87:
56:
1250:
1220:
1042:
1002:
881:
872:
824:
285:
260:
158:
1240:
1207:
1022:
989:
862:
853:
844:
811:
299:
143:
63:
1131:, with a detachment under his command. The 2nd section of the 2nd squadron of the Peruvian 5th Cavalry Regiment was chosen for the task. The mission was ambushed by Ecuadorian troops, with only two sergeants from the 5th Cavalry Regiment surviving, and a Civil Guard member being taken prisoner. The attack lasted 15 minutes, and the Peruvian mission was annihilated. Novoa was mortally wounded, but managed to write down the events that took place. Also killed was Civil Guard captain
673:
102:
698:
certain efforts. A large effort from the
Northern Army Detachment during this period also went into repairing and maintaining infrastructure, such as highways and railroads, which would in turn be used to the advantage of the Peruvian Army. This effort was so intense that less than half a year later, the province had been transformed from its war-torn state.
924:
According to
Ecuadorian accounts, survivors of the battle claimed that the Peruvian attack was sudden and overwhelming, as the Ecuadorians had limited manpower and resources, compared to the Peruvian Army's manpower, horsepower, artillery and air support, all of which reportedly saw action during the
920:
According to
Peruvian accounts, the Ecuadorians had attempted to cross the Chirá river into Peruvian territory in order to carry out an offensive against local troops commanded by Commander Carlos Herrera Lynch in nearby Pampa Larga, and were held back from this advance in the aforementioned battle.
750:
and the rather autonomous administration of the occupied territory, a resistance had been established by both
Ecuadorian citizens and army members, through which acts of sabotage were carried out against the Peruvian occupying force. These acts ranged from lesser acts to armed confrontations between
1379:
government-in-exile had made the prior preparations in order to reestablish its administration of the province as soon as possible, such as the immediate reestablishment of a police force in order to establish a security body in the area, as well as the return of the refugees that had abandoned the
737:
With a large number of people leaving, the city of
Machala, which would serve as the headquarters for the Peruvian administration, was reportedly left virtually empty, as the majority of its inhabitants had left for the north. Also prior to the evacuation, a general state of disorder had taken over
1324:
The
Peruvian mission was surrounded by Ecuadorian troops, divided in three groups, who opened fire on them. The Peruvians managed to hold off the Ecuadorian attack for hours, unlike their counterparts in Porotillo, despite having inferior numbers compared to their Ecuadorian counterparts. 6 hours
697:
The
Peruvian administration immediately started efforts in order to exploit the newly acquired territories in southern Ecuador. A civil administration was established in order to provide a sense of normalcy to the Ecuadorian citizens that lived under occupation, which relieved the military from
928:
As a result of the artillery fired by the
Peruvian Army during the battle, the town was destroyed by the time the fight was over. Like with Macará, the town of Zapotillo was occupied and vacated days later, since their orders were to safeguard the areas of Pampa Larga and Remolino.
1141:
As a reprisal against the attack, the
Peruvian Air Force bombarded the Ecuadorian outposts on the banks of the river and the Palao–Tenguel region, with preparations being made for the occupation of the area. Diplomatic measures, however, prevented the offensive from taking place.
734:. The nearby town of Tendales was one of the points where refugees travelled, either to settle in there or to leave for Guayaquil or further north. As time went on, the numbers of refugees overwhelmed the town, which was unable to provide for such a large number of people.
706:, which had remained neutral during the conflict. Peru, on the other hand, disputed the expansionist claims, claiming that the country had no intention of acquiring new territory, intending the occupation to be temporary since the beginning. During the conflict,
701:
The
Ecuadorian government also launched a diplomatic campaign, through which the Peruvian state was characterized as an expansionist state, attacking its neighbors by force and expanding its territories, also intending to strengthen its ties to
1328:
As had happened one week prior, the Peruvian Air Force bombarded the area of El Placer, where the Ecuadorian troops were headquartered, in reprisal for the ambush. One Ecuadorian Army member got lost after the attack in the
729:
in lesser numbers. The number of refugees was reportedly so large that citizens were urged to take them in their homes, with their goods looted by Peruvian troops, and reportedly sent via plane, train or car to
336:
751:
both parties that resulted in deaths on several occasions. These encounters were reportedly started by both sides up until the signing of the agreement that established the demilitarized zone on October 2.
1348:
between both states, which would be under the observation of military representatives of the mediator countries that also signed the agreement, and would later sign the Rio Protocol in 1942: the
1138:
The Peruvian Army thought that the attack that had taken place had been carried out by a larger army that had reached the region, which now controlled the area where the ambush had taken place.
686:
blaming the retreating Ecuadorian troops with a report that claimed that locals had heard an Ecuadorian commander ordering that the area was burned to a crisp. The town was referred to as the "
1120:
by Ecuador, took place in the eponymous town located 4 km from the Uscurumi bridge in El Oro, when Ecuadorian troops ambushed a Peruvian reconnaissance mission headed by Peruvian captain
606:
between both states, which would be under the Ecuadoran administration, and the observation of military representatives of the mediator countries that also signed the agreement: the
329:
1375:, finally establishing most of its border with Peru. As per the agreement, on February 12, 1942, Peruvian troops vacated the Ecuadorian province of El Oro. During this time, the
1380:
province for the north of the country. The exiled Cantonal Council held its first plenary Session on January 18, six days after the withdrawal of Peruvian troops from Ecuador.
86:
1484:
322:
1344:
The Talara Agreement was signed on October 2, through which a bilateral ceasefire was agreed upon and enforced by both Ecuador and Peru. The treaty also established a
661:
in at least two different occasions, but the squadron sent to the city limited itself to dropping propaganda leaflets, which were republished by Peruvian newspapers
1767:
714:
in the country to the point where Japanese organizations complained to the Ecuadorian government, which released an official communiqué denouncing the accusation.
1793:
55:
680:
A fire began in Santa Rosa on 1 August 1941, which destroyed over 120 houses. Both sides blamed each other for the fire, with the Peruvian newspaper
1468:
549:
1824:
29.I.1942: "Hoy a las 2 a. m. se FirmĂł el Acuerdo Ecuatoriano-Peruano: Las Fuerzas Peruanas Saldrán Dentro de 15 DĂas de Nuestros Territorios (
1439:
590:
After the ceasefire, a civilian administration was established in the occupied Province of El Oro by Peru. A month later, on October 2, the
1866:
1588:
Estudio del conflicto Perú-Ecuador (1941-1942) con base en el análisis hemerográfico del diario La Industria (enero 1941 - febrero 1942)
691:
537:
505:
278:
265:
1871:
476:
1364:
575:
461:
381:
690:
of America" by Italian writer Leonelly Castelly due to the scale of the destruction of the area being similar to that of the
1652:
622:, which had acted both directly between both countries and in conjunction with the other mediators, and to a lesser extent,
1657:
634:
was brought up, with countries such as Ecuador proclaiming their allegiance to the movement, and other countries, such as
1876:
1747:
1389:
910:
568:
509:
437:
346:
190:
1394:
717:
The Cantonal Council of Machala, through which the city and El Oro province were administered, moved from Machala to
404:
1826:
Today at 2 a.m. the Ecuadorian–Peruvian Agreement was signed: Peruvian Troops will leave our territories in 15 days
1618:
1399:
456:
409:
738:
due to a lack of administration, with both countries reporting looting by some Ecuadorian troops fleeing north.
1851:
1846:
560:
432:
418:
399:
545:
1813:
711:
371:
1586:
1542:
1325:
after the ambush began, reinforcements arrived to the scene. As a result, the Ecuadorians fled the scene.
1861:
1856:
1127:
Novoa had been ordered to head the mission, which would travel on the Peruvian occupation's side of the
427:
1420:
390:
1146:
639:
513:
376:
176:
1485:"Conflicto con el Ecuador: nuestras fuerzas rechazan una nueva agresiĂłn en la frontera de Zarumilla"
1371:
on January 29, 1942, with which Ecuador officially renounced its claim to a sovereign outlet to the
1321:
that occurred one week prior, where Ecuadorian troops attacked Peruvian troops patrolling the area.
602:) was signed, through which a bilateral ceasefire was put into place. The treaty also established a
62:
1595:
564:
497:
362:
203:
180:
1336:
This event was the final one of its type before the signing of the Talara Agreement on October 2.
