208:. Learning of Bourtzes' feat, Peter turned back and reached Antioch three days later. After the capture of Antioch, which took place on October 28, the two Byzantine generals resumed their advance on Aleppo, forcing Sa'd al-Dawla to flee. The Byzantines proceeded to attack Aleppo themselves, with the populace withdrawing to the citadel and abandoning the lower city to the imperial troops. After a siege of 27 days, Qarghuyah and his lieutenant
20:
216:, Aleppo and the former Hamdanid domains of northern Syria became an imperial vassal, hostages were given, an annual tribute was to be paid to the emperor, and a Byzantine tax official was to be established in the city. The Byzantines on the other hand recognized Qarguyah as the ruler of Aleppo, and Bakjur as his successor.
274:. The throne was coveted, however, by Bardas Skleros, who as commander-in-chief of the eastern armies and a relative of Tzimiskes had been his effective second in command. In a move designed to lessen Skleros' power, Lekapenos replaced him with Peter and sent him to the post of
310:, the remains of this army were joined by new forces. Under the command of the eunuch Leo, the loyalist army marched east again in autumn 977. The imperial army managed to score a success against Skleros' subordinates, Michael Bourtzