1443:
pillar by the
Committee of Union and Progress and somewhat later by other political caucuses in what remained of the Ottoman Empire. On the eve of World War I, pan-Turkist propaganda focused chiefly on the Turkic-speaking peoples of the southern Caucasus, in Iranian Azerbaijan and Turkistan in Central Asia, with the ultimate purpose of persuading them all to secede from the larger political entities to which they belonged and to join the new pan-Turkic homeland. It was this latter appeal to Iranian Azerbaijanis which, contrary to pan-Turkist intentions, caused a small group of Azerbaijani intellectuals to become the most vociferous advocates of Iran's territorial integrity and sovereignty. If in Europe 'romantic nationalism responded to the damage likely to be caused by modernism by providing a new and larger sense of belonging, an all-encompassing totality, which brought about new social ties, identity and meaning, and a new sense of history from one's origin on to an illustrious future',(42) in Iran after the Constitutional movement romantic nationalism was adopted by the Azerbaijani Democrats as a reaction to the irredentist policies threatening the country's territorial integrity. In their view, assuring territorial integrity was a necessary first step on the road to establishing the rule of law in society and a competent modern state which would safeguard collective as well as individual rights. It was within this context that their political loyalty outweighed their other ethnic or regional affinities. The failure of the Democrats in the arena of Iranian politics after the Constitutional movement and the start of modern state-building paved the way for the emergence of the titular ethnic group's cultural nationalism. Whereas the adoption of integrationist policies preserved Iran's geographic integrity and provided the majority of Iranians with a secure and firm national identity, the blatant ignoring of other demands of the Constitutional movement, such as the call for formation of society based on law and order, left the country still searching for a political identity.
717:
population consisted of ethnic minorities, the
Pahlavi regime issued in quick succession bans on the use of Azeri on the premises of schools, in theatrical performances, religious ceremonies, and, finally, in the publication of books. Azeri was reduced to the status of a language that only could be spoken and hardly ever written. As the Persianization campaign gained momentum, it drew inspiration from the revivalist spirit of Zoroastrian national glories. There followed even more invasive official practices, such as changing Turkic-sounding geographic names and interference with giving children names other than Persian ones. While cultivating cordial relations with Kemalist Turkey, Reza Shah carried on a forceful de-Turkification campaign in Iran.
884:
79:
181:
38:
697:
They viewed that assuring the territorial integrity of the country was the first step in building a society based on law and modern state. Through this framework, their political loyalty outweighed their ethnic and regional affiliations. The adoptions of this integrationist policies paved the way for the emergence of the titular ethnic group's cultural nationalism.
870:". The Hazara ethnic group speak a dialect of Persian called Hazaragi. Possibly Hazaras used to speak their previous native language that contained more of their native Turkic and Mongolic words within the vocabulary (before Hazaragi). However over the course of centuries, as the native language got extinct (just like some of the other Turkic and
800:, and his origin, milieu, training and culture were Persian culture. He was largely responsible for the fostering of the culture by his descendants and for the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian Subcontinent (and Afghanistan), with brilliant literary, artistic and historiographical results. Many works of art such as the
1413:
era, based on philological nationalism and as a result of his innovative success in creating a modern nation-state in Iran. However, what is often neglected is that
Iranian nationalism has its roots in the political upheavals of the nineteenth century and the disintegration immediately following the
716:
The steps that the
Teheran regime took in the 1930s with the aim of Persianization of the Azeris and other minorities appeared to take a leaf from the writings of the reformist-minded intellectuals in the previous decade. In the quest of imposing national homogeneity on the country where half of the
696:
and threatening Iran's territorial integrity. It was during this period that
Iranism and linguistic homogenization policies were proposed as a defensive nature against all others. Contrary to what one might expect, foremost among innovating this defensive nationalism were Iranian Azerbaijanis.