1317:
by Ecuador, took place in the eponymous town, also in El Oro. The attack was similar in nature to
1489:
1345:
914:
783:
747:
682:
646:
603:
1473:. Vol. III. Lima: Centro de Estudios Históricos Militares del Perú. 1978. pp. 773–774.
1680:
1637:
1330:
721:, along with several refugees from El Oro in general. Some refugees travelled north as far as
654:
548:
and public sentiment against both countries by their respective citizens slowly escalated the
1425:
1030:
595:
466:
35:
1753:
961:
722:
710:
was accused of supplying Peru with weapons on more than one occasion, which increased the
707:
703:
672:
631:
556:
517:
471:
292:
111:
77:
69:
1124:. Novoa was the highest-ranking member of the Peruvian Army to be killed during the war.
555:
Conflict broke out on July 5, when shots were fired between both parties alongside the
1840:
1705:
1442:
1423:[Conclusions of the Final Report of the American Advisor George M. McBride].
1349:
1128:
1121:
1026:
607:
521:
501:
1682:
La migración forzada de orenses ante el conflicto bélico peruano-ecuatoriano de 1941
1372:
1368:
1132:
731:
645:
By the time the ceasefire had been accepted, the cities bombarded by Peru included
635:
619:
525:
73:
1768:"Recuerdan acto heroico de capitán PNP Alipio Ponce durante conflicto con Ecuador"
1687:
The forced migration of orenses in the face of the Peruvian-Ecuadorian war of 1941
582:, Ecuador promptly requested a ceasefire, which went into effect on 31 July 1941.
1546:
1526:
528:
was signed on January 29, 1942, with Peruvian troops withdrawing on February 12.
1818:
1632:
1749:
EL EJÉRCITO ECUATORIANO EN LA CAMPAÑA INTERNACIONAL DE 1941 Y EN LA POST GUERRA
917:, where Peruvian troops attacked the town from their side of the Chirá river.
1726:(in Spanish). Vol. XI: De Sánchez Cerro a Prado. Piura: Caja Municipal.
1421:"Conclusiones del Informe Final del Asesor Norteamericano George M. McBride"
1357:
718:
658:
615:
101:
1470:
Colección Documental del Conflicto y Campaña Militar con el Ecuador en 1941
314:
574:
Faced with the threat to the Ecuadorian state, with Ecuadorian President
1794:"Conmemora 80 años de inmolación del héroe, Teniente Alfredo Novoa Cava"
1458:, 2nd Edition, pp. 167–168. Quito, Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, 1955.
1225:
1007:
829:
650:
163:
130:
1798:
1353:
687:
627:
611:
1135:. Both Novoa and Ponce were later declared national heroes of Peru.
726:
671:
623:
579:
1212:
994:
816:
541:
148:
1633:"Historia - Cuerpo de Bomberos Municipal del CantĂłn Santa Rosa"
318:
1149:
by citing this event and the one in Panupali one week later.
638:, criticizing it and arguing that it only served to increase
567:
in southern Ecuador and thus beginning the main stage of the
1615:
Estudio de la cuestiĂłn de lĂmites entre el PerĂş y el Ecuador
1702:
Bicentenario del Ejército del Perú Republicano: 1821 - 2021
1689:] (in Spanish). Cuenca: Universidad CatĂłlica de Cuenca.
618:. Other countries involved in the mediation included the
512:. After a ceasefire was declared on July 31, 1941, the
223:
213:
200:
186:
172:
136:
126:
21:
1638:Cuerpo de Bomberos Municipal del CantĂłn Santa Rosa
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1653:"La Benemérita cumple 162 años de cantonización"
1159:
939:
761:
552:that had existed for a century at that point.
1717:
1715:
330:
27:
8:
1528:El Conflicto Militar del PerĂş con el Ecuador
1363:The government of Ecuador, then led by Dr.
1754:Centro de Estudios Históricos del Ejército
1309:On September 18, what became known as the
1156:
1112:On September 11, what became known as the
936:
758:
508:that lasted from 1941 to 1942, during the
358:
337:
323:
315:
100:
18:
16:Military occupation of Ecuador (1941–1942)
1580:
1578:
1520:
1145:Peru later justified its actions in the
913:took place at the nearby border town of
1585:RĂos Huayama, Cristhian Fabián (2021).
