404:
2748:
allophone at the beginning of a word; otherwise, they contrast between vowels wherein a trill occurs as a result of gemination (doubling) of , especially in loanwords of Arabic origin. Only occurs before and after consonants; in word-final position, it is usually a free variation between a flap or
110:
systems. Standard varieties of
Persian have anywhere from 6 to 8 vowel distinctions, and similar vowels may be pronounced differently between standards. However, there are not many notable differences when comparing consonants, as all standard varieties a similar amount of
4677:
In the informal language, the present perfect tense is pronounced like the simple past tense. Only the word-accent distinguishes between these tenses: the accented personal suffix indicates the present perfect and the unstressed one the simple past tense (exception to
6185:
4746:
When spoken formally, Iranian
Persian is pronounced as written. But colloquial pronunciation as used by all classes makes a number of very common substitutions. Note that Iranians can interchange colloquial and formal
689:. This shift occurred in Iran but not in some modern varieties (particularly of Afghanistan). Morphological analysis also supports the view that the alleged Persian diphthongs are combinations of the vowels with
484:"firmer". When the short vowels are in open syllables, they are also sometimes unstable and may tend to assimilate in quality to the following long vowel (both in informal and formal speech). Thus,
4281:
by others. In fact, the accented syllables in
Persian are generally pronounced with a raised pitch as well as stress; but in certain contexts words may become deaccented and lose their high pitch.
1158:). It is likely that this system passed into the common Persian era from a purely quantitative system into one where the short vowels differed from their long counterparts also in quality:
4284:
From an intonational point of view, Persian words (or accentual phrases) usually have the intonation (L +) H* (where L is low and H* is a high-toned stressed syllable), e.g.
5599:
681:, but some do not recognize diphthongs in Persian at all. A major factor that complicates the matter is the change of two classical and pre-classical Persian diphthongs:
1298:
Tajiki has also lost two of the vowel contrasts, but differently from
Western Persian. Here, the tense/lax contrast among the close vowels has been eliminated. That is,
4202:
consists of an optional syllable onset, consisting of one consonant; an obligatory syllable nucleus, consisting of a vowel optionally preceded by and/or followed by a
2902:
in
Iranian Persian and Tajik, but is retained in Dari. In modern Persian may be lost if preceded by a consonant and followed by a vowel in one whole syllable, e.g.
6223:
6190:
6159:
6149:
5818:
4213:
Consonant (C): Can be any consonant. (Onset is composed only of one consonant; consonant clusters are only found in loanwords, sometimes an epenthetic
6874:
6485:
4004:
2739:
2361:
5421:
Jahani, Carina (2005). "The
Glottal Plosive: A Phoneme in Spoken Modern Persian or Not?". In Csató, Éva Ágnes; Isaksson, Bo; Jahani, Carina (eds.).
6175:
618:
are, respectively, the unrounded and rounded versions of the same vowel. ('roundness' referring to the shape of the lips during pronunciation)
6490:
6453:
5555:
5359:
5086:
1713:
1309:
1165:
541:
525:
259:
2889:
115:
sounds. Though, colloquial varieties generally have more differences than their standard counterparts. Most dialects feature contrastive
6180:
3956:
2393:
6216:
6154:
1911:
1500:
1385:
1325:
1177:
533:
269:
5766:
5729:
5528:
5503:
5465:
5430:
5330:
4338:'the people (of) here', or else the first word loses its high tone and the two words are pronounced as a single accentual phrase:
6325:
3572:
3284:
2500:
2301:
2224:
478:"God". In an unstressed closed syllable, they are around 60 percent as long as a long vowel. Otherwise all vowels are long; e.g.
6711:
6698:
6252:
3380:
2275:
2027:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1731:
1615:
1365:
1279:
1271:
1247:
1147:
1045:
832:
774:
752:
573:
425:
417:
378:
286:
194:
177:
127:. Linguists tend to focus on Iranian Persian, so this article may contain less adequate information regarding other varieties.
54:
36:
6909:
6277:
5811:
5208:
5118:
549:
263:
6869:
6834:
6475:
6267:
6209:
5620:
3620:
3332:
2698:
2690:
2307:
2230:
6465:
6418:
6262:
5843:
3476:
3428:
2897:
2862:
2608:(which is used in the Iranian mass media, both colloquial and standard), there is no difference in the pronunciation of
2528:
2288:
2281:
2018:
2009:
1929:
1259:
1074:
890:
729:
589:
433:
309:
291:
182:
4759:
in the colloquial language is nearly always pronounced . The only common exceptions are high prestige words, such as
1194:. These quality contrasts have in modern Persian varieties become the main distinction between the two sets of vowels.
5851:
4155:
3812:
2755:
2728:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2444:
and unstressed, and as a voiced uvular stop otherwise. Many dialects within Iran have well preserved the distinction.
2341:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1722:
1704:
1664:
1536:
1452:
1341:
1219:
861:
581:
449:
383:
352:
254:
160:
1505:) is realized before the glottal consonants in those dialects instead. (This phenomenon also occurs in neighbouring
7013:
6847:
6393:
6348:
6282:
6257:
4969:
4052:
3668:
3044:
2948:
2749:
a trill when followed by a consonant or a pause, but flap is more common, only flap before vowel-initial words. An
2562:
2514:
2496:
2492:
2456:
2402:
2322:
2211:
2198:
1606:
1597:
1588:
517:
395:
305:
5545:
7008:
6566:
6495:
6353:
6338:
6128:
5912:
5804:
3524:
2854:
2665:
2513:
much like their
English counterparts: they become aspirated when they begin a syllable, though aspiration is not
2316:
2294:
1655:
1646:
1189:
605:
565:
314:
6879:
6571:
6505:
6470:
2599:
2480:
2435:
2253:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1920:
1902:
1235:
919:
597:
457:
366:
274:
165:
5079:
Handbook of the
International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
6723:
6616:
6586:
6551:
6343:
6287:
6272:
6102:
5967:
5306:]. Vol. 3. Новоиранские языки: западная группа, прикаспийские языки. Moscow: Наука. pp. 5–315.
4128:
3716:
3140:
3092:
2996:
2639:
2591:
2552:
2504:
2464:
2334:
2239:
2217:
2204:
1673:
803:
613:
441:
199:
82:
and countries that have
Persian as an official language have separate standard varieties, namely: Standard
6977:
6764:
6581:
6480:
5902:
5859:
4975:
4907:
4898:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4861:
4857:
4846:
4837:
4830:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4798:
4789:
4756:
4730:
4720:
4710:
4700:
4665:
4656:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4595:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4563:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4519:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4463:
4454:
4445:
4436:
4427:
4418:
4409:
4400:
4369:
4352:
4339:
4335:
4312:
4299:
4290:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4214:
4073:
4025:
3977:
3929:
3881:
3833:
3785:
3737:
3689:
3641:
3593:
3545:
3497:
3449:
3401:
3353:
3305:
3257:
3209:
3161:
3113:
3065:
3017:
2969:
2908:
2848:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2807:
2781:
2765:
2761:
2631:
2550:
2539:
2522:
2510:
2490:
2427:
2328:
2127:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1155:
1151:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1087:
1058:
1000:
989:
975:
964:
932:
903:
874:
845:
816:
787:
734:
in the colloquial Tehran dialect but is preserved in other
Western dialects and standard Iranian Persian.
723:
705:
701:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
654:
650:
646:
642:
632:
622:
559:
555:
508:
499:
490:
50:
46:
32:
4206:; and an optional syllable coda, consisting of one or two consonants. The following restrictions apply:
6598:
6591:
6500:
6413:
6408:
6075:
5571:
Hansen, B. B.; Myers, S. (2017). "The consonant length contrast in Persian: Production and perception".
4387:
4136:
3908:
3860:
3764:
2838:
2801:
2623:
2385:
2367:
2169:
2162:
1103:
79:
1264:; this vowel change has also happened in many dialects of Dari. The lax open vowel has become fronted:
5138:
2733:, especially in syllable-final position. The velar/uvular fricatives are never fronted in such a way.
6967:
6829:
6739:
6718:
6628:
6365:
5635:
4274:
4153:
4145:
4134:
4126:
4100:
4050:
4002:
3954:
3906:
3858:
3810:
3762:
3714:
3666:
3618:
3570:
3522:
3474:
3426:
3378:
3330:
3282:
3234:
3188:
3186:
3138:
3090:
3042:
2994:
2946:
2895:
2887:
2860:
2852:
2836:
2814:
2799:
2791:
2753:
2737:
2726:
2718:
2707:
2696:
2688:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2597:
2589:
2556:
2526:
2462:
2454:
2433:
2425:
2245:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1542:
1534:
1498:
1458:
1450:
1383:
1363:
1355:
1339:
1323:
1307:
1277:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1217:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1072:
1043:
917:
888:
859:
830:
801:
772:
727:
611:
603:
595:
587:
579:
571:
563:
547:
539:
531:
523:
515:
455:
447:
439:
431:
423:
415:
116:
6957:
6864:
6842:
6799:
6784:
6749:
6693:
6638:
6633:
6512:
6398:
6375:
6320:
6090:
5697:
5172:
4343:
2816:
2269:
2192:
6854:
6663:
6608:
6603:
6558:
6517:
6310:
6236:
6123:
6012:
5614:
5275:
5102:
4375:
Knowing the rules for the correct placement of the accent is essential for proper pronunciation.
2844:
2793:
2669:
2473:
2122:
6754:
6201:
5347:
1208:, two of the vowel contrasts have been lost: those between the tense mid and close vowels. Thus
5495:
6982:
6947:
6932:
6916:
6904:
6889:
6859:
6789:
6769:
6759:
6703:
6683:
6673:
6658:
6643:
6538:
6533:
6460:
6430:
6425:
6403:
6385:
6380:
6370:
6360:
5907:
5762:
5758:
5752:
5725:
5551:
5524:
5499:
5461:
5426:
5400:
5355:
5326:
5242:
5204:
5198:
5114:
5082:
2745:
2477:
2149:
2134:
1552:
The following chart summarizes the later shifts into modern Tajik, Dari, and Western Persian.
1446:
124:
75:
71:
4755:
In the Tehran accent and also most of the accents in Central and Southern Iran, the sequence
6962:
6894:
6884:
6824:
6814:
6809:
6794:
6779:
6774:
6688:
6678:
6546:
6440:
6333:
6315:
6305:
6133:
6085:
5996:
5952:
5930:
5922:
5835:
5827:
5675:
5647:
5580:
5487:
5392:
5265:
5153:
5106:
4935:
4922:
2931:
2470:
2144:
2117:
1123:
63:
20:
6972:
6952:
6937:
6899:
6804:
6744:
6668:
6653:
6648:
6621:
6448:
6435:
6107:
6080:
6045:
5991:
5986:
5962:
5935:
5298:Ефимов, В. А.; Расторгуева, B. C.; Шарова, Е. Н. (1982). "Персидский, таджикский, дари".
5017:
4980:/jak ɾoːz bɑːd ʃʊˈmɑːlʊ xʊɾˈʃeːd bɑːham daʔˈwɑː ˈmeːkaɾdand kɪ kʊˈdɑːm jak qawiːˈtaɾ ast/
4927:
4853:
4165:
2605:
2422:
2353:
2156:
2139:
1347:
1205:
1119:
743:
411:
The graph to the right reflects the vowels of many educated Persian speakers from Tehran.
91:
5609:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 675–689. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
5423:
Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion: Case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic
2542:('I exist'). They are also aspirated at the end of syllables, although not as strongly.
5074:
6987:
6942:
6097:
5945:
5875:
5013:
2936:
2661:
2187:
2102:
1135:
1016:
700:
The Persian orthography does not distinguish between the diphthongs and the consonants
99:
4867:
The stems of many frequently-occurring verbs have a short colloquial form, especially
7002:
6059:
6022:
6017:
5972:
5957:
5747:
5488:
5454:
5448:
5279:
5107:
4303:
4293:'book'; unless there is a suffix, in which case the intonation is (L +) H* + L, e.g.
2349:
1198:
463:
335:
5230:
4329:
construction, they can either be pronounced accentually as two separate words, e.g.
106:). The most significant differences between standard varieties of Persian are their
19:
For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Persian for Knowledge (XXG) articles, see
4956:یک رُوز بادِ شُمالُ خُوْرشِید باهَم دعْوا مِیکَرْدَنْد کِه کُدام یِک قَوِیتَر اَسْت
4383:
4278:
4147:
4102:
3236:
2811:
2441:
2261:
1544:
1460:
762:
5651:
4983:/jak ɾɵz bɔd ʃuˈmɔlu xuɾˈʃed bɔham daʔˈvɔ ˈmekaɾdand ki kuˈdɔm jak qaviˈtaɾ ast/
462:. The three short vowels are only short when in an open syllable (i.e. without a
5883:
5867:
5674:(Ph.D. dissertation thesis). University of Manitoba. pp. 3, 22, 46–47, 51.
2788:
2768:; is sometimes in free variation with in these and other positions, such that
2750:
2566:
1331:
403:
347:
330:
249:
215:
155:
143:
87:
4976:/jekˈruːzˈbɒːdeʃoˈmɒːloxoɾˈʃiːdbɒːhæmdæːvɒːˈmiːkæɾdændkekoˈdɒːmjekɢæviˈːtæɾæst/
5584:
5376:
5157:
4161:
666:
390:
340:
298:
220:
189:
148:
103:
5404:
5396:
5246:
6232:
5977:
4748:
4391:
4203:
4192:
2487:
2484:
373:
281:
172:
112:
4766:
657:
is the most common short vowel that is pronounced in final open syllables.
5634:
Abolhasanizadeh, Vahideh; Bijankhan, Mahmood; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2012).
4555:
the personal suffixes on the positive future auxiliary verb (exception to
2517:. The Persian language does not have syllable-initial consonant clusters (
1197:
The inherited eight-vowel inventory is retained without major upheaval in
6051:
4963:Як рӯз боди шимолу хуршед бо ҳам даъво мекарданд ки кадом як қавитар аст.
4779:'), and foreign nouns (both common and proper), like the Spanish surname
4515:
4302:'my book'. The last accent of a sentence is usually accompanied by a low
4199:
1394:
757:
558:
is the most common vowel and at the end of the word may be pronounced as
361:
120:
42:
5270:
5262:
Towards Proto-Persian: An Optimality Theoretic Historical Reconstruction
6186:
List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language
5260:
Rees, Daniel A. (2008). "From Middle Persian to Proto-Modern Persian".
2926:
67:
4610:
the last syllable of all other words, including the infinitive ending
5679:
4306:, which produces a falling pitch on the last accented syllable, e.g.
2573:
1466:
5791:
5231:"Phonostatistics and Phonotactics of the Syllable in Modern Persian"
1284:. Modern Iranian Persian does not feature distinctive vowel length.
5796:
2873:('open') may be pronounced as well as or and/or , colloquially.
1362:
in the Cyrillic script and "ū" in the Latin script) has shifted to
4650:). Nouns not in the vocative are stressed on the final syllable:
4325:
2546:
1510:
402:
107:
4804:
In the Tehran accent, the unstressed direct object suffix marker
5940:
5009:
4776:
2911:'sleep', as Persian has no syllable-initial consonant clusters (
2657:
2440:
have merged into ; as a voiced velar fricative when positioned
1506:
1020:
357:
95:
83:
6205:
5800:
4581:
is not present, then the first non-negative verb prefix (e.g.
649:
in contemporary Iranian Persian, and is also an allophone of
5699:
The Phonology and Phonetics of Prosodic Prominence in Persian
5607:
Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus), I-II
5043:
4168:. This is represented in the IPA by doubling the consonant,
2703:, with the latter being restricted to intervocalic position.
5636:"The Persian pitch accent and its retention after the focus"
2644:
is common intervocalically. The classical pronunciations of
5081:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–125.
2831:
may be voiced to, respectively, before voiced consonants;
4788:, which are pronounced as written. A few words written as
4363:
letter on the table' all the syllables following the word
2620:. The actual realisation is usually that of a voiced stop
1023:) have also preserved these two Classical Persian vowels:
635:
is very rare in Iranian Persian, with the exception being
5381:[Lincom studies in Indo-European linguistics 26]"
5784:
4379:
Accent is heard on the last stem-syllable of most words.
4242:
Second consonant (C): Can also be any consonant (mostly
1469:
generally undergo these changes as well. However, since
1393:
A feature of Eastern Persian dialects is the systematic
5319:Грамматика современного литературного персидского языка
1493:) in most dialects of southern and central Tajikistan,
1240:. In addition, the lax close vowels have been lowered:
1118:
are usually left unwritten, as is normally done in the
5113:(1st publ. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 385.
4884:
after a vowel. Also, the stems of verbs which end in
4840:, can be simplified in syllable-final position; e.g.
5785:
Persian to Persian dictionary with IPA pronunciation
5264:(Ph.D. dissertation thesis). Georgetown University.
4824:/h/ can be deleted in syllable-final position; e.g.
2588:
denoted the original Arabic phonemes, the fricative
1291:
is more or less labialized and raised in Dari. Dari
41:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6925:
6732:
6526:
6298:
6168:
6142:
6116:
6068:
6038:
6005:
5921:
5895:
5834:
5460:(3rd Rev ed.). Ibex Publishers. p. xvii.
4685:
4589:('do!') or the prefix noun in compound verbs (e.g.
5746:
5453:
5447:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5171:Farhadi, Rawan; Perry, J. R. (12 February 2013) .
4876:('he/she is'), which is colloquially shortened to
1201:, which also preserves quantitative distinctions.
562:. Unlike Iranian Persian, Dari has 5 long vowels
554:in other regions such as Herat. In Dari and Tajik
5705:(Ph.D. dissertation thesis). University of Tokyo.
5573:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
5325:]. Moscow: Восточная литература. p. 19.
4099:Before every initial vowel onset, a glottal stop
1338:has been rounded and raised to an open-mid vowel
708:; that is, they are both respectively written as
466:) that is non-final (regardless of stress); e.g.
414:In Iranian Persian there are three short vowels:
5707:p.22f for a review of the literature; also p.35.
5550:. Living Language. Random House. p. xxiii.
5481:
5479:
5477:
5354:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 543.
4273:The Persian word-accent has been described as a
55:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
16:Sounds and pronunciation of the Persian language
5200:Persian grammar: History and State of its Study
2675:Some Iranian speakers show a similar merger of
1465:) that is in the same syllable; loanwords from
1276:, and in word-final position further raised to
5757:(3rd Rev ed.). Ibex Publishers. pp.
5605:. In Kaye, Alan S.; Daniels, Peter T. (eds.).
5192:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5016:or dialects, especially when contrasted with "
4792:are pronounced , especially forms of the verb
2784:is sometimes realized as a long approximant .
631:"you" and nouns of foreign origin. Word-final
6217:
5812:
5416:
5414:
5385:Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
5073:Majidi, Mohammad-Reza; Ternes, Elmar (1999).
4954:
4902:
4893:
4868:
4841:
4825:
4805:
4793:
4780:
4770:
4760:
4723:
4703:
4660:
4651:
4599:
4590:
4522:
4458:
4449:
4440:
4431:
4422:
4413:
4404:
4395:
4364:
4347:
4330:
4319:
4307:
4294:
4285:
4169:
4108:
4079:
4059:
4031:
4011:
3983:
3963:
3935:
3915:
3887:
3867:
3839:
3819:
3791:
3771:
3743:
3723:
3695:
3675:
3647:
3627:
3599:
3579:
3551:
3531:
3503:
3483:
3455:
3435:
3407:
3387:
3359:
3339:
3311:
3291:
3263:
3243:
3215:
3195:
3167:
3147:
3119:
3099:
3071:
3051:
3023:
3003:
2975:
2955:
2903:
2882:
2868:
2775:
2769:
2682:
2676:
2664:, as well as in the southern varieties (e.g.
2651:
2645:
2615:
2609:
2583:
2577:
2534:
2076:
2034:
1985:
1936:
1878:
1836:
1787:
1738:
1680:
1622:
1091:
1062:
1004:
979:
936:
907:
878:
849:
820:
791:
715:
709:
636:
626:
511:"to arrive" ranges between and ; and so on.
503:
494:
485:
479:
473:
467:
8:
5224:
5222:
5220:
4499:the possessive and pronoun-object suffixes,
4125:In standard Iranian Persian, the consonants
6160:Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature
5722:Persian Grammar: For reference and revision
5715:
5713:
5691:
5689:
5425:. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 79–96.
5323:Grammar of modern literary Persian language
5109:Concise compendium of the world's languages
4961:
4342:. Words also become deaccented following a
4174:
4086:
4066:
4038:
4018:
3990:
3970:
3942:
3922:
3894:
3874:
3846:
3826:
3798:
3778:
3750:
3730:
3702:
3682:
3654:
3634:
3606:
3586:
3558:
3538:
3510:
3490:
3462:
3442:
3414:
3394:
3366:
3346:
3318:
3298:
3270:
3250:
3222:
3202:
3174:
3154:
3126:
3106:
3078:
3058:
3030:
3010:
2982:
2962:
2083:
2041:
1992:
1943:
1885:
1843:
1794:
1745:
1687:
1629:
6224:
6210:
6202:
6150:Academy of Persian Language and Literature
5819:
5805:
5797:
5665:
5663:
5661:
4622:in verbal derivatives, noun suffixes like
4239:First consonant (C): Can be any consonant.
669:in Persian is disputed. Some authors list
5269:
5001:
4999:
4382:Accent is heard on the first syllable of
4751:in conversational speech. They include:
4488:('they do..') (with two exceptions, cf.
2922:
2656:are preserved in the eastern varieties,
2111:
1556:
1025:
946:
748:
321:
206:
134:
6176:List of English words of Persian origin
5032:
4995:
4972:were disputing which was the stronger.
4372:'mom' are pronounced with a low pitch.
4195:may be structured as (C)(S)V(S)(C(C)).
2668:and other Central / Central Plateau or
645:in Early New Persian mostly shifted to
5612:
5547:Farsi: A Complete Course for Beginners
5379:A short grammar of hieroglyphic Luwian
5132:
5130:
407:The vowel phonemes of Tehrani Persian
7:
5146:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
5038:
5036:
4836:Some consonant clusters, especially
493:"two hundred" ranges between and ;
45:. For the distinction between ,
6181:List of French loanwords in Persian
5672:The Intonational Grammar of Persian
5304:Fundamentals of Iranian Linguistics
5229:Alamolhoda, Seyyed Morleza (2000).
4955:
4903:
4894:
4869:
4864:respectively, are pronounced and .
4842:
4826:
4806:
4794:
4781:
4771:
4761:
4724:
4704:
4661:
4652:
4638:), adjective comparative suffixes (
4600:
4591:
4523:
4459:
4450:
4441:
4432:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4396:
4365:
4348:
4346:word; for example, in the sentence
4331:
4320:
4308:
4295:
4286:
4170:
4109:
4080:
4060:
4032:
4012:
3984:
3964:
3936:
3916:
3888:
3868:
3840:
3820:
3792:
3772:
3744:
3724:
3696:
3676:
3648:
3628:
3600:
3580:
3552:
3532:
3504:
3484:
3456:
3436:
3408:
3388:
3360:
3340:
3312:
3292:
3264:
3244:
3216:
3196:
3168:
3148:
3120:
3100:
3072:
3052:
3024:
3004:
2976:
2956:
2904:
2883:
2869:
2776:
2774:('Persian') is pronounced or and
2770:
2683:
2677:
2652:
2646:
2616:
2610:
2584:
2578:
2535:
2077:
2035:
1986:
1937:
1879:
1837:
1788:
1739:
1681:
1623:
1374:has shifted upward and merged with
1092:
1063:
1005:
980:
937:
908:
879:
850:
821:
792:
716:
710:
637:
627:
504:
495:
486:
480:
474:
468:
6155:Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
5044:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1370:, while in southern dialects, mid
14:
5137:Toosarvandani, Maziar D. (2004).