1442:
The most important political development affecting the Middle East at the beginning of the twentieth century was the collapse of the
Ottoman and the Russian empires. The idea of a greater homeland for all Turks was propagated by pan-Turkism, which was adopted almost at once as a main ideological
865:
as an independent country, many
Pashtuns moved into urbanized areas and adopted Dari as their language. As a result, many ethnic Pashtuns in Afghanistan identify themselves as Tajiks but still have Pashtun names (such as a last name with the suffix "-zai") simply because they speak Dari and are
691:
intentions, caused a small group of
Azerbaijani intellectuals to become the strongest advocates of the territorial integrity of Iran. After the constitutional revolution in Iran, a romantic nationalism was adopted by Azerbaijani Democrats as a reaction to the pan-Turkist irredentist policies
1422:
which contributed to the formation of
Iranian defensive nationalism. It is noteworthy that, contrary to what one might expect, many of the leading agents of the construction of an Iranian bounded territorial entity came from non Persian-speaking ethnic minorities, and the foremost were the
1414:
Constitutional revolution of 1905–9. It was during this period that
Iranism gradually took shape as a defensive discourse for constructing a bounded territorial entity – the "pure Iran" standing against all others. Consequently, over time there emerged among the country's
1435:
Contrary to their expectations, however, the Ottomans did not achieve impressive success in Azerbaijan. Although the province remained under quasi-occupation by Ottoman troops for months, attempting to win endorsement for pan-Turkism ended in failure.
687:. The ultimate purpose of persuading these populations to secede from the larger political entities to which they belonged and to join the new pan-Turkic homeland. It was the latter appeal to Iranian Azerbaijanis, which contrary to
841:. There are modern initiatives that attempt to "Pashto-ize" all governmental communication. Since Dari is the language of the bureaucracy, Persian-speaking Afghans dominated it. Persianization is especially seen in the case of the "
874:
that got extinct), the Hazaras adopted Hazaragi, a dialect of the Persian language, hence the result of Persianization. There are many Turkic and Mongolic words still preserved and used in the Hazaragi vocabulary.
1553:
766:. At the height of their power around 1700, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent and Afghanistan and spread Persian culture throughout, just as their predecessors the Turkic
861:, who are Persian speakers. While Pashtuns dominated the country since they constitute the majority of the population of Afghanistan, Persian culture still permeated. In the early
584:. A shift in orientation toward the east is discernible, which was encouraged by increased receptiveness to Persian cultural influence and the roots of the Abbasid revolution in
1930:
1653:"Urdu is the additional official language of which among the following states of India?1. Telangana2. Uttar Pradesh3. Bihar4. West BengalChoose the correct optio - GKToday"
1180:. Following the move, a large number governments officials and civil servants Tajikified their own names. In April 2016, this practice became officially mandated by law.
853:
completely immersed in Persian culture). Persianization is also reinforced by the incidence of urbanization in the country, which influenced the characteristics of the
903:, India unites Persian and Indian cultural and architectural elements; it is among the most famous examples of Indo-Persian culture as well as a symbol of the greater
1792:
464:. The term has also been applied to the transmission of aspects of Persian culture, including language, to the non-Persian peoples in the regions surrounding the
1925:
1579:
2154:
986:
916:
505:
was not concerned with spreading its culture to the many peoples that it conquered. Arguably, the first recorded episode of persianization dates back to
712:
was banned for use on the premises of schools, in theatrical performances, religious ceremonies and in the publication of books. Swietochowski writes:
1832:
1098:
545:
Arabs adopted many of the Persian customs, especially the administrative and the court mannerisms. Arab provincial governors were either persianized
509:, who, after conquering the Persian Empire in the 4th century BCE, adopted Persian dress, customs and court mannerisms; married a Persian princess,
1141:
624:
and other regions. Many khans, begs and other rulers adopted Persian customs and clothing and patronized Persian culture. They founded the city of
1279:
413:. The term applies not only to cultures, but also to individuals, as they acclimate to Persian culture and become "Persianized" or "Persified".
2312:
1603:
1328:
1898:
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had done. In general, from its earliest days, Persian culture and language was spread in South Asia by various Persianised Central Asian
1785:
2086:
1484:
1748:
1700:
1462:
1353:
242:
224:
162:
65:
191:
1474:
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1097:, are drawn directly from the Persian language. These modern linguistic developments are rooted primarily in the rule of various
671:. What is often neglected is that Iranian nationalism has its roots before the Pahlavi, in the early 20th century. On the eve of
517:, a symbolic kissing of the hand that Persians paid to their social superiors. Persian dress and practices were also observed by
1402:
Touraj Atabaki, "Recasting Oneself, Rejecting the Other: Pan-Turkism and Iranian Nationalism" in Van Schendel, Willem (Editor).
