133:
36:
137:
136:
134:
138:
1007:
to cure, so the fraction of individuals that are affected remains high). In contrast, a disease that has a short duration may have a low prevalence and a high incidence. When the incidence is approximately constant for the duration of the disease, prevalence is approximately the product of disease incidence and average disease duration, so
135:
592:
976:
1037:
If you were to measure prevalence you would simply take the total number of cases (25 + 20 + 30 = 75) and divide by your sample population (225). So prevalence would be 75/225 = 0.33 or 33% (by the end of the study). This tells you how widespread HIV is in your sample population, but little about the
1006:
For example, consider a disease that takes a long time to cure and was widespread in 2002 but dissipated in 2003. This disease will have both high incidence and high prevalence in 2002, but in 2003 it will have a low incidence yet will continue to have a high prevalence (because it takes a long time
1041:
To measure incidence rate you must take into account how many years each person contributed to the study, and when they developed HIV because when a subject develops HIV he stops being at risk. When it is not known exactly when a person develops the disease in question, epidemiologists frequently
1057:
That is a total of (1500 + 275) = 1775 person-years of life. Now take the 50 new cases of HIV, and divide by 1775 to get 0.028, or 28 cases of HIV per 1000 population, per year. In other words, if you were to follow 1000 people for one year, you would see 28 new cases of HIV. This is a much more
1002:
of the total number of cases to the total population and is more a measure of the burden of the disease on society with no regard to time at risk or when subjects may have been exposed to a possible risk factor. Prevalence can also be measured with respect to a specific subgroup of a population.
1011:. The importance of this equation is in the relation between prevalence and incidence; for example, when the incidence increases, then the prevalence must also increase. Note that this relation does not hold for age-specific prevalence and incidence, where the relation becomes more complicated.
998:, which is the proportion of cases in the population at a given time rather than rate of occurrence of new cases. Thus, incidence conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease, whereas prevalence indicates how widespread the disease is. Prevalence is the
1049:
At 10 years you found 30 new cases. These people did not have HIV at 5 years, but did at 10, so you assume they were infected at 7.5 years, thus contributing (30 * 7.5) = 225 person-years of disease-free life. That is a total of (225 + 50) = 275 person years so
191:
614:
1003:
Incidence is usually more useful than prevalence in understanding the disease etiology: for example, if the incidence rate of a disease in a population increases, then there is a risk factor that promotes the incidence.
139:
596:
For example, if a population contains 1,000 persons and 28 develop a condition from the time the disease first occurred until two years later, the cumulative incidence is 28 cases per 1,000 persons, i.e. 2.8%.
1206:
980:
One of the important advantages of incidence rate is that it doesn't require all subjects to be present for the whole study because it's only interested in the time at risk.
1169:
587:{\displaystyle Incidence={\frac {number\ of\ subjects\ developing\ the\ disease\ over\ a\ certain\ period}{the\ total\ number\ of\ subjects\ followed\ over\ that\ period}}}
2923:
1053:
You also want to account for the 150 people who never had or developed HIV over the 10-year period, (150 * 10) contributing 1500 person-years of disease-free life.
2528:
971:{\displaystyle Incidence\ rate={\frac {the\ number\ of\ subjects\ developing\ a\ disease}{the\ total\ time\ at\ risk\ for\ all\ people\ to\ get\ the\ disease}}}
2082:
1199:
53:
3215:
3211:
1046:
At 5 yrs you found 20 new cases, so you assume they developed HIV at 2.5 years, thus contributing (20 * 2.5) = 50 person-years of disease-free life.
3261:
3219:
3207:
1192:
1019:
Consider the following example. Say you are looking at a sample population of 225 people, and want to determine the incidence rate of developing
2916:
2863:
2850:
1464:
1220:
2135:
1027:
At the beginning of the study (t=0) you find 25 cases of existing HIV. These people are not counted as they cannot develop HIV a second time.
