472:, and Joe Lehr (a partner in the Star Coverall Supply Company) met in a space he rented to them to open a business that would rent and clean coveralls, uniforms, and shop tools to gas stations, tool shops, and similar businesses. The men strategized their expansion which included the use of tactics such as threats and actual violence to intimidate small-business men, gas stations, and garages to rent from them. Kennedy then called Licavoli's name to testify, this was followed by the Chairman doing the same. The Committee noted Licavoli's failure to appear and his failure to communicate in any way with them. The committee then resolved to the U.S. Senate for a resolution for the U.S. attorney for D.C. to proceed against Licavoli for contempt of Congress. Miller went on to testify that he had received two threatening phone calls where an unknown voice told him "Well, when you go to Washington you should be very careful whose name you mention or who you incriminate." Kennedy pointed out "You mentioned Mr. Licavoli, and Meli's name, and Mr. Bommarito's name, and evidentially this didn't frighten you?" Miller replied, "Well, we have to go sometime." The Chairman responded, "Well, it takes that kind of courage to fight these crooks and murderers."
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Hotel’s gambling ring, knew about its existence but chose to not act. This was the case until
November 9, 1962, when “112 officers from the Detroit Police, the IRS and the Michigan State Police descend on the hotel”. The immediate result of this raid included the arrest of John White and 40 other people involved in the gambling, as well as “160,000 bet slips, $ 60,000 in cash (the equivalent of $ 473,000 today, when adjusted for inflation), 33 adding machines, marked playing cards and loaded dice.” Among those missing from the arrests that day was Pete Licavoli. Although never formally indicted or charged for his involvement, Peter Licavoli is assumed to be very involved in these gambling operations, due to his position in the Detroit Mafia and the discovery of his phone number in John White’s personal telephone directory. Seen as one of the most profitable and secure illegal gambling operations in Detroit, the fall of the Gotham Hotel operations deterred others in the city and led to the emigration of these operations to other cities.
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at many of the city’s hotels. The Gotham Hotel succeeded in its goal of being a luxury destination to black citizens, in part to its exceptional location, classy decor, and top-of-the-class amenities. A measure of success and even an aid to business, the visits from
African-American celebrities, like Jackie Robinson, Sammy Davis Jr, Billie Holiday, Jesse Owens, and many others, made the Gotham Hotel a well-known destination in the city. However, the success of the hotel was quickly undermined by the illicit activities of the Detroit mafia.
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had any involvement in the murder. In 1943, Licavoli and 4 other men were indicted by a grand jury after being accused of making false statements to the
Alcohol Tax Unit of the Government. These charges were brought after police tracked 100 barrels of whiskey that eventually were sold to Detroit bars and case buyers. They alleged Licavoli was the biggest distributor of this illegal liquor after one of his associates was arrested in a garage with hundreds of cases of liquor.
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Licavoli entered a plea of no contest in 1958 and was charged with income tax evasion, resulting in a two and a half year sentence and $ 10,000 fine. In this trial, Federal Judge
Theodore Levin rebutted Licavoli’s lawyer’s description of Pete as a "devoted family man and a diligent, hard-working, self-educated businessman," by pointing out that "Licavoli has been associating himself for 30 years with big-time, full-time, and old-time racketeers."
560:“Hearings before the Subcommittee on Aviation of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, Ninety-Fifth Congress: First Session on International Aviation, November 29 and December 1, 1977. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, Washington, D.C. 1978. 115p.” Journal of Travel Research, vol. 18, no. 1, July 1979, pp. 60–60, 10.1177/004728757901800160. Accessed 3 Sept. 2019.
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Gang and 1950, but he was never convicted of a single murder. Despite having 38 charges against him, Pete was only convicted for four of them: bribing a
Canadian border guard during his rum-running days; income tax evasion in the 1950s; contempt of Congress for refusing to appear before a racket investigation and selling a stolen painting to an undercover agent.
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480:. The Court found that just as "reliance upon advice of counsel is no defense to a charge of refusing to answer a question, such reliance is not a defense to a charge of failure to respond." At the time of the ruling Licavoli was already in prison for income-tax evasion and received an additional sentence of six months for contempt of Congress.
468:) interrogated Irvin Paul Miller concerning whether racketeers in Detroit were trying to establish a base in the laundry industry similar to what they had done in the restaurant industry which was closely tied to illegal activities, including gambling and narcotics. Miller testified that Licavoli, Frank "The Bomb" Bommarito,
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plea came after an undercover government agent and one of the former customs officers that
Licavoli was accused of bribing provided damaging evidence: Licavoli had paid Shell Miller, a former customs border patrolman, $ 200 and three bottles of whiskey in 1928 to allow his liquor boats to arrive protected from Canada.
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Peter
Licavoli played an integral role in the organization’s gambling operations in Detroit as a boss of the Detroit Mafia, with the Gotham Hotel playing an extremely important part in these operations. Constructed in the 1920s, this building was originally the Hotel Martinique, an upscale hotel that
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Licavoli’s criminal career was not limited to the financial sphere. Licavoli also pleaded guilty to conspiracy to bribe a federal customs officer. Judge Edward J Moinet sentenced him to two years in prison and a $ 1,000 fine. This was the first crime
Licavoli had been convicted of. Licavoli’s guilty
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Licavoli’s tax evasion conviction seems silly when considering the $ 150 million annual income stream of his enterprises. Despite this immense wealth, Pete underreported his income in 1956 by $ 29,000 ($ 325,000 in 2023 dollars). He was indicted for this by a
Federal grand jury in September of 1956.
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The three owners of the Gotham Hotel purchased the building with the purpose of transforming it into a luxury hotel for the
African-American community of Detroit. Due to widescale discrimination in Detroit throughout the early 20th century, black residents of Detroit were often barred from residency
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Even with his millions of dollars stored away, Pete couldn’t resist the urge to sell a stolen painting to an undercover FBI agent. It was a small painting with a low value, but Licavoli was a man always looking to move stolen property. He was tried by a federal judge in Tucson and given an 18 month
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for this crime. Additionally, a witness placed him at the killing of Henry Tupancy, a man who was shot while sitting in his car, reading the newspaper. Police claimed this to be part of an Italian rum running gang war. Two additional witnesses changed their stories to object the fact that Licavoli
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Licavoli’s cousin brother who he grew up with, James Licavoli, would go on to become a highly respected crime boss in Cleveland. He was a key figure in the Licavoli-Greene wars, that saw several bombings in Cleveland in the 1970s. However there is little information of any involvement that Pete had
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was a well known Crime Boss in Detroit. Pete was known to be a family man. He was accused of using political influence with US Senator Capehart. In the 40s, he pushed to pass a bill that prevented the deportation of his brother-in-law, Frank Cammarata. While Peter was never convicted, his relations
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joined the Russo gang. Pete was brought up in a relatively Jewish neighborhood in St. Louis. Along with his family, Licavoli dealt mostly in illegal gambling operations before moving to Detroit later during Prohibition. After their move to the Detroit Area, Yonnie and James would not be as lucky as
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research, a deep store of knowledge of the law." Louisell communicated to Kennedy that, as Licavoli was awaiting sentence in Michigan, he "doubted if Mr. Licavoli was going to appear before the committee." Licavoli was told, "that was no reason for his not appearing, and that he should be here."
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Towards the end of his career, Pete moved to Tucson, Arizona, becoming one of Arizona’s wealthiest men. Licavoli purchased large amounts of land and commercial property in Tucson, including the Grace Ranch in honor of his wife Grace Bommarito. Grace Ranch served as the Licavoli family headquarters
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After a long career with the Purple Gang and a mere five and a half years spent in prison over his criminal career, Licavoli’s health began to deteriorate. He had cancer in remission and an inflamed liver. On January 11, 1984, at the age of 81, Pete Licavoli died of a heart ailment in his home in
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Violence was a recurring pattern in Pete’s career. He was questioned and eventually released regarding two other prohibition era killings of rum-running Joe Tallman and St. Lous gunman Milford Jones. Authorities credit him with killing at least 15 people between his days as the boss of the Purple
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Peter Licavoli’s career with the mafia was not all booze and money--eventually he faced ramifications for his actions as one of the top bosses of the Detroit underworld. Throughout his career, he amassed 38 criminal charges ranging in severity. Licavoli was suspected of having a part in Detroit’s
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John White, one of the owners and operators of the Gotham Hotel, used the hotel as a front to run illegal poker games. Politicians and police detectives alike were frequent visitors of the hotel; as a result, it is presumed that those in charge of shutting down illegal operations, like the Gotham
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employee Bud Holt spoke about events that took place within the Ford Service Department in 1935. He claimed Pete helped recruit employees to “take care of certain trouble”. According to Holt, Licavoli later demanded higher wages for his recruits, which would in turn lead to his financial benefit.