4539:a definite direct object marker,
2912:
2518:
2401:
2392:
2366:
2360:
2340:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2306:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2280:
2274:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2238:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2197:
2168:
2161:
1134:Early New Persian inherited from
4646:), and ordinal-number suffixes (
4514:a small set of very common noun
4318:When two words are joined in an
4217:is inserted between consonants.)
2894:in Classical Persian shifted to
502:"crowded" ranges between and ;
5745:Thackston, W. M. (1 May 1993).
5446:Thackston, W. M. (1 May 1993).
5139:"Vowel Length in Modern Farsi""
4892:or a vowel are shortened; e.g.
2760:also occurs as an allophone of
37:International Phonetic Alphabet
6191:Persian language in South Asia
5494:. London: Routledge. pp.
4962:
4852:The 2nd and 3rd person plural
4175:
4087:
4067:
4039:
4019:
3991:
3971:
3943:
3923:
3895:
3875:
3847:
3827:
3799:
3779:
3751:
3731:
3703:
3683:
3655:
3635:
3607:
3587:
3559:
3539:
3511:
3491:
3463:
3443:
3415:
3395:
3367:
3347:
3319:
3299:
3271:
3251:
3223:
3203:
3175:
3155:
3127:
3107:
3079:
3059:
3031:
3011:
2983:
2963:
2851:may in some cases change into
2084:
2042:
1993:
1944:
1886:
1844:
1795:
1746:
1688:
1630:
1445:in Tajiki), directly before a
1124:Arabic phonology § Vowels
621:In Iranian Persian Word-final
1:
5696:Hosseini, Seyed Ayat (2014).
2569:or at the end of a syllable.
2525:are aspirated even following
1350:). In northern dialects, mid
514:In Dari the short vowels are
5748:"Colloquial Transformations"
5670:Sadat-Tehrani, Nima (2007).
5652:10.1016/j.lingua.2012.06.002
5598:Windfuhr, Gernot L. (1997).
5486:Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997).
5350:. In Comrie, Bernard (ed.).
5300:Основы иранского языкознания
5197:Windfuhr, Gernot L. (1979).
4476:personal suffixes on verbs (
4141:are pronounced identically.
136:Tehrani Persian vowel chart
6454:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
5724:. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
5352:The World's Major Languages
4614:and the participial ending
4349:نامَهٔ مامانَم بُود رُو میز
2716:voiceless palatal fricative
1015:Eastern Persian varieties (
7030:
6103:Romanized Persian alphabet
5754:An Introduction to Persian
5456:An Introduction to Persian
5449:"The Phonology of Persian"
4970:the North Wind and the Sun
4742:Colloquial Iranian Persian
2919:Spelling and example words
2604:, respectively. In modern
2572:In Classical Persian, the
2100:
1356:transcribed phonologically
1295:is also somewhat fronted.
1138:eight vowels: three short
738:Spelling and example words
18:
6243:
6129:Middle Persian literature
5913:Western Iranian languages
5619:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5585:10.1017/S0025100316000244
5544:Vrzić, Zvjezdana (2007).
5519:Mace, John (March 1993).
5346:Windfuhr, Gernot (1987).
5317:Рубинчик, Ю. А. (2001).
5158:10.1017/S1356186304004079
4934:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4562:the negative verb prefix
2940:
2666:Zoroastrian Dari language
2628:, but a voiced fricative
2521:), so unlike in English,
2314:
1975:
1917:
1777:
1719:
438:, and three long vowels:
394:
382:
356:
304:
268:
258:
219:
214:
212:
76:older variates of Persian
5792:Virtual Persian Keyboard
5397:10.1556/aant.47.2007.1.5
5318:
5299:
5020:", i.e "Iranian Persian"
912: "you" (singular)
653:in word-final position.
6486:Regional North American
5203:. Mouton. p. 137.
4630:, all plural suffixes (
1330:. The back vowels have
33:phonetic transcriptions
6910:Dialects and varieties
6481:Received Pronunciation
6326:American Sign Language
5923:Dialects and varieties
5903:Indo-Iranian languages
4164:, often in words from
4144:Consonants, including
610:and the Iranian vowel
408:
30:This article contains
6076:Old Persian cuneiform
5879:(c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)
5375:Simon, Zsolt (2017).
4880:after a consonant or
4854:verb subject suffixes
4552:Always accented are:
4107:is pronounced (e.g.,
2881:The pronunciation of
1513:, but it is only the
1104:Perso-Arabic alphabet
641:"no". The word-final
406:
80:pluricentric language
62:The phonology of the
5177:Encyclopedia Iranica
4833:('mountain') -> .
4473:Never accented are:
2706:Some speakers front
2449:Allophonic variation
1525:that are lowered to
6835:Proto-Indo-European
6491:White South African
6091:Persian calligraphy
5844:Proto-Indo-European
5720:Mace, John (2003).
5600:"Persian Phonology"
5105:(1995). "Persian".
5103:Campbell, George L.
4901:('I want') → , and
4817:after a vowel, and
4668:('gentleman'); cf.
2877:Dialectal variation
2845:bilabial consonants
2798:is an allophone of
2725:in the vicinity of
1287:In both varieties,
1106:, the short vowels
673:, others list only
625:is rare except for
324:
209:
137:
6124:Persian literature
5871:(c. 525 – 300 BCE)
5852:Proto-Indo-Iranian
5523:. Teach Yourself.
4821:after a consonant.
4484:('you do..'), ..,
4340:/mærˈdomeinˈd͡ʒɒ́/
4336:/mærˈdómeinˈd͡ʒɒ́/
4277:by some, and as a
4200:syllable structure
4188:Syllable structure
2780:('scarlet') or .
2670:Kermanic languages
1560:Early New Persian
1481:) has merged into
1096: "strength"
538:in Kabul, however
409:
323:Tajik vowel chart
322:
207:
135:
125:consonant clusters
72:standard varieties
7014:Persian phonology
6996:
6995:
6496:Standard Canadian
6237:world's languages
6199:
6198:
6054:
6006:Language features
5908:Iranian languages
5896:Language families
5888:
5880:
5872:
5864:
5856:
5848:
5557:978-1-4000-2347-9
5498:, 292, 303, 305.
5377:"Marangozis, J.:
5361:978-0-19-506511-4
5235:Studia Orientalia
5088:978-0-521-63751-0
5075:"Persian (Farsi)"
5048:iranicaonline.org
4987:
4986:
4739:
4738:
4315:'it was a book'.
4097:
4096:
2415:
2414:
2097:
2096:
1495:⟨у⟩
1483:⟨у⟩
1471:⟨ӯ⟩
1447:glottal consonant
1443:⟨ӯ⟩
1431:⟨у⟩
1419:⟨е⟩
1407:⟨и⟩
1360:⟨ӯ⟩
1130:Historical shifts
1100:
1099:
1013:
1012:
945:
944:
602:. The Dari vowel
546:is pronounced as
401:
400:
320:
319:
244:
239:
234:
229:
208:Dari vowel chart
205:
204:
68:regional dialects
7021:
7009:Persian language
6848:Kerkrade dialect
6471:General American
6226:
6219:
6212:
6203:
6134:Tajik literature
6086:Persian alphabet
6050:
5931:Standard Persian
5886:
5878:
5870:
5862:
5854:
5846:
5828:Persian language
5821:
5814:
5807:
5798:
5773:
5772:
5750:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5717:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5693:
5684:
5683:
5667:
5656:
5655:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5618:
5610:
5604:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5493:
5483:
5472:
5471:
5459:
5451:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5418:
5409:
5408:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5295:
5284:
5283:
5273:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5226:
5215:
5214:
5194:
5181:
5180:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5143:
5134:
5125:
5124:
5112:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5070:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5040:
5021:
5003:
4977:
4965:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4943:Iranian Persian
4919:
4918:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4863:
4859:
4849:('hand') -> .
4848:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4784:
4783:
4774:
4773:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4732:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4686:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4565:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4412:('no, indeed'),
4411:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4358:
4351:
4350:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4332:مَرْدُمِ اِینْجا
4323:
4322:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4216:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4159:
4151:
4140:
4132:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4090:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4056:
4042:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4008:
3994:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3979:
3974:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3960:
3946:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3912:
3898:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3864:
3850:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3816:
3802:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3768:
3754:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3739:
3734:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3720:
3706:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3672:
3658:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3624:
3610:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3576:
3562:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3528:
3514:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3466:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3432:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3384:
3370:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3336:
3322:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3240:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3178:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3082:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3000:
2986:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2932:Persian alphabet
2923:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2893:
2886:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2835:may be bilabial
2834:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2743:
2732:
2724:
2713:
2702:
2695:alternates with
2694:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2603:
2596:and the plosive
2595:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2560:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2508:
2468:
2460:
2442:intervocalically
2439:
2431:
2405:
2396:
2370:
2364:
2344:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2284:
2278:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2233:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2201:
2172:
2165:
2112:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2022:
2013:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1569:Western Persian
1557:
1548:
1540:
1504:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1421:in Tajiki), and
1420:
1408:
1389:
1369:
1361:
1345:
1329:
1313:
1283:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1223:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1153:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1078:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1049:
1026:
1008:
1007:
1002:
991:
983:
982:
977:
966:
947:
940:
939:
934:
923:
911:
910:
905:
894:
882:
881:
876:
865:
853:
852:
847:
836:
824:
823:
818:
807:
795:
794:
789:
778:
749:
733:
725:
719:
718:
713:
712:
707:
703:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:/ei,ou,ɒi,oi,ui/
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:
634:
630:
629:
624:
617:
609:
601:
593:
585:
577:
569:
561:
557:
553:
545:
537:
529:
521:
510:
507:
506:
501:
498:
497:
492:
489:
488:
483:
482:
477:
476:
471:
470:
461:
453:
445:
437:
429:
421:
325:
242:
237:
232:
227:
210:
138:
74:, and even from
64:Persian language
52:
48:
21:Help:IPA/Persian
7029:
7028:
7024:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7019:
7018:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6992:
6921:
6875:Scottish Gaelic
6728:
6582:Standard Modern
6522:
6334:Modern Standard
6294:
6239:
6230:
6200:
6195:
6164:
6138:
6112:
6108:Persian Braille
6081:Pahlavi scripts
6064:
6046:Persian grammar
6034:
6001:
5963:Kuwaiti Persian
5917:
5891:
5830:
5825:
5781:
5776:
5769:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5732:
5719:
5718:
5711:
5702:
5695:
5694:
5687:
5669:
5668:
5659:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5611:
5602:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5558:
5543:
5542:
5538:
5531:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5506:
5485:
5484:
5475:
5468:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5433:
5420:
5419:
5412:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5362:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5333:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5287:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5228:
5227:
5218:
5211:
5196:
5195:
5184:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5072:
5071:
5062:
5052:
5050:
5042:
5041:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5024:
5018:Western Persian
5014:Tajik languages
5006:Eastern Persian
5004:
4997:
4992:
4928:Cyrillic script
4917:
4744:
4605:/ˈkɒrmi-kærdæm/
4271:
4190:
4185:
4119:
4116:
4113:
2921:
2879:
2766:/t,d,s,z,ʃ,ʒ,l/
2606:Tehrani Persian
2453:Alveolar stops
2451:
2423:Iranian Persian
2191:
2129:
2110:
2105:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1359:
1348:Canaanite shift
1306:have merged as
1232:have merged as
1216:have merged as
1206:Western Persian
1132:
1120:Arabic alphabet
984: "when?"
941: "early"
825: "until"
744:Iranian Persian
740:
663:
133:
98:) and Standard
92:Iranian Persian
78:. Persian is a
66:varies between
60:
59:
58:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7027:
7025:
7017:
7016:
7011:
7001:
7000:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6929:
6927:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6914:
6913:
6912:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6880:Serbo-Croatian
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6845:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6619:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6561:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6541:
6536:
6530:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6255:
6250:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6221:
6214:
6206:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6098:Tajik alphabet
6095:
6094:
6093:
6083:
6078:
6072:
6070:
6069:Writing system
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6009:
6007:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5927:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5899:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5881:
5876:Middle Persian
5873:
5865:
5857:
5849:
5840:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5780:
5779:External links
5777:
5775:
5774:
5767:
5737:
5730:
5709:
5685:
5657:
5626:
5590:
5579:(2): 183–205.
5563:
5556:
5536:
5529:
5521:Modern Persian
5511:
5504:
5473:
5466:
5438:
5431:
5410:
5391:(1): 139–142.
5367:
5360:
5338:
5331:
5309:
5285:
5252:
5216:
5209:
5182:
5163:
5152:(3): 241–251.
5126:
5119:
5094:
5087:
5060:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5008:refers to the
4994:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4938:Transcription
4933:
4930:
4925:
4923:Persian script
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4865:
4850:
4834:
4822:
4813:is pronounced
4802:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4728:
4717:
4716:
4715:'I have seen'
4713:
4708:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4608:
4601:کار میکَرْدَم
4571:
4560:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4512:
4497:
4471:
4380:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4023:
4016:
4009:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2937:Tajik alphabet
2934:
2929:
2920:
2917:
2878:
2875:
2867:; for example
2481:denti-alveolar
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2358:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2313:
2311:
2298:
2285:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2249:
2236:
2234:
2221:
2208:
2195:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1433:in Tajiki) to
1409:in Tajiki) to
1346:(compare with
1334:as well. Open
1142:and five long
1136:Middle Persian
1131:
1128:
1102:In the modern
1098:
1097:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1069:
1068:
1067: "lion"
1056:
1053:
1050:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1011:
1010:
998:
995:
992:
986:
985:
973:
970:
967:
961:
960:
957:
954:
951:
943:
942:
930:
927:
924:
914:
913:
901:
898:
895:
885:
884:
883: "milk"
872:
869:
866:
856:
855:
854: "that"
843:
840:
837:
827:
826:
814:
811:
808:
798:
797:
785:
782:
779:
769:
768:
765:
760:
755:
739:
736:
665:The status of
662:
659:
399:
398:
393:
387:
386:
381:
376:
370:
369:
364:
355:
350:
344:
343:
338:
333:
328:
318:
317:
312:
303:
301:
295:
294:
289:
284:
278:
277:
272:
267:
257:
252:
246:
245:
240:
235:
230:
224:
223:
218:
213:
203:
202:
197:
192:
186:
185:
180:
175:
169:
168:
163:
158:
152:
151:
146:
141:
132:
129:
53:⟩, see
29:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7026:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7006:
7004:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6918:
6915:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6725:
6724:Luxembourgish
6722:
6720:
6717:
6713:
6712:Maastrichtian
6710:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6459:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6253:Orthographies
6251:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6227:
6222:
6220:
6215:
6213:
6208:
6207:
6204:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6143:Organizations
6141:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6060:Tajik grammar
6058:
6053:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6028:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5976:
5974:
5973:Judeo-Persian
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5885:
5882:
5877:
5874:
5869:
5866:
5863:(c. 1500 BCE)
5861:
5860:Proto-Iranian
5858:
5855:(c. 2000 BCE)
5853:
5850:
5847:(c. 3000 BCE)
5845:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5822:
5817:
5815:
5810:
5808:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5770:
5768:0-936347-29-5
5764:
5760:
5756:
5755:
5749:
5741:
5738:
5733:
5731:0-7007-1695-5
5727:
5723:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5701:
5700:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5630:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5567:
5564:
5559:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5540:
5537:
5532:
5530:0-8442-3815-5
5526:
5522:
5515:
5512:
5507:
5505:0-415-02311-4
5501:
5497:
5492:
5491:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5469:
5467:0-936347-29-5
5463:
5458:
5457:
5450:
5442:
5439:
5434:
5432:0-415-30804-6
5428:
5424:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5371:
5368:
5363:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5342:
5339:
5334:
5332:5-02-018177-3
5328:
5324:
5313:
5310:
5305:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5256:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5122:
5116:
5111:
5110:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4979:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4929:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4866:
4855:
4851:
4835:
4823:
4803:
4787:
4778:
4768:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4741:
4734:
4729:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4709:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4626:('-ish') and
4609:
4572:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4517:
4513:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4466:('Sir'); cf.
4393:
4389:
4385:
4384:interjections
4381:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4362:
4356:
4345:
4328:
4327:
4316:
4313:/keˈtɒ̂bbuːd/
4305:
4304:boundary tone
4282:
4280:
4276:
4275:stress accent
4268:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4231:Semivowel (S)
4230:
4227:
4225:Semivowel (S)
4224:
4223:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4194:
4187:
4182:
4180:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4149:
4142:
4138:
4130:
4123:
4104:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2899:
2891:
2876:
2874:
2864:
2856:
2846:
2840:
2826:
2818:
2813:
2803:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2607:
2601:
2593:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2543:
2530:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2466:
2458:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2092:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1578:Romanization
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1462:
1454:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1332:chain shifted
1327:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1149:
1145:
1144:ī, ē, ā, ō, ū
1141:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1105:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1035:Romanization
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1009: "new"
999:
996:
993:
988:
987:
974:
971:
968:
963:
962:
958:
956:Romanization
955:
952:
949:
948:
931:
928:
925:
921:
916:
915:
902:
899:
896:
892:
887:
886:
873:
870:
867:
863:
858:
857:
844:
841:
838:
834:
829:
828:
815:
812:
809:
805:
800:
799:
786:
783:
780:
776:
771:
770:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
747:
745:
737:
735:
731:
721:
698:
668:
660:
658:
619:
615:
607:
599:
591:
583:
575:
567:
551:
543:
535:
527:
519:
512:
465:
459:
451:
443:
435:
427:
419:
412:
405:
397:
392:
389:
388:
385:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
368:
365:
363:
359:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
326:
316:
313:
311:
307:
302:
300:
297:
296:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
276:
273:
271:
265:
261:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
241:
236:
231:
226:
225:
222:
217:
211:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
139:
130:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
56:
44:
40:
38:
34:
26:
22:
6978:West Frisian
6819:
6765:Massachusett
6278:Prepositions
6247:
6169:Other topics
6029:
5979:
5753:
5740:
5721:
5698:
5671:
5643:
5639:
5629:
5606:
5593:
5576:
5572:
5566:
5546:
5539:
5520:
5514:
5489:
5455:
5441:
5422:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5370:
5351:
5341:
5322:
5312:
5303:
5271:10822/553156
5261:
5255:
5238:
5234:
5199:
5176:
5166:
5149:
5148:. Series 3.
5145:
5108:
5097:
5078:
5051:. Retrieved
5047:
5005:
4910:('I go' → ).
4801:('to come').
4785:
4745:
4679:
4669:
4556:
4493:
4489:
4480:('I do..'),
4467:
4448:('thanks'),
4388:conjunctions
4374:
4360:
4354:
4324:
4317:
4283:
4279:pitch accent
4272:
4197:
4191:
4183:Phonotactics
4143:
4124:
4098:
2880:
2827:
2812:uvular nasal
2786:
2735:
2705:
2687:, such that
2674:
2571:
2567:front vowels
2544:
2452:
2416:
2326:
2305:
2292:
2279:
2243:
2228:
2215:
2202:
2103:Tajik vowels
1551:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1351:
1335:
1319:
1315:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1225:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1196:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1156:/iːeːɑːoːuː/
1143:
1139:
1133:
1101:
1014:
796: "no"
763:Romanization
741:
722:
699:
687:/au/>/ou/
683:/ai/>/ei/
664:
620:
513:
509:/ræsiːˈdæːn/
413:
410:
90:), Standard
61:
49:and ⟨
31:
25:
6708:Limburgish
6599:Greenlandic
6476:New Zealand
6409:Northern Wu
6268:Determiners
6248:Phonologies
6233:Phonologies
5978:Judeo-Tat (
5884:New Persian
5868:Old Persian
4899:/ˈmixɒːhæm/
4701:/diːˈde.æm/
4457:('Ma'am'),
4359:'it was my
4357:æmbudrumiz/
4300:/keˈtɒ́bæm/
4269:Word accent
3421:'pressure'
3354:/d͡ʒaˈvɑːn/
3018:/baɾɑːˈdar/
2789:velar nasal
2751:approximant
2576:consonants
2563:palatalized
2515:contrastive
2469:are either
2421:In Central
2386:Approximant
1038:Example(s)
959:Example(s)
767:Example(s)
88:Afghanistan
7003:Categories
6968:Vietnamese
6839:Ripuarian
6830:Portuguese
6740:Macedonian
6719:Lithuanian
6629:Hindustani
6466:Australian
6419:Historical
6366:Belarusian
6263:Adjectives
6117:Literature
6013:Vocabulary
5887:(from 800)
5646:(13): 13.
5210:9027977747
5120:0415160499
5053:10 January
5028:References
4908:/ˈmirævæm/
4856:, written
4749:sociolects
4705:دِیدَهاَم
4659:('lady'),
4585:('-ing'),
4535:) ('of'),
4309:کِتاب بُود
3533:ذ, ز, ض, ظ
3469:'special'
3277:'meaning'
3181:'country'
3037:'brother'
2859:, or even
2810:, and the
2488:obstruents
2108:Consonants
2101:See also:
868:ـِیـ ,ـِی;
810:ـا, آ ,ىٰ;
667:diphthongs
661:Diphthongs
491:/deˈviːst/
104:Tajikistan
6958:Ukrainian
6865:Sardinian
6843:Colognian
6800:Old Saxon
6785:Norwegian
6750:Maldivian
6694:Latgalian
6639:Icelandic
6634:Hungarian
6513:Esperanto
6399:Cantonese
6376:Bulgarian
6349:Levantine
6321:Afrikaans
6030:Phonology
5680:1993/2839
5615:cite book
5405:0044-5975
5348:"Persian"
5280:141259973
5247:0039-3282
5241:: 14–15.
4895:میخواهَم
4799:/ɒmæˈdæn/
4782:بِلْتْران
4731:/ˈdiːdæm/
4721:/ˈdiːdæm/
4711:/diːˈdæm/
4692:Informal
4516:enclitics
4511:, &c.
4430:('why'),
4421:('but'),
4410:/ˈnæxeir/
4403:('yes'),
4392:vocatives
4291:/keˈtɒ́b/
4228:Vowel (V)
4204:semivowel
4193:Syllables
4162:geminated
4160:, can be
4026:/eːˈɾɑːn/
3901:'mother'
3882:/mɑːˈdar/
3546:/ɑːˈzɑːd/
3517:'shadow'
3402:/fɪˈʃɑːr/
3258:/maʔˈnɑː/
3210:/ɡʊˈɾoːh/
3162:/kɪʃˈvar/
3133:'friend'
2989:'father'
2913:see below
2829:/f,s,ʃ,x/
2777:سَقِرْلات
2736:The flap
2540:/ˈhæstæm/
2519:see below
2511:aspirated
2485:voiceless
2270:Fricative
2193:Affricate
897:ـُ ,ـُوْ;
500:/ʃoˈluːɢ/
481:سِفْت تَر
472:"sound",
113:consonant
6855:Romanian
6664:Japanese
6622:Biblical
6609:Hawaiian
6604:Gujarati
6567:Standard
6559:Galician
6547:Parisian
6518:Estonian
6449:Standard
6394:Mandarin
6390:Chinese
6354:Tunisian
6339:Egyptian
6311:Acehnese
6283:Pronouns
6258:Grammars
5953:Hazaragi
5173:"Kāboli"
4968:One day
4904:میرَوَم
4769:'), and
4735:'I saw'
4695:Meaning
4657:/xɒˈnom/
4644:/-tærin/
4547:('and');
4455:/ˈxɒnom/
4446:/ˈmersi/
4439:('if'),
4428:/ˈtʃerɒ/
4370:/mɒˈmɒn/
4353:/nɒˈmeje
4258:, &
4222:Nucleus
4198:Persian
3949:'bread'
3853:'seven'
3786:/ɢaˈlam/
3709:'house'
3690:/χɑːˈna/
3642:/ʒɑːˈla/
3498:/sɑːˈja/
3450:/viːˈʒa/
3373:'young'
3306:/t͡ʃoːb/
3229:'group'
3085:'until'
2970:/pɪˈdar/
2941:Example
2533:, as in
2474:alveolar
2130:alveolar
2123:Alveolar
1581:English
1572:Example
1395:lowering
1224:, while
1003:
978:
839:ـِ ,ـِه;
819:
790:
781:ـَ ,ـَه;
726:becomes
121:syllable
47:/ /
43:Help:IPA
6983:Yiddish
6948:Turkish
6933:Tagalog
6917:Swedish
6905:Spanish
6890:Slovene
6860:Russian
6820:Persian
6790:Occitan
6770:Medumba
6760:Marathi
6704:Latvian
6684:Kurdish
6674:Konkani
6659:Italian
6644:Ingrian
6613:Hebrew
6587:Ancient
6572:Bernese
6563:German
6543:French
6539:Finnish
6534:Faroese
6461:English
6431:Cornish
6426:Chukchi
6404:Hokkien
6386:Catalan
6381:Burmese
6371:Bengali
6361:Avestan
6330:Arabic
6235:of the
6039:Grammar
5997:Dehwari
5992:Sistani
5987:Bukhori
5936:Iranian
5836:History
5759:205–214
5490:Persian
4915:Example
4786:Beltran
4689:Formal
4682:above):
4559:above);
4543:('a'),
4520:/ezɒfe/
4518:: the
4496:below);
4442:مِرْسِی
4437:/ˈæɡær/
4419:/ˈvæli/
4406:نَخَیْر
4401:/ˈbæle/
4394:. E.g.