96:
51:
2546:
1778:
1536:
1511:
143:
100:
857:. The two most significant ethnic groups in Afghanistan are the Pashtuns, who are speakers of the Pashto language, and the
115:
2042:
1827:
1169:
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and made subjects cast themselves on their faces when approaching him, in Persian-style, known to Greeks as the custom of
2451:
2290:
854:
1630:
2488:
2030:
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1251:
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to assimilate the ethnic minorities in Iran (Iranians as well as Non-Iranians). In particular, within this policy the
122:
206:
1652:
2438:
964:
1404:
Identity Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World: Nationalism, Ethnicity and Labour in the Twentieth Century
202:
89:
1072:
129:
2551:
2201:
2052:
1987:
1915:
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by the late 17th and the early 18th centuries until the mid-19th century. The emperors were descendants of the
1409:
As far as Iran is concerned, it is widely argued that Iranian nationalism was born as a state ideology in the
1675:"Рахмонов стал Рахмон, Каримов остался Каримовым [Rahmonov Became Rahmon, Karimov Remained Karimoiv]"
2327:
2183:
2134:
1587:
1189:
433:
1372:, Paper presented at the Eighth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Leeds, England, (August 1975).
111:
2468:
1837:
1052:
862:
2270:
2233:
2189:
1801:
1177:
1060:
990:
952:
701:
640:). Many ethnic peoples adopted many aspects of Persian culture and contributed to their persianization.
529:, where he conciliated the favour of the Persians to his rule in exchange for those of the Macedonians.
406:
1109:, who established Persian and later Urdu as official and court languages across the region during the
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1945:
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57:
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394:
382:
1320:
Genghis Khan and the Quest for God: How the World's Greatest Conqueror Gave Us Religious Freedom
2500:
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136:
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2019:
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390:
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In modern times, the term is often used in connection with non-Persian speakers like the
883:
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toward the end of the 7th century, when, in 692, minting began at the caliphal capital,
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2401:
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1999:
1970:
1955:
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1812:
1415:
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921:
904:
775:
629:
613:
609:
494:
457:
453:
449:
416:
Historically, the term was commonly applied to refer to changes in the cultures of non-
410:
1429:
In the middle of April 1918, the Ottoman army invaded Azerbaijan for the second time.
762:, and they were the ones responsible for the spread of Persian and Islamic culture to
2540:
2495:
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2014:
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1994:
1977:
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1982:
1950:
1940:
1935:
1817:
937:
763:
684:
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469:
421:
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remained the language of official business of the caliphate until the adoption of
1457:
Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. p.122,
1247:
405:, and identity as well as other socio-cultural factors. It is a specific form of
2520:
2348:
2144:
1849:
1727:"Президент Таджикистана отрезал от своей фамилий Русское окончание (in Russian)"
1580:"Mughal Culture and Persianization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Bengal"
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993:, also having official status in certain Indian states and territories, such as
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1631:"From the Achaemenids to the Mughals: A look at India's lost Persian history"
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837:. Although the latter is the designated national language, Dari remains the
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1726:
1423:
Azerbaijanis, rather than the nation's titular ethnic group, the Persians.
385:", meaning it either directly adopts or becomes strongly influenced by the
17:
1136:
in the country; this presence was further boosted following the influx of
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was heavily influenced by the Persian language and culture. The resulting
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assimilated into Tajiki culture in the country within a process known as "
1199:
1125:
1048:
1032:
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747:
704:, in 1930s, the term was used to describe the official policy pursued by
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1770:
1081:, is written almost entirely in Persian. The name "Pakistan", with both
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742:, from their initial base in Kabul, and they eventually ruled most of
858:
834:
693:
649:
637:
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526:
522:
1235:
The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities
209:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1529:
Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982
1237:, in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25-6 (2005), pp157-69
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1006:
998:
989:, the status and cultural heritage of which are recognised by the
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785:
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A proverb complained about the Persianization of morals by Turks.
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Turks. The Safavids reasserted Persian culture and hegemony over
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960:
896:
830:
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was an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of the
577:
561:. The new Islamic coins evolved from imitations of Sasanian and
1774:
1701:"Президент Таджикистана сменил фамилию и подкорректировал имя"
1476:
History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century
1453:
1451:
273:
174:
72:
31:
1531:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 57.
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The First Dynasty of Islam. The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750
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300:
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285:
276:
1406:. London, GBR: I. B. Tauris & Company, Limited, 2001:
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1506:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 66.
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are of Persian Islamic architecture, with Persian names.
339:
333:
1749:"Tajikistan Bans Giving Babies Russian-Style Last Names"
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576:, after 750, established their capital in what is now
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103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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667:era and was based on the aim of forming a modern
816:was the official language of the Mughal courts.
1407:
1091:, 'pure') and the place-name suffix of
1071:have also been influenced by Persian, itself a
948:, which further developed into the present-day
833:as one of its two official languages alongside
714:
1786:
1584:The Cultures of History in Early Modern India
1086:
8:
829:By 1964, the Afghanistan Constitution cited
1624:
1622:
1323:. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 367–.
917:Persian language in the Indian subcontinent
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2333:
1793:
1779:
1771:
683:-speaking lands of Iran, the Caucasus and
377:process of cultural change in which a non-
1596:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195698800.001.0001
1305:The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates
1055:that has been historically influenced by
569:on the coinage was replaced with Arabic.
243:Learn how and when to remove this message
225:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
882:
1213:
27:Cultural assimilation of Persian traits
1370:The official Persianization of Kurdish
1140:into Pakistan as a consequence of the
845:", the long-established families from
1497:
1495:
1493:
1346:Ethnic Conflicts and the Nation State
7:
1552:Monsutti, Alessandro (1 July 2017),
1317:Jack Weatherford (25 October 2016).
533:Early Islamic period to 15th century
101:adding citations to reliable sources
1681:. Avesta News Agency. 13 April 2007
1132:in western Pakistan has solidified
1087:
370:
25:
1075:. The Pakistani national anthem,
738:. From 1526, the Mughals invaded
47:This article has multiple issues.
1172:. and removed his patronymic of
1035:lies at the intersection of the
426:early and middle Islamic periods
317:
260:
179:
77:
36:
1753:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
659:It has been argued that modern
549:or ethnic Persians; certainly,
88:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
1629:Syed, Shahinda (30 May 2022).
944:led to the development of the
940:. The influence of Persian on
1:
1558:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
1344:Stavenhagen, Rodolfo (2002).
2375:Romanization of the writings
1222:The handbook of bilingualism
1160:changed his surname to from
1061:languages spoken in Pakistan
855:ethnic groups of Afghanistan
792:, identified his lineage as
2489:Forced religious conversion
1578:Chatterjee, Kumkum (2009).
663:was established during the
205:the claims made and adding
2568:
1307:, London, 1986, pp. 134-37
1294:, (London) 1986, pp. 63-64
1276:Epitome of Pompeius Trogus
1065:Indo-Aryan language family
1024:
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679:propaganda focused on the
424:, particularly during the
2452:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
2337:Assimilation by religions
1808:
1729:. Lenta.ru. 21 March 2007
1113:era as well as after the
1047:, the national medium of
2363:Assimilation by writings
1527:Kakar, Mohammed (1997).
1073:Western Iranian language
987:Eighth Schedule language
936:produced poets, such as
1755:. RFE/RL. 30 April 2016
1588:Oxford University Press
1190:Turco-Persian tradition
1069:Iranian language family
422:Persian cultural sphere
2469:Cultural globalization
1502:Dupree, Louis (1980).
1445:
1348:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1099:Indo-Islamic dynasties
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863:history of Afghanistan
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692:emanating from modern
596:16th to 18th centuries
537:After the fall of the
501:, the ancient Persian
409:that often includes a
2547:Cultural assimilation
1802:Cultural assimilation
1473:Sigfried J. de Laet.
