684:
536:, on October 19, 1894, aboard a boat with only two oars and a lateen sail. It is said that Billinghurst was only able to obtain such a fragile means of transportation and that upon seeing her, Piérola asked him: "Would you embark on this boat?" Billinghurts replied: “Not me; "But I have not proposed to be the regenerator of Peru." Piérola took on the challenge and successfully completed the long coastal journey of three hundred nautical miles from Iquique to Puerto Caballas, near
864:
37:
696:
775:, a 24-hour truce was achieved between the combatants to bury the dead and care for the wounded. Technically speaking, Piérola's Montonero forces had not achieved victory, since Cáceres' army remained practically intact; However, the public atmosphere was in favour of the revolutionaries and that is how the Cacerists understood it.
708:
Since
January 1895, Lima had lived in constant uncertainty as Piérola's attack was feared from one moment to the next. Cáceres had 4,000 well-armed men, and the coalitionists only had 3,000. On the afternoon of March 16, 1895, Piérola ordered the attack on the capital. His army was divided into three
547:, where on November 4, 1894 he launched a "Manifesto to the Nation", assuming the position of "National Delegate". He maintained that the uprising was essential to reestablish the rule of order and law, so brutally violated, and to return to Peru its unknown sovereignty and its outraged dignity.
876:. The National Coalition, maintaining the alliance, launched the candidacy of Piérola, who without a challenger was elected with an overwhelming majority. Until then, the elections were held through the indirect system of the Electoral Colleges: of the 4,310 voters, 4,150 voted for Piérola.
871:
On April 8, 1895, Pedro
Alejandrino del Solar recognised the Government Board and renounced the right that some attributed to him to assume the presidency, in his capacity as first vice president of the government of Morales Bermúdez. On April 14, the Government Junta called
895:, which would last during the first two decades of the 20th century. Demonstrating the spirit of a statesman, Piérola summoned the most capable to occupy positions in the government, without taking into account partisan background; he scrupulously respected the
566:
fell into the power of the revolutionaries operating in the south, who captured the
Prefecture, the prison, the temple towers and other places. On January 27, Colonel Juan Luis Pacheco Céspedes, who had joined the Pierolist movement, was defeated and killed in
804:, and with two representatives from Cáceres and two from Piérola. The mission of this Junta would be to call elections, while the two armies withdrew from the capital. General Cáceres resigned from the government. The revolution had triumphed.
583:
Diego Masias y Calle was mortally wounded by a
Cacerist bullet, and he was transferred to his hometown and died a few days later. After several battles, the entire south of Peru was under the control of the Coalition, although in Arequipa
575:, on April 3, coalition forces led by Colonels Esteban Salas and Antonio Fernández-Baca managed to take over the city after a bloody confrontation in the streets in which subprefect Colonel Antonio Marzo was killed. In a skirmish near
599:, his father, whom he considered constitutionally indicated to constitute a government). With only Lima remaining, the offensive on the city took a little longer. Meanwhile, the coalitionists were forming the so-called
512:, thus beginning the civil rebellion against the second government of General Cáceres. Among the most prominent Montoneros were the brothers Oswaldo, Augusto, Edmundo and Teodoro Seminario, in
401:. The conflict culminated with the entry of the Montoneros into Lima and the abdication of Cáceres, after bloody clashes in the streets of the city. This war marked the end of an era in the
381:
The revolutionaries or insurgents were known as pierolists, after their leader, or as coalitionists, since the parties opposing Cáceres that promoted the uprising had united in a self-named
500:
On March 30, 1894, on the eve of
Morales Bermúdez's death, a coalition pact was signed between civilistas and democrats "in defense of electoral freedom and freedom of suffrage." Thus the
188:
41:
181:
816:
449:, which triumphed in 1885. This was the first Peruvian civil conflict after the war with Chile. A provisional government was established, headed by the
800:(representative of de Piérola), under the mediation of the Diplomatic Corps, agreeing to the establishment of a Government Board chaired by civilist
1089:
532:
was entrusted to go to Chile in search of Nicolás de Piérola, who had been exiled since 1891. Piérola agreed to lead the revolution and embarked in
504:
was formed, which brought together the most bitter adversaries in
Peruvian political history. Subsequently, groups of revolutionary guerrillas or
174:
1074:
1055:
1036:
1017:
998:
979:
943:
921:
446:
252:
237:
227:
873:
753:
454:
367:
198:
330:
1171:
1145:
712:
In the early hours of Sunday, March 17, the attack began and Piérola, on horseback and at the head of his army, entered through the
540:, where he landed on October 24. Those who saw him could not believe that he had traveled such a distance aboard a fragile boat.
496:, a popular civil leader who had been arrested in 1890 by the government of Morales Bermúdez, but who managed to escape to Chile.
