Change in the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum" 5589:

The Mammalian Fauna of the White River Oligocene Transactions of the American Philosophical Society

4552:"Perissodactyl | Definition, Characteristics, Species, Examples, Habitat, & Facts | Britannica" 3964: 3537: 3028: 2602: 2332: 2303: 2267: 1877: 1110: 1096: 802:. For example, often shorter, thicker, bones belong to the largest and heaviest ungulates like the 7387: 6447: 6286: 3999: 3640: 3021: 2911: 2352: 7442: 6186: 6074: 5911: 5794: 5604: 5485: 5385: 5313: 5237: 4889: 4761: 4646: 4275: 4119: 4006: 3979: 3824: 3567: 2617: 2167: 1805: 1378: 1169: 892: 263: 3916: 3620:

intermediary forms as evidence of the course of its development. The close relationship between

2294: 940:, is a characteristic feature of Perissodactyla. The guttural pouch is of particular concern in 7928: 6204:

Hlawatsch, Kerstin; Erfurt, Jörg (2007). "Zahnmorphologie und stratigraphische Verbreitung von

4843: 4781:"Pegasoferae, an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions" 3815:(1723–1806) first separated the tapirs and hippos in 1762 with the introduction of the concept 3034: 779:

Seven figures showing the bones, blood vessels, ligaments and arteries of the hoof and pastern.

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The order was considerably more diverse in the past, with notable extinct groups including the

7910: 7744: 7451: 7050: 6657: 6647: 6631: 6614: 6599: 6584: 6569: 6528: 6379: 6265: 6240: 6066: 6019: 5970: 5872: 5447: 5164: 5105: 4947: 4881: 4820: 4753: 4702: 4626: 4533: 4515: 4441: 4362: 4332: 4314: 4267: 4259: 4209: 4010: 3734: 3104: 2956: 2834: 2756: 2556: 1787: 1402: 1291: 1080: 1059: 976: 522: 425: 243: 5737:"Early Eocene Land Mammals from Vastan Lignite Mine, District Surat (Gujarat), western India" 7938: 7915: 7840: 7576: 7532: 7508: 7460: 7322: 7276: 7071: 6812: 6749: 6675: 6518: 6510: 6369: 6359: 6301: 6232: 6178: 6148: 6138: 6105: 6058: 6009: 6001: 5960: 5950: 5903: 5862: 5852: 5786: 5736: 5650: 5596: 5547: 5477: 5437: 5427: 5377: 5347: 5303: 5272: 5229: 5200: 5154: 5144: 5095: 5085: 5044: 5011: 4978: 4939: 4871: 4863: 4810: 4800: 4743: 4733: 4694: 4523: 4507: 4322: 4306: 4251: 4228:

Hall, Brian K. (2006). Fins into Limbs. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31337-5.

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Brontotherioidea were among the earliest known large mammals, consisting of the families of

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George Gaylord (1945). "The Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals".

3671:. The distant ancestors of tapirs appeared not too long after that in the Ghazij lineup in 833:, which greatly restricts the mobility of the foot. The thigh is relatively short, and the 6964: 6865: 6833: 6468: 5833:"Early Eocene fossils suggest that the mammalian order Perissodactyla originated in India" 5687: 3717: 3654: 3521: 3379: 3190: 3173: 3119: 3054: 3047: 2986: 2917: 2900: 2881: 2852: 2842: 2797: 2740: 2725: 2715: 2706: 2702: 2203: 2194: 2125: 2116: 1737: 1712: 1196: 972: 933: 741: 713: 709: 493: 390: 365: 7082:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) 5735:

Sunil Bajpai; Vivesh Kapur; Debasis P. Das; BN Tiwari; N. Saravanan; Ritu Sharma (2005).

4647:"Tapirs (extant/living species; Tapirus spp.) Fact Sheet: Reproduction & Development" 821:

that clearly distinguishes this group from other mammals is the articulation between the

724:, with the paraceratheres including the largest known land mammals to have ever existed. 6355: 6054: 5946: 5848: 5423: 5140: 5081: 4859: 4796: 4239: 885: 7796: 7783: 7700: 7585: 7378: 7209: 7010: 6956: 6857: 6841: 6523: 6498: 6374: 6339: 6305: 6014: 5989: 5965: 5930: 5654: 5442: 5407: 5352: 5335: 5159: 5124: 5100: 5065: 4844:"Ancient protein resolve the evolutionary history of Darwin's South American ungulates" 4815: 4780: 4528: 4495: 4327: 4255: 4018: 3983: 3828: 3658: 3621: 3435: 3418: 3273: 3237: 3015: 2999: 2949: 2933: 2894: 2838: 2792: 2769: 2764: 2428: 2388: 2323: 2285: 2185: 2144: 1855: 1536: 1326: 1204: 1181: 960: 956: 929: 535: 530: 514: 472: 452: 407: 357: 7713: 5572:

Robert M. Schoch (1989). "A brief historical review of perissodactyl classification".

4924: 3624:

mammals and perissoodactyls in particular is of interest since the latter appeared in

3057:(a clade of stem-perissodactyls; from the Early Palaeocene to the Middle Eocene epoch) 759:, tapirs and horses have dense, short coats. Most species are grey or brown, although 7955: 7603: 7499: 7252: 7001: 6873: 6482:

Donald R. Prothero; Robert M. Schoch (1989). "Classification of the Perissodactyla".

6190: 6110: 6093: 5915: 5813: 5758: 5408:"Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls" 5389: 5066:"Anthracobunids from the Middle Eocene of India and Pakistan Are Stem Perissodactyls" 4983: 4966: 4738: 3991: 3929: 3871: 3768: 3743: 3625: 3613: 3583: 3513: 3394: 2993: 2864: 2788: 2736: 2658: 2406: 1426:

some 56 million years ago, while the rhinos and tapirs split off in the lower-middle

1118: 948: 907: 870: 721: 506: 177: 5798: 5489: 5317: 5241: 4765: 4279: 4123: 3591:

in the Cambay shale of western India indicate an origin in Asia dating to the Lower

873:

has projecting cusps in the eye sockets and a wide contact with the nasal bone. The

556: 7749: 7475: 7415: 7369: 7018: 6948: 6849: 6804: 6499:"Early Tertiary mammals from North Africa reinforce the molecular Afrotheria clade" 6078: 5292:"Reevaluation of some ungulate mammals from the Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar" 4923:

Christelle Tougard; Thomas Delefosse; Catherine Hänni; Claudine Montgelard (2001).

4893: 4029: 3867: 3832: 3722: 3532: 3508: 3313: 3222: 2970: 2860: 2760: 2675: 2652: 2246: 1631: 1613: 1504: 1398: 1383: 1332: 1277: 1212: 1146: 1087:. Their North American counterparts died out around 10,000 years ago, leaving only 1043: 944: 903: 818: 728: 682: 338: 235: 5907: 5276: 4551: 3903:

stood for the entire order, including the hyrax. The assumption that hyraxes were

6613:, Part 3: Mammalia. 2nd edition. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena and Stuttgart 1989. 5955: 5481: 5432: 5336:"Comparative osteology of early Tertiary tapiromorphs (Mammalia, Perissodactyla)" 5233: 5149: 5090: 4115: 3835:), including in it not only the rhinos and elephants, but also the hippos, pigs, 1168:

Traditionally, the odd-toed ungulates were classified with other mammals such as

1001:

role in cooling blood in the internal carotid artery before it enters the brain.

7879: 7822: 7680: 7225: 7058: 6980: 6898: 6236: 4721: 3820: 3755: 3704: 3672: 3600: 3545:

leading to the unification in 1984 of the two submissions in the interim order,

3340: 3092: 2963: 2848: 2823: 2780: 2670: 2663: 1588: 1554: 1479: 1240: 1022: 968: 845: 830: 686: 480: 442: 226: 152: 37: 5551: 4177: 1054: 7424: 7282: 7087: 7061:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales and dolphins) 6940: 6783: 6740: 6724: 5205: 5188: 4411:"Strangles in Horses - Respiratory Diseases of Horses - MSD Veterinary Manual" 3995: 3804: 3663: 3517: 3325: 3258: 3008: 2942: 2856: 2830: 2818: 2720: 2630: 2592: 2490: 2460: 2448: 2259: 2207: 2148: 2078: 2065: 1388: 1336: 1262: 1200: 937: 866: 822: 803: 694: 674: 464: 416: 197: 162: 17: 5757:

Sunil Bajpai; Vivesh Kapur; JGM Thewissen; Debasis P. Das; BN Tiwari (2006).

5189:"Evolutionary Transitions in the Fossil Record of Terrestrial Hoofed Mammals" 4519: 4318: 4263: 3866:, coming close to the concept of the odd-toed ungulate as a systematic unit. 3516:); the Ceratomorpha consist of tapirs and rhinos plus their extinct members ( 1203:, so are not closely related to the perissodactyls. These in turn are in the 7770: 7095: 7042: 6919: 6911: 6791: 6757: 6364: 6062: 5016: 4999: 4805: 3887: 3700: 3695: 3661:. The oldest finds from an extant group originate among other sources, from 3577: 3572: 3357: 2750: 1697: 1423: 1410: 1236: 1232: 1188: 1177: 1072: 984: 911: 826: 756: 746: 690: 485: 280: 213: 202: 146: 7671: 6532: 6514: 6383: 6153: 6070: 6023: 6005: 5974: 5876: 5867: 5451: 5168: 5109: 5049: 4951: 4943: 4885: 4824: 4757: 4698: 4537: 4511: 4336: 3649:, an early relative of the horse, is one of the oldest-known perissodactyls 3632:, implying rapid ecological radiation and dispersal after mass extinction. 6143: 6126: 6094:"The systematics and taxonomy of the early Eocene equids (Perissodactyla)" 4706: 4271: 4244:

Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia: Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series C

3791:), the only tapir then known in Europe. Linnaeus classified this tapir as 920: 917: 7723: 7665: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7034: 6890: 6718: 5255:

Badiola, A.; Pareda-Suberbiola, X.; Cuesta, M. (2003). "A new species of

3738: 3730: 3689: 3645: 2745: 2679: 1220: 1208: 1084: 1010: 878: 858: 834: 795: 787: 751: 646: 300: 217: 192: 187: 172: 167: 157: 6568:. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg and Berlin 2004, pp 646–655, 5308: 5291: 4867: 3693:, which is considered a member of the horse family, outwardly resembled 3050:(a family of stem-perissodactyls; from the Early to Middle Eocene epoch) 7567: 7523: 7234: 7111: 6988: 6820: 6730: 6667: 5857: 5832: 5608: 5381: 4876: 4294: 3836: 3726: 3668: 3136: 2775: 2058: 1464: 1393: 1323: 1216: 1014: 941: 899: 888: 854: 799: 791: 698: 658: 650: 381: 207: 182: 6340:"Revising the recent evolutionary history of equids using ancient DNA" 4748: 4310: 3667:, an ancestor of the horses from the Willswood lineup in northwestern 3595:

roughly 54.5 million years ago. Their teeth also show similarities to

1133: 7827: 7340: 7331: 7316: 7185: 7103: 7079: 6927: 6774: 6712: 6699: 6182: 4025: 3937: 3921: 3808: 3800: 3592: 3570:

of this group, which was once much more varied and widely dispersed.

2795:

developed long limbs and long necks that were most pronounced in the

2759:

represented another characteristic group, consisting of the families

2729: 2255: 2158: 2135: 2074: 1427: 1092: 1068: 814: 666: 310: 290: 7642: 5600: 3870:(1804–1892) quoted Blainville in his study on fossil mammals of the 2718:(synonym Titanotheriidae), the most well-known representative being 7814: 7775: 6319:

Matthew Colbert (2007). "New Fossil Discoveries and the History of

1187:

Molecular genetic studies, however, have shown the ungulates to be

790:

have stances that require them to stand on the tips of their toes.

7550: 7363: 7349: 7302: 7261: 6972: 6630:, 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005 5988:

Halliday Thomas John Dixon; Upchurch Paul; Goswami Anjali (1833).

5705:, a perissodactyl-like mammal from the Late Palaeocene of China". 4052: 3915: 3776: 3754: 3639: 2809:), the second largest known land mammal ever to have lived (after 2696: 2669: 2651: 2372: 2217: 2096: 1228: 1173: 1132: 1053: 1018: 862: 844: 774: 764: 760: 702: 678: 670: 662: 555: 4489: 4487: 739:

The largest odd-toed ungulates are rhinoceroses, and the extinct

6661: 6212:(Perissodactyla, Mammalia) in the Eocene Geiseltal layers]. 5263:

and first mention in the Late Eocene of the Iberian Peninsula".

3512:

Hippomorpha comprises today's horses and their extinct members (

1207:, a superorder that had its origin in the former supercontinent 1191:, meaning that in some cases the similarities are the result of 849:

Tapirs are the only extant group of perissodactyls with a trunk.

810: 7646: 7141: 6671: 6583:. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, 6231:. Ecological Studies. Vol. 195. Springer. pp. 21–45. 5701:

Malcolm C. McKenna; Chow Minna; Suyin Ting; Luo Zhexi (1989). "

5123:

Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Filippo, Andrea; Schmitt, Arnaud (2016).

5064:

Cooper L. N.; Seiffert E. R.; Clementz M.; et al. (2014).

7026: 6547: 3549:. At the same time, he expanded the Ancylopoda to include the 1224: 1095:

were pushed to extinction in 19th century Europe. Hunting and

947:, due to its frequent involvement in some serious infections. 31: 7762: 898:

The number and form of the teeth vary according to diet. The

5929:

Gheerbrant Emmanuel; Filippo Andrea; Schmitt Arnaud (2016).

4779:

Hidenori Nishihara; Masami Hasegawa; Norihiro Okada (2006).

6646:(6th ed.), Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 4162:. National Geographic Society. 14 July 2015. Archived from 1091:

with a range extending to what is now southern Mexico. The

1013:, hindgut fermenters store digested food that has left the 619: 595: 580: 4579:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2013. p. 273. 3827:. In 1795, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772–1844) and 2743:

are known mainly from Europe; their most famous member is

1009:

All perissodactyls are hindgut fermenters. In contrast to

6448:"Tableau Elementaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux" 5791:

10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[219:eeycva]2.0.co;2

5587:

William Berryman Scott (1941). "Part V: Perissodactyla".

5523:

Horace Elmer Wood (1934). "Revision of the Hyrachyidae".

4967:"Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the Perissodactyla" 4577:

Zookeeping: An Introduction to the Science and Technology

4384:"Strangles (Distemper) in Horses - MSD Veterinary Manual" 3783:). At that time, this category also included the tapirs ( 613: 604: 589: 4910:

The History of Life: A View from the Southern Hemisphere

3725:. For the same reason, however, new animals such as the 1199:. Elephants and hyraxes are now considered to belong to 5994:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5463: 5461: 4438:

Dyce, Sack and Wensing's Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy

4359:

Dyce, Sack and Wensing's Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy

3787:), more precisely the lowland or South American tapir ( 2936:(a basal family of Tapiromorpha; from the Eocene epoch) 5033:"Withers height, body mass and shape of proboscideans" 3024:(sometimes recognized as a subfamily of deperetellids) 5538:

Horace Elmer Wood (1937). "Perissodactyl suborders".

4836: 4834: 3037:(sometimes recognized as a subfamily of lophialetids) 1211:. Molecular genetic findings suggest that the cloven 607: 592: 583: 4679: 4677: 2711:

one of the largest land mammals to have ever existed

616: 610: 601: 586: 577: 527: 519: 511: 503: 477: 469: 449: 439: 430: 422: 412: 404: 387: 362: 354: 7655: 7565: 7549: 7521: 7497: 7473: 7440: 7423: 7250: 7233: 7070: 7009: 7000: 6939: 6910: 6889: 6832: 6803: 6782: 6773: 6748: 6739: 6344:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA

5724:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 242–267. 4785:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA

4472:. NSW Government - Department of Primary Industries 598: 62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7114:(lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans) 5525:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 5510:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 3924:had become extinct by the end of the 19th century. 2829:Several mammal groups traditionally classified as 798:and other mammals can be seen in the shape of the 6611:Textbook of Paleozoology, Volume III: vertebrates 4440:(5th ed.). Missouri: Elsevier. p. 512. 4361:(5th ed.). Missouri: Elsevier. p. 511. 1247:Internal taxonomy of the Euungulata after Welker 6546:International Union for Conservation of Nature. 5818:Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 5763:Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 5744:Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 5329: 5327: 5182: 5180: 5178: 4722:"Summary of Laurasiatheria (Mammalia) Phylogeny" 3862:animals and referred to all of them together as 2062:: horses and allies, seven species in one genus 1434:Internal relationships of extant Perissodactyla 701:chambers as artiodactyls, with the exception of 6566:Systematic Zoology. Part 2: Vortex or craniotes 5503: 5501: 5499: 4625:(2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 1015. 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5290:Tsubamoto, T.; Tun, S.T.; et al. (2003). 4138:"Glossary. American Museum of Natural History" 3949:International Union for Conservation of Nature 2920:(might be a basal perissodactyl grade instead) 7153: 6683: 6125:Pieter Missiaen; Philip D. Gingerich (2012). 5401: 5399: 3831:(1769–1832) introduced the term "pachyderm" ( 1021:, where the food is digested by microbes. No 8: 6486:. Oxford University Press. pp. 530–537. 4965:Cynthia C. Steiner; Oliver A. Ryder (2011). 4651:International Environment Library Consortium 3799:("beasts"). He combined the rhinos with the 2432:: rhinoceroses, five species in four genera 6264:. London: Chapman & Hall. p. 343. 1042:Unlike artiodactyls, perissodactyls lack a 7643: 7562: 7437: 7409: 7247: 7219: 7160: 7146: 7138: 7006: 6907: 6800: 6779: 6745: 6690: 6676: 6668: 6285:Mikael Fortelius; John Kappelmann (1993). 5709:. Oxford University Press. pp. 24–36. 5576:. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–23. 4592:"Understand Normal Mare and Foal Behavior" 4496:"The carotid rete and artiodactyl success" 3069:Internal classification of Perissodactyla 1329: (South American ungulates, 1280: (Even-toed ungulates and cetaceans) 955:mould) of the guttural pouch (also called 685:, or positioned posteriorly. By contrast, 225: 135: 6522: 6373: 6363: 6294:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 6214:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften 6152: 6142: 6109: 6098:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 6013: 5964: 5954: 5866: 5856: 5643:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 5441: 5431: 5351: 5340:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 5307: 5204: 5158: 5148: 5099: 5089: 5048: 5015: 4982: 4971:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 4875: 4814: 4804: 4747: 4737: 4720:Jingyang Hu; Zhang Yaping; Li Yu (2012). 4653:. San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance Library 4527: 4326: 2855:have traditionally been placed among the 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 7021:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) 6624:Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (eds.): 5000:"A new species of tapir from the Amazon" 4621:Angus, McKinnon; Noah, Heninger (2011). 3947:Present threat levels, according to the 3795:and put both genera in the group of the 3067: 1432: 1245: 6598:Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005. 6287:"The Largest land mammal ever imagined" 4590:Williams, Jennifer (15 December 2008). 4494:Mitchell, G; Lust, A (23 August 2008). 4069: 3064:Higher classification of perissodactyls 6464: 6453: 5683: 5672: 4156:"The Largest Beasts to Walk the Earth" 2666:genus first formally described in 1804 6596:The Origin & Evolution of Mammals 4932:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4687:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 3885:(1831–1899) came up with the concept 1407:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 884:Rhinos have one or two horns made of 649:. The order includes about 17 living 7: 7903:682f936e-e4c4-4c38-b32e-d24c54f384c0 7802:2d58add6-3cfc-406c-b2ed-76db036bdfbd 6431:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1779). 4040:; however, the northern subspecies, 2779:. Chalicotherioidea died out in the 2613:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis sumatrensis 2376:: tapirs, five species in one genus 731:, who also coined the order's name. 645: 'finger, toe') is an order of 60:adding citations to reliable sources 6229:The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing 5722:The Beginning of the Age of Mammals 3683:from the Chalicotheriidae line, or 3410: 3386: 3332: 3320: 3265: 3253: 3229: 3165: 3111: 3099: 3087: 3075: 2622:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni 1945: 1920: 1868: 1861: 1778: 1753: 1728: 1703: 1692: 1604: 1579: 1527: 1520: 1495: 1470: 1459: 1452: 1440: 1331: especially 1298: 1269: 1257: 564:is the largest living perissodactyl 6503:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 6414:Introduction à l'Anatomie Comparée 6306:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb02560.x 5896:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5779:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5655:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00545.x 5470:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5353:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb02270.x 4256:10.1111/j.1439-0264.1975.tb00637.x 3852:Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville 3707:, in the Middle and Upper Eocene. 2791:were hippo-like, aquatic animals. 1422:molecular genetic analysis in the 1083:around 3 million years ago in the 25: 7962:Extant Ypresian first appearances 7053:(Horses, rhinoceroses and tapirs) 5193:Evolution: Education and Outreach 4293:Lorente, Malena (2 August 2019). 3944:was once eradicated in the wild. 3858:over to the tapirs and rhinos as 3616:or near its collision with Asia. 2634:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis lasiotis 7627: 7626: 6111:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00005.x 4984:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00752.x 4739:10.3724/sp.j.1141.2012.e05-06e65 3803:, a group now consisting of the 2966:(basal grade of chalicotheroids) 2739:) also developed in the Eocene. 2583:Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus 1231:(a common taxon of carnivorans, 573: 267: 36: 6484:The Evolution of Perissodactyls 5707:The Evolution of Perissodactyls 5574:The Evolution of Perissodactyls 3895:is now considered a synonym of 3771:(1707–1778) classified horses ( 1430:, about 47 million years ago. 853:Odd-toed ungulates have a long 47:needs additional citations for 4238:Hussain, S. (September 1975). 4202:Allen, Jeremiah (March 2010). 2749:, which became extinct in the 2576:Rhinoceros sondaicus sondaicus 2517:South-western black rhinoceros 2508:South-central black rhinoceros 2457:North-eastern black rhinoceros 932:, a small outpocketing of the 1: 6644:Walker's Mammals of the World 6581:Walker's Mammals of the World 6131:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 5908:10.1080/02724634.2020.1761370 5622:Leonard B. Radinsky (1964). " 5277:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.07.005 5037:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 4208:. Other Places Travel Guide. 4005:Three species are considered 3864:onguligrades à doigts impairs 3847:, meaning "one-hoof animal". 3763:In 1758, in his seminal work 2611:Western Sumatran rhinoceros, 2580:Vietnamese Javan rhinoceros, 2574:Indonesian Javan rhinoceros, 2521:Diceros bicornis occidentalis 697:, rather than in one or more 5956:10.1371/journal.pone.0157556 5482:10.1080/02724634.2011.579669 5433:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232 5234:10.1080/08912963.2014.915823 5150:10.1371/journal.pone.0157556 5091:10.1371/journal.pone.0109232 4116:10.1080/08912963.2014.915823 3955:Four species are considered 3612:suggests an origin in India 2876:Superfamily Brontotherioidea 2627:Northern Sumatran rhinoceros 2596:Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis 1129:Reproduction and development 1032:surface-area-to-volume ratio 861:between the front and cheek 745:, a hornless rhino from the 6627:Mammal Species of the World 6433:Handbook of Natural History 6260:Benton, Michael J. (1997). 6237:10.1007/978-3-540-72422-3_2 6092:David J. Froehlich (2002). 4055:is not considered at risk ( 4042:Ceratotherium simum cottoni 2618:Eastern Sumatran rhinoceros 2550:Ceratotherium simum cottoni 2473:Diceros bicornis chobiensis 2130:Equus africanus somaliensis 1309: (Odd-toed ungulates) 1079:after the formation of the 914:of odd-toed ungulates is: 384:(horses, asses, and zebras) 7998: 7977:Taxa named by Richard Owen 7090:(Rabbits, hares and pikas) 7045:(Dogs, cats and relatives) 6951:(Tenrecs and golden moles) 2833:, long-understood to be a 2724:and the more basal family 2482:Diceros bicornis ladoensis 2152:Equus africanus atlanticus 1156: 895:, which have a bony core. 7624: 7412: 7408: 7222: 7218: 7180: 6876:(Kangaroos and relatives) 6707: 5628:American Museum Novitates 5334:Luke T. Holbrook (2001). 5206:10.1007/s12052-009-0136-1 4048:) is close to extinction. 4046:northern white rhinoceros 3432: 3415: 3408: 3391: 3384: 3354: 3337: 3330: 3318: 3287: 3270: 3263: 3251: 3234: 3227: 3187: 3170: 3163: 3133: 3116: 3109: 3097: 3085: 2546:Northern white rhinoceros 2541:Ceratotherium simum simum 2537:Southern white rhinoceros 2503:Diceros bicornis michaeli 2494:Diceros bicornis longipes 2452:Diceros bicornis bicornis 2445:Southern black rhinoceros 2342:Hartmann's mountain zebra 2121:Equus africanus africanus 1968: 1950: 1943: 1925: 1918: 1891: 1873: 1866: 1859: 1801: 1783: 1776: 1758: 1751: 1733: 1726: 1708: 1701: 1690: 1627: 1609: 1602: 1584: 1577: 1550: 1532: 1525: 1518: 1500: 1493: 1475: 1468: 1457: 1450: 1320: 1303: 1296: 1274: 1267: 817:are reduced in horses. A 351: 346: 264:Scientific classification 262: 233: 224: 138: 6868:(Bilbies and bandicoots) 6642:Ronald M. Nowak (1999), 6262:Vertebrate Palaeontology 5720:Kenneth D. Rose (2006). 5552:10.1093/jmammal/18.1.106 5296:Paleontological Research 3912:Interactions with humans 3874:and introduced the name 3813:Mathurin Jacques Brisson 2607:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 2499:Eastern black rhinoceros 2487:Western black rhinoceros 1930:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 1125:(tapirs, other rhinos). 1077:arrived in South America 638: 'odd' and 6760:(Platypus and echidnas) 6446:Georges Cuvier (1798). 6365:10.1073/pnas.0903672106 6171:Journal of Paleontology 6063:10.1126/science.1213859 5017:10.1644/12-MAMM-A-169.1 4806:10.1073/pnas.0603797103 4182:Encyclopædia Britannica 3793:Hippopotamus terrestris 3542:Leonard Burton Radinsky 2812:Palaeoloxodon namadicus 2674:Live reconstruction of 2589:Indian Javan rhinoceros 2478:Uganda black rhinoceros 2464:Diceros bicornis brucii 2272:Equus quagga burchellii 2211:Equus hemionus hemippus 2172:Equus hemionus hemionus 2091:Equus ferus przewalskii 1223:. More distant are the 989:Streptococcus equi equi 981:internal carotid artery 875:temporomandibular joint 27:Order of hoofed mammals 7595:South American tapir ( 6991:(Dugongs and manatees) 6930:(Anteaters and sloths) 6515:10.1098/rspb.2006.0229 6463:Cite journal requires 6399:Magasin Encyclopédique 6006:10.1098/rspb.2015.3026 5682:Cite journal requires 5050:10.4202/app.00136.2014 4944:10.1006/mpev.2000.0903 4699:10.1006/mpev.1996.0391 4512:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0138 4436:Singh, Baljit (2018). 4357:Singh, Baljit (2018). 3988:Central American tapir 3925: 3760: 3650: 2712: 2689: 2667: 2512:Diceros bicornis minor 2469:Chobe black rhinoceros 2346:Equus zebra hartmannae 2308:Equus quagga crawshayi 2140:Equus africanus asinus 1159:List of perissodactyls 1141: 1063: 957:Guttural Pouch Mycosis 891:, unlike the horns of 850: 780: 565: 7924:Paleobiology Database 7485:Sumatran rhinoceros ( 6860:(Quolls and dunnarts) 6216:. Suppl. 23: 161–173. 6144:10.4202/app.2010.0093 5837:Nature Communications 5812:Kishor Kumar (2005). 5031:Larramendi A (2016). 4415:MSD Veterinary Manual 4388:MSD Veterinary Manual 3957:critically endangered 3919: 3883:Othniel Charles Marsh 3758: 3643: 2980:Suborder Ceratomorpha 2701:Scale diagram of the 2700: 2686:Chalicotherium grande 2673: 2655: 2366:Suborder Ceratomorpha 2299:Equus quagga chapmani 2290:Equus quagga borensis 2234:Equus kiang holdereri 2220:or Tibetan wild ass, 2190:Equus hemionus onager 2161:or Asiatic wild ass, 1136: 1057: 848: 778: 559: 234:Clockwise from left: 7797:Fauna Europaea (new) 7292:Przewalski's horse ( 7172:(Odd-toed ungulates) 5540:Journal of Mammalogy 5004:Journal of Mammalogy 4144:on 20 November 2021. 4015:South American tapir 3557:Evolutionary history 2906:Superfamily Equoidea 2889:Suborder Hippomorpha 2871:Order Perissodactyla 2570:Rhinoceros sondaicus 2561:Rhinoceros unicornis 2317:Equus quagga selousi 2240:Equus kiang polyodon 2181:Equus hemionus kulan 2101:Equus ferus caballus 2052:Suborder Hippomorpha 2047:Order Perissodactyla 1973:Rhinoceros unicornis 1955:Rhinoceros sondaicus 1193:convergent evolution 1038:Lack of carotid rete 324:Perissodactylamorpha 248:Rhinoceros unicornis 56:improve this article 7452:Indian rhinoceros ( 7175:species by suborder 6509:(1614): 1159–1166. 6435:. pp. 168–448. 6356:2009PNAS..10621754O 6350:(51): 21754–21759. 6055:2012Sci...335..959S 5947:2016PLoSO..1157556G 5849:2014NatCo...5.5570R 5424:2014PLoSO...9j9232C 5309:10.2517/prpsj.7.219 5187:Donald, R. (2009). 5141:2016PLoSO..1157556G 5082:2014PLoSO...9j9232C 5010:(6): 1331 to 1345. 4868:10.1038/nature14249 4860:2015Natur.522...81W 4797:2006PNAS..103.9929N 4726:Zoological Research 4623:Equine Reproduction 3965:Sumatran rhinoceros 3825:even-toed ungulates 3703:to emerge were the 3538:Edward Drinker Cope 3070: 2801:(formerly known as 2648:Prehistoric members 2603:Sumatran rhinoceros 2532:Ceratotherium simum 2333:Cape mountain zebra 2281:Equus quagga boehmi 2263:Equus quagga quagga 2199:Equus hemionus khur 1878:Ceratotherium simum 1435: 1252: 1097:habitat destruction 945:Veterinary practice 918:0-3 . 0-1 . 2-4 . 3 893:even-toed ungulates 673:), Rhinocerotidae ( 653:divided into three 7533:Black rhinoceros ( 7509:White rhinoceros ( 7461:Javan rhinoceros ( 7323:African wild ass ( 6844:(Monito del monte) 6325:Tapir Conservation 6000:(1833): 20153026. 5858:10.1038/ncomms6570 5703:Radinskya yupingae 5382:10.1111/pala.12471 5222:Historical Biology 4556:www.britannica.com 4299:Journal of Anatomy 4104:Historical Biology 3942:Przewalski's horse 3926: 3761: 3759:Richard Owen, 1856 3651: 3599:as well as to the 3568:adaptive radiation 3526:Titanotheriomorpha 3068: 2928:Clade Tapiromorpha 2713: 2690: 2668: 2384:Tapirus terrestris 2168:Mongolian wild ass 2134:Domesticated ass ( 2087:Przewalski's horse 1806:Tapirus terrestris 1433: 1379:protein sequencing 1246: 1142: 1104:Lifestyle and diet 1064: 977:Hypoglossal Nerves 851: 781: 677:), and Tapiridae ( 566: 256:Tapirus terrestris 7982:Panperissodactyla 7949: 7948: 7911:Open Tree of Life 7649:Taxon identifiers 7640: 7639: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7559: 7545: 7544: 7434: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7294:E. f. przewalskii 7267: 7244: 7173: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7115: 7107: 7099: 7091: 7083: 7062: 7054: 7046: 7038: 7030: 7022: 6992: 6984: 6976: 6968: 6960: 6959:(Elephant shrews) 6952: 6931: 6923: 6904: 6885: 6884: 6877: 6869: 6861: 6853: 6852:(Marsupial moles) 6850:Notoryctemorphia 6845: 6824: 6816: 6813:Paucituberculata 6797: 6769: 6768: 6761: 6653:978-0-8018-5789-8 6579:Ronald M. Nowak: 6246:978-3-540-72421-6 6210:Hyrachyus minimus 6206:Hyrachyus minimus 6049:(6071): 959–962. 4791:(26): 9929–9934. 4632:978-0-8138-1971-6 4596:equusmagazine.com 4311:10.1111/joa.13065 4011:Indian rhinoceros 3789:Tapirus terrestus 3735:Isthmus of Panama 3581:rhinos. Finds of 3505: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3491: 3490: 3482: 3481: 3473: 3472: 3464: 3463: 3455: 3454: 3446: 3445: 3368: 3367: 3302: 3301: 3211: 3210: 3202: 3201: 3147: 3146: 2957:Chalicotherioidea 2863:and the northern 2835:wastebasket taxon 2757:Chalicotherioidea 2557:Indian rhinoceros 2393:Tapirus pinchaque 2337:Equus zebra zebra 2228:Equus kiang kiang 2082:Equus ferus ferus 2043: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2029: 2028: 2020: 2019: 2011: 2010: 2002: 2001: 1993: 1992: 1984: 1983: 1907: 1906: 1844: 1843: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1825: 1817: 1816: 1788:Tapirus pinchaque 1679: 1678: 1670: 1669: 1661: 1660: 1652: 1651: 1643: 1642: 1566: 1565: 1403:Panperissodactyla 1371: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1357: 1356: 1348: 1347: 1292:Panperissodactyla 1235:, and pangolins, 1227:(Chiroptera) and 1081:Isthmus of Panama 1060:Indian rhinoceros 921:1-3 . 1 . 2-4 . 3 857:with an extended 554: 553: 523:Paraceratheriidae 426:Chalicotherioidea 342: 244:Indian rhinoceros 132: 131: 124: 106: 16:(Redirected from 7989: 7942: 7941: 7932: 7931: 7919: 7918: 7906: 7905: 7896: 7895: 7883: 7882: 7880:NHMSYS0000377074 7870: 7869: 7857: 7856: 7844: 7843: 7831: 7830: 7818: 7817: 7805: 7804: 7792: 7791: 7779: 7778: 7766: 7765: 7753: 7752: 7740: 7739: 7727: 7726: 7717: 7716: 7704: 7703: 7691: 7690: 7689: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7644: 7630: 7629: 7586:Mountain tapir ( 7563: 7558: 7557: 7553: 7438: 7433: 7432: 7428: 7410: 7379:Mountain zebra ( 7303:Domestic horse ( 7266: 7265: 7257: 7248: 7243: 7242: 7238: 7220: 7171: 7162: 7155: 7148: 7139: 7113: 7105: 7097: 7089: 7081: 7072:Euarchontoglires 7060: 7052: 7044: 7036: 7028: 7020: 7007: 6990: 6982: 6974: 6966: 6958: 6950: 6929: 6921: 6908: 6903: 6902: 6894: 6875: 6867: 6866:Peramelemorphia 6859: 6851: 6843: 6822: 6821:Didelphimorphia 6815:(Shrew opossums) 6814: 6801: 6796: 6795: 6787: 6780: 6759: 6750:Australosphenida 6746: 6692: 6685: 6678: 6669: 6664: 6594:Thomas S. Kemp: 6552: 6551: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6526: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6466: 6461: 6459: 6451: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6377: 6367: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6291: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6183:10.1666/10-087.1 6165: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6146: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6017: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5968: 5958: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5870: 5860: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5820:: 101–113, 2005. 