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Kennedy's staff also contacted Licavoli's attorney, Joseph Louisell - whom the Detroit Free Press, would later describe as the "defense counsel in most of the sensational criminal cases that came into Detroit courts... spirited if unorthodox courtroom tactics...he brought to each case relentless
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and was a part of many of the rum-running that happened during that time. During one of the runs in 1928, he bribed a customs officer to allow his gang to transport whiskey across the border from Canada. He attempted to pay the officer $ 200 and three bottles of whiskey to allow the rest of his
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United States, Congress, Cong. House, Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, and United States Congress. Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, Government Printing Office, 1951, pp. 41–410. 81st Congress, First Session session, resolution
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Not much is known of Licavoli’s early involvement in gang-life in St. Louis, but as he moved around the country, his list of known associates would bolster well known gangsters throughout the Midwest and even in New York City. Joseph Massei was a known associate of Licavoli in Detroit. His
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most sensational underworld crime of 1930 when Jerry Buckley, an American radio commentator was gunned down in the lobby of the LaSelle Hotel in Detroit. Despite the seriousness of this accusation, Licavoli stood tough in court and eventually the charges were dropped for lack of evidence.
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committee in 1951. They asked him about his occupation, criminal record, and associates. Licavoli refused to answer almost all of the questions, claiming his answer may lead to his incrimination. During the hearing, Licavoli denied ever meeting or having a disagreement with Harry Bennett.
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Pete. Yonnie was arrested for being involved in the murder of a bootlegger in Toledo and James went into hiding and fled to Pittsburgh. Pete was left to continue gaining control in Detroit where he worked extensively with Jewish gangs in Detroit.
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mainly catered to the white residents of Detroit. However, following its failure to operate profitably, the building at 111 Orchestra Place was purchased by John White, Walter Norwood, and Irving Roane in 1943 and renamed the Gotham Hotel.
370:’s, car off the road after Bennett fired Licavoli’s recruits. However, Holt denied this claim during the hearing. Additionally, Pete was questioned during the Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce by the
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Estes Kefauver, and In Interstate. Investigation of Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce : Hearings before a Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce. Washington, D.C., U.S. G.P.O,
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When tried for ignoring the Congressional subpoena in 1960, Licavoli claimed that in doing so he was following the advice of his lawyer. This defense made its way to the District of Columbia's Circuit court in 1961's
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445:, and was served to Licavoli in the Detroit Federal Building on July 28, 1958, while he was on trial in Michigan. The subpoena informed him that any questions were to be directed to the Committee's chief counsel
449:. The Committee demanded that Licavoli appear before them on the morning of July 31, 1958. A telegram was also sent to Licavoli at his Michigan home, on July 29, 1958, but he refused to take possession of it.
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alcohol to pass through the border. Later, in 1933, Licavoli pleaded guilty to the charge after evidence was brought against him by the officer he had bribed. The authorities sentenced Licavoli to 2 years at
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to testify concerning their ongoing investigation "of racketeer and hoodlum infiltration into legitimate business and union enterprises." The subpoena had been signed by Committee Chairman, Senator
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Tucson, Arizona. In his obituary, he is described by Senator Estes Kefauver as “one of the most cold blooded and contemptuous characters to appear before their committee.”
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In 2024 Licavoli's case was cited as binding precedent by judges in proceedings concerning the refusal to comply with a Congressional subpoena from the
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and became a safe haven for the mob for over 35 years. From Tucson, Licavoli set up the southwest gambling wire and supervised his Detroit rackets.
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Bird, David. "Peter Joseph Licavoli Senior, 81: Ex-Crime Leader in Detroit" New York Times, New York Times Print Archive, January 12, 1984,
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Bureau of Narcotics, U.S. Treasury Department, "Mafia: the Government's Secret File on Organized Crime, HarperCollins Publishers 2007
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sentence, a small penalty considering the US government had been trying to put him behind bars without success for over 25 years.
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Pete may have also been involved in the automotive industry. During his testimony in front of a Senate committee, former
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United States. Bureau Of The Census. Fourteenth Census of the United States. Washington, Govt. Print. Off, 1924.
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After moving to Detroit from St. Louis, Pete became established in the Detroit mob. He played a key role during
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Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field - Part 35; Sections 13126, 13133, 13147
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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926:"Peter Licavoli, Appellant, v. United States of America, Appellee, 294 F.2d 207 (D.C. Cir. 1961)"
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969:"Steve Bannon ordered to prison while he challenges his conviction for defying Jan. 6 committee"
628:"December 18, 1943 (Page 1 and 2 of 16)." Detroit Free Press (1923-1999), Dec 18, 1943, pp. 2.
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with the Senator and the timing of the bill, were easily inferred to be underhanded dealings.
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769:"August 30, 1959 (Page 82 of 114)." Detroit Free Press (1923-1999), Aug 30, 1959, pp. 82.
735:"October 11, 1963 (Page 20 of 48)." Detroit Free Press (1923-1999), Oct 11, 1963, pp. 20.
650:"February 9, 1951 (Page 12 of 38)." Detroit Free Press (1923-1999), Feb 09, 1951, pp. 12.
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In the 1930s, Licavoli was convicted of bribing a federal official and spent two years at
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791:"March 30, 1977 (Page 6 of 14)." The Coshocton Tribune (1930-2012), Mar 30, 1977, pp. 6.
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821:"July 29, 1958 (Page 3 of 30)." Detroit Free Press (1923-1999), Jul 29, 1958, pp. 3.
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580:"June 22, 1933 (Page 7 of 24)." Detroit Free Press (1923-1999), Jun 22, 1933, pp. 7.
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Shaffer, Terry, "Illegal Gambling Clubs of Toledo", Happy Chipper Publishing, 2012,
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United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management
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838:"His Art Deal Ends Up in a Conviction." Boston Globe (1960-), Mar 28, 1977, pp. 2.
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https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/12/obituaries/peter-joseph-licavoli-sr-81-ex-cri
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Nothing Personal Just Business, Prohibition and Murder on Toledo's Mean Streets
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But he was good to his mother: the lives and crimes of Jewish gangsters
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issued a subpoena to Licavoli, demanding he appear before them at the
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Collaborations between the United States government and Italian Mafia
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On the day set for his appearance, the committee (including Senators
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Proceedings against Peter Licavoli for contempt of the Senate
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
954:"United States v. Peter Navarro, 24-3006 (D.C. Cir. 2024)"
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Holt said Licavoli also forced Ford’s Personnel Director,
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sister-in-law was married to Sam Zerilli, who along with
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Peter Licavoli, Appellant, v. United States of America
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A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno
275:. He controlled criminal operations in Detroit and
1781:List of Italian-American mobsters by organization
716:"Gotham Hotel, Detroit, Michigan (1943-1963) •"
263:(June 7, 1902 – January 11, 1984), (nicknamed "
967:Kyle Cheney and Josh Gerstein (June 6, 2024).
872:. 85th Congress, 2nd Sesseion. August 8, 1958.
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812:me-leader-in-detroit.html. October 10, 2021.
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1027:. Fremont, Ohio: Lesher Printing, 2003.
887:. Detroit, Michigan: Detroit Free Press.
73:This article includes a list of general
1011:The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Mafia
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785:
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514:"5 takeaways from Steve Bannon's trail"
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999:. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003.
940:"Racket Figure Gets Contempt Sentence"
914:. United States Senate. July 31, 1958.
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433:During their proceedings in 1958, the
2383:American gangsters of Italian descent
942:. The New York Times. April 15, 1960.
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1013:. Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2002.