461:. His government ended in 1890, but his influence in power was maintained in the following years, since his successor, Colonel
884:
422:
375:
28:
319:
308:
275:
1186:
892:
819:
at the suggestion of Macchi. Understanding that his life would be in danger (and that it could end similarly to that of
757:
406:
304:
430:
352:
596:
458:
393:, who emerged in various provinces of the country, as well as volunteers; while the government had the support of the
371:
370:, carried out outside the constitutional framework, but the fundamental cause was the need to end the hegemony of the
462:
1196:
1191:
434:
402:
247:
242:
232:
212:
790:
795:
323:
262:
590:
585:
517:
222:
217:
820:
700:
551:
493:
360:
125:
717:
688:
489:
120:
1126:
779:
736:
At dawn on March 19, more than 1,000 bodies lay unburied in the streets and no less than 2,000 wounded in
555:
529:
283:
312:
425:
began in Peru. In the political order, there was the appearance of the Second
Militarism, with generals
290:
784:
896:
761:
604:
478:
721:
279:
863:
595:
took control, with the title of
Delegate of the First Vice President of the Republic (that is, of
1138:
A Guide to Intra-state Wars: An
Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816-2014
1094:
899:; He strengthened public institutions and promoted the comprehensive development of the country.
888:
664:
473:
At that time, the opposition to the
Cacerist government was represented by two political groups:
418:
356:
103:
438:
374:, in power since 1886, and with the rise of militarism in the political scenario, the so-called
1167:
1141:
880:
828:
725:
562:. Meanwhile, the northern and central departments joined the revolution. On January 26, 1895,
509:
1155:. Tomo XI. 1st Edition. Lima: Edited by Carlos Milla Batres. Legal Deposit: B. 22436-84 (XI).
808:
297:
823:), Cáceres, accompanied by the legation's head of mission and its naval attaché, left for
639:
482:
450:
426:
1120:
36:
832:
801:
770:
766:
1180:
1112:
852:
745:
713:
394:
138:
848:
544:
45:
883:
on September 8, 1895. During his tenure, he became the so-called architect of the
537:
351:
that lasted from October 1894 to March 1895, and was sparked by the election of
835:, Cáceres boarded a French warship that had agreed to protect him, leaving for
836:
505:
386:
390:
891:. He also inaugurated a period of political stability later known as the
812:
749:
737:
568:
563:
709:
bodies to simultaneously attack Lima from the north, centre and south.
533:
958:
851:
a week later, where he met with his wife and daughters, who left for
824:
741:
166:
720:
while fighting. Piérola established his General Headquarters in the
862:
843:. He arrived at the Uruguayan capital on April 27, staying at the
728:. The fighting that took place in the city was extremely violent.
572:
528:
The movement still did not have a leader or a direction, but then
513:
442:
778:
Once the armistice was extended, an agreement was signed between
477:
The Civic Union (which was an alliance between the supporters of
695:
683:
576:
559:
554:, where the Montoneras gathered around him. He then moved on to
398:
348:
68:
867:
Crowds in the Playa Mayor celebrating the revolution's triumph.
170:
957:
Singer, Joel David (1972). "Nineteenth Century Death Tolls".
457:, in which Cáceres triumphed as the head of his party: the
1090:"El dramático asilo de Cáceres, por Héctor López Martínez"
933:
931:
520:, in Huánuco; Colonel Felipe Santiago Oré, among others.
485:, the already traditional party that was founded in 1871)
669:
366:
The immediate cause of the conflict was the questioned
108:
1136:
Dixon, Jeffrey S. & Meredith Reid Sarkees (2015).
1153:
Historia General del Perú. La República Aristocrática
607:
Carlos Pauli. Many volunteers enrolled in said army.
1133:. Volume 1. Lima: AFA Editores Importadores S.A..
997:sfn error: no target: CITEREFChirinos_Soto1985 (
617:
21:
1117:Historia de la República del Perú. 1822 - 1933
992:
831:drawn by two horses on the 23rd. Once at the
182:
8:
1119:, 8th Edition. Volume 9. Santiago de Chile:
963:. New York City: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
465:, belonged to the ranks of the same party.
405:and the beginning of another, known as the
1073:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBasadre1998 (
1054:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBasadre1998 (
1016:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBasadre1998 (
807:Early on the same day, Cáceres had sought
614:
189:
175:
167:
35:
18:
1035:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGuerra1984 (
978:sfn error: no target: CITEREFGuerra1984 (
756:then met and under the presidency of the
508:began to spontaneously emerge in all the
942:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDixon2015 (
920:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDixon2015 (
1068:
1049:
1011:
908:
1030:
973:
543:From Puerto Caballas, Piérola went to
1160:La República Oligárquica (1850-1950)
1088:López Martínez, Héctor (2018-12-04).