1168:, getting rid of the
1053:Indo-Iranian language
991:Constitution of India
886:
788:, the founder of the
770:and the Turko-Afghan
702:Tadeusz Świętochowski
521:, who was later made
407:cultural assimilation
2506:Internal colonialism
2474:Cultural imperialism
2155:Northern Afghanistan
1170:Russian "-ov" ending
1142:Afghanistan conflict
934:Indo-Persian culture
913:Indo-Persian culture
710:Azerbaijani language
600:Two major powers in
97:improve this article
2511:Jewish assimilation
2484:Forced assimilation
2022:or Castilianization
1176:out of respect for
1152:In March 2007, the
1105:, most notably the
1103:Indian subcontinent
1041:Indian subcontinent
946:Hindustani language
732:Indian subcontinent
661:Iranian nationalism
507:Alexander the Great
478:Indian subcontinent
2135:Montenegrinization
1134:Persianate culture
1115:partition of India
909:
872:Mongolic languages
604:rose, the Persian
489:Pre-Islamic period
420:living within the
190:possibly contains
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2533:
2501:Identity politics
2390:
2389:
2120:Macedonianization
1633:. Middle East Eye
1605:978-0-19-569880-0
1330:978-0-7352-2115-4
1224:, (2004), p.788-9
965:official language
750:who had embraced
706:Reza Shah Pahlavi
503:Achaemenid Empire
381:society becomes "
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192:original research
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16:(Redirected from
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2479:Dominant culture
2462:Related concepts
2424:De-russification
2412:De-stalinization
2407:De-communization
2344:Christianization
2334:
2186:or Latinization
2140:Norwegianization
2116:or Hungarization
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1931:Colombianization
1833:Native Americans
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1220:Bhatia, Tej K.,
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1120:The presence of
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1031:Geographically,
1027:Persian and Urdu
868:de-tribalization
618:Eastern Anatolia
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2446:De-sinicization
2419:De-nazification
2395:Opposite trends
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2214:Sanskritization
2179:Romanianization
2145:Pakistanization
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2020:Hispanicization
2010:Hawaiianization
1966:Europeanization
1961:Estonianization
1916:Canadianization
1823:Americanization
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1707:. 22 March 2007
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1248:vii. 23, 24, 26
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1219:
1215:
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1195:Iranian peoples
1186:
1154:Tajik President
1150:
1138:Afghan refugees
1122:Iranian peoples
1067:as well as the
1037:Iranian plateau
1029:
1023:
963:. Hindi is the
926:Delhi Sultanate
919:
911:Main articles:
881:
827:
822:
810:Badshahi Mosque
798:Chagatai Turkic
772:Delhi Sultanate
758:and resided in
754:, converted to
752:Persian culture
724:
646:
598:
565:coins, and the
535:
491:
486:
468:(also known as
466:Iranian plateau
418:Iranian peoples
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2516:Language shift
2513:
2508:
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2402:De-arabization
2398:
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2340:
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2328:Zairianization
2325:
2320:
2318:Westernization
2315:
2313:Vietnamization
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Turkmenization
2295:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2266:Talibanization
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2221:
2219:Serbianization
2216:
2211:
2209:Saffronization
2206:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2162:Persianization
2159:
2158:
2157:
2150:Pashtunization
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:Lithuanization
2106:
2104:Latvianization
2101:
2096:
2091:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2070:Japanification
2062:
2060:Italianization
2057:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2040:
2038:Indigenization
2035:
2034:
2033:
2023:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2000:Georgification
1997:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1971:Westernization
1963:
1958:
1956:Dutchification
1953:
1948:
1946:Cypriotization
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1906:Bosniakization
1903:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1882:Belarusization
1879:
1877:Araucanization
1874:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1820:
1815:
1813:Africanization
1809:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1767:
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1740:
1718:
1692:
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1644:
1618:
1604:
1570:
1544:
1537:
1519:
1512:
1489:
1485:978-9231028137
1479:UNESCO, 1994.