396:Out of the Game, Arrests, and Death
79:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1776:List of Italian-American mobsters
692:"Gotham Hotel | Historic Detroit"
690:Austin/HistoricDetroit.org, Dan.
34:This article has multiple issues.
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126:
64:
23:
2158:Italian-American National Union
512:Josh Gerstein (July 22, 2022).
340:with this part of James' life.
42:or discuss these issues on the
2298:Saint Valentine's Day Massacre
883:James Dewey (August 4, 1972).
1:
885:"Lawyer Joseph Louisell Dies"
302:, living on Grace Ranch near
1342:List of Mafia crime families
16:American mobster (1902–1984)
2027:Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan
1609:(Northeastern Pennsylvania)
314:Peter Licavoli was born in
210:the claims made and adding
2409:
2388:People of Sicilian descent
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1648:(Little Italy, Manhattan)
1337:
1285:
429:Contempt of Congress case
306:until his death in 1984.
2247:Operation Family Secrets
2178:National Crime Syndicate
1888:Atlantic City Conference
1223:Relation to other groups
355:Leavenworth Penitentiary
288:Leavenworth Penitentiary
2143:East Harlem Purple Gang
2012:Colacurcio Organization
1291:American Mafia Template
94:more precise citations.
2092:Velentzas Organization
2062:Philadelphia Greek Mob
1975:Mafia Commission Trial
1969:Pizza Connection Trial
1559:10th & Oregon Crew
1474:Greenwich Village Crew
1331:Italian-American Mafia
1131:Anthony Joseph Zerilli
529:By Robert A. Rockaway
439:Senate Office Building
148:by rewriting it in an
2047:Musitano crime family
1819:Black Hand in Chicago
1549:Angiulo's Boston crew
1541:(Northern New Jersey)
1095:Salvatore Catalanotte
485:January 6th Committee
261:Peter Joseph Licavoli
2262:Operation Underworld
2252:Operation Old Bridge
2183:New Springville Boys
2067:Rizzuto crime family
2057:Papalia crime family
2042:Luppino crime family
2032:Inzerillo Mafia clan
2022:Cotroni crime family
1906:Palermo Mafia summit
1398:New Springville Boys
1023:Dickson, Kenneth R.
2393:Detroit Partnership
2324:Buster from Chicago
2288:Hired Truck Program
2267:Operation Wasteland
2193:South Brooklyn Boys
2168:Marat Balagula gang
1952:Castellammarese War
1484:Springfield faction
1079:Detroit Partnership
696:historicdetroit.org
344:Dealings in Detroit
292:Detroit Partnership
269:St. Louis, Missouri
2303:Rochester bombings
2188:Rudaj Organization
2163:Maceo Organization
2118:Bumpy Johnson gang
2113:Bugs and Meyer Mob
2072:Sacra Corona Unita
1923:Kefauver Committee
1569:Midwestern/Western
1509:New Jersey faction
1479:New Jersey faction
1393:Motion Lounge crew
1347:Mafia bibliography
1247:Kansas City family
195:possibly contains
150:encyclopedic style
137:is written like a
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2359:
2342:
2341:
2283:French Connection
2221:
2220:
2138:Dutch Schultz Mob
1984:
1983:
1946:Mafia–Camorra War
1900:Apalachin meeting
1894:Havana Conference
1869:
1868:
1799:Initiation ritual
1701:
1700:
1522:
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1464:116th Street Crew
1297:
1296:
1281:
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1273:The Flathead gang
1218:
1217:
1154:Anthony Giacalone
995:Bonanno, Joseph.
991:978-0-615-64443-1
447:Robert F. Kennedy
443:John L. McClellan
279:, throughout the
273:Detroit, Michigan
271:before moving to
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197:original research
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2312:Related articles
2257:Operation Solare
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2213:Winter Hill Gang
2148:Five Points Gang
2123:New York Camorra
2017:Commisso 'ndrina
1997:
1929:Valachi hearings
1878:
1835:(boss of bosses)
1713:Chain of command
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1642:(Italian Harlem)
1504:Brooklyn faction
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1252:St. Louis family
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1547:(New England) (
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1369:
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1268:The Purple Gang
1256:
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1214:
1198:
1179:Thomas Licavoli
1164:Gaetano Gianola
1135:
1124:Current members
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1081:
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1009:Capeci, Jerry.
