Peter Martyr Vermigli - Knowledge (XXG)

4988: 1476:, those who were not elected to salvation. He saw this as included in the will of God, but different in character from the decision to choose the elect for salvation. Because all people have fallen into sin, the reprobating will of God treats them as by nature fallen and deserving of damnation. Vermigli's formulation of reprobation as within God's decree while distinct from his saving election was slightly different from Calvin's. Calvin saw predestination to salvation and reprobation as two sides of a single decree. Vermigli's doctrine was to prove more influential in the Reformed confessions. In his early formulation of predestination (ca. 1543–1544), Vermigli drew heavily on Aquinas's 1172: 1224:. Bullinger and the Zürich church did not necessarily agree with Vermigli's double predestinarian view, but Bibliander's view was deemed unallowable. He was dismissed in 1560, in part to assure other Reformed churches of the Zürich church's orthodoxy. Vermigli was involved in predestinarian controversy again when Zanchi, who had remained in Strasbourg when Vermigli left for Zürich, was accused of heretical teachings on the Eucharist and predestination by the Lutheran Johann Marbach. Vermigli was selected to write the official judgement of the Zürich church on the matter in a statement signed by Bullinger and other leaders in December 1338:

Exodus, Leviticus and the Minor Prophets "brief and hasty annotations", he found it difficult to find time to prepare them for publication. His colleagues edited and published some of his remaining works on the Bible after his death: prayers on the Psalms (1564) and commentaries on Kings (1566), Genesis (1569), and Lamentations (1629). Vermigli followed the humanist emphasis on seeking the original meaning of scripture, as opposed to the often fanciful and arbitrary allegorical readings of the medieval exegetical tradition. He occasionally adopted an allegorical reading to interpret the Old Testament as having to do with Christ

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double predestination, continued with the Lutherans. Another professor in Strasbourg, Girolamo Zanchi, who had converted to Protestantism while under Vermigli in Lucca, shared Vermigli's convictions regarding the Eucharist and predestination. Zanchi and Vermigli became friends and allies. Vermigli's increasing alienation from the Lutheran establishment led him in 1556 to accept an offer from Heinrich Bullinger to teach at the

452:. The Lateran Canons were one of several institutions born out of a fifteenth-century religious reform movement. They emphasised strict discipline, and could be transferred from house to house rather than being bound to stability in one place, as was the custom of Benedictine monasticism. They also sought to provide ministry in urban areas. Peter's sister followed him into the monastic life, becoming a nun the same year. 1291: 5022: 1071:. Vermigli agreed with Hooper's desire to rid the church of elaborate garments, but he did not believe they were strictly prohibited. He advised Hooper to respect the authority of his superiors. Vermigli was probably instrumental in convincing Hooper to drop his opposition in February 1551. In October 1551 he participated in a commission to rewrite the 875:. Vermigli was delighted to be able to teach from the original-language text of the Old Testament, as many of his students could read Hebrew. He was well-liked by his students and fellow scholars. Vermigli was known for precision, simplicity, and clarity of speech in contrast to Bucer's propensity for digressions which sometimes left his students lost. 428:, on 8 September 1499 to Stefano di Antonio Vermigli, a wealthy shoemaker, and Maria Fumantina. He was christened Piero Mariano the following day. He was the eldest of three children; his sister Felicita Antonio was born in 1501 and his brother Antonio Lorenzo Romulo was born in 1504. His mother taught him 1337:

Vermigli published commentaries on I Corinthians (1551), Romans (1558), and Judges (1561) during his lifetime. He was criticised by his colleagues in Strasbourg for withholding his lectures on books of the Bible for years rather than sending them to be published. Calling his lecture notes on Genesis,

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Vermigli had a profound influence on the English Reformation through his relationship with Thomas Cranmer. Before his contact with Vermigli, Cranmer held Lutheran Eucharistic views. Vermigli seems to have convinced Cranmer to adopt a Reformed view, which changed the course of the English Reformation

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Vermigli's leadership in Lucca left it arguably the most thoroughly Protestant city in Italy. The Inquisition led many of these Protestants to flee, creating a significant population of Protestant refugees in Geneva. Several important leaders in the Reformation can also be tied to Vermigli's work in

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against the idea of transubstantiation. Because believers retain their human nature even though God has joined them with Christ, it follows that the Eucharistic elements do not need to be transformed to be Christ's body. Instead of the substance of the elements changing into Christ's flesh, Vermigli

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Vermigli was primarily a teacher of scripture rather than a systematic theologian, but his lasting influence is mostly associated with his doctrine of the Eucharist. This can be explained by the close relationship he saw between the exegesis of scripture and theological reflection. Vermigli's method

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between Orothetes ("Boundary Setter"), a defender of the Reformed doctrine that Christ's body is physically located in Heaven, and Pantachus ("Everywhere"), whose speeches are largely taken directly from Brenz's work. Brenz published a response in 1562, to which Vermigli began to prepare a rebuttal,

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over half the city, as well as control of the Lateran's religious houses. As at his earlier post in Spoleto, the monks of the San Frediano monastery, as well as the clergy of Lucca, were known for moral laxity, which led to an openness to the new Lutheran religion there. Vermigli saw his task as one

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between the spiritual sphere (in Vermigli's words the "inward motions of the mind") and the "outward discipline" of society. The civil magistrate's authority is only on external matters rather than inward and spiritual religious devotion. Vermigli's theological justification for Royal Supremacy was

1464:. Vermigli saw God as sovereign over every event, and believed that all things, including evil, were used by him to accomplish his will. Nevertheless, Vermigli did not hold that humans are compelled to good or evil actions. Vermigli held that God had chosen some people for salvation on the basis of 1096:

at Oxford would likely have had him executed, as Cranmer eventually was in 1556. Despite this risk, he agreed to a public disputation with Cranmer against the new Catholic establishment, but this never came to fruition because Cranmer was imprisoned. Vermigli was able to receive permission from the

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Vermigli published an account of his disputation with Oxford Catholics over the Eucharist in 1549, along with a treatise further explaining his position. The disputation largely dealt with the doctrine of transubstantiation, which Vermigli strongly opposed, but the treatise was able to put forward

1211:, Vermigli believed that in some way God wills the damnation of those not chosen for salvation. Vermigli attempted to avoid confrontation over the issue, but Bibliander began to openly attack him in 1557, at one point allegedly challenging him to a duel with a double-edged axe. Bibliander held the 1159:

as a condition of being reinstalled as professor. He was willing to sign the Augsburg Confession, but not the Concordat, which affirmed a bodily presence of Christ in the Eucharist. He was retained and reappointed anyway, but controversy over the Eucharist, as well as Vermigli's strong doctrine of

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The chapter general re-elected Vermigli to the Spoletan abbacy in 1534 and again in 1535, but he was not elected to lead any house the following year. He may have been identified as a promising reformer who could help with reform efforts in higher places. Vermigli was in contact with the Catholic

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of 1552. He is also believed to have contributed to, if not written, the article on predestination found in the Forty-two Articles of Religion of 1553. In Elizabethan Oxford and Cambridge, Vermigli's theology was arguably more influential than that of Calvin. His political theology in particular

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held supreme authority in establishing truth. Nevertheless, he was familiar with the church fathers to a higher degree than many of his contemporaries, and he constantly referred to them. He saw value in the fathers because they had discovered insights into the scriptures that he might not have

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Vermigli is best known for his polemics against the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation and for the Reformed doctrine of "sacramental presence". He argued that transubstantiation, the belief that the substance of bread and wine are changed into Christ's body and blood, was not based on any

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Vermigli was summoned to a Chapter Extraordinary of the Lateran Congregation, and his friends warned him that he had powerful adversaries. These increasingly foreboding events contributed to his decision to ignore the summons and flee, but he was finally persuaded by his conscience against the

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Vermigli's Eucharistic polemical writing was initially directed against Catholics, but beginning in 1557 he began to involve himself in debates with Lutherans. Many Lutherans during this time argued that Christ's body and blood were physically present in the Eucharist because they are

702:, with which he received some help from powerful friends he had made in Padua, such as Cardinals Pole and Bembo. Despite this controversy, Vermigli continued to rise in the Lateran Congregation. He was made one of four visitors by the chapter general in 1540. The visitors assisted the 1414:

found, and because many of his Catholic opponents placed great weight on arguments from patristic authority. Often, though, he used the fathers as support for interpretations he had already reached on his own and was not concerned when his interpretation had no patristic precedent.

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view that God only predestines that those who believe in him will be saved, not the salvation of any individual. Reformed theologians during this time held a variety of beliefs about predestination, and Bullinger's position is ambiguous, but they agreed that God sovereignly and

1007:, with Vermigli's opponents arguing for it and him against. Chancellor Cox made it obvious that he considered Vermigli to have the better argument, but did not formally declare a winner. The disputation put Vermigli at the forefront of debates over the nature of the Eucharist. 1275:

gave a funeral oration, which was published and is an important source for Vermigli's later biographies. Vermigli had two children by his second wife, Caterina, while he was alive, but they did not survive infancy. Four months after his death she had their third child, Maria.