4344:focused
4321:اِضافَه
4045:'Iran'
3757:'west'
3613:'king'
3565:'free'
3485:ث, س, ص
3325:'wood'
3169:کِشْوَر
3114:/doːst/
3032:бародар
3025:بَرادَر
2927:Phoneme
2909:/xwɒb/~
2847:. Also
2843:before
2821:before
2806:before
2771:فارْسِی
2764:before
2746:trilled
2565:before
2536:هَسْتَم
2523:/p,t,k/
2483:. The
2478:laminal
2417:Notes:
2150:Glottal
2135:Palatal
1953:flower
1566:Tajiki
1533:before
1517:vowels
1140:i, a, u
1122:. (See
1090:
1061:
1032:Letter
953:Letter
935:
906:
877:
848:
487:دِویسْت
336:Central
123:-final
35:in the
6963:Uyghur
6895:Somali
6885:Slovak
6825:Polish
6815:Pashto
6810:Ottawa
6795:Ojibwe
6780:Nepali
6775:Navajo
6689:Kyrgyz
6679:Korean
6617:Modern
6578:Greek
6552:Quebec
6506:Middle
6445:Dutch
6441:Danish
6344:Hejazi
6316:Adyghe
6306:Abkhaz
5980:Juhuri
5941:Afghan
5765:
5728:
5640:Lingua
5554:
5527:
5502:
5464:
5429:
5403:
5358:
5329:
5278:
5245:
5207:
5117:
5085:
4949:Tajik
4932:Gloss
4862:/-ænd/
4847:/dæst/
4831:/kuːh/
4795:آمَدَن
4767:Qur'an
4725:دِیدَم
4672:above.
4666:/ɒˈɢɒ/
4640:/-tær/
4628:/-eɡi/
4486:/-ænd/
4470:below.
4464:/ˈɒɢɒ/
4355:mɒˈmɒn
4210:Onset
4176:саййид
4171:سَیِّد
4166:Arabic
4076:
4028:
3997:'lip'
3980:
3932:
3930:/nɑːn/
3884:
3836:
3834:/haft/
3805:'pen'
3788:
3740:
3738:/ʁarb/
3692:
3661:'dew'
3644:
3596:
3594:/ʃɑːh/
3548:
3500:
3457:وِیژَه
3452:
3404:
3356:
3308:
3265:مَعْنا
3260:
3212:
3176:кишвар
3164:
3116:
3068:
3020:
2972:
2744:has a
2662:Tajiki
2574:uvular
2549:stops
2471:apical
2145:Uvular
2118:Labial
2002:light
1755:heart
1639:night
1575:Tajik
1467:Arabic
1441:(both
1429:(both
1417:(both
1405:(both
1314:, and
1088:/zoːɾ/
1059:/ʃeːɾ/
933:/zuːd/
875:/ʃiːr/
758:Letter
594:, and
505:رَسیدن
131:Vowels
117:stress
51:
6973:Welsh
6953:Ubykh
6938:Tamil
6900:Sotho
6870:Scots
6805:Oromo
6755:Māori
6745:Malay
6699:Latin
6669:Kiowa
6654:Irish
6649:Inuit
6592:Koine
6436:Czech
6288:Verbs
6273:Nouns
6052:Ezāfe
6023:Verbs
6018:Nouns
5958:Aimaq
5946:Tajik
5703:(PDF)
5603:(PDF)
5321:[
5302:[
5276:S2CID
5142:(PDF)
4990:Notes
4946:Dari
4874:/æst/
4870:اَسْت
4858:/-id/
4843:دَسْت
4772:ایران
4653:خانُم
4648:/-om/
4636:/-ɒn/
4632:/-hɒ/
4620:/-de/
4616:/-te/
4612:/-æn/
4596:/kɒr/
4587:/be-/
4583:/mi-/
4579:/ne-/
4575:/næ-/
4568:/ne-/
4564:/næ-/
4537:/-rɒ/
4524:اضافه
4509:/-eʃ/
4505:/-et/
4501:/-æm/
4478:/-æm/
4451:خانُم
4433:اَگَر
4415:وَلِی
4366:مامان
4361:mom's
4326:ezafe
4296:کتابم
4287:کِتاب
4236:Coda
4110:ایران
4093:'or'
4074:/jɑː/
4033:ایران
3978:/lab/
3896:модар
3889:مادَر
3841:هَفْت
3800:қалам
3793:قَلَم
3745:غَرْب
3697:خانَه
3649:ژالَه
3505:سایَه
3416:фишор
3409:فِشار
3368:ҷавон
3361:جَوان
3272:маъно
3224:гурӯҳ
3217:گُروه
3121:دوسْت
3066:/tɑː/
2984:падар
2977:پِدَر
2900:]
2896:[
2892:]
2888:[
2865:]
2861:[
2857:]
2853:[
2841:]
2837:[
2819:]
2815:[
2808:/k,ɡ/
2796:]
2792:[
2758:]
2754:[
2723:]
2719:[
2714:to a
2701:]
2697:[
2693:]
2689:[
2642:]
2638:[
2634:]
2630:[
2626:]
2622:[
2602:]
2598:[
2594:]
2590:[
2547:velar
2354:Trill
2157:Nasal
2140:Velar
2128:Post-
1895:when
1853:lion
1804:milk
1697:wind
1563:Dari
1515:short
1511:Hindi
1382:) as
1378:(and
1282:]
1278:[
1274:]
1270:[
1268:>
1262:]
1258:[
1256:>
1250:]
1246:[
1244:>
1238:]
1234:[
1222:]
1218:[
1192:]
1188:[
1186:>
1180:]
1176:[
1174:>
1168:]
1164:[
1162:>
1152:/iau/
1017:Tajik
1001:/now/
994:ـَوْ;
976:/kej/
969:ـَیْ;
817:/tɒː/
732:]
728:[
496:شُلوغ
348:Close
331:Front
250:Close
238:short
233:short
216:Front
156:Close
144:Front
108:vowel
100:Tajik
39:(IPA)
6988:Zuni
6943:Taos
5763:ISBN
5726:ISBN
5621:link
5552:ISBN
5525:ISBN
5500:ISBN
5462:ISBN
5427:ISBN
5401:ISSN
5356:ISBN
5327:ISBN
5243:ISSN
5205:ISBN
5115:ISBN
5083:ISBN
5055:2023
5012:and
5010:Dari
4860:and
4838:/st/
4815:/ɾo/
4811:/ɾɒ/
4790:/ɒm/
4777:Iran
4762:قرآن
4757:/ɒn/
4624:/-i/
4545:/-o/
4541:/-i/
4533:/-je
4529:/-e/
4492:and
4482:/-i/
4424:چِرا
4390:and
4152:and
4133:and
4117:Iran
4040:Эрон
3848:ҳафт
3821:ح, ه
3752:ғарб
3704:хона
3656:жола
3560:озод
3553:آزاد
3464:вижа
3245:ع, ء
3128:дӯст
3053:ت, ط
2905:خواب
2787:The
2681:and
2660:and
2658:Dari
2650:and
2614:and
2582:and
2561:are
2545:The
2509:are
2461:and
2432:and
2188:Stop
2093:new
2078:نَوْ
2072:/ow/
2067:/aʋ/
2062:/aw/
2057:/aw/
2051:day
2036:رو٘ز
1987:نُور
1880:کَیْ
1874:/ej/
1869:/aj/
1864:/aj/
1859:/aj/
1838:شی٘ر
1541:and
1529:and
1521:and
1509:and
1507:Urdu
1437:and
1425:and
1413:and
1401:and
1318:and
1302:and
1199:Dari
1154:and
1146:(in
1114:and
1093:زو٘ر
1064:شی٘ر
1029:IPA
1021:Dari
1019:and
1006:نَوْ
990:/ow/
981:کَیْ
965:/ej/
950:IPA
938:زُود
926:ـُو;
909:تُوْ
904:/to/
846:/ke/
788:/næ/
742:For
724:/ou/
714:and
704:and
693:and
685:and
679:/ou/
677:and
675:/ej/
628:تُوْ
530:and
475:خُدا
469:صِدا
464:coda
454:and
430:and
391:Open
341:Back
299:Open
243:long
228:long
221:Back
190:Open
149:Back
119:and
96:Iran
84:Dari
6926:T–Z
6733:M–S
6527:F–L
6501:Old
6414:Old
6299:A–E
5968:Tat
5676:hdl
5648:doi
5644:122
5581:doi
5496:287
5393:doi
5266:hdl
5154:doi
4936:IPA
4890:/v/
4886:/h/
4882:/s/
4878:/e/
4827:کوه
4819:/o/
4680:3-1
4662:آقا
4598:in
4592:کار
4573:if
4557:3-1
4490:4-1
4468:4-4
4460:آقا
4397:بله
4260:/z/
4256:/t/
4252:/s/
4248:/k/
4244:/d/
4215:/æ/
4122:).
3992:лаб
3985:لَب
3944:нон
3937:نان
3608:шоҳ
3601:شاه
3512:соя
3333:d͡ʒ
3320:чӯб
3313:چوب
3285:t͡ʃ
2915:).
2870:باز
2849:/b/
2833:/n/
2823:/q/
2782:/r/
2762:/ɾ/
2691:d͡ʒ
2672:).
2501:t͡ʃ
2476:or
2350:Tap
2231:d͡ʒ
2225:t͡ʃ
2090:naw
2085:нав
2048:rōz
2043:рӯз
1999:nūr
1994:нур
1950:gul
1945:гул
1938:گُل
1892:kay
1887:кай
1850:šēr
1845:шер
1801:šīr
1796:шир
1789:شیر
1752:dil
1747:дил
1740:دِل
1694:bād
1689:бод
1682:باد
1636:šab
1631:шаб
1624:شَب
1549:.)
1457:or
1397:of
1358:as
1322:as
1204:In
1148:IPA
1126:.)
1116:/o/
1112:/e/
1108:/æ/
1081:ـو;
1052:ـی;
880:شیر
851:کِه
793:نَه
753:IPA
706:/w/
702:/j/
695:/w/
691:/j/
655:/e/
651:/æ/
647:/e/
643:/æ/
638:نَه
633:/æ/
623:/o/
560:/æ/
556:/a/
374:mid
282:mid
262:~ (
173:Mid
7005::
5761:.
5751:.
5712:^
5688:^
5660:^
5642:.
5638:.
5617:}}
5613:{{
5577:47
5575:.
5476:^
5452:.
5413:^
5399:.
5389:47
5387:.
5383:.
5288:^
5274:.
5239:89
5237:.
5233:.
5219:^
5185:^
5175:.
5150:14
5144:.
5129:^
5077:.
5063:^
5046:.
5035:^
4998:^
4888:,
4807:را
4775:('
4765:('
4642:,
4634:,
4618:,
4607:);
4577:,
4566:,
4531:,
4507:,
4503:,
4386:,
4262:).
4254:,
4250:,
4246:,
4179:.
4081:یا
3080:то
3073:تا
2825:.
2019:oː
2010:oː
1979:uː
1970:uː
1961:uː
1821:eː
1812:eː
1781:iː
1772:iː
1763:iː
1674:ɒː
1656:ɑː
1647:ɑː
1489:,
1477:,
1390:.
1252:,
1236:uː
1228:,
1220:iː
1212:,
1190:ɑː
1182:;
1170:;
1150::
1110:,
1075:oː
1046:eː
997:ow
972:ey
920:uː
862:iː
822:تا
804:ɒː
746::
730:oː
720:.
697:.
614:ɒː
606:ɑː
598:uː
590:oː
586:,
582:iː
578:,
574:eː
570:,
566:ɑː
522:,
458:uː
450:iː
446:,
442:ɒː
422:,
384:ɔː
362:ɵ̞
360:~
315:ɑː
308:~
292:oː
287:eː
275:uː
266:)
255:iː
200:ɒː
166:uː
161:iː
70:,
6225:e
6218:t
6211:v
5982:)
5820:e
5813:t
5806:v
5771:.
5734:.
5682:.
5678::
5654:.
5650::
5623:)
5587:.
5583::
5560:.
5533:.
5508:.
5470:.
5435:.
5407:.
5395::
5364:.
5335:.
5282:.
5268::
5249:.
5213:.
5179:.
5160:.
5156::
5123:.
5091:.
5057:.
4670:2
4570:;
4527:(
4494:5
4158:/
4156:h
4154:/
4150:/
4148:ʔ
4146:/
4139:/
4137:ɢ
4135:/
4131:/
4129:ʁ
4127:/
4120:'
4114:'
4105:/
4103:ʔ
4101:/
4088:ё
4068:й
4061:ی
4055:/
4053:j
4051:/
4020:р
4013:ر
4007:/
4005:ɾ
4003:/
3972:л
3965:ل
3959:/
3957:l
3955:/
3924:н
3917:ن
3911:/
3909:n
3907:/
3876:м
3869:م
3863:/
3861:m
3859:/
3828:ҳ
3815:/
3813:h
3811:/
3780:қ
3773:ق
3767:/
3765:ɢ
3763:/
3732:ғ
3725:غ
3719:/
3717:ʁ
3715:/
3684:х
3677:خ
3671:/
3669:χ
3667:/
3636:ж
3629:ژ
3623:/
3621:ʒ
3619:/
3588:ш
3581:ش
3575:/
3573:ʃ
3571:/
3540:з
3527:/
3525:z
3523:/
3492:с
3479:/
3477:s
3475:/
3444:в
3437:و
3431:/
3429:v
3427:/
3396:ф
3389:ف
3383:/
3381:f
3379:/
3348:ҷ
3341:ج
3335:/
3331:/
3300:ч
3293:چ
3287:/
3283:/
3252:ъ
3239:/
3237:ʔ
3235:/
3204:г
3197:گ
3191:/
3189:ɡ
3187:/
3156:к
3149:ک
3143:/
3141:k
3139:/
3108:д
3101:د
3095:/
3093:d
3091:/
3060:т
3047:/
3045:t
3043:/
3012:б
3005:ب
2999:/
2997:b
2995:/
2964:п
2957:پ
2951:/
2949:p
2947:/
2898:v
2890:w
2884:و
2863:v
2855:β
2839:m
2817:ɴ
2804:/
2802:n
2800:/
2794:ŋ
2756:ɹ
2742:/
2740:ɾ
2738:/
2731:/
2729:i
2727:/
2721:ç
2712:/
2710:h
2708:/
2699:ʒ
2684:ژ
2678:ج
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