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980:Further reading
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322:and his cousin
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281:Prohibition era
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2153:Forty-Two Gang
2150:
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2130:
2125:
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2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
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2079:
2077:Sicilian Mafia
2074:
2069:
2064:
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2054:
2049:
2044:
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2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
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489:Peter Navarro
486:
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220:November 2021
213:
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199:
198:
193:This article
191:
182:
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172:
169:
161:
158:November 2021
151:
147:
141:
140:
135:This article
133:
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103:
93:
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62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2329:Cement shoes
2226:Other topics
2203:Unione Corse
2173:Murder, Inc.
2108:Broadway Mob
2037:Jewish Mafia
1856:Sixth Family
1851:One-way ride
1843:
1830:
1764:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1555:Philadelphia
1539:DeCavalcante
1493:
1469:Broadway Mob
1453:
1428:
1412:
1377:
1287:
1210:Harry Bowman
1189:Vincent Meli
1173:
1140:Past members
1024:
1010:
996:
962:
948:
934:
920:
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878:
869:
834:
817:
804:
765:
748:
731:
720:. Retrieved
718:. 2014-03-07
710:
699:. Retrieved
695:
556:
546:
537:
526:
522:
507:
493:Steve Bannon
482:
477:
474:
455:
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419:
415:
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390:
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277:Toledo, Ohio
264:
260:
259:
244:
226:
217:
194:
164:
155:
136:
106:
97:
78:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2378:1984 deaths
2373:1902 births
2334:Shotgun Man
2133:The Council
2052:'Ndrangheta
1977:(1985–1986)
1971:(1985–1987)
1954:(1929–1931)
1948:(1914–1917)
1925:(1950–1951)
1736:Consigliere
1692:Trafficante
1652:New Orleans
1591:Los Angeles
1586:Kansas City
1184:Angelo Meli
1169:Nick Licata
971:. Politico.
516:. Politico.
470:Angelo Meli
462:Irving Ives
350:Prohibition
92:introducing
2367:Categories
2235:operations
2233:Government
1814:Black Hand
1743:Caporegime
1662:Pittsburgh
1527:East Coast
1203:Associates
1115:Jack Tocco
827:1818167426
797:2345867832
775:1818265318
758:1818265318
741:1818720536
722:2023-02-17
701:2023-02-17
656:1817621313
634:1816678948
612:1816107895
586:1816188910
499:References
204:improve it
75:references
39:improve it
1763:Members (
1755:Associate
1730:Underboss
1706:Structure
1687:St. Louis
1667:Rochester
1657:Milwaukee
1630:(Chicago)
1613:Cleveland
1545:Patriarca
1288:See also:
844:757651644
466:Sam Ervin
316:St. Louis
265:Horseface
208:verifying
45:talk page
2354:Category
1916:Hearings
1881:Meetings
1826:Vendetta
1804:Made man
1766:made men
1682:San Jose
1672:Rockford
1646:D'Aquila
1634:Lanzetta
1618:Colorado
1607:Bufalino
1495:Lucchese
1455:Genovese
1357:Families
1147:Made men
840:ProQuest
823:ProQuest
793:ProQuest
771:ProQuest
754:ProQuest
737:ProQuest
652:ProQuest
630:ProQuest
608:ProQuest
582:ProQuest
487:by both
372:Kefauver
100:May 2015
2208:Westies
2101:Defunct
2007:Camorra
1750:Soldato
1694:(Tampa)
1640:Morello
1581:Detroit
1576:Chicago
1534:Buffalo
1430:Gambino
1421:Colombo
1414:Colombo
1379:Bonanno
1087:Boss(s)
300:Arizona
202:Please
144:Please
88:improve
2276:Crimes
2087:Stidda
2000:Active
1962:Trials
1931:(1963)
1908:(1957)
1902:(1957)
1896:(1946)
1890:(1929)
1874:Events
1845:OmertĂ
1809:Bagman
1623:Dallas
1261:Rivals
1230:Allies
1041:
1031:
1017:
1003:
989:
842:
825:
795:
773:
756:
739:
654:
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