1441:(the divine nature was added to the human nature rather than his human nature being made divine), the substance of the bread and wine remain the same rather than being changed into the substance of Christ's body and blood. Finally, he used the analogy of the believer's 1457:

Vermigli did not see predestination as central to his theological system, but it became associated with him because of controversies in which he became entangled. Vermigli developed his doctrine independently of John Calvin, and before Calvin published it in his 1559

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was at stake if their city continued to be viewed as a Protestant haven. Bans on Protestant books heretofore ignored were enforced, religious feasts which had been dropped were reinstated, and religious processions were scheduled to assure Rome of Lucca's loyalty.

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In Zürich, Vermigli succeeded Konrad Pellikan as the chair of Hebrew, a position he would hold until his death. He married his second wife, Catarina Merenda of Brescia, Italy, in 1559. Vermigli was able to share his teaching duties with fellow Hebraist

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Vermigli's wife, Catherine, had become well known in Oxford for her piety and ministry to expectant mothers. She also enjoyed carving faces into plum stones. She had died childless in the February before Vermigli left. Soon after Vermigli's departure,

1670:. He was born Piero Mariano Vermigli, but took the name Peter Martyr when he became a monk. In earlier literature he was usually called Peter Martyr, but modern scholars usually use Vermigli to distinguish him from other Christian figures also called 1317:

and first published in 1576, fourteen years after Vermigli's death. Vermigli had apparently expressed a desire to have such a book published, and it was urged along by the suggestion of Theodore Beza. Masson followed the pattern of John Calvin's

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doctor so he could read the Old Testament scriptures in their original language. Even among those who sought deeper biblical study, it was uncommon for clergy to learn Hebrew, though not unheard of. In 1533 the chapter-general elected Vermigli

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on 12 August 1542 by horse with three of his canons. There he celebrated a Protestant form of the Eucharist for the first time. When he stopped in Florence, staying in Badia Fiesolana where he had entered religious life, Vermigli learned that

356:. Contrary to the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, Vermigli did not believe that the bread and wine are changed into Christ's body and blood. He also disagreed with the Lutheran view that Christ's body is ubiquitous and so can be 1540:, and Heinrich Bullinger were as influential if not more influential than Calvin on the development of Reformed theology in the sixteenth century. Vermigli was a transitional figure between the Reformation period and the period known as 1032:

in 1549. Rioters in the streets of Oxford threatened Vermigli with death. At Lambeth, Vermigli assisted Cranmer by helping write sermons against the rebellion. After some time he returned to Oxford, where he was made first canon of

655:, especially Augustine. He probably read Protestant literature critically; it was common for those in reform-minded circles to do so while remaining in the Catholic Church. Vermigli embraced the Protestant doctrine of 651:. Reading these works was an act of ecclesiastical defiance, but not an uncommon one in reformist circles. Vermigli seems to have slowly moved in a Protestant direction primarily through the study of the Bible and the 586:, and the Spoletan abbacy, to the point that the bishop had excommunicated Vermigli's predecessor, only to be overturned by Rome. Vermigli brought order to his houses and mended the relationship with the bishop. 773:

in 1541. His eventual downfall was caused by two of his followers, one of whom openly questioned papal authority and another who celebrated a Protestant form of the Eucharist. The reconstitution of the

578:. The discipline in the monastic houses in Vermigli's care had been lax before his arrival, and they had become a source of scandal in Spoleto. There was also a history of a power struggle between the 5212: 1497:. He denied the idea that the pope or any other ecclesiastical authority could exercise authority over a civil ruler such as the king, an important issue at the time given the conflicts between 835:, where he went next. In a letter to his former congregation in Lucca, he explained his motives for leaving and also expressed discouragement at not being able to find a post. Basler humanist 971:, the most sensitive area of disagreement between Protestants and Catholics in England at the time. Conservative faculty, led by Smyth, challenged Vermigli to defend his views in a formal 847:, with whose writings Vermigli was already familiar. Vermigli moved to Strasbourg and became a close personal friend and ally of Bucer, who granted him the chair of Old Testament at the 5182: 1409:

of biblical commentary, similar to that of Martin Bucer, was to include extended discussions of doctrinal topics treated by the biblical texts. Like other Protestants, he believed

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Vermigli was widely respected and very cautious. He was able to continue his reform efforts in Lucca without any suspicion of unorthodox views, despite a papal meeting there with

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later that year. He then preached for three years, travelling around northern and central Italy. Unlike the practice of other preaching orders which usually only preached at

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and the tradition of Aristotelianism. Vermigli was the first of the Reformed scholastic theologians, and he influenced later scholastics Theodore Beza and Girolamo Zanchi.

1544:. In the Reformed orthodox period, the theology first articulated by Reformation figures was codified and systematised. Theologians increasingly resorted to the methods of 761:, all of whom would later convert to Protestantism. The Congregation recognised Vermigli's work by appointing him to a disciplinary commission of seven canons in May 1542. 695: 5197: 4102: 1505:

at the beginning of the English Reformation. While Vermigli charged the civil magistrate with enforcing religious duties, he followed Augustine's distinction in the

5217: 479:, with which Saint John of Verdera was loosely affiliated, was a highly prestigious institution at the time. At Padua, Vermigli received a thorough training in 667:, that God has chosen some people for salvation and others for damnation, was learned from Vermigli. Vermigli in turn had acquired it from his study of either 1532:

Scholars have increasingly recognised the importance of figures other than John Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli in the early formation of the Reformed tradition.

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led to a hostile environment for Protestants in Germany. Vermigli accepted the invitation in November and sailed with Ochino to England. In 1548, he replaced

4231: 240:. He was considered an authority on the Eucharist among the Reformed churches, and engaged in controversies on the subject by writing treatises. Vermigli's 4964: 1052:

Vermigli became deeply involved in English church politics. In 1550, he and Martin Bucer provided recommendations to Cranmer for additional changes to the

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Vermigli's own Eucharistic theology. Vermigli's Eucharistic views, as expressed in the disputation and treatise, were influential in the changes to the

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Vermigli's biblical writings frequently address political matters. He followed the Aristotelian view that political authority is instituted to promote

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Rester, Todd M. (2013). "'Dominus dixit': principles of exegetical theology applied in two loci of Peter Martyr Vermigli's I Corinthians commentary".

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became a standard textbook in Reformed theological education. He was popular especially with English readers of theology in the seventeenth century.

357: 318: 1343: 831:. They eventually determined that he could be allowed to teach Protestant theology, but there was no position vacant for him to fill there or in 804:

had arrived there. Vermigli convinced Ochino, a popular preacher with Protestant leanings, to flee Italy as well. On 25 August Vermigli left for

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James, Frank A. III (2007). "The Bullinger/Vermigli Axis: Collaborators in Toleration and Reformation". In Campi, Emidio; Opitz, Peter (eds.).

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in 1542 may have been in part a response to the fear that Lucca and other cities would defect from the Catholic Church. The authorities of the

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of medieval biblical interpretation, where each passage has four levels of meaning. Vermigli's command of Hebrew, as well as his knowledge of

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The lectures on Lamentations and Genesis were published as commentaries, but the lectures on the minor prophets and Exodus have not survived.

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a tyrant. Since Vermigli's departure and the death of Bucer in 1551, Lutheranism had gained influence in Strasbourg under the leadership of

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Vermigli's Eucharistic views were accepted in Zürich, but he ran into controversy over his doctrine of double predestination. Similarly to

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Kirby, Torrance (2010). "Peter Martyr Vermigli's Political Theology and the Elizabethan Church". In Ha, Polly; Collinson, Patrick (eds.).

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of education as well as moral correction. He set up a college based on humanist principles of education and modelled on the newly founded

4335:——— (2004). "Peter Martyr Vermigli and Pope Boniface VIII — The Difference between Civil and Ecclesiastical Power". In 645: 3780: 1285: 920:

acceded to the English throne in 1547, and the Protestant reformers there hoped to take the opportunity to more thoroughly reform the

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Schantz, Douglas H. (2004). "Vermigli on Tradition and the Fathers: Patristic Perspectives from His Commentary on I Corinthians". In

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emphasised the action of the sacrament as an instrument through which Christ is offered to the partaker. He also disagreed with the

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for study and prayer in his home. His lectures on Judges often addressed the political issues relevant for the exiles, such as the

1192:, allowing him time to study and prepare the notes from his previous lectures for publication. He began lecturing on the books of 1129:

Vermigli arrived in Strasbourg in October 1553, where he was restored to his position at the Senior School and began lecturing on

5055: 5038: 5001: 4793: 968: 388: 1049:. His windows were smashed several times until he moved to a location in the cloisters, where he built a fortified stone study. 5130: 3785: 1118: 1034: 738: 592: 4947:

Peter Martyr Vermigli: humanism, republicanism, reformation = Petrus Martyr Vermigli: Humanismus, Republikanismus, Reformation

1493:, that kings, so long as they obey God, have the right to rule the church in their land, while Christ is the only head of the 5227: 1767:

Frank A. James, III, writes that the axe duel story "does not seem to have a solid historical ground" citing Joachim Staedke.