1466:
1447:
1416:intelligentsia
1374:
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1354:
1336:
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1239:
1226:
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1211:
1209:
1206:
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1204:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1158:Emomali Rahmon
1149:
1146:
1022:
1019:
922:Medieval India
905:Indian culture
880:
877:
826:
823:
821:
818:
806:Humayun's Tomb
723:
720:
645:
642:
630:North Caucasus
614:South Caucasus
597:
594:
567:Pahlavi script
534:
531:
495:Ancient Greeks
490:
487:
485:
482:
450:Turkic peoples
411:language shift
256:Persianization
251:
250:
233:
232:
187:
185:
178:
171:
170:
85:
83:
76:
71:
45:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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2527:
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2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:Globalization
2494:
2490:
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2485:
2482:
2480:
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2470:
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2429:Korenizatsiia
2427:
2426:
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2403:
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2378:
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2370:Cyrillization
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2355:
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2329:
2326:
2324:
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2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:Ukrainization
2301:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2286:Turkification
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:Taiwanization
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Swedification
2259:
2257:
2256:Swahilization
2254:
2252:
2251:Sovietization
2249:
2247:
2246:Slovakization
2244:
2242:
2241:Slavicization
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:Sinhalization
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2197:Russification
2195:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
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2172:
2168:
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2164:
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2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Mongolization
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2114:Magyarization
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:Kurdification
2097:
2095:
2094:Koreanization
2092:
2088:
2083:
2082:Kazakhization
2080:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:Israelization
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:Indianization
2024:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:Hellenization
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:Germanization
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Gaelicization
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Finnicization
1976:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Chilenization
1924:
1922:
1921:Celticization
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Bulgarization
1909:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1894:Bengalization
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:Anglicization
1843:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1796:
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1776:
1773:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1728:
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1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1680:
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1667:
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1645:
1632:
1625:
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1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
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1581:
1574:
1571:
1559:
1555:
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1540:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
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1509:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1463:0-231-07068-3
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
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1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1412:
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1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:Margaret K.,
1365:
1362:
1357:
1355:0-312-15971-4
1351:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1322:
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1297:
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1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:Ravandi, M.,
1230:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1178:Tajik culture
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:Baloch people
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1111:British India
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1078:Qaumi Taranah
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:Uttar Pradesh
992:
988:
985:. Urdu is an
984:
980:
979:
978:lingua franca
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:Mughal Empire
927:
923:
918:
914:
906:
902:
901:Uttar Pradesh
898:
894:
890:
885:
878:
876:
873:
869:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:lingua franca
836:
832:
824:
819:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:Mughal Empire
787:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:Mughal Empire
722:Mughal Empire
721:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
700:According to
698:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
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611:
607:
603:
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587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
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560:
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552:
548:
544:
540:
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
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467:
463:
459:
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451:
447:
443:
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419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
368:
362:
314:
313:Persification
308:
257:
247:
244:
229:
226:
218:
208:
204:
200:
194:
193:
188:This article
186:
177:
176:
167:
164:
156:
153:November 2008
145:
142:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114: –
113:
109:
108:Find sources:
102:
98:
92:
91:
86:This article
84:
80:
75:
74:
69:
67:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2450:
2434:Latinization
2380:Soviet Union
2354:Islamization
2323:Wolofization
2308:Uzbekization
2281:Thaification
2276:Tamilization
2229:Sinicization
2184:Romanization
2174:Polonization
2161:
2125:Malayization
2077:Javanization
2065:Japanization
2043:Indonezation
1983:Francization
1951:Czechization
1941:Croatization
1936:Creolization
1818:Albanization
1757:. Retrieved
1752:
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1704:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1678:
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1609:. Retrieved
1583:
1573:
1562:, retrieved
1557:
1547:
1528:
1522:
1503:
1475:
1469:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1418:a political
1408:
1403:
1369:
1364:
1345:
1339:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1303:Kennedy H.,
1299:
1291:
1290:Hawting G.,
1286:
1275:
1266:; Diodorus,
1255:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1221:
1216:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1124:such as the
1119:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1030:
976:
950:standardized
938:Amir Khusrau
920:
838:
828:
784:
764:Central Asia
725:
715:
699:
685:Central Asia
669:nation-state
658:
647:
599:
571:
541:in 651, the
536:
499:Roman Empire
492:
432:and various
415:
375:sociological
312:
255:
254:
239:
221:
215:October 2009
212:
189:
159:
150:
140:
133:
126:
119:
107:
95:Please help
90:verification
87:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
2521:Melting pot
2349:Judaization
2085: [
1850:Arabization
1504:Afghanistan
1256:Bibliotheca
1174:Sharipovich
1015:West Bengal
983:North India
924:during the
907:as a whole.