5809: 5803: 5802: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5741: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5685: 5680: 5678: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5649:(1–2): 229–244. 5638: 5632: 5631: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5569: 5556: 5555: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5505: 5494: 5493: 5465: 5456: 5455: 5445: 5435: 5403: 5394: 5393: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5331: 5322: 5321: 5311: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5184: 5173: 5172: 5162: 5152: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5103: 5093: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4977:(4): 1289–1303. 4962: 4956: 4955: 4929: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4879: 4838: 4829: 4828: 4818: 4808: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4751: 4741: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4681: 4672: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4598:. Archived from 4587: 4581: 4580: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4531: 4491: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4467: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4354: 4341: 4340: 4330: 4305:(6): 1024–1035. 4290: 4284: 4283: 4235: 4229: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4166:on 15 July 2015. 4152: 4146: 4145: 4140:. Archived from 4134: 4128: 4127: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4074: 4034:white rhinoceros 3978:Six species are 3973:African wild ass 3969:black rhinoceros 3961:Javan rhinoceros 3775:) together with 3751:Research history 3533:Chalicotheriidae 3531:Originally, the 3411: 3387: 3333: 3321: 3291:Chalicotheriidae 3266: 3254: 3230: 3166: 3159:Brontotherioidea 3112: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3071: 2971:Chalicotheriidae 2761:Chalicotheriidae 2566:Javan rhinoceros 2528:White rhinoceros 2440:Diceros bicornis 2436:Black rhinoceros 2420:Tapirus kabomani 2304:Crawshay's zebra 2268:Burchell's zebra 2238:Southern kiang, 2177:Turkmenian kulan 2108:African wild ass 1946: 1921: 1896:Diceros bicornis 1869: 1862: 1779: 1763:Tapirus kabomani 1754: 1729: 1704: 1693: 1605: 1580: 1528: 1521: 1496: 1471: 1460: 1453: 1441: 1436: 1299: 1270: 1258: 1253: 1215:(containing the 965:Glossopharyngeal 963:(Nerves IX-XII: 951:(infection with 936:that drains the 925: 923: 922: 919: 877:is high and the 626: 625: 622: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 562:white rhinoceros 529: 521: 513: 505: 479: 471: 451: 441: 434:Chalicotheriidae 432: 424: 414: 406: 389: 364: 356: 337: 272: 271: 229: 214:Latest Paleocene 212: 149: 142:Temporal range: 136: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 71:"Perissodactyla" 64: 40: 32: 21: 7997: 7996: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7987: 7986: 7952: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7937: 7935: 7927: 7922: 7914: 7909: 7901: 7899: 7891: 7886: 7878: 7873: 7865: 7860: 7852: 7847: 7839: 7834: 7826: 7821: 7813: 7808: 7800: 7795: 7787: 7782: 7774: 7769: 7761: 7756: 7748: 7743: 7735: 7730: 7722: 7720: 7712: 7707: 7699: 7694: 7685: 7684: 7679: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7651: 7641: 7636: 7612: 7604:Malayan tapir ( 7577:Baird's tapir ( 7555: 7554: 7541: 7517: 7493: 7469: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7419: 7396: 7388:Grévy's zebra ( 7259: 7258: 7256: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7229: 7214: 7176: 7170:Perissodactyla 7166: 7136: 7119: 7066: 7051:Perissodactyla 6996: 6935: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6881: 6858:Dasyuromorphia 6842:Microbiotheria 6834:Australidelphia 6828: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6765: 6735: 6703: 6696: 6654: 6641: 6561: 6559:Further reading 6556: 6555: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6481: 6480: 6476: 6462: 6452: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6396: 6395: 6391: 6337: 6336: 6332: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6289: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6167: 6166: 6162: 6154:1854/LU-3178691 6124: 6123: 6119: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6036: 6035: 6031: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5941:(7): e0157556. 5928: 5927: 5923: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5868:1854/LU-5972511 5830: 5829: 5825: 5811: 5810: 5806: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5756: 5755: 5751: 5739: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5681: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5601:10.2307/1005518 5586: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5570: 5559: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5506: 5497: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5418:(10): e109232. 5405: 5404: 5397: 5366: 5365: 5361: 5333: 5332: 5325: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5254: 5253: 5249: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5186: 5185: 5176: 5135:(7): e0157556. 5122: 5121: 5117: 5076:(10): e109232. 5063: 5062: 5058: 5030: 5029: 5025: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4927: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4854:(7554): 81–84. 4840: 4839: 4832: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4683: 4682: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4633: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4605: 4603: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4500:Biology Letters 4493: 4492: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4465: 4461:Freeman, Paul. 4460: 4459: 4455: 4448: 4447:978-0-323442640 4435: 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4409:Lascola, Kara. 4408: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4368:978-0-323442640 4356: 4355: 4344: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4184: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4038:near-threatened 3940:is extinct and 3914: 3765:Systema Naturae 3753: 3718:Paraceratherium 3638: 3628:soon after the 3564: 3559: 3522:Rhinocerotoidea 3501: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3380:Rhinocerotoidea 3369: 3303: 3212: 3203: 3191:Brontotheriidae 3174:Lambdotheriidae 3148: 3120:Palaeotheriidae 3066: 3055:Phenacodontidae 3048:Anthracobunidae 2987:Rhinocerotoidea 2918:Palaeotheriidae 2901:Pachynolophidae 2882:Brontotheriidae 2853:Anthracobunidae 2798:Paraceratherium 2741:Palaeotheriidae 2726:Lambdotheriidae 2716:Brontotheriidae 2707:Paraceratherium 2703:paraceratheriid 2656:Restoration of 2650: 2411:Tapirus indicus 2402:Tapirus bairdii 2380:Brazilian tapir 2295:Chapman's zebra 2232:Eastern kiang, 2226:Western kiang, 2204:Syrian wild ass 2195:Indian wild ass 2126:Somali wild ass 2117:Nubian wild ass 2112:Equus africanus 2039: 2030: 2021: 2012: 2003: 1994: 1985: 1908: 1845: 1836: 1827: 1818: 1738:Tapirus bairdii 1713:Tapirus indicus 1680: 1671: 1662: 1653: 1644: 1567: 1419: 1367: 1358: 1349: 1330: 1197:common ancestry 1166: 1161: 1155: 1139:Brazilian tapir 1131: 1106: 1052: 1040: 1027:small intestine 1017:in an enlarged 1007: 916: 915: 843: 841:Skull and teeth 773: 742:Paraceratherium 737: 576: 572: 494:Rhinocerotoidea 436:(chalicotheres) 391:Palaeotheriidae 366:Brontotheriidae 336: 266: 252:Brazilian tapir 220: 211: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 144: 143: 140: 128: 117: 111: 108: 65: 63: 53: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7995: 7993: 7985: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7967:Perissodactyla 7964: 7954: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7933: 7920: 7907: 7897: 7884: 7871: 7858: 7845: 7832: 7819: 7806: 7793: 7784:Fauna Europaea 7780: 7767: 7754: 7741: 7728: 7718: 7714:Perissodactyla 7705: 7701:Perissodactyla 7692: 7687:Perissodactyla 7677: 7661: 7659: 7657:Perissodactyla 7653: 7652: 7647: 7638: 7637: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7610: 7601: 7592: 7583: 7573: 7571: 7560: 7547: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7529: 7527: 7519: 7518: 7516: 7515: 7505: 7503: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7487:D. sumatrensis 7481: 7479: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7458: 7448: 7446: 7435: 7431:(Rhinoceroses) 7425:Rhinocerotidae 7421: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7385: 7376: 7370:Plains zebra ( 7357: 7356: 7347: 7338: 7329: 7310: 7309: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7270: 7268: 7245: 7241:(Horse family) 7231: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7210:Laurasiatheria 7206: 7200: 7194: 7188: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7142: 7133: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7109: 7101: 7093: 7085: 7076: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7064: 7056: 7048: 7040: 7032: 7024: 7015: 7013: 7011:Laurasiatheria 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6986: 6978: 6970: 6965:Tubulidentata 6962: 6957:Macroscelidea 6954: 6945: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6925: 6916: 6914: 6905: 6887: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6879: 6874:Diprotodontia 6871: 6863: 6855: 6847: 6838: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6818: 6809: 6807: 6798: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6754: 6752: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6652: 6639: 6622: 6607: 6592: 6577: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6548:"IUCN redlist" 6538: 6489: 6474: 6465:|journal= 6438: 6423: 6404: 6389: 6330: 6311: 6277: 6270: 6252: 6245: 6219: 6196: 6177:(4): 665–677. 