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movement. Valdés introduced Vermigli to the writings of Protestant reformers. Toward the end of his time in Naples, he read

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shaped the Elizabethan religious settlement and his authority was constantly invoked in the controversies of this period.

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Once Vermigli arrived in Zürich he was questioned regarding his theological views by several Protestant leaders including

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Two of Vermigli's former colleagues in Lucca—Lacizi and Tremellius—would join him in Strasbourg. In 1544 he was elected

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1561. His affirmation of a strong doctrine of predestination represented the opinion of the Zürich church as a whole.

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Sytsma, David S. (2018). "Vermigli Replicating Aquinas: An Overlooked Continuity in the Doctrine of Predestination".

1489:, and that this includes religion as the chief virtue. Vermigli defended the standard English Protestant doctrine of 5006: 1305:(Latin for "commonplaces"), a collection of topical discussions scattered throughout his biblical commentaries. The 4312:. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. Vol. 131. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 235–258. 4277:. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. Vol. 144. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 135–146. 3876: 941: 609: 4254: 1391:

published a work defending such a view, and Vermigli's friends convinced him to write a response. The result, the

463:. The Lateran Congregation had recently decided that promising young ordinands should be sent to the monastery of 4858:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 115–132. 4626:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 335–374. 4446:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 495–498. 4409:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 479–494. 3957: 3929:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 195–206. 3851:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 283–304. 290: 4081:. Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies. Vol. XIII. Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers. 3989:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 95–114. 640: 4563:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 71–94. 4473:. Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies. Vol. LVI. Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers. 4372:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 23–34. 4124:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 35–70. 1684: 1583: 1098: 992: 984: 725: 713: 353: 215: 4513:. Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies. Vol. 30. Kirksville, MO: Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers. 4207:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Vol. 16. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 1–18. 1259:

were figurative rather than literal. Vermigli's health was already declining when he succumbed to an epidemic

686:. Vermigli did not take this view in his preaching, though he did not openly deny the existence of purgatory. 5122: 3874:

Baschera, Luca (2007). "Peter Martyr Vermigli on Free Will: the Aristotelian Heritage of Reformed Theology".

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of the Congregation elected him to the office of public preacher in 1526. His first series of sermons was in

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The Visible Words of God: An Exposition of the Sacramental Theology of Peter Martyr Vermigli, A.D. 1500–1562

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he returned to Strasbourg and his former teaching position. Vermigli's beliefs regarding the Eucharist and

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northern Europe influenced many other Italians to convert and flee as well. In England, he influenced the

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of England. In the Winter he assisted in the writing of a draft set of such laws, which was published by

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chooses whom to save. They believed salvation is not based on any characteristic of a person, including

1060: 1024: 1011: 754: 664: 464: 408: 361: 112: 1092:, who opposed the Protestant reformers. Vermigli was placed under house arrest for six months, and his 4853: 4621: 4558: 4441: 4404: 4367: 4306: 4271: 4267:"From Florence to Zürich via Strasbourg and Oxford: The International Career of Peter Martyr Vermigli" 4202: 4119: 3984: 3924: 3846: 3747: 928:

invited Vermigli and Ochino to assist in the effort. In addition, the victory of the Catholic Emperor

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On completing his novitiate in 1518, Vermigli took the name Peter Martyr after the thirteenth-century

5167: 5162: 5073: 3822:. Bibliotheca Humanistica & Reformatorica. Vol. X. Nieuwkoop, The Netherlands: B. De Graaf. 1252: 1161: 1064: 996: 949: 917: 860: 848: 507: 498:

teachers, so he taught himself. He also made the acquaintance of prominent reform-minded theologians

425: 226: 82: 1749:, Teodosio Trebelli and Giulio Santerenziano. Vermigli was succeeded as prior by Francesco da Pavia. 5104: 4849: 4708: 4617: 4554: 4437: 4400: 4363: 4336: 4198: 4190: 4115: 4055: 3980: 3920: 3842: 3743: 1630:, but more recent scholarship affirms the attribution. The Latin poem at top, probably composed by 1552:

since Cranmer was primarily responsible for revisions to the Book of Common Prayer and writing the

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had her body disinterred and thrown on a dungheap. Following the accession of the Protestant Queen

1093: 887: 836: 746: 663:. Vermigli also seems to have influenced Valdés. Scholars believe that Valdés's strong doctrine of 476: 376: 249: 211: 141: 108: 709: 4898: 4773: 4695: 4666: 4591:

Christ and the Decree: Christology and Predestination in Reformed Theology from Calvin to Perkins

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Heinrich Bullinger and the Doctrine of Predestination: Author of "the Other Reformed Tradition"?

4039:. Studies in Medieval and Reformation Thought. Vol. XVIII. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. 50: 678:

Vermigli's move away from orthodox Catholic belief became apparent in 1539 when he preached on

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in a public disputation. Vermigli was forced to leave England on the accession of the Catholic

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Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer

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Various of Vermigli's writings were printed about 110 times between 1550 and 1650. The 1562

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even though he is offered to those who partake of the Eucharist and received by believers.

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McNair, Philip M. J. (1994). "Biographical Introduction". In McClelland, Joseph C. (ed.).

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of 1552. Vermigli weighed in again on the Eucharistic controversy in England in 1559. His

1193: 1144: 988: 902: 864: 852: 840: 824: 758: 679: 583: 558: 527: 460: 456: 445: 413: 392: 260: 1268: 952:. This was a very influential post at a university which had been slow to accept reform. 494:. Vermigli was determined to read Aristotle in his original language despite the lack of 383:

of the non-elect. Vermigli's belief is similar but not identical to Calvin's. Vermigli's

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where he continued to teach the Bible. He also defended his Eucharistic beliefs against

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pages, it was the longest work on the subject published during the Reformation period.

1353:, surpassed that of most of his contemporaries, including Calvin, Luther, and Zwingli. 1327: 1290: 1197: 1148: 1130: 1015: 925: 879: 868: 856: 745:. Instruction was in Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. Among the professors were the humanists 703: 672: 652: 368: 334: 306: 286: 282: 123: 4863: 4631: 4568: 4377: 4317: 4282: 4129: 3994: 3934: 3856: 3761: 542:, the Augustinians preached year-round. He also gave lectures on the Bible as well as 5156: 4902: 4777: 4699: 4212: 1603: 1574: 1468:, with no consideration for any good or evil characteristics, a view referred to as " 1314: 1272: 1264: 1236: 1140: 1106: 956: 687: 597: 503: 495: 483: 330: 302: 222: 4691: 4829:. Texts and Studies in Post-Reformation Thought. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic. 1746: 1536:, a chief authority on the development of this movement, has argued that Vermigli, 1384: 1263:

in 1562. He died on 12 November 1562 in his Zürich home, attended by the physician

1240: 1200:. While in Zürich, Vermigli declined invitations to desirable positions in Geneva, 750: 623: 499: 278: 4817: 4769: 4649:

Overell, M. A. (1984). "Peter Martyr in England 1547–1553: An Alternative View".

4979: 1595: 1569: 1465: 1451: 1256: 1208: 1114: 972: 519: 380: 372: 338: 174: 4997: 4957: 4802: 4787: 1627: 1590:. More of Vermigli's works were found in the libraries of seventeenth-century 1502: 1447: 1326:

between 1576 and 1656 spread Vermigli's influence among Reformed Protestants.

1247:

in her native Italian. He contributed a speech on the Eucharist, arguing that

1201: 1165: 1041:

at Oxford, caused controversy by bringing his wife into his rooms overlooking

1019: 976: 844: 618: 298: 273: 59: 17: 4912:

Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499–1562) and the Outward Instruments of Divine Grace

4541: 2876: 2874: 995:, stepped forward to take his place. The disputation was held in 1549 before 1473: 1221: 1076: 1072: 1029: 911: 872: 724:

In 1541 the Congregation elected Vermigli to the important post of prior of

683: 487: 472: 230: 4501: 805: 342: 104: 4894: 4273:

Bewegung und Beharrung: Aspekte des reformierten Protestantismus 1520–1650

4016:. Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies. Vol. XXXI. Kirksville, MO: 1450:

belief that the Eucharist is simply symbolic or figurative, a view called

293:

and the Eucharist. To satisfy his conscience and avoid persecution by the

5016: 1396: 1310: 1212: 1068: 699: 436:. She died in 1511, when Piero was twelve. Vermigli was attracted to the 421: 297:, he fled Italy for Protestant northern Europe. He ultimately arrived in 256: 245: 210:(8 September 1499 – 12 November 1562) was an Italian-born 78: 2667: 2665: 596:, an internal report on potential reforms of the Church commissioned by 5134: 4670: 1777: 907: 809: 694:, reported his suspicions of Vermigli to the Spanish viceroy of Naples 575: 571: 531: 480: 4713:

Peter Martyr Vermigli and the European Reformations: Semper Reformanda

4341:

Peter Martyr Vermigli and the European Reformations: Semper Reformanda

1638:

Florence brought him forth, Now he wanders as a foreigner and pilgrim

1486: 1059:

Eucharistic liturgy. Vermigli supported the church's position in the

980: 813: 631: 627: 539: 5012: 4735:

Reformers in the Wings: From Geiler Von Kaysersberg to Theodore Beza

4662: 4037:

Calvinism and Scholasticism in Vermigli's Doctrine of Man and Grace

1183:, who strongly disagreed with Vermigli's doctrine of predestination 2621: 2619: 1416: 1376: 1289: 1260: 1248: 1170: 1018:

with Cranmer. The rebellion involved conservative opposition to a

901: 832: 729: 708: 567: 550: 543: 468: 429: 407: 360:

at the Eucharist. Instead, Vermigli taught that Christ remains in

264: 218: 1776:

Maria first married Paolo Zanin, then Gorg Ulrich, a minister in

983:

before the disputation could be held, so three Catholic divines,

348:

Vermigli's best-known theological contribution was defending the

1718:). San Guiliano was probably abandoned before Vermigli's abbacy. 964: 891: 796: 765:

Flight from Italy and first Strasbourg professorship (1542–1547)

535: 1594:

than those of Calvin. Vermigli's works were highly regarded by

659:

during this time, and he had probably rejected the traditional

604:

First controversial preaching and ministry in Lucca (1537–1541)

600:. He may have even travelled to Rome to assist in writing it. 4788:"Vermigli, Pietro Martire [Peter Martyr] (1499–1562)" 4151:. Vol. 1. Zurich: Theological Verlag. pp. 165–176. 3067: 3065: 285:. Through reading these works and studying the Bible and the 4941:(in German). Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 3666: 3664: 608:

The Congregation elected Vermigli abbot of the monastery at

3705: 3703: 3028: 3026: 2698: 2696: 2247: 2245: 2125: 2123: 1375:, itself a reply to the late Thomas Cranmer's work. At 821 682::9–17, a passage commonly used as proof of the doctrine of 4471:

The Oxford Treatise and Disputation on the Eucharist, 1549

4077:

Donnelly, John Patrick, S. J.; Kingdon, Robert M. (1990).

2606: 2604: 1626:

The attribution of this painting to Asper was disputed by

1572:

probably consulted his commentary on Genesis when writing

4881:

Zuidema, Jason (2011). "Peter Martyr: Protestant Monk?".

1556:. Vermigli had a direct role in the modifications of the 1437:, that because Christ retained his divine nature when he 1014:

forced Vermigli to leave Oxford and take up residence at

782:

began to fear that their political independence from the

277:

reform movement, and read Protestant theologians such as

2640: 2638: 2274: 2272: 2074: 2072: 1529:

Lucca, including Girolamo Zanchi and Bernardino Ochino.

1433:

argument from scripture. He also argued on the basis of

2909: 2907: 2905: 2729: 2727: 2140: 2138: 1101:

to leave England, and was advised by Cranmer to do so.

1088:

King Edward died in 1553, followed by the accession of

3351: 2503: 2501: 2499: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1641:

That he might forever be a citizen among those above.

1003:

and a firm Protestant. It focused on the doctrine of

5213:

Regius Professors of Divinity (University of Oxford)

4079:

A Bibliography of the Works of Peter Martyr Vermigli

1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1644:

This is his likeness; the writings conceal his mind;

1516:, the imposition of Protestant worship based on the 4968:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 1024–1025. 4233:

The Reception of Continental Reformation in Britain

3917:"Ex Parte Videntium: Hermeneutics Of The Eucharist" 1472:". Vermigli also believed that God passed over the 955:On arriving in Oxford, Vermigli began lecturing on 706:by inspecting the Congregation's religious houses. 252:, became a standard Reformed theological textbook. 190: 180: 170: 151: 137: 129: 119: 93: 67: 34: 4914:. Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 4786: 4529: 4308:The Zurich Connection and Tudor Political Theology 4305: 4270: 3784: 4062:. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press. 1647:Integrity and piety cannot be represented by art. 1334:into English in 1583, adding to it considerably. 795:he was bound to perform. Vermigli fled Lucca for 432:before enrolling him in a school for children of 271:. He came in contact with leaders of the Italian 3839:"I Corinthians Commentary: Exegetical Tradition" 1113:in 1558, she was re-interred with the relics of 5183:16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians 3147: 3099: 3056: 1635: 1400:but he died before he was able to complete it. 574:. At this post he was also responsible for two 4302:"'Vermilius Absconditus': the Zurich portrait" 4149:Heinrich Bullinger, Life — Thought — Influence 1168:, a fellow Marian exile, came along with him. 959:, denouncing Catholic doctrines of purgatory, 4614:"Predestination and the Thirty-Nine Articles" 4551:"Oxford: Reading Scripture in the University" 4532:Peter Martyr in Italy: An Anatomy of Apostasy 4434:"Conclusion: Vermigli's 'Stromatic' Theology" 3820:Peter Martyr: A Reformer in Exile (1542–1562) 1665: 341:in Strasbourg, so he transferred to Reformed 289:, he came to accept Protestant beliefs about 8: 5193:Converts to Calvinism from Roman Catholicism 4939:Petrus Martyr Vermigli in Zürich (1556–1562) 4797:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 4269:. In Opitz, Peter; Moser, Christian (eds.). 4112:"Strasbourg: Vermigli and the Senior School" 4101:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1010:In 1549, a series of uprisings known as the 391:; he provided theological justification for 4848:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 4616:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 4553:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 4436:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 4399:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 4362:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 4360:"Italy: Religious and Intellectual Ferment" 4197:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 4114:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 3979:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 3919:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 3841:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 3742:. In Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 1727:The convents were San Matteo and La Stella. 1151:. Vermigli had been asked to sign both the 886:. In 1545 Vermigli married his first wife, 732:. The prior at San Frediano exercised some 305:of the Bible under Bucer. English reformer 5188:Italian Calvinist and Reformed theologians 5027: 3977:"Zurich: Professor In The Schola Tigurina" 3721: 3267: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3111: 3095: 3071: 3044: 2224: 2129: 2047: 2035: 263:and was appointed to influential posts as 49: 31: 4397:"A Literary History of the Loci Communes" 3639: 3399: 3387: 3327: 3017: 3005: 2941: 2884: 2865: 2837: 2801: 2702: 2671: 2610: 2450: 2251: 2156: 2011: 1939: 612:in 1537. There he became acquainted with 345:where he taught until his death in 1562. 27:Italian Reformed theologian (1499 – 1562) 4511:Early Writings: Creed, Scripture, Church 3709: 3694: 3682: 3655: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3459: 3447: 3255: 3243: 3231: 3123: 3083: 2849: 2773: 2555: 1322:to organise it. Fifteen editions of the 367:Vermigli developed a strong doctrine of 5198:Canonical Augustinian abbots and priors 5007:Correspondence of Peter Martyr Vermigli 4989:Works by or about Peter Martyr Vermigli 4794:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3954:Shifting Patterns of Reformed Tradition 3339: 2785: 2757: 2745: 2687: 2656: 2644: 2625: 1951: 1879: 1791: 1714:and Sant'Ansano Monastery (attached to 1619: 440:from an early age. In 1514 he became a 416:, where Vermigli entered religious life 5046:Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford 4189:Kirby, W. J. Torrance; Campi, Emidio; 4094: 3787:Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation 3495: 3483: 3471: 3435: 3423: 3375: 3363: 3315: 3303: 3291: 3032: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2913: 2896: 2825: 2789: 2769: 2733: 2718: 2629: 2583: 2426: 2422: 2410: 2398: 2374: 2362: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2302: 2290: 2278: 2263: 2236: 2212: 2200: 2114: 2102: 2090: 2078: 2063: 2023: 1975: 1963: 1927: 1915: 1903: 1891: 1867: 1586:where it was an important textbook at 839:assisted him with money, and reformer 4058:; McLelland, Joseph C., eds. (1999). 4014:Dialogue on the Two Natures in Christ 3670: 3643: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3411: 3171: 3159: 3135: 3001: 2953: 2937: 2925: 2880: 2861: 2813: 2714: 2675: 2595: 2571: 2559: 2543: 2531: 2519: 2507: 2490: 2478: 2466: 2454: 2438: 2386: 2196: 2184: 2172: 2160: 2144: 2051: 1999: 1987: 1810: 1798: 1393:Dialogue on the Two Natures in Christ 1139:. Vermigli often gathered with other 1037:in January 1551. Vermigli, the first 244:, a compilation of excerpts from his 7: 4855:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 4623:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 4560:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 4443:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 4406:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 4369:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 4204:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 4121:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 3986:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 3926:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 3848:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 3801:10.1093/acref/9780195064933.001.0001 3749:A Companion to Peter Martyr Vermigli 3352:Donnelly, James & McLelland 1999 3279: 1461:Institutes of the Christian Religion 1320:Institutes of the Christian Religion 1022:liturgy, which was imposed with the 379:'s will determines election and the 5218:Academic staff of Carolinum, Zürich 4715:. Boston: Brill. pp. 115–138. 4469:———, ed. (2000). 4343:. Boston: Brill. pp. 291–304. 967:fasting. He then spoke against the 843:recommended him to Martin Bucer in 4883:Reformation and Renaissance Review 4846:"Exegesis and Patristic Authority" 4758:Reformation and Renaissance Review 4680:Reformation and Renaissance Review 4452:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.134 4415:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.129 1286:Peter Martyr Vermigli bibliography 969:Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist 570:of the two Lateran monasteries in 522:in 1525 and probably received his 514:Early Italian ministry (1525–1536) 475:, so Vermigli was sent there. The 350:Reformed doctrine of the Eucharist 214:. His early work as a reformer in 196:Reformed doctrine of the Eucharist 25: 4864:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.33 4632:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.99 4569:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.20 4378:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.10 4318:10.1163/ej.9789004156180.i-288.18 4283:10.1163/ej.9789004178069.i-470.36 4130:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.11 3995:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.28 3935:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.50 3894:Christ's Churches Purely Reformed 3857:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.69 3762:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.45 3740:"Exegesis and Theological Method" 1736:He succeeded Tommaso da Piacenza. 1125:Strasbourg and Zürich (1553–1562) 1082:Reformatio legum ecclesiasticarum 5208:Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford 5020: 5002:Post-Reformation Digital Library 4959:"Vermigli, Pietro Martire" 4213:10.1163/ej.9789004175549.i-542.8 3783:. In Hillebrand, Hans J. (ed.). 1512:used by the framers of the 1559 546:in Lateran Congregation houses. 389:Elizabethan religious settlement 4692:10.1179/1462245913Z.00000000027 4432:——— (2009c). 4395:——— (2009b). 4012:Donnelly, John Patrick (1995). 1466:grace or unmerited favour alone 1395:, was written in the form of a 1301:Vermigli is best known for the 1271:cathedral, where his successor 1231:Vermigli attended the abortive 1119:Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford 855:. He began by lecturing on the 716:, where Vermigli was appointed 661:Catholic view of the sacraments 593:Consilium de emendanda ecclesia 549:In 1530 Vermigli was appointed 5013:Works by Peter Martyr Vermigli 5009:at Early Modern Letters Online 4998:Works by Peter Martyr Vermigli 4980:Works by Peter Martyr Vermigli 4910:——— (2008). 4528:——— (1967). 4488:——— (1957). 4358:McLelland, Joseph C. (2009a). 4300:——— (2007). 4265:——— (2009). 4166:——— (1998). 4035:——— (1976). 3975:——— (2009). 3818:——— (1975). 1115:Saint Frithuswith (Frideswide) 743:Corpus Christi College, Oxford 555:San Giovanni in Monte, Bologna 375:. His interpretation was that 337:clashed with those of leading 1: 5223:Canons Regular of the Lateran 4825:Venema, Cornelius P. (2002). 4770:10.1080/14622459.2018.1470599 4651:The Sixteenth Century Journal 4018:Truman State University Press 3813:– via Oxford Reference. 3148:Kirby, Campi & James 2009 3100:Kirby, Campi & James 2009 2163:, pp. 194–195, 197, 200. 1578:. The English edition of the 1342:, but he did not utilise the 884:St. Thomas Church, Strasbourg 450:Canons Regular of the Lateran 221:and his decision to flee for 4818:UK public library membership 3779:Anderson, Marvin W. (1996). 1598:Puritan theologians such as 946:Regius Professor of Divinity 739:St John's College, Cambridge 657:justification by faith alone 5019:(public domain audiobooks) 4549:Methuen, Charlotte (2009). 3057:Donnelly & Kingdon 1990 1235:in the summer of 1561 with 1067:should be forced to wear a 248:organised by the topics of 5249: 4945:Campi, Emidio, ed. (2002) 4737:(2nd ed.). New York: 3958:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 3877:Calvin Theological Journal 1387:, or everywhere. In 1561, 1283: 641:De vera et falsa religione 610:San Pietro ad Aram, Naples 5141: 5127: 5119: 5111: 5101: 5095: 5090: 5080: 5070: 5062: 5052: 5043: 5035: 5030: 4954:Pollard, Albert Frederick 4937:Baumann, Michael (2016). 4330:– via Brill Online. 4295:– via Brill Online. 4110:Hobbs, R. Gerald (2009). 1685:Marcello Virgilio Adriano 1592:Harvard divinity students 201: 163: 159: 147: 48: 41: 4612:Neelands, David (2009). 4054:Donnelly, John Patrick; 3915:Boutin, Maurice (2009). 2175:, p. 195, 197, 199. 1584:Massachusetts Bay Colony 1435:Chalcedonian Christology 1373:Confutatio Cavillationum 1365:Defense Against Gardiner 726:Basilica of San Frediano 714:Basilica of San Frediano 486:and an appreciation for 42: 5131:Christ Church Cathedral 5072:Chair of Hebrew at the 4965:Encyclopædia Britannica 4739:Oxford University Press 4060:The Peter Martyr Reader 3793:Oxford University Press 3781:"Peter Martyr Vermigli" 3738:Amos, N. Scott (2009). 1667:Pietro Martire Vermigli 1660:His name in his native 1520:as the state religion. 1294:Title page of the 1576 1267:. He was buried in the 1179:and Theodor Bibliander 1133:as well as Aristotle's 626:'s commentaries on the 590:leaders working on the 301:where he taught on the 133:Petri Martyris Vermilii 43:Pietro Martire Vermigli 4844:Wright, David (2009). 4803:10.1093/ref:odnb/28225 3956:. Göttingen, Germany: 3952:Campi, Emidio (2014). 3837:Balserak, Jon (2009). 3222:, pp. xxxv–xxxvi. 1683:The school was run by 1666: 1651: 1514:Elizabethan Settlement 1470:unconditional election 1429: 1298: 1184: 1063:, over whether bishop 944:, becoming the second 914: 721: 526:around that time. The 417: 404:Early life (1499–1525) 352:against Catholics and 72:Piero Mariano Vermigli 5228:Writers from Florence 4895:10.1558/rrr.v13i3.373 4785:Taplin, Mark (2004). 4536:. Oxford: Clarendon. 3898:Yale University Press 3198:, p. xxiii–xxiv. 2940:, pp. 4, 33–34; 1703:The monasteries were 1558:Book of Common Prayer 1518:Book of Common Prayer 1420: 1360:Book of Common Prayer 1293: 1175:Painting of Vermigli 1174: 1061:vestarian controversy 1054:Book of Common Prayer 1025:Book of Common Prayer 1012:Prayer Book Rebellion 1001:University Chancellor 905: 755:Celio Secondo Curione 712: 690:, an opponent of the 665:double predestination 465:Saint John of Verdara 448:, a monastery of the 420:Vermigli was born in 411: 387:was important in the 259:, Vermigli entered a 246:biblical commentaries 237:Book of Common Prayer 227:Edwardian Reformation 208:Peter Martyr Vermigli 181:Tradition or movement 36:Peter Martyr Vermigli 5178:Protestant Reformers 4593:. Grand Rapids, MI: 4492:. Grand Rapids, MI: 3756:. pp. 175–194. 1610:Notes and references 890:, a former nun from 553:of the monastery at 508:Marcantonio Flaminio 424:, the centre of the 309:invited him to take 5233:Anglican liturgists 5203:Doctors of Divinity 5173:Christian humanists 5105:San Frediano, Lucca 5098:Tommaso da Piacenza 4731:Steinmetz, David C. 3673:, pp. 143–144. 3630:, pp. 174–175. 3606:, pp. 325–326. 3378:, pp. 202–203. 3174:, pp. 134–135. 3162:, pp. 102–103. 3008:, pp. 112–113. 2944:, pp. 112–113. 2887:, pp. 112–113. 2868:, pp. 112–113. 2401:, pp. 276–277. 2353:, pp. 254–255. 2203:, pp. 155–156. 2117:, pp. 130–131. 1582:was brought to the 1546:scholastic theology 1351:rabbinic literature 1245:Catherine de'Medici 1153:Augsburg Confession 898:England (1547–1553) 888:Catherine Dammartin 837:Bonifacius Amerbach 747:Immanuel Tremellius 734:episcopal authority 696:Don Pedro de Toledo 557:. There he learned 477:University of Padua 438:Catholic priesthood 426:Florentine Republic 319:Catholic proponents 311:an influential post 250:systematic theology 212:Reformed theologian 142:University of Padua 83:Florentine Republic 5114:Francesco da Pavia 4587:Muller, Richard A. 3498:, p. 155-161. 3114:, p. 493–494. 3004:, pp. 4, 35; 2928:, pp. 99–100. 2883:, pp. 4, 32; 2864:, pp. 4, 31; 2365:, p. 265–268. 2105:, p. 128–129. 1716:Sant'Ansano Church 1705:San Giuliano Abbey 1554:Forty-two Articles 1542:Reformed orthodoxy 1430: 1421:1599 engraving by 1299: 1233:Colloquy at Poissy 1190:Theodor Bibliander 1185: 1164:school in Zürich. 1157:Wittenberg Concord 1136:Nicomachean Ethics 1094:Catholic opponents 1005:transubstantiation 936:and the resulting 915: 906:Engraving after a 821:Heinrich Bullinger 722: 616:, a leader of the 598:Pope Paul III 524:Doctor of Divinity 492:Christian humanism 418: 385:political theology 358:physically present 323:transubstantiation 185:Reformed tradition 5151: 5150: 5142:Succeeded by 5112:Succeeded by 5091:Religious titles 5081:Succeeded by 5074:Carolinum, Zürich 5053:Succeeded by 5031:Academic offices 4984:Project Gutenberg 4921:978-3-525-56916-0 4873:978-90-474-2898-5 4836:978-0-8010-2605-8 4816:(Subscription or 4748:978-0-19-513047-8 4722:978-90-04-13914-5 4641:978-90-474-2898-5 4604:978-0-8010-3610-1 4578:978-90-474-2898-5 4520:978-0-940474-32-1 4480:978-0-943549-89-7 4461:978-90-474-2898-5 4424:978-90-474-2898-5 4387:978-90-474-2898-5 4350:978-90-04-13914-5 4327:978-90-474-2038-5 4292:978-90-474-4042-0 4250:978-0-19-726468-3 4222:978-90-474-2898-5 4181:978-0-19-826969-4 4158:978-3-290-17387-6 4139:978-90-474-2898-5 4088:978-0-940474-14-7 4069:978-0-943549-75-0 4046:978-90-04-04482-1 4027:978-0-940474-33-8 4004:978-90-474-2898-5 3967:978-3-525-55065-6 3944:978-90-474-2898-5 3907:978-0-300-10507-0 3866:978-90-474-2898-5 3829:978-90-6004-343-1 3810:978-0-19-518757-1 3771:978-90-474-2898-5 3294:, pp. 11–12. 3035:, pp. 12–13. 2992:, pp. 78–79. 2968:, pp. 76–77. 2899:, pp. 11–12. 2804:, pp. 26–27. 1978:, pp. 84–85. 1538:Wolfgang Musculus 1443:union with Christ 1371:'s 1552 and 1554 1090:Mary I of England 961:clerical celibacy 922:Church of England 802:Bernardino Ochino 784:Holy Roman Empire 780:Republic of Lucca 776:Roman Inquisition 771:Emperor Charles V 688:Gaetano da Thiene 669:Gregory of Rimini 580:Bishop of Spoleto 434:noble Florentines 371:independently of 315:Oxford University 295:Roman Inquisition 205: 204: 113:Swiss Confederacy 87:Holy Roman Empire 16:(Redirected from 5240: 5120:Preceded by 5096:Preceded by 5063:Preceded by 5036:Preceded by 5028: 5024: 5023: 4993:Internet Archive 4969: 4961: 4942: 4925: 4906: 4877: 4840: 4821: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4790: 4781: 4752: 4726: 4703: 4674: 4645: 4608: 4582: 4545: 4535: 4524: 4505: 4484: 4465: 4428: 4391: 4354: 4331: 4311: 4296: 4276: 4261: 4259: 4253:. Archived from 4238: 4226: 4185: 4162: 4143: 4106: 4100: 4092: 4073: 4050: 4031: 4008: 3971: 3948: 3911: 3890:Benedict, Philip 3885: 3870: 3833: 3814: 3790: 3775: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3021: 3015: 3009: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2878: 2869: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2840:, p. 44–46. 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2783: 2777: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2722: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2678:, pp. 4, 8. 2669: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2633: 2623: 2614: 2608: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2133: 2127: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1865: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1781: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1750: 1745:The canons were 1743: 1737: 1734: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1701: 1695: 1693: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1658: 1652: 1648: 1642: 1632:Rudolph Gualther 1624: 1499:Pope Clement VII 1495:universal church 1479:Summa theologiae 1426: 1369:Stephen Gardiner 1367:was in reply to 1309:was compiled by 1227: 1058: 1047:Great Quadrangle 975:. Smyth fled to 938:Augsburg Interim 934:Schmalkaldic War 829:Rudolph Gualther 649: 229:, including the 165:Theological work 130:Other names 109:Canton of Zürich 100: 97:12 November 1562 75:8 September 1499 53: 32: 21: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5145:Richard Bruerne 5138: 5125: 5115: 5108: 5099: 5086: 5077: 5068: 5066:Konrad Pellikan 5058: 5049: 5041: 5021: 4976: 4952: 4949:. Genève: Droz. 4936: 4933: 4931:Further reading 4928: 4922: 4909: 4880: 4874: 4850:James, Frank A. 4843: 4837: 4824: 4815: 4807: 4805: 4784: 4755: 4749: 4729: 4723: 4709:James, Frank A. 4706: 4677: 4663:10.2307/2540841 4648: 4642: 4618:James, Frank A. 4611: 4605: 4585: 4579: 4555:James, Frank A. 4548: 4527: 4521: 4508: 4487: 4481: 4468: 4462: 4438:James, Frank A. 4431: 4425: 4401:James, Frank A. 4394: 4388: 4364:James, Frank A. 4357: 4351: 4337:James, Frank A. 4334: 4328: 4299: 4293: 4264: 4260:on 2 June 2016. 