3382:
3298:
2652:
2110:
186:, is defined as the probability that a particular event, such as occurrence of a particular disease, has occurred in a specified period:
2855:
100:
2909:
2285:
2280:
119:
72:
1166:
3420:
2364:
1771:
1387:
1958:
1103:
79:
3265:
2987:
2699:
2297:
2016:
1994:
1146:
Brinks R (2011) "A new method for deriving incidence rates from prevalence data and its application to dementia in
Germany",
57:
3098:
1365:
3413:
2667:
999:
3392:
2694:
2090:
1847:
1610:
1325:
86:
609:
can be calculated by dividing the number of subjects developing a disease by the total time at risk from all patients:
3447:
3356:
3328:
3257:
3011:
2736:
2607:
2543:
2511:
2459:
1756:
1738:
3406:
3082:
2292:
1705:
1445:
1042:
use the actuarial method, and assume it was developed at a half-way point between follow-ups. In this calculation:
68:
46:
3201:
2796:
2786:
2481:
2417:
2140:
2105:
1484:
1425:
3087:
2967:
2614:
2476:
2351:
1320:
1310:
3227:
3185:
3163:
3133:
3033:
2977:
2960:
2801:
2719:
2585:
2115:
1913:
1789:
1620:
1558:
1392:
1360:
3336:
3094:
3173:
2388:
2173:
1923:
1796:
1402:
1259:
1249:
3442:
3177:
3064:
3055:
3002:
2972:
2936:
2824:
2709:
2341:
2210:
1718:
1625:
1544:
1968:
3143:
2791:
2684:
2630:
2558:
2548:
2240:
2095:
1908:
1885:
1575:
93:
3050:
2982:
2878:
2868:
2834:
2439:
1890:
1877:
1859:
1713:
1524:
1181:
Person-Years
Analysis and Computation Programme for calculating standardized incidence rates (SIRs)
3303:
3253:
3068:
2997:
2955:
2602:
2597:
2506:
2486:
2120:
1963:
1928:
1782:
1748:
1298:
1147:
3377:
3341:
3308:
3233:
3155:
2932:
2888:
2829:
2689:
2642:
2444:
1946:
1615:
1605:
1595:
1397:
1380:
1123:
1072:
164:
3452:
3151:
3072:
3026:
3021:
2901:
2883:
2819:
2806:
2635:
2624:
2516:
2496:
2331:
2245:
2220:
1951:
1837:
1728:
1671:
1477:
1375:
1303:
1115:
1184:
3346:
3169:
3124:
2751:
2746:
2590:
2538:
2346:
2323:
2168:
2145:
1529:
1494:
1370:
1315:
1173:
3372:
3293:
3245:
3038:
2950:
2781:
2714:
2657:
2429:
2318:
2310:
2188:
2183:
2130:
1854:
1635:
1630:
1590:
1539:
1504:
1342:
1278:
1102:
Noordzij, Marlies; Dekker, Friedo W.; Zoccali, Carmine; Jager, Kitty J. (2010-02-19).
3436:
3351:
3318:
3313:
2662:
2619:
2578:
2471:
2454:
2412:
2125:
1676:
1645:
1489:
1266:
3193:
3077:
2873:
2811:
2573:
2553:
2501:
2449:
2400:
2200:
2150:
1761:
1534:
1332:
156:
144:
3387:
3241:
3114:
3104:
2766:
2568:
2491:
2466:
2215:
2195:
2100:
2060:
1898:
1355:
1271:
1254:
1067:
35:
3189:
3181:
3147:
3109:
3016:
2704:
2679:
2647:
2424:
2405:
2395:
2383:
2230:
1842:
1814:
1640:
1600:
1472:
1077:
995:
989:
3249:
3237:
2776:
2255:
1580:
1288:
1283:
1216:
1127:
1033:
A second follow-up at the end of the study (t=10 years) finds 30 new cases.
17:
3283:
2759:
2674:
2250:
2235:
2225:
2178:
1723:
1519:
1499:
1293:
1236:
148:
3288:
2563:
2434:
1687:
1244:
1119:
2771:
2336:
1989:
1585:
2000:
1512:
1151:
131:
1038:
actual risk of developing HIV for any person over a coming year.