6160: 6117: 6104:(2): 141–256. 6084: 6029: 5980: 5921: 5882: 5823: 5804: 5768: 5749: 5727: 5712: 5693: 5684:|journal= 5660: 5633: 5614: 5595:(5): 747–964. 5591:. New Series. 5579: 5557: 5530: 5515: 5495: 5476:(4): 895–901. 5457: 5395: 5376:(4): 547–564. 5359: 5323: 5282: 5247: 5212: 5199:(2): 289–302. 5174: 5115: 5056: 5023: 4990: 4957: 4915: 4899: 4830: 4771: 4712: 4693:(2): 195–200. 4673: 4664: 4638: 4631: 4613: 4602:on 13 May 2017 4582: 4568: 4543: 4506:(4): 415–418. 4483: 4453: 4446: 4428: 4401: 4382:Rush, Bonnie. 4374: 4367: 4342: 4285: 4250:(3): 193–222. 4230: 4221: 4214: 4194: 4169: 4147: 4129: 4094: 4082:paleobiodb.org 4068: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4060: 4049: 4022: 4019:mountain zebra 4003: 3984:mountain tapir 3976: 3913: 3910: 3905:Perissodactyla 3901:Perissodactyla 3897:Perissodactyla 3876:Perissodactyla 3829:Georges Cuvier 3752: 3749: 3655:phenacodontids 3637: 3634: 3622:meridiungulate 3576:from the late 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3551:Lophiodontidae 3503: 3502: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3436:Rhinocerotidae 3431: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3419:Hyracodontidae 3414: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3274:Lophiodontidae 3269: 3264: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3238:Isectolophidae 3233: 3228: 3226: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3115: 3110: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3081:Perissodactyla 3074: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3051: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3031: 3025: 3018: 3016:Deperetellidae 3004: 3003: 3002: 3000:Hyracodontidae 2996: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2967: 2952: 2950:Lophiodontidae 2937: 2934:Isectolophidae 2925: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2914: 2903: 2897: 2895:Hyopsodontidae 2886: 2885: 2884: 2868: 2846: 2843:phenacodontids 2827: 2816: 2807:Indricotherium 2803:Baluchitherium 2793:Hyracodontidae 2784: 2770:Chalicotherium 2765:Lophiodontidae 2754: 2733: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2624: 2615: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2586: 2578: 2563: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2543: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2514: 2505: 2496: 2484: 2475: 2466: 2454: 2429:Rhinocerotidae 2424: 2423: 2422: 2416:Kabomani tapir 2413: 2404: 2395: 2389:Mountain tapir 2386: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2339: 2324:Mountain zebra 2321: 2320: 2319: 2310: 2301: 2292: 2286:Maneless zebra 2283: 2274: 2265: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2201: 2192: 2186:Persian onager 2183: 2174: 2163:Equus hemionus 2156: 2155: 2154: 2145:Atlas wild ass 2142: 2132: 2123: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2093: 2084: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1856:Rhinocerotidae 1851: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1537:Equus hemionus 1531: 1526: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1446:Perissodactyla 1439: 1418: 1417:Modern members 1415: 1375:Meridiungulata 1369: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1327:Meridiungulata 1319: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1307:Perissodactyla 1302: 1297: 1295: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1256: 1205:Laurasiatheria 1182:carotid artery 1165: 1164:Outer taxonomy 1162: 1154: 1151: 1130: 1127: 1105: 1102: 1051: 1048: 1039: 1036: 1006: 1003: 961:cranial nerves 930:guttural pouch 912:dental formula 842: 839: 819:common feature 772: 769: 736: 733: 722:paraceratheres 569:Perissodactyla 552: 551: 550: 549: 548: 547: 546: 545: 544: 543: 538:(rhinoceroses 536:Rhinocerotidae 533: 531:Eggysodontidae 525: 517: 515:Hyracodontidae 509: 496:(rhinoceroses 491: 490: 489: 483: 475: 473:Deperetellidae 457: 456: 455: 453:Lophiodontidae 447: 446: 445: 437: 410: 408:Isectolophidae 397: 396: 395: 394: 393: 385: 369: 368:(brontotheres) 360: 358:Hyopsodontidae 349: 348: 344: 343: 334:Perissodactyla 331: 327: 326: 321: 314: 313: 308: 304: 303: 298: 294: 293: 288: 284: 283: 278: 274: 273: 260: 259: 231: 230: 222: 221: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 150: 141: 139:Perissodactyla 130: 129: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 18:Perissodactyls 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7994: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7972:Mammal orders 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7940: 7934: 7930: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7898: 7894: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7719: 7715: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7697: 7693: 7688: 7682: 7678: 7673: 7667: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7645: 7635: 7634: 7623: 7609: 7607: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7597:T. terrestris 7593: 7591: 7589: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7575: 7574: 7572: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7561: 7552: 7548: 7538: 7536: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7514: 7512: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7500:Ceratotherium 7496: 7490: 7488: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7472: 7466: 7464: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7436: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7411: 7407: 7393: 7391: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7301: 7297: 7295: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7263: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7246: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7227: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7193: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7182: 7179: 7174: 7163: 7158: 7156: 7151: 7149: 7144: 7143: 7140: 7116: 7110: 7108: 7102: 7100: 7094: 7092: 7086: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7063: 7059:Artiodactyla 7057: 7055: 7049: 7047: 7041: 7039: 7033: 7031: 7025: 7023: 7019:Eulipotyphla 7017: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7002:Boreoeutheria 6999: 6993: 6987: 6985: 6979: 6977: 6971: 6969: 6963: 6961: 6955: 6953: 6949:Afrosoricida 6947: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6900: 6892: 6888: 6878: 6872: 6870: 6864: 6862: 6856: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6793: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6701: 6693: 6688: 6686: 6681: 6679: 6674: 6673: 6670: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6637: 6636:0-8018-8221-4 6633: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6620: 6619:3-334-00223-3 6616: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6604:0-19-850761-5 6601: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6589:0-8018-5789-9 6586: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6574:3-8274-0307-3 6571: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6549: 6542: 6539: 6534: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6490: 6485: 6478: 6475: 6470: 6457: 6449: 6442: 6439: 6434: 6427: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6405: 6400: 6393: 6390: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6334: 6331: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6312: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6278: 6273: 6271:0-412-73810-4 6267: 6263: 6256: 6253: 6248: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6220: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6197: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6164: 6161: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6118: 6112: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6033: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5984: 5981: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5883: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5824: 5819: 5815: 5808: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5772: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5753: 5750: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5728: 5723: 5716: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5697: 5694: 5689: 5676: 5664: 5661: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5637: 5634: 5629: 5625: 5618: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5580: 5575: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5531: 5526: 5519: 5516: 5511: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5453: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5370:Palaeontology 5363: 5360: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5302:(3): 219–43. 5301: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5261:Pachynolophus 5258: 5257:Pachynolophus 5251: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5213: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5057: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5024: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4991: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4916: 4911: 4903: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4639: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4617: 4614: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4583: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4429: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4402: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4231: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4215:9780982261965 4211: 4207: 4206: 4198: 4195: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4095: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4057:least concern 4054: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4001: 4000:Grévy's zebra 3997: 3993: 3992:Malayan tapir 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3931: 3930:domestication 3923: 3918: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3872:Isle of Wight 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3856:solidungulate 3853: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3757: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3744:Elasmotherium 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3679:, as well as 3678: 3677:Ganderalophus 3674: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3659:hyopsodontids 3656: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3626:South America 3623: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3610:Cambaytherium 3607: 3606:Cambaytherium 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3584:Cambaytherium 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3496: 3495: 3487: 3486: 3478: 3477: 3469: 3468: 3460: 3459: 3451: 3450: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3413: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3395:Amynodontidae 3389: 3388: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3335: 3334: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3268: 3267: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3232: 3231: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3207: 3206: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3168: 3167: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3114: 3113: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3094: 3090: 3089: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3063: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3029:Lophialetidae 3026: 3023: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2995: 2994:Amynodontidae 2991: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2919: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2839:hyopsodontids 2836: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2789:Amynodontidae 2785: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2687: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2659:Palaeotherium 2654: 2647: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2407:Malayan tapir 2405: 2403: 2399: 2398:Baird's tapir 2396: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2358: 2354: 2353:Grévy's zebra 2351: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2313:Selous' zebra 2311: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2277:Grant's zebra 2275: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2034: 2033: 2025: 2024: 2016: 2015: 2007: 2006: 1998: 1997: 1989: 1988: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1948: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1923: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1840: 1839: 1831: 1830: 1822: 1821: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1781: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1756: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1731: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1706: 1705: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1675: 1674: 1666: 1665: 1657: 1656: 1648: 1647: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1607: 1606: 1600: 1599: 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1012: 1004: 1002: 999: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 949:Aspergillosis 946: 943: 939: 935: 934:auditory tube 931: 926: 913: 909: 905: 901: 896: 894: 890: 887: 882: 881:is enlarged. 880: 876: 872: 871:lacrimal bone 868: 864: 860: 856: 847: 840: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 777: 770: 768: 767:are striped. 766: 762: 758: 754: 753: 748: 744: 743: 734: 732: 730: 725: 723: 719: 718:chalicotheres 715: 711: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 637: 633: 630: 629:Ancient Greek 624: 570: 563: 558: 541: 540:sensu stricto 537: 534: 532: 526: 524: 518: 516: 510: 508: 507:Amynodontidae 502: 501: 499: 495: 492: 487: 484: 482: 476: 474: 468: 467: 466: 463: 462: 461: 458: 454: 448: 444: 438: 435: 429: 428: 427: 421: 420: 419: 418: 411: 409: 403: 402: 401: 398: 392: 386: 383: 380: 379: 378: 375: 374: 373: 370: 367: 361: 359: 353: 352: 350: 345: 340: 335: 332: 329: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 315: 312: 309: 306: 305: 302: 299: 296: 295: 292: 289: 286: 285: 282: 279: 276: 275: 270: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 232: 228: 223: 219: 215: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 148: 137: 134: 126: 123: 115: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: – 72: 68: 67:Find sources: 61: 57: 51: 50: 45:This article 43: 39: 34: 33: 30: 19: 7656: 7631: 7605: 7596: 7588:T. pinchaque 7587: 7578: 7566: 7534: 7522: 7510: 7498: 7486: 7476:Dicerorhinus 7474: 7463:R. sondaicus 7462: 7454:R. unicornis 7453: 7441: 7416:Ceratomorpha 7414: 7389: 7380: 7371: 7362: 7360: 7351: 7342: 7333: 7325:E. africanus 7324: 7315: 7313: 7304: 7293: 7284: 7283:Wild horse ( 7275: 7273: 7251: 7224: 7169: 7098:(Treeshrews) 6981:Proboscidea 6922:(Armadillos) 6805:Ameridelphia 6758:Monotremata 6643: 6625: 6610: 6595: 6580: 6565: 6541: 6506: 6502: 6492: 6483: 6477: 6456:cite journal 6441: 6432: 6426: 6417: 6413: 6407: 6398: 6392: 6347: 6343: 6333: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6297: 6293: 6280: 6261: 6255: 6228: 6222: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6199: 6174: 6170: 6163: 6134: 6130: 6120: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6046: 6042: 6032: 5997: 5993: 5983: 5938: 5934: 5924: 5899: 5895: 5885: 5840: 5836: 5826: 5817: 5807: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5762: 5752: 5743: 5730: 5721: 5715: 5706: 5702: 5696: 5675:cite journal 5663: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5627: 5624:Paleomoropus 5623: 5617: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5573: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5524: 5518: 5509: 5473: 5469: 5415: 5411: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5343: 5339: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5196: 5192: 5132: 5128: 5118: 5073: 5069: 5059: 5040: 5036: 5026: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4938:(1): 34–44. 4935: 4931: 4918: 4909: 4902: 4851: 4847: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4732:(6): 65–74. 4729: 4725: 4715: 4690: 4686: 4667: 4655:. Retrieved 4650: 4641: 4622: 4616: 4604:. Retrieved 4600:the original 4595: 4585: 4576: 4571: 4559:. Retrieved 4555: 4546: 4503: 4499: 4476:25 September 4474:. Retrieved 4469: 4456: 4437: 4431: 4421:25 September 4419:. Retrieved 4414: 4404: 4394:25 September 4392:. Retrieved 4387: 4377: 4358: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4224: 4204: 4197: 4185:. Retrieved 4181: 4178:"Dawn horse" 4172: 4164:the original 4159: 4150: 4142:the original 4132: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4085:. Retrieved 4081: 4072: 4041: 4030:plains zebra 3946: 3935: 3927: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3875: 3868:Richard Owen 3863: 3860:multungulate 3859: 3855: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3833:Pachydermata 3821:proboscidean 3816: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3781:Hippopotamus 3780: 3772: 3764: 3762: 3742: 3723:Tethys Ocean 3716: 3713: 3708: 3705:brontotheres 3694: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3662: 3652: 3644: 3618: 3609: 3605: 3596: 3588: 3582: 3571: 3565: 3550: 3547:Tapiromorpha 3546: 3530: 3525: 3509:Richard Owen 3506: 3433: 3416: 3392: 3355: 3338: 3314:Ceratomorpha 3288: 3271: 3235: 3223:Tapiromorpha 3188: 3171: 3134: 3117: 3080: 3022:Rhodopagidae 3007:Superfamily 3006: 2985:Superfamily 2984: 2979: 2955:Superfamily 2954: 2940: 2927: 2912:Indolophidae 2905: 2888: 2875: 2870: 2861:Tethys Ocean 2810: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2774: 2768: 2744: 2719: 2705: 2691: 2685: 2678: 2676:chalicothere 2657: 2633: 2621: 2612: 2606: 2595: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2560: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2520: 2511: 2502: 2493: 2481: 2472: 2463: 2451: 2439: 2426: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2383: 2370: 2365: 2357:Equus grevyi 2356: 2345: 2336: 2327: 2316: 2307: 2298: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2251:Equus quagga 2250: 2247:Plains zebra 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2210: 2198: 2189: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2151: 2139: 2129: 2120: 2111: 2100: 2090: 2081: 2069: 2056: 2051: 2046: 1971: 1969: 1953: 1951: 1928: 1926: 1894: 1892: 1876: 1874: 1804: 1802: 1786: 1784: 1761: 1759: 1736: 1734: 1711: 1709: 1632:Equus quagga 1630: 1628: 1614:Equus grevyi 1612: 1610: 1587: 1585: 1553: 1551: 1535: 1533: 1505:Equus asinus 1503: 1501: 1478: 1476: 1445: 1420: 1399:Notoungulata 1392: 1384:Macrauchenia 1382: 1372: 1333:Notoungulata 1321: 1306: 1304: 1278:Artiodactyla 1275: 1248: 1213:Artiodactyla 1195:rather than 1189:polyphyletic 1186: 1170:artiodactyls 1167: 1143: 1123:leaf feeders 1115:white rhinos 1107: 1065: 1050:Distribution 1044:carotid rete 1041: 1034:is smaller. 1008: 998:S. equi equi 997: 993:S. equi equi 992: 988: 952: 927: 897: 886:agglutinated 883: 852: 808: 786: 782: 750: 740: 738: 729:Richard Owen 726: 714:palaeotheres 710:brontotheres 707: 687:artiodactyls 675:rhinoceroses 642: 639: 635: 632: 568: 567: 539: 497: 460:Ceratomorpha 459: 415: 400:Tapiromorpha 399: 376: 371: 333: 317: 255: 247: 240:Equus quagga 239: 236:plains zebra 133: 118: 112:October 2021 109: 99: 92: 85: 78: 66: 54:Please help 49:verification 46: 29: 7823:iNaturalist 7681:Wikispecies 7535:D. bicornis 7364:Hippotigris 7343:E. hemionus 7305:E. caballus 7260:(including 7226:Hippomorpha 7208:Superorder 7202:Infraclass 7104:Dermoptera 7096:Scandentia 7088:Lagomorpha 7037:(Pangolins) 7027:Chiroptera 6983:(Elephants) 6973:Hyracoidea 6729:(unranked) 6609:AH Müller: 5785:: 219–225. 5271:(1): 1–16. 4877:11336/14769 4463:"Strangles" 4187:7 September 3841:Solidungula 3673:Balochistan 3601:Tethytheria 3589:Kalitherium 3341:Helaletidae 3093:Hippomorpha 2964:Eomoropidae 2849:Desmostylia 2831:condylarths 2824:Helaletidae 2781:Pleistocene 2664:palaeothere 2328:Equus zebra 2222:Equus kiang 2070:Equus ferus 1589:Equus zebra 1555:Equus kiang 1480:Equus ferus 1241:Pegasoferae 1023:gallbladder 953:Aspergillus 924:× 2 = 30-44 837:is absent. 627:, from 481:Helaletidae 443:Eomoropidae 372:Hippomorpha 7956:Categories 7606:T. indicus 7579:T. bairdii 7443:Rhinoceros 7043:Carnivora 7035:Pholidota 6967:(Aardvark) 6941:Afrotheria 6920:Cingulata 6901:inclusive) 6823:(Opossums) 6794:inclusive) 6784:Metatheria 6741:Yinotheria 6725:Vertebrata 6723:Subphylum 6401:: 164–190. 6300:: 85–101. 5765:: 101–110. 5746:: 101–113. 5527:: 181–295. 5512:: 252–258. 4749:1807/64815 4606:4 February 4064:References 4007:vulnerable 3996:wild horse 3980:endangered 3805:lagomorphs 3709:Megacerops 3685:Eotitanops 3681:Litolophus 3675:, such as 3664:Sifrhippus 3536:coined by 3518:Tapiroidea 3326:Tapiroidea 3259:Ancylopoda 3009:Tapiroidea 2943:Ancylopoda 2857:afrotheres 2837:, such as 2819:Tapiroidea 2735:Equoidea ( 2721:Megacerops 2684:(formerly 2066:Wild horse 1389:Litopterna 1337:Litopterna 1263:Euungulata 1221:Euungulata 1201:Afrotheria 1157:See also: 1062:shown here 979:) and the 938:middle ear 867:premaxilla 823:astragalus 804:rhinoceros 763:and young 720:, and the 695:intestines 643:, dáktylos 636:, perissós 498:sensu lato 465:Tapiroidea 417:Ancylopoda 145:56–0 82:newspapers 7551:Tapiridae 7390:E. grevyi 7372:E. quagga 7361:Subgenus 7334:E. asinus 7314:Subgenus 7274:Subgenus 7112:Primates 7106:(Colugos) 7080:Rodentia 6975:(Hyraxes) 6912:Xenarthra 6899:Placental 6792:Marsupial 6191:129473193 6137:: 21–34. 5916:226263139 5902:: 1–147. 5390:214053761 4520:1744-9561 4470:Strangles 4319:0021-8782 4264:0340-2096 4160:Phenomena 3893:Mesaxonia 3888:Mesaxonia 3881:In 1884, 3850:In 1861, 3845:Solipèdes 3837:peccaries 3731:ruminants 3701:megafauna 3696:Hyrachyus 3636:Phylogeny 3630:K–T event 3597:Radinskya 3578:Paleocene 3573:Radinskya 3358:Tapiridae 3035:Eoletidae 2941:Suborder 2751:Oligocene 2373:Tapiridae 2095:Domestic 1698:Tapiridae 1424:Paleocene 1411:Paleogene 1397:from the 1387:from the 1237:Pholidota 1233:Carnivora 1217:cetaceans 1178:elephants 1147:precocial 1073:Oligocene 1011:ruminants 985:Strangles 973:Accessory 855:upper jaw 796:ungulates 788:Ungulates 757:epidermis 747:Oligocene 693:in their 691:cellulose 683:vestigial 647:ungulates 486:Tapiridae 347:Families 287:Kingdom: 281:Eukaryota 7867:14100001 7721:BioLib: 7666:Wikidata 7633:Category 7556:(Tapirs) 7511:C. simum 7381:E. zebra 7352:E. kiang 7341:Onager ( 7332:Donkey ( 7285:E. ferus 7204:Eutheria 7198:Mammalia 7192:Chordata 7186:Animalia 7184:Kingdom 6989:Sirenia 6891:Eutheria 6719:Chordata 6713:Animalia 6711:Kingdom 6662:98023686 6533:17329227 6450:: 1–710. 6420:: 1–540. 6384:20007379 6327:: 12–14. 6071:22363006 6024:27358361 5975:27384169 5935:PLOS ONE 5877:25410701 5843:: 5570. 5799:86206151 5490:84351811 5452:25295875 5412:PLOS ONE 5346:: 1–54. 5318:84061253 5242:84391276 5228:(8): 8. 5169:27384169 5129:PLOS ONE 5110:25295875 5070:PLOS ONE 4952:11286489 4886:25799987 4825:16785431 4766:30067369 4758:23266984 4538:18426746 4337:31373392 4280:34568531 4124:84391276 4110:(8): 8. 4032:and the 4017:and the 3971:and the 3951:(2012): 3817:le tapir 3769:Linnaeus 3739:Pliocene 3727:mammoths 3690:Eohippus 3646:Eohippus 3514:Equoidea 3105:Equoidea 2746:Eohippus 2680:Anisodon 1209:Laurasia 1153:Taxonomy 1137:A young 1085:Pliocene 900:incisors 879:mandible 859:diastema 835:clavicle 829:and the 827:scaphoid 752:Eohippus 655:families 641:δάκτυλος 634:περισσός 488:(tapirs) 377:Equoidea 311:Mammalia 301:Chordata 297:Phylum: 291:Animalia 277:Domain: 7568:Tapirus 7524:Diceros 7350:Kiang ( 7235:Equidae 7190:Phylum 7168:Extant 6928:Pilosa 6731:Amniota 6717:Phylum 6698:Extant 6524:2189562 6375:2799835 6352:Bibcode 6321:Tapirus 6079:4603597 6051:Bibcode 6043:Science 6015:4936024 5966:4934866 5943:Bibcode 5845:Bibcode 5630:: 1–28. 5609:1005518 5546:: 106. 5443:4189980 5420:Bibcode 5265:Geobios 5160:4934866 5137:Bibcode 5101:4189980 5078:Bibcode 4894:4467386 4856:Bibcode 4816:1479866 4793:Bibcode 4707:9126561 4657:12 June 4529:2610139 4328:6875937 4272:1199544 4205:Namibia 4087:18 July 3809:rodents 3797:Belluae 3785:Tapirus 3737:in the 3669:Wyoming 3562:Origins 3382: 3328: 3316: 3261: 3225: 3161: 3137:Equidae 3107: 3095: 3083: 2865:Pacific 2776:Moropus 2737:equines 2427:Family 2371:Family 2059:Equidae 2057:Family 1465:Equidae 1448: 1394:Toxodon 1294: 1265: 1174:hyraxes 1119:equines 1093:tarpans 1071:to the 1015:stomach 904:canines 889:keratin 815:fibulae 800:humerus 735:Anatomy 699:stomach 659:Equidae 651:species 382:Equidae 330:Order: 307:Class: 218:present 96:scholar 7939:105959 7936:uBio: 7916:541948 7900:NZOR: 7854:180687 7776:1PERIO 7672:Q25374 7317:Asinus 7262:Zebras 7196:Class 7029:(Bats) 6775:Theria 6702:orders 6700:mammal 6660: 6650: 6634: 6617: 6602: 6587: 6572: 6531: 6521: 6382: 6372: 6268: 6243: 6189: 6077: 6069: 6022: 6012: 5973: 5963: 5914: 5875: 5797: 5607: 5488: 5450: 5440: 5388: 5316: 5240: 5167: 5157: 5108: 5098: 4950: 4912:: 186. 4892: 4884: 4848:Nature 4823: 4813: 4764: 4756: 4705: 4629: 4561:16 May 4536: 4526: 4518: 4444: 4365: 4335: 4325: 4317: 4278: 4270: 4262: 4212: 4122: 4078:"PBDB" 4028:, the 4026:onager 4013:, the 4009:: the 3994:, the 3990:, the 3986:, the 3982:: the 3967:, the 3963:, the 3959:: the 3938:quagga 3922:quagga 3801:Glires 3777:hippos 3593:Eocene 3434: 3417: 3393: 3378: 3356: 3339: 3324: 3312: 3289: 3272: 3257: 3236: 3221: 3189: 3172: 3157: 3135: 3118: 3103: 3091: 3079: 2730:Eocene 2682:grande 2256:Quagga 2159:Onager 2136:donkey 2075:Tarpan 1970: 1952: 1927: 1893: 1875: 1854: 1803: 1785: 1760: 1735: 1710: 1696: 1629: 1611: 1586: 1552: 1534: 1502: 1477: 1463: 1444: 1428:Eocene 1322: 1305: 1290: 1276: 1261: 1249:et al. 1121:) and 1069:Eocene 942:Equine 908:molars 869:. The 831:cuboid 825:, the 792:Equine 765:tapirs 761:zebras 705:, do. 679:tapirs 671:zebras 669:, and 663:horses 341:, 1848 250:) and 98: 91: 84: 77: 69: 7929:42980 7841:12014 7836:IRMNG 7828:43327 7789:54091 7750:623DW 7724:20935 7277:Equus 7253:Equus 6290:(PDF) 6187:S2CID 6075:S2CID 5912:S2CID 5795:S2CID 5740:(PDF) 5669:1–20. 5605:JSTOR 5486:S2CID 5386:S2CID 5314:S2CID 5238:S2CID 4928:(PDF) 4890:S2CID 4762:S2CID 4466:(PDF) 4417:. MSD 4390:. 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