4257: 4251: 4241:British Academy 4236: 4229: 4223: 4199:James, Frank A. 4191:James, Frank A. 4188: 4182: 4172:Clarendon Press 4165: 4159: 4146: 4140: 4116:James, Frank A. 4109: 4093: 4089: 4076: 4070: 4056:James, Frank A. 4053: 4047: 4034: 4028: 4011: 4005: 3981:James, Frank A. 3974: 3968: 3951: 3945: 3921:James, Frank A. 3914: 3908: 3888: 3873: 3867: 3843:James, Frank A. 3836: 3830: 3817: 3811: 3778: 3772: 3744:James, Frank A. 3737: 3733: 3728: 3722:McLelland 2009b 3720: 3716: 3708: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3642:, p. 112; 3638: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3268:McLelland 2009c 3266: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3246:, p. xvii. 3242: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3220:McLelland 2009a 3218: 3214: 3210:, p. xlii. 3208:McLelland 2009a 3206: 3202: 3196:McLelland 2009a 3194: 3190: 3184:McLelland 2009a 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3112:McLelland 2009b 3110: 3106: 3098:, p. 488; 3096:McLelland 2009b 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3072:McLelland 2009b 3070: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3045:McLelland 2009b 3043: 3039: 3031: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2912: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2879: 2872: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2784: 2780: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2725: 2717:, p. 139; 2713: 2709: 2701: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2674:, p. 108; 2670: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2636: 2624: 2617: 2609: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2506: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2225:McLelland 2009a 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2199:, p. 163; 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2159:, p. 107; 2155: 2151: 2143: 2136: 2130:McLelland 2009a 2128: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2070: 2062: 2058: 2048:McLelland 2009a 2046: 2042: 2036:McLelland 2009a 2034: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1958: 1950: 1946: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1890: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1588:Harvard College 1526: 1491:Royal Supremacy 1424: 1423:Hendrik Hondius 1411:scripture alone 1406: 1330:translated the 1288: 1282: 1253:this is my body 1225: 1218:unconditionally 1204:, and England. 1145:right to resist 1127: 1056: 993:Morgan Phillips 989:William Chedsey 985:William Tresham 979:and finally to 900: 853:Wolfgang Capito 841:Oswald Myconius 825:Konrad Pellikan 767: 759:Girolamo Zanchi 680:1 Corinthians 3 643: 606: 584:Francesco Eroli 528:chapter-general 516: 461:Peter of Verona 446:Badia Fiesolana 414:Badia Fiesolana 406: 401: 393:royal supremacy 261:religious order 233:service of the 194:Defense of the 138:Alma mater 115: 102: 98: 89: 76: 74: 73: 63: 56:Pietro Vermigli 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5246: 5244: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5140: 5126: 5123:William Haynes 5121: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5087: 5084:Josias Simmler 5082: 5079: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5051: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5010: 5004: 4995: 4986: 4975: 4974:External links 4972: 4971: 4970: 4950: 4943: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4920: 4907: 4889:(3): 373–386. 4878: 4872: 4841: 4835: 4822: 4782: 4764:(2): 155–167. 4753: 4747: 4727: 4721: 4704: 4675: 4646: 4640: 4609: 4603: 4595:Baker Academic 4583: 4577: 4546: 4525: 4519: 4506: 4485: 4479: 4466: 4460: 4429: 4423: 4392: 4386: 4355: 4349: 4332: 4326: 4297: 4291: 4262: 4249: 4227: 4221: 4195:"Introduction" 4186: 4180: 4163: 4157: 4144: 4138: 4107: 4087: 4074: 4068: 4051: 4045: 4032: 4026: 4009: 4003: 3972: 3966: 3949: 3943: 3912: 3906: 3886: 3871: 3865: 3834: 3828: 3815: 3809: 3776: 3770: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3724:, p. 488. 3714: 3712:, p. 180. 3699: 3687: 3675: 3660: 3658:, p. 374. 3648: 3640:Steinmetz 2001 3632: 3620: 3618:, p. 207. 3608: 3596: 3584: 3582:, p. 173. 3572: 3570:, p. 105. 3560: 3558:, p. 294. 3548: 3546:, p. 295. 3536: 3524: 3522:, p. 291. 3512: 3510:, p. 401. 3500: 3488: 3476: 3464: 3462:, p. 358. 3452: 3450:, p. 360. 3440: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3402:, p. 221. 3400:McLelland 1957 3392: 3390:, p. 185. 3388:McLelland 1957 3380: 3368: 3366:, p. 199. 3356: 3354:, p. 151. 3344: 3342:, p. 131. 3332: 3330:, p. 267. 3328:McLelland 1957 3320: 3318:, p. 123. 3308: 3306:, p. 129. 3296: 3284: 3282:, p. 189. 3272: 3270:, p. 496. 3260: 3258:, p. xix. 3248: 3236: 3234:, p. xvi. 3224: 3212: 3200: 3188: 3176: 3164: 3152: 3150:, p. 2–3. 3140: 3128: 3126:, p. 284. 3116: 3104: 3088: 3086:, p. 172. 3076: 3074:, p. 487. 3061: 3049: 3047:, p. 480. 3037: 3022: 3018:McLelland 1957 3010: 3006:Steinmetz 2001 2994: 2982: 2970: 2958: 2956:, p. 170. 2946: 2942:Steinmetz 2001 2930: 2918: 2901: 2889: 2885:Steinmetz 2001 2870: 2866:Steinmetz 2001 2854: 2842: 2838:McLelland 1957 2830: 2818: 2816:, p. 140. 2806: 2802:McLelland 1957 2794: 2788:, p. 93; 2778: 2772:, p. 10; 2762: 2750: 2738: 2723: 2707: 2705:, p. xxx. 2703:McLelland 2000 2692: 2680: 2672:Steinmetz 2001 2661: 2649: 2634: 2628:, p. 71; 2615: 2611:McLelland 1957 2600: 2598:, p. 137. 2588: 2576: 2564: 2558:, p. 80; 2548: 2536: 2524: 2512: 2495: 2483: 2471: 2459: 2453:, p. 10; 2451:McLelland 1957 2443: 2431: 2429:, p. 290. 2415: 2413:, p. 282. 2403: 2391: 2379: 2377:, p. 271. 2367: 2355: 2343: 2341:, p. 249. 2331: 2329:, p. 239. 2319: 2307: 2305:, p. 221. 2295: 2293:, p. 213. 2283: 2281:, p. 206. 2268: 2266:, p. 193. 2256: 2254:, p. 107. 2252:Steinmetz 2001 2241: 2239:, p. 165. 2229: 2217: 2215:, p. 161. 2205: 2189: 2177: 2165: 2157:Steinmetz 2001 2149: 2147:, p. 136. 2134: 2119: 2107: 2095: 2093:, p. 128. 2083: 2081:, p. 127. 2068: 2066:, p. 125. 2056: 2054:, p. 195. 2050:, p. 28; 2040: 2028: 2026:, p. 118. 2016: 2012:McLelland 1957 2004: 2002:, p. 108. 1992: 1990:, p. 106. 1980: 1968: 1956: 1954:, p. 376. 1944: 1942:, p. 106. 1940:Steinmetz 2001 1932: 1920: 1908: 1896: 1884: 1872: 1815: 1813:, p. 240. 1803: 1801:, p. 235. 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1782: 1769: 1760: 1751: 1738: 1729: 1720: 1696: 1676: 1653: 1636: 1634:, translates: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1534:Richard Muller 1525: 1522: 1405: 1402: 1389:Johannes Brenz 1328:Anthony Marten 1284:Main article: 1281: 1278: 1149:Johann Marbach 1126: 1123: 1039:married priest 1016:Lambeth Palace 926:Thomas Cranmer 899: 896: 859:, followed by 857:minor prophets 766: 763: 704:rector general 673:Thomas Aquinas 653:Church Fathers 614:Juan de Valdés 605: 602: 515: 512: 405: 402: 400: 397: 369:predestination 335:predestination 307:Thomas Cranmer 287:Church Fathers 283:Ulrich Zwingli 203: 202: 199: 198: 192: 188: 187: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 161: 160: 157: 156: 153: 149: 148: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 103: 101:(aged 63) 95: 91: 90: 77: 71: 69: 65: 64: 54: 46: 45: 39: 38: 35: 26: 24: 18:Peter Vermigli 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5245: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5146: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5118: 5107: 5106: 5094: 5089: 5085: 5076: 5075: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5056:Richard Smyth 5048: 5047: 5040: 5039:Richard Smyth 5034: 5029: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4657:(1): 87–104. 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4309: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3899: 3896:. New Haven: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3884:(2): 325–340. 3883: 3879: 3878: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3788: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3710:Donnelly 1976 3706: 3704: 3700: 3697:, p. 62. 3696: 3695:Benedict 2002 3691: 3688: 3684: 3683:Donnelly 1976 3679: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3656:Neelands 2009 3652: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3628:Donnelly 1976 3624: 3621: 3617: 3616:Donnelly 1976 3612: 3609: 3605: 3604:Baschera 2007 3600: 3597: 3594:, p. 50. 3593: 3592:Benedict 2002 3588: 3585: 3581: 3580:Donnelly 1976 3576: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3537: 3534:, p. 96. 3533: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3489: 3486:, p. 70. 3485: 3480: 3477: 3474:, p. 65. 3473: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3460:Neelands 2009 3456: 3453: 3449: 3448:Neelands 2009 3444: 3441: 3438:, p. 64. 3437: 3432: 3429: 3426:, p. 62. 3425: 3420: 3417: 3414:, p. 33. 3413: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3256:Donnelly 1995 3252: 3249: 3245: 3244:Donnelly 1995 3240: 3237: 3233: 3232:Donnelly 1995 3228: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3189: 3186:, p. xv. 3185: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3138:, p. 52. 3137: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3124:Balserak 2009 3120: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3084:Donnelly 1976 3080: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3059:, p. 98. 3058: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3020:, p. 63. 3019: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2983: 2980:, p. 87. 2979: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2919: 2916:, p. 12. 2915: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2850:Anderson 1996 2846: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2774:Anderson 1996 2771: 2766: 2763: 2760:, p. 93. 2759: 2754: 2751: 2748:, p. 92. 2747: 2742: 2739: 2736:, p. 10. 2735: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2690:, p. 90. 2689: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2659:, p. 89. 2658: 2653: 2650: 2647:, p. 71. 2646: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2613:, p. 16. 