825:Afghanistan
782:dynasties.
736:Afghanistan
689:Pan-Turkist
677:Pan-Turkist
673:World War I
622:Mesopotamia
590:Afghanistan
515:proskynesis
511:Stateira II
493:Unlike the
472:), such as
18:Persianised
2541:Categories
2291:placenames
2031:placenames
1899:placenames
1828:immigrants
1655:. GK Today
1538:0520208935
1513:0691030065
1420:xenophobia
1208:References
1148:Tajikistan
1059:. Various
1025:See also:
971:alongside
820:By country
768:Ghaznavids
744:South Asia
644:Modern era
462:Ghaznavids
460:, and the
428:, such as
395:literature
383:Persianate
371:پارسیسازی
199:improve it
123:newspapers
52:improve it
2167:societies
1855:Armenians
1679:Avesta.Tj
1554:"Hazāras"
1411:Reza Shah
1268:xvii. 110
1162:Rakhmonov
1063:from the
1011:Telangana
1003:Jharkhand
953:varieties
942:Old Hindi
893:Taj Mahal
849:(usually
802:Taj Mahal
760:Turkestan
740:Hindustan
602:West Asia
588:, now in
563:Byzantine
519:Peucestas
446:Dagestani
436:(such as
434:Caucasian
203:verifying
58:talk page
1988:Brussels
1564:29 April
1246:Arrian,
1200:Persians
1184:See also
1128:and the
1126:Pashtuns
1051:, is an
1049:Pakistan
1033:Pakistan
1021:Pakistan
975:and the
851:Pashtuns
808:and the
748:Timurids
652:and the
634:Dagestan
632:(now in
606:Safavids
586:Khorasan
574:Abbasids
559:Damascus
547:Arameans
497:and the
476:and the
474:Anatolia
458:Ottomans
442:Armenian
438:Georgian
373:), is a
2439:Ukraine
2202:Finland
1860:Berbers
1705:Сегодня
1659:13 June
1637:13 June
1611:13 June
1560:, Brill
1280:xiii. 4
1264:cod. 92
1260:cod. 82
1252:Photius
1107:Mughals
1101:on the
1057:Persian
973:English
843:Kabulis
814:Persian
794:Timurid
665:Pahlavi
628:in the
626:Derbent
610:Ottoman
582:Baghdad
551:Persian
543:Umayyad
484:History
454:Seljuks
391:culture
379:Persian
367:Persian
197:Please
137:scholar
1865:Blacks
1759:20 May
1733:2 June
1711:20 May
1685:20 May
1602:
1535:
1510:
1483:
1461:
1352:
1327:
1272:Justin
1166:Rahmon
889:Mughal
859:Tajiks
835:Pashto
780:Afghan
776:Turkic
694:Turkey
681:Turkic
650:Azeris
638:Russia
555:Arabic
527:Persis
523:satrap
470:Persia
456:, the
448:) and
139:
132:
125:
118:
110:
2234:Tibet
2190:names
2089:]
2053:names
1838:names
1487:p 734
1426:....
1094:-stan
1007:Delhi
999:Bihar
969:India
957:Hindi
879:India
847:Kabul
786:Babur
756:Islam
654:Kurds
430:Arabs
403:music
311:) or
144:JSTOR
130:books
1887:soft
1870:Jews
1761:2016
1735:2014
1713:2016
1687:2016
1661:2022
1639:2022
1613:2022
1600:ISBN
1566:2023
1533:ISBN
1508:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1459:ISBN
1439:...
1432:...
1350:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1045:Urdu
1039:and
1013:and
961:Urdu
959:and
928:and
915:and
897:Agra
891:era
887:The
831:Dari
796:and
778:and
734:and
726:The
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