1984:
1453:
1350:
2905:
1188:
1020:
29:
1030:
A follow-up at 5 years (t=5 years) finds 20 new cases of HIV.
990:
Prevalence § Difference between prevalence and incidence
1178:
1104:"Measures of Disease Frequency: Prevalence and Incidence"
617:
194:
167:in a population within a specified period of time.
3365:
3327:
3276:
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3200:
3162:
3132:
3123:
3049:
2996:
2943:
2843:
2735:
2527:
2376:
2363:
2268:
2159:
2081:
2053:
2039:
2025:
2009:
1977:
1939:
1868:
1830:
1823:
1805:
1737:
1704:
1697:
1661:
1654:
1566:
1557:
1444:
1341:
1235:
1228:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
970:
586:
2917:
1200:
8:
163:reflects the number of new cases of a given
3129:
2924:
2910:
2902:
2373:
1827:
1701:
1658:
1563:
1232:
1207:
1193:
1185:
1167:Calculation of standardized incidence rate
1058:accurate measure of risk than prevalence.
663:
616:
225:
193:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3216:Preventable fraction among the unexposed
3212:Attributable fraction for the population
3220:Preventable fraction for the population
3208:Attributable fraction among the exposed
2281:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
1454:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
1089:
143:Evolution of weekly incidence rates of
27:Chance over time of a medical condition
2864:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
2756:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
994:Incidence should not be confused with
7:
3383:Correlation does not imply causation
3299:Animal testing on non-human primates
2111:Compartmental models in epidemiology
1097:
1095:
1093:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
151:from January 2002 to December 2008
25:
1009:prevalence = incidence Ă— duration
2860:Economics of Infectious Diseases
34:
45:needs additional citations for
3266:Pre- and post-test probability
2988:Patient and public involvement
2869:Infectious disease informatics
2700:Transmission-based precautions
1:
2286:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
2061:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
1422:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
69:"Incidence" epidemiology
3393:Sex as a biological variable
1848:Aerosol-generating procedure
1626:Silent/Subclinical infection
1326:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
3357:Intention-to-treat analysis
3329:Analysis of clinical trials
3258:Specificity and sensitivity
3012:Randomized controlled trial
2512:Vaccine-preventable disease
2460:Monoclonal antibody therapy
3469:
2653:Respiratory source control
987:
3401:
3366:Interpretation of results
3099:Nested case–control study
2797:Global Health Initiatives
2787:Evolutionary epidemiology
2482:Post-exposure prophylaxis
2418:Antimicrobial stewardship
2141:Multiplicity of infection
2106:Basic reproduction number
1882:Percutaneous inoculation
1366:Host–pathogen interaction
1108:Nephron Clinical Practice
2968:Academic clinical trials
2615:Protective sequestration
2477:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
1768:Generational difference
1321:Horizontal gene transfer
1311:Antimicrobial resistance
984:Incidence vs. prevalence
3186:Relative risk reduction
3034:Adaptive clinical trial
2978:Evidence-based medicine
2961:Adaptive clinical trial
2802:Microbial phylogenetics
2720:Wastewater surveillance
2241:Geographic distribution
2116:Critical community size
1914:Surgical site infection
1762:Iatrogenic/Medical care
1681:Microbial translocation
1677:Endogenous reactivation
1672:Normal flora overgrowth
1621:Opportunistic infection
1393:Opportunistic infection
1023:over a 10-year period:
3174:Number needed to treat
2874:Microbial bioterrorism
2497:efficacy/effectiveness
1905:Surgical intervention
1797:Breakthrough infection
1419:Genetic predisposition
1403:Susceptible individual
1250:Germ theory of disease
972:
588:
152:
3178:Number needed to harm
3065:Cross-sectional study
3017:Scientific experiment
2973:Clinical study design
2710:Universal precautions
1668:Endogenous overgrowth
1520:Poultry and livestock
973:
589:
142:
3144:Cumulative incidence
2812:Genomic reassortment
2792:Genetic epidemiology
2631:Health communication
2559:Flattening the curve
2549:Disease surveillance
2332:Systemic/Generalized
2096:Animal disease model
1576:Asymptomatic carrier
615:
192:
184:cumulative incidence
176:Incidence proportion
171:Incidence proportion
54:improve this article
3051:Observational study
2983:Real world evidence
2937:experimental design
2879:Pandemic prevention
2835:Viral phylodynamics