2612: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2574:, p. 54. 2573: 2568: 2565: 2562:, p. 53. 2561: 2557: 2556:Anderson 1975 2552: 2549: 2546:, p. 53. 2545: 2540: 2537: 2534:, p. 49. 2533: 2528: 2525: 2522:, p. 60. 2521: 2516: 2513: 2510:, p. 50. 2509: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2493:, p. 97. 2492: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2472: 2469:, p. 38. 2468: 2463: 2460: 2457:, p. 38. 2456: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2389:, p. 39. 2388: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2230: 2227:, p. 32. 2226: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2187:, p. 40. 2186: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2132:, p. 30. 2131: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2041: 2038:, p. 28. 2037: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1966:, p. 63. 1965: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1933: 1930:, p. 62. 1929: 1924: 1921: 1918:, p. 60. 1917: 1912: 1909: 1906:, p. 56. 1905: 1900: 1897: 1894:, p. 53. 1893: 1888: 1885: 1882:, p. 14. 1881: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1706: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1686: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1649: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1604:Cotton Mather 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1580:Loci Communes 1577: 1576: 1575:Paradise Lost 1571: 1567: 1566:Loci Communes 1562: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1428: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1341: 1340:typologically 1335: 1333: 1332:Loci Communes 1329: 1325: 1324:Loci Communes 1321: 1316: 1315:Robert Masson 1312: 1308: 1307:Loci Communes 1304: 1303:Loci Communes 1297: 1296:Loci Communes 1292: 1287: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1273:Josias Simler 1270: 1266: 1265:Conrad Gesner 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1237:Theodore Beza 1234: 1229: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141:Marian exiles 1138: 1137: 1132: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1107:Cardinal Pole 1102: 1100: 1099:Privy Council 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035:Christ Church 1031: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 957:1 Corinthians 953: 951: 947: 943: 942:Richard Smyth 939: 935: 931: 927: 924:. Archbishop 923: 919: 913: 909: 904: 897: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 851:, succeeding 850: 849:Senior School 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 798: 794: 788: 785: 781: 777: 772: 764: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 735: 731: 727: 719: 715: 711: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 647: 642: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620: 615: 611: 603: 601: 599: 595: 594: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 564: 561:from a local 560: 556: 552: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 518:Vermigli was 513: 511: 509: 505: 504:Reginald Pole 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 484:scholasticism 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 415: 410: 403: 398: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 303:Old Testament 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 275: 270: 266: 262: 258: 253: 251: 247: 243: 242:Loci Communes 239: 238: 232: 228: 224: 220: 217: 213: 209: 200: 197: 193: 191:Notable ideas 189: 186: 183: 179: 176: 173: 169: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 143: 140: 136: 132: 128: 125: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 70: 66: 61: 57: 52: 47: 40: 33: 30: 19: 5128: 5102: 5071: 5044: 4963: 4946: 4938: 4911: 4886: 4882: 4854: 4826: 4806:. Retrieved 4792: 4761: 4757: 4734: 4712: 4683: 4679: 4654: 4650: 4622: 4590: 4559: 4531: 4510: 4489: 4470: 4442: 4405: 4368: 4340: 4307: 4272: 4255:the original 4232: 4203: 4167: 4148: 4120: 4078: 4059: 4036: 4013: 3985: 3953: 3925: 3893: 3881: 3875: 3847: 3819: 3786: 3748: 3717: 3690: 3685:, p. 3. 3678: 3651: 3646:, p. 4. 3635: 3623: 3611: 3599: 3587: 3575: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3395: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3340:Schantz 2004 3335: 3323: 3311: 3299: 3287: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3179: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3119: 3107: 3102:, p. 2. 3091: 3079: 3052: 3040: 3013: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2933: 2921: 2892: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2828:, p. 9. 2821: 2809: 2797: 2786:Overell 1984 2781: 2765: 2758:Overell 1984 2753: 2746:Overell 1984 2741: 2710: 2688:Overell 1984 2683: 2657:Overell 1984 2652: 2645:Methuen 2009 2626:Methuen 2009 2591: 2586:, p. 8. 2579: 2567: 2551: 2539: 2527: 2515: 2486: 2481:, p. 4. 2474: 2462: 2446: 2441:, p. 3. 2434: 2418: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2370: 2358: 2346: 2334: 2322: 2317:, p. 7. 2310: 2298: 2286: 2259: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2192: 2180: 2168: 2152: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2059: 2043: 2031: 2019: 2014:, p. 3. 2007: 1995: 1983: 1971: 1959: 1952:Zuidema 2011 1947: 1935: 1923: 1911: 1899: 1887: 1880:Zuidema 2008 1875: 1806: 1794: 1772: 1763: 1754: 1747:Paolo Lacizi 1741: 1732: 1723: 1699: 1679: 1672:Peter Martyr 1656: 1637: 1622: 1579: 1573: 1565: 1563: 1557: 1550: 1531: 1527: 1517: 1506: 1484: 1477: 1459: 1456: 1454:or tropism. 1431: 1407: 1392: 1381: 1372: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1344: 1336: 1331: 1323: 1319: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1295: 1269:Grossmünster 1241:queen mother 1230: 1206: 1186: 1180: 1176: 1134: 1128: 1103: 1087: 1080: 1053: 1051: 1023: 1009: 954: 916: 877: 861:Lamentations 818: 789: 768: 751:Paolo Lacizi 723: 691: 677: 639: 624:Martin Bucer 617: 607: 591: 588: 548: 517: 500:Pietro Bembo 454: 419: 366: 347: 331:Marian exile 279:Martin Bucer 272: 254: 241: 236: 207: 206: 164: 99:(1562-11-12) 55: 29: 5168:1562 deaths 5163:1499 births 4808:22 December 4686:(1): 9–19. 3496:Sytsma 2018 3484:Muller 2008 3472:Muller 2008 3436:Muller 2008 3424:Muller 2008 3376:Boutin 2009 3364:Boutin 2009 3316:Wright 2009 3304:Wright 2009 3292:Rester 2013 3033:McNair 1994 2990:Venema 2002 2978:Venema 2002 2966:Venema 2002 2914:McNair 1994 2897:McNair 1994 2826:McNair 1994 2790:Taplin 2004 2770:McNair 1994 2734:McNair 1994 2719:Taplin 2004 2630:Taplin 2004 2584:McNair 1994 2427:McNair 1967 2423:Taplin 2004 2411:McNair 1967 2399:McNair 1967 2375:McNair 1967 2363:McNair 1967 2351:McNair 1967 2339:McNair 1967 2327:McNair 1967 2315:McNair 1994 2303:McNair 1967 2291:McNair 1967 2279:McNair 1967 2264:McNair 1967 2237:McNair 1967 2213:McNair 1967 2201:Sytsma 2018 2115:McNair 1967 2103:McNair 1967 2091:McNair 1967 2079:McNair 1967 2064:McNair 1967 2024:McNair 1967 1976:McNair 1967 1964:McNair 1967 1928:McNair 1967 1916:McNair 1967 1904:McNair 1967 1892:McNair 1967 1868:Taplin 2004 1708: [ 1688: [ 1600:John Cotton 1596:New England 1570:John Milton 1508:City of God 1452:memorialism 1257:Last Supper 1222:their faith 1209:John Calvin 1065:John Hooper 1043:Fish Street 997:Richard Cox 973:disputation 644: [ 381:reprobation 373:John Calvin 231:Eucharistic 175:Reformation 120:Nationality 5157:Categories 5139:1550–1553 5109:1541–1542 5078:1556–1562 5050:1548–1554 4820:required.) 4239:. Oxford: 4170:. Oxford: 3791:. Oxford: 3671:Kirby 2009 3644:James 1998 3568:Kirby 2010 3556:Kirby 2004 3544:Kirby 2004 3532:Kirby 2010 3520:Kirby 2004 3508:Kirby 2009 3412:James 1998 3172:Campi 2014 3160:Campi 2009 3136:Hobbs 2009 3002:James 1998 2954:James 2007 2938:James 1998 2926:Campi 2009 2881:James 1998 2862:James 1998 2814:Kirby 2009 2715:Kirby 2009 2676:James 1998 2596:Kirby 2009 2572:Hobbs 2009 2560:Hobbs 2009 2544:Hobbs 2009 2532:Hobbs 2009 2520:Hobbs 2009 2508:Hobbs 2009 2491:Campi 2009 2479:James 1998 2467:Hobbs 2009 2455:Hobbs 2009 2439:James 1998 2387:James 1998 2197:James 1998 2185:James 1998 2173:James 1998 2161:James 1998 2145:Kirby 2009 2052:James 1998 2000:James 1998 1988:James 1998 1811:Kirby 2007 1799:Kirby 2007 1787:References 1628:Roy Strong 1503:Henry VIII 1448:Anabaptist 1439:became man 1385:ubiquitous 1243:of France 1202:Heidelberg 1166:John Jewel 1020:vernacular 977:St Andrews 845:Strasbourg 808:by way of 692:spirituali 675:at Padua. 619:spirituali 327:Queen Mary 299:Strasbourg 274:spirituali 223:Protestant 152:Ordination 60:Hans Asper 5129:Canon of 5103:Prior of 4903:159676280 4778:171529953 4700:159808893 4589:(2008) . 4542:849189667 4097:cite book 3280:Amos 2009 1474:reprobate 1313:minister 1255:" at the 1251:' words " 1162:Carolinum 1111:Elizabeth 1085:in 1552. 1077:John Foxe 1073:canon law 1030:Pentecost 930:Charles V 918:Edward VI 912:Jos Murer 873:Leviticus 684:purgatory 488:Augustine 481:Thomistic 473:Aristotle 471:to study 457:Dominican 354:Lutherans 339:Lutherans 291:salvation 5133:, First 5017:LibriVox 4956:(1911). 4852:(eds.). 4733:(2001). 4620:(eds.). 4557:(eds.). 4494:Eerdmans 4440:(eds.). 4403:(eds.). 4366:(eds.). 4201:(eds.). 4193:(2009). 4118:(eds.). 3983:(eds.). 3923:(eds.). 3892:(2002). 3845:(eds.). 3746:(eds.). 1404:Theology 1397:dialogue 1345:quadriga 1311:Huguenot 1213:Erasmian 1155:and the 1069:surplice 630:and the 576:convents 520:ordained 422:Florence 257:Florence 255:Born in 216:Catholic 79:Florence 5135:Prebend 4991:at the 4711:(ed.). 4671:2540841 4502:4337417 4339:(ed.). 3731:Sources 1778:Thalwil 1662:Italian 1181:(right) 1045:at the 932:in the 908:woodcut 865:Genesis 810:Ferrara 720:in 1541 636:Zwingli 628:Gospels 572:Spoleto 532:Brescia 444:at the 329:. 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