937:
915:
7:
1131:Historia de la República (1821-1930)
879:Nicolás de Piérola was anointed as
716:. Cáceres' forces retreated to the
481:, a dissident of Cacerism, and the
372:Constitutional (or Cacerist) Party
44:of De Piérola arriving in Lima by
14:
748:, which threatened to unleash an
558:, thus beginning the campaign on
417:After the Peruvian defeat in the
59:October 24, 1894 – March 19, 1895
789:(representative of Cáceres) and
694:
682:
603:, whose chief of staff was the
433:, who disputed power. Iglesias
345:Peruvian Civil War of 1894–1895
22:Peruvian Civil War of 1894–1895
1123:, Universidad "Ricardo Palma".
550:From Chincha, Piérola went to
445:that same year, but faced the
385:. Their ranks were made up of
1:
791:Enrique Bustamante y Salazar
347:was an internal conflict in
87:De Piérola becomes president
960:The Wages of War. 1816-1965
597:Pedro Alejandrino del Solar
368:election of Cáceres in 1894
1213:
1158:Orrego, Juan Luis (2000).
1151:Guerra, Margarita (1984).
630:March 17–19, 1895 (2 days)
403:Republican history of Peru
881:President of the Republic
675:
658:
622:
447:revolution led by Cáceres
208:
160:
155:
131:
114:
97:
51:
34:
26:
1166:. Lima: Lexus Editores.
469:The "National Coalition"
463:Remigio Morales Bermúdez
329:Huacanvelica and Junín (
1113:Basadre Grohmann, Jorge
885:National Reconstruction
855:also under protection.
839:on the 27th aboard the
724:, four blocks from the
423:National Reconstruction
359:, which was opposed by
29:National Reconstruction
1127:Chirinos Soto, Enrique
874:presidential elections
868:
845:Hotel de las Pirámides
676:Commanders and leaders
530:Guillermo Billinghurst
431:Andrés Avelino Cáceres
363:and his armed forces.
353:Andrés Avelino Cáceres
115:Commanders and leaders
893:Aristocratic Republic
887:that began after the
866:
821:José Manuel Balmaceda
746:decompose the corpses
650:Revolutionary victory
492:, founded in 1882 by
407:Aristocratic Republic
161:4,000 deaths in total
156:Casualties and losses
84:Abdication of Cáceres
1071:, p. 2224-2225.
1052:, p. 2222-2223.
780:Luis Felipe Villarán
714:Portada de Cocharcas
459:Constitutional Party
451:Council of Ministers
1187:Wars involving Peru
722:Plazuela del Teatro
453:, which called fpr
993:Chirinos Soto 1985
940:, p. 181–182.
889:War of the Pacific
869:
701:Nicolás de Piérola
670:National Coalition
665:Government of Peru
611:The attack on Lima
502:National Coalition
494:Nicolás de Piérola
419:War of the Pacific
383:National Coalition
361:Nicolás de Piérola
357:presidency of Peru
200:Civil wars in Peru
126:Nicolás de Piérola
109:National Coalition
104:Government of Peru
1197:Conflicts in 1895
1192:Conflicts in 1894
1164:Historia del Perú
718:Government Palace
706:
705:
689:Andrés A. Cáceres
654:
653:
510:provinces of Peru
479:Mariano Valcárcel
376:Second Militarism
340:
339:
165:
164:
121:Andrés A. Cáceres
93:
92:
16:Civil war in Peru
1204:
1100:
1099:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1009:
1003:
1002:
990:
984:
983:
971:
965:
964:
954:
948:
947:
935:
926:
925:
913:
847:and leaving for
809:political asylum
799:
788:
774:
758:Apostolic Nuncio
754:diplomatic corps
699:
698:
687:
686:
624:
623:
615:
594:
586:Amador del Solar
516:; the landowner
490:Democratic Party
421:, the so-called
397:concentrated in
269:Other conflicts:
203:
201:
191:
184:
177:
168:
53:
52:
39:
19:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1177:
1176:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1014:, p. 2222.
1010:
1006:
996:
991:
987:
977:
972:
968:
956:
955:
951:
941:
936:
929:
919:
914:
910:
905:
861:
793:
782:
764:
734:
693:
681:
642:
640:Cercado de Lima
613:
588:
526:
483:Civilista Party
471:
427:Miguel Iglesias
415:
341:
336:
204:
199:
197:
195:
151:5,000 (in Lima)
150:
144:4,000 (in Lima)
143:
80:Rebel victory:
71:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1210:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1156:
1149:
1134:
1124:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1080:
1061:
1042:
1023:
1004:
995:, p. 391.
985:
966:
949:
927:
918:, p. 181.
907:
906:
904:
901:
860:
857:
817:United Kingdom
802:Manuel Candamo
744:heat began to
733:
730:
726:Plaza de Armas
704:
703:
691:
678:
677:
673:
672:
667:
661:
660:
656:
655:
652:
651:
648:
644:
643:
638:
636:
632:
631:
628:
620:
619:
618:Battle of Lima
612:
609:
605:German soldier
525:
522:
518:Augusto Durand
498:
497:
486:
470:
467:
414:
411:
338:
337:
335:
334:
327:
316:
301:
294:
287:
266:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
209:
206:
205:
196:
194:
193:
186:
179:
171:
163:
162:
158:
157:
153:
152:
148:National Army:
145:
134:
133:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
89:
88:
85:
77:
73:
72:
67:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1209:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1173:
1172:9972-625-35-4
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1146:9781506317984
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1033:, p. 47.
1032:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1000:
994:
989:
986:
981:
976:, p. 46.
975:
970:
967:
962:
961:
953:
950:
945:
939:
934:
932:
928:
923:
917:
912:
909:
902:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
865:
858:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
803:
797:
792:
786:
781:
776:
772:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:. The strong
739:
732:The armistice
731:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
702:
697:
692:
690:
685:
680:
679:
674:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
657:
649:
646:
645:
641:
637:
634:
633:
629:
626:
625:
621:
616:
610:
608:
606:
602:
601:National Army
598:
592:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
523:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
495:
491:
487:
484:
480:
476:
475:
474:
468:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:came to power
432:
428:
424:
420:
412:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
332:
328:
325:
321:
317:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
295:
292:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:
271:
270:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
207:
202:
192:
187:
185:
180:
178:
173:
172:
169:
159:
154:
149:
146:
142:
140:
139:Peruvian Army
136:
135:
130:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
113:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
96:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
75:
74:
70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
54:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1140:. CQ Press.
1137:
1130:
1121:La República
1116:
1107:Bibliography
1093:
1083:
1069:Basadre 1998
1064:
1050:Basadre 1998
1045:
1026:
1012:Basadre 1998
1007:
988:
969:
959:
952:
911:
897:Constitution
878:
870:
849:Buenos Aires
844:
840:
806:
777:
760:, Monsignor
735:
711:
707:
659:Belligerents
600:
580:
549:
542:
527:
501:
499:
472:
439:signed peace
437:in 1883 and
416:
395:regular army
382:
380:
365:
344:
342:
268:
267:
257:
147:
137:
98:Belligerents
79:
46:Juan Lepiani
27:Part of the
1095:El Comercio
1031:Guerra 1984
974:Guerra 1984
794: [
783: [
765: [
762:José Macchi
589: [
1181:Categories
938:Dixon 2015
916:Dixon 2015
903:References
853:Valparaíso
837:Montevideo
581:arequipeño
556:Huarochirí
506:Montoneros
413:Background
391:guerrillas
387:Montoneros
859:Aftermath
827:aboard a
738:hospitals
455:elections
324:1867–1868
309:1921–1922
284:1896–1897
276:1825–1828
258:1894–1895
253:1884–1885
238:1856–1858
233:1854–1855
228:1843–1844
223:1836–1839
218:1835–1836
1129:(1985).
1115:(1998).
813:legation
750:epidemic
635:Location
569:Moquegua
564:Arequipa
524:Conflict
303:Loreto (
296:Huaraz (
274:Huanta (
132:Strength
64:Location
42:Painting
841:Serapis
829:Berline
815:of the
811:at the
545:Chincha
534:Iquique
355:to the
1170:
1144:
825:Callao
752:. The
742:summer
647:Result
579:, the
552:Cañete
318:Puno (
289:Lima (
76:Result
1162:. In
798:]
787:]
773:]
593:]
573:Cuzco
571:. In
538:Pisco
514:Piura
443:Chile
441:with
263:1980–
1168:ISBN
1142:ISBN
1075:help
1056:help
1037:help
1018:help
999:help
980:help
944:help
922:help
833:port
627:Date
577:Puno
560:Lima
488:The
429:and
399:Lima
349:Peru
343:The
331:1965
320:1815
313:1932
305:1896
298:1885
291:1872
280:1839
248:1867
243:1865
213:1834
69:Peru
56:Date
389:or
1183::
1092:.
930:^
796:es
785:es
771:pl
769:;
767:pt
591:es
409:.
378:.
322:,
311:,
307:,
282:,
278:,
1148:.
1098:.
1077:)
1058:)
1039:)
1020:)
1001:)
982:)
946:)
924:)
333:)
326:)
315:)
300:)
293:)
286:)
190:e
183:t
176:v
141::
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