2816:Re-emerging disease
2705:Travel restrictions
1909:Postoperative wound
1878:Blood-borne disease
1860:Respiratory droplet
1772:Vertical/Congenital
1757:Nosocomial/Hospital
1714:Spillover infection
3448:Medical statistics
3337:Risk–benefit ratio
3304:First-in-man study
3254:Case fatality rate
3095:Case–control study
3069:Longitudinal study
2825:Selection pressure
2121:Force of infection
1749:Contagious disease
1684:Endogenous seeding
1581:Chain of infection
1505:Injection drug use
1416:Vaccination status
1299:Case fatality rate
1217:infectious disease
1172:2015-01-09 at the
968:
584:
153:
3430:
3429:
3378:Survivorship bias
3342:Systematic review
3309:Multicenter trial
3272:
3271:
3262:Likelihood-ratios
3234:Clinical endpoint
3202:Population impact
3156:Period prevalence
2933:Clinical research
2899:
2898:
2889:Tropical medicine
2830:Synthetic biology
2731:
2730:
2690:Social distancing
2643:Outbreak response
2264:
2263:
2091:Agent-based model
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2068:
1616:Natural reservoir
1606:Infectious period
1596:Incubation period
1553:
1552:
1509:Natural disaster
1478:Tropical diseases
1461:Biodiversity loss
1398:Risk of infection
1388:Microbiome health
1381:Immunosuppression
1120:10.1159/000286345
1073:Attributable risk
966:
943:
931:
919:
910:
889:
877:
865:
850:
841:
826:
808:
773:
767:
734:
707:
698:
677:
647:
582:
562:
547:
532:
505:
478:
469:
448:
430:
398:
374:
368:
353:
329:
317:
284:
257:
248:
182:), also known as
165:medical condition
140:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3460:
3277:Trial/test types
3152:Point prevalence
3130:
3073:Ecological study
3056:EBM II-2 to II-3
3027:Open-label trial
3022:Blind experiment
2998:Controlled study
2926:
2919:
2912:
2903:
2884:Tropical disease
2820:Reverse zoonosis
2807:One Health Model
2636:Health education
2625:Community health
2544:Cordon sanitaire
2517:Ring vaccination
2487:Repurposed drugs
2374:
2293:Gastrointestinal
2136:Machine learning
1940:Gastrointestinal
1891:Intravenous line
1828:
1742:/Cross-infection
1729:Reverse zoonosis
1702:
1659:
1564:
1545:War and conflict
1413:Nutrition status
1376:Immunodeficiency
1233:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1186:
1154:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1099:
977:
975:
974:
969:
967:
965:
941:
929:
917:
908:
887:
875:
863:
848:
839:
824:
806:
795:
771:
765:
732:
705:
696:
675:
664:
645:
593:
591:
590:
585:
583:
581:
560:
545:
530:
503:
476:
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372:
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327:
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141:
125:
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105:
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62:
38:
30:
21:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3397:
3361:
3323:
3268:
3222:
3196:
3170:Risk difference
3158:
3119:
3053:
3045:
3000:
2992:
2956:Trial protocols
2939:
2930:
2900:
2895:
2839:
2752:Antigenic shift
2747:Antigenic drift
2738:
2727:
2591:Barrier nursing
2539:Contact tracing
2530:
2523:
2368:
2366:
2359:
2270:
2260:
2161:
2155:
2146:Serial interval
2065:
2049:
2040:Cervico-vaginal
2035:
2026:Trans-placental
2021:
2005:
1973:
1935:
1871:Vascular system
1870:
1864:
1819:
1807:
1801:
1741:
1733:
1693:
1650:
1568:
1549:
1440:
1371:Immune response
1337:
1316:Drug resistance
1260:Infectious dose
1224:
1213:
1174:Wayback Machine
1163:
1158:
1157:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1130:
1101:
1100:
1091:
1086:
1064:
1017:
992:
986:
796:
665:
613:
612:
603:
418:
227:
190:
189:
173:
132:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3466:
3464:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3421:List of topics
3417:
3410:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3373:Selection bias
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3294:Animal testing
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3246:Mortality rate
3232:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3075:
3061:
3059:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3039:Platform trial
3031:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3008:
3006:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2951:Clinical trial
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2945:
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2940:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2894:
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2891:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2782:Emergent virus