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1411:
1318:
445:
417:
389:
361:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
578:keeping a sizable part of the Army in
1609:
1607:
1605:
909:On August 10, a similar event to the
222:
212:
199:
195:
7:
1679:Castellano Gil, José Manuel (2020).
1548:Nuevo Compendio de Historia del PerĂş
640:American influence in the continent
516:became limited to the provinces of
14:
1774:(in Spanish). September 12, 2015
1722:Moya Espinoza, Reynaldo (2003).
1248:
1238:
1218:
1205:
1040:
1020:
1000:
987:
879:
870:
860:
851:
842:
822:
809:
657:. Peruvian aircraft had reached
297:
283:
258:
156:
141:
85:
61:
54:
1551:. Editorial Lumen. p. 349.
1456:La AgresiĂłn Peruana Documentada
1333:and reappeared two days later.
1525:Monteza Tafur, Miguel (1979).
494:Peruvian occupation of Ecuador
110: Civil Administration in
1:
1746:MacĂas Núñez, Edison (2012).
1365:Carlos Alberto Arroyo del RĂo
576:Carlos Alberto Arroyo del RĂo
504:of the southern provinces of
911:ones in southwestern Ecuador
536:In 1941, skirmishes between
1867:Military history of Ecuador
1440:Ecuador-Peru: Second Chaco?
1395:Bolivian occupation of Peru
746:Despite the ceasefire, the
1893:
1400:Chilean occupation of Peru
676:Santa Rosa during the fire
559:, leading to the Peruvian
1531:. Editorial Universo S.A.
1292:
1279:
1258:
1231:
1198:
1164:
1095:
1080:
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1013:
980:
944:
889:
835:
802:
766:
356:
237:
233:
196:
99:
50:
45:
1872:Military history of Peru
1454:Col. Luis A. RodrĂguez,
1118:Battle of Cune/Porotillo
561:Northern Army Detachment
419:Yaupi-Santiago offensive
120: Demilitarized Zone
1724:Breve Historia de Piura
1700:Gálvez, Manuel (2021).
1621:. 1961. pp. 71–72.
1619:Ministry of War of Peru
1390:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
1369:Rio de Janeiro Protocol
1244:Máximo Pimentel Obregón
712:anti-japanese sentiment
569:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
510:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
348:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
191:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
1264:5th Cavalry Regiment "
1232:Commanders and leaders
1056:5th Cavalry Regiment "
1014:Commanders and leaders
836:Commanders and leaders
677:
599:
391:Southeastern offensive
28:
1814:"29 de enero de 1942"
1752:(in Spanish). Quito:
1594:(in Spanish). Piura:
1340:End of the occupation
1293:Casualties and losses
1096:Casualties and losses
1088:3 Civil Guard members
897:1st Resistance Center
675:
565:land and air campaign
29:OcupaciĂłn del Ecuador
23:Occupation of Ecuador
1704:(in Spanish). Lima:
1617:(in Spanish). Peru:
1543:Tamayo Herrera, José
1172:18–19 September 1941
1147:Battle of Rocafuerte
514:civil administration
177:Civil administration
1877:Military occupation
1598:. pp. 118–119.
1596:University of Piura
1419:McBride, George M.
1271:4th Cavalry Group "
940:Battle of Porotillo
895:8th Artillery Group
762:Battle of Zapotillo
755:Battle of Zapotillo
550:territorial dispute
498:military occupation
363:Zarumilla offensive
181:military occupation
1346:demilitarized zone
1315:Battle of Panupali
1266:Lanceros de Torata
1254:Moisés Oliva Ojeda
1160:Battle of Panupali
1058:Lanceros de Torata
972:Ecuadorian victory
933:Porotillo Incident
885:Adalberto Gallegos
784:Zapotillo, Ecuador
748:demilitarized zone
678:
604:demilitarized zone
225:• Withdrawal
1307:
1306:
1194:
1193:
1153:Panupali Incident
1110:
1109:
976:
975:
952:11 September 1941
907:
906:
798:
797:
774:10–11 August 1941
600:Acuerdo de Talara
546:unresolved border
489:
488:
484:
483:
477:Gulf of Guayaquil
410:Huachi and Sihuin
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
271:
270:
215:• Ceasefire
168:
153:
1884:
1831:
1830:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1756:. pp. 110–.
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1426:Congress of Peru
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1242:
1241:
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1211:
1209:
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1114:Porotillo Ambush
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1004:
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991:
990:
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883:
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873:
865:
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857:José Corso Sotil
856:
855:
854:
847:
846:
845:
828:
826:
825:
815:
813:
812:
794:Peruvian victory
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229:12 February 1942
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40:
39:
31:
19:
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1852:1942 in Ecuador
1847:1941 in Ecuador
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1438:
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1418:
1417:
1413:
1408:
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1342:
1313:by Peru or the
1311:Panupali Ambush
1299:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1219:
1217:
1206:
1204:
1182:
1155:
1116:by Peru or the
1102:
1091:50–100 soldiers
1087:
1086:23 army members
1072:
1067:
1046:Jorge Maldonado
1041:
1039:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1001:
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988:
986:
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786:
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632:Pan-Americanism
630:. The topic of
588:
557:Zarumilla River
534:
490:
485:
400:González Suárez
352:
347:
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298:
284:
259:
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33:
26:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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1880:
1879:
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1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1839:
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1832:
1822:. 2016-07-03.
1805:
1785:
1759:
1729:
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1708:. p. 113.
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1460:
1447:
1445:, 20 June 1938
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1277:
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1273:Febres Cordero
1269:
1261:
1260:
1259:Units involved
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1051:Units involved
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890:Units involved
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886:
867:
848:Pastor BendezĂş
838:
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819:
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655:Puerto BolĂvar
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1862:1942 in Peru
1857:1941 in Peru
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1776:. Retrieved
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1373:Amazon River
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663:La Industria
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544:along their
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526:Rio Protocol
493:
491:
446:
248:Succeeded by
247:
242:
219:31 July 1941
209:23 July 1941
92:Coat of arms
1819:El Universo
1490:El Comercio
866:Percy Clark
683:El Comercio
447:Post-August
243:Preceded by
1841:Categories
1406:References
1190:Indecisive
742:Resistance
647:Santa Rosa
586:Occupation
532:Background
524:until the
462:Rocafuerte
405:Corrientes
173:Government
72:(DMZ) and
1358:Argentina
1300:2 wounded
1106:64 killed
1101:23 killed
1076:Battalion
1071:Battalion
962:Porotillo
915:Zapotillo
903:Battalion
719:Guayaquil
667:El Tiempo
659:Guayaquil
616:Argentina
467:Porotillo
204:Beginning
68:Flags of
46:1941–1942
1778:July 30,
1545:(1985).
1384:See also
1303:3 killed
1298:7 killed
1280:Strength
1181:Panupali
1177:Location
1081:Strength
1074:MontĂşfar
1069:JaramijĂł
1064:Yaguachi
957:Location
925:battle.
779:Location
496:was the
472:Panupali
152:(El Oro)
1319:the one
1226:Ecuador
1033:†
1008:Ecuador
830:Ecuador
651:Machala
620:Vatican
596:Spanish
538:Ecuador
506:Ecuador
500:by the
449:battles
433:Gazipum
428:Huasaga
377:JambelĂ
279:Ecuador
266:Ecuador
202:•
164:Ecuador
131:Machala
127:Capital
70:Ecuador
36:Spanish
1799:Gob.pe
1377:orense
1354:Brazil
1288:40 men
1285:36 men
1223:
1210:
1187:Result
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1005:
992:
969:Result
901:España
827:
814:
791:Result
732:Tumbes
723:Cuenca
694:town.
688:Lidice
636:France
628:Mexico
612:Brazil
518:El Oro
457:Tarqui
179:under
161:
146:
118:
112:El Oro
108:
78:El Oro
32:
1685:[
1592:(PDF)
1103:1 POW
727:Quito
708:Japan
704:Spain
692:Czech
624:Chile
580:Quito
438:Yaupi
167:(DMZ)
1780:2017
1356:and
1213:Peru
1169:Date
995:Peru
949:Date
817:Peru
771:Date
665:and
653:and
626:and
614:and
542:Peru
540:and
522:Loja
520:and
492:The
293:Peru
149:Peru
74:Peru
725:or
563:'s
1843::
1828:)"
1816:.
1796:.
1770:.
1732:^
1714:^
1667:^
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594:(
338:e
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324:v
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34:(
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