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2715:Vector control
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2658:N95 respirator
2650:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2531:pharmaceutical
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
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2463:
2462:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2380:
2378:
2377:Pharmaceutical
2371:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2328:Cardiovascular
2326:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2307:Nervous system
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2274:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2131:Infection rate
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1886:Injection site
1880:
1874:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1855:Dental aerosol
1852:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1739:Human-to-human
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1636:Super-spreader
1633:
1631:Superinfection
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1540:Vector control
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1469:Climate zones
1467:
1465:Climate change
1462:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1281:
1279:Quorum sensing
1276:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1162:
1161:External links
1159:
1156:
1155:
1139:
1114:(1): c17–c20.
1088:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1016:
1013:
985:
982:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
940:
937:
934:
928:
925:
922:
916:
913:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
886:
883:
880:
874:
871:
868:
862:
859:
856:
853:
847:
844:
838:
835:
832:
829:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
805:
802:
799:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
770:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
704:
701:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
674:
671:
668:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
607:incidence rate
602:
601:Incidence rate
599:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
559:
556:
553:
550:
544:
541:
538:
535:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
475:
472:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
427:
424:
421:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
371:
365:
362:
359:
356:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
326:
323:
320:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
254:
251:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
172:
169:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3465:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:Meta-analysis
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3319:Vaccine trial
3317:
3315:
3314:Seeding trial
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:Retrospective
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:EBM I to II-1
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:Sterilization
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:Surgical mask
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2620:Public health
2618:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:Phage therapy
2470:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2455:Immunotherapy
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:Antimicrobial
2411:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2362:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2304:Genitourinary
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2267:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:in population
2158:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Herd immunity
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:Genitourinary
2008:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1952:Contamination
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:Vector-borne
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1706:Cross-species
1703:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1646:Window period
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:Latent period
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:Deforestation
1488:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1435:Stress levels
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:Pathogenicity
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1001:
997:
991:
983:
981:
978:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
938:
935:
932:
926:
923:
920:
914:
911:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
884:
881:
878:
872:
869:
866:
860:
857:
854:
851:
845:
842:
836:
833:
830:
827:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
803:
800:
797:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
768:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
702:
699:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
672:
669:
666:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
610:
608:
600:
598:
594:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
557:
554:
551:
548:
542:
539:
536:
533:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
473:
470:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
425:
422:
419:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
369:
363:
360:
357:
354:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
324:
321:
318:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
252:
249:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
187:
185:
181:
177:
170:
168:
166:
162:
158:
150:
146:
124:
121:
113:
110:November 2007
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3443:Epidemiology
3419:
3412:
3405:
3194:Hazard ratio
3139:
3078:Cohort study
2603:Notification
2574:Hand washing
2569:Food hygiene
2554:Disinfection
2450:Immunization
2401:Anthelmintic
2389:prophylactic
2277:Respiratory
2205:
2201:Hyperendemic
2151:WAIFW matrix
1806:Environment-
1559:Transmission
1535:Urbanization
1333:Host tropism
1229:Determinants
1215:Concepts in
1142:
1131:. Retrieved
1111:
1107:
1056:
1040:
1036:
1018:
1008:
1005:
993:
979:
611:
606:
604:
595:
188:
183:
179:
175:
174:
160:
157:epidemiology
154:
145:Dengue fever
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3388:Null result
3347:Replication
3242:Infectivity
3164:Association
3115:Case report
3105:Case series
3088:Prospective
2856:Eradication
2767:Biosecurity
2492:Vaccination
2467:Inoculation
2445:Drug safety
2440:Combination
2367:and Control
2315:Soft tissue
2269:Anatomical
2236:Seasonality
2216:Mesoendemic
2196:Holoendemic
2189:Farr's laws
2101:Attack rate
1899:Animal bite
1895:Insect bite
1831:Respiratory
1458:Air quality
1446:Environment
1356:Comorbidity
1272:Attack rate
1255:Infectivity
1068:Attack rate
18:Person-time
3437:Categories
3190:Odds ratio
3182:Risk ratio
3148:Prevalence
3134:Occurrence
3110:Case study
2739:infections
2680:Sanitation
2648:Quarantine
2507:resistance
2425:Antiseptic
2406:Ascaricide
2396:Antifungal
2384:Antibiotic
2365:Prevention
2298:Intestinal
2231:Prevalence
2211:Inequality
2160:Occurrence
1959:Breastmilk
1843:Bioaerosol
1815:Sapronosis
1790:Horizontal
1662:Endogenous
1641:Viral load
1601:Index case
1133:2024-05-29
1084:References
1078:Rate ratio
1000:proportion
996:prevalence
988:See also:
80:newspapers
3250:Morbidity
3238:Virulence
3140:Incidence
2851:Discovery
2777:Disease X
2737:Emerging
2685:Screening
2586:Isolation
2430:Antiviral
2256:Twindemic
2206:Incidence
2083:Modelling
2046:Perinatal
1978:Cutaneous
1869:Linked to
1779:Perinatal
1698:Exogenous
1690:formation
1432:Pregnancy
1289:Endotoxin
1284:Virulence
1152:1112.2720
161:incidence
3414:Glossary
3407:Category
3284:In vitro
3125:Measures
2944:Overview
2760:EARS-Net
2675:Safe sex
2627:services
2598:Lockdown
2369:measures
2271:location
2251:Syndemic
2246:Sporadic
2226:Pandemic
2221:Outbreak
2179:Epidemic
2032:Prenatal
1924:Mosquito
1808:to-human
1783:Neonatal
1776:Prenatal
1724:Zoonosis
1569:concepts
1500:Humidity
1485:Commerce
1361:Diabetes
1294:Exotoxin
1170:Archived
1128:20173345
1062:See also
149:Cambodia
3453:Hygiene
3289:In vivo
2564:Hygiene
2502:booster
2435:Asepsis
2174:Endemic
2169:Cluster
1753:Source
1688:Biofilm
1525:Poverty
1495:Ecology
1473:El Niño
1426:Smoking
1304:factors
1245:Biofilm
1221:Outline
1179:PAMCOMP
1015:Example
94:scholar
2772:CRISPR
2724:Zoning
2579:Gloves
1990:Fomite
1824:Routes
1719:Vector
1586:Fomite
1567:Basic
1530:Travel
1410:Gender
1126:
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930:
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67:
3228:Other
2844:Other
2352:Fetus
2347:Mouth
2342:Tooth
2337:Blood
2324:Joint
2184:Curve
2054:Other
2001:wound
1999:Open
1969:Feces
1964:Water
1655:Modes
1513:Flood
1237:Agent
1148:arXiv
101:JSTOR
87:books
3067:vs.
2935:and
2608:list
2529:Non-
2319:Bone
2311:Skin
1995:Soil
1985:Burn
1947:Food
1929:Tick
1591:Host
1351:Burn
1343:Host
1124:PMID
1050:far.
605:The
73:news
2668:PPE
2356:Eye
2017:Sex
1838:Air
1407:Age
1116:doi
1112:115
1021:HIV
155:In
147:in
56:by
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3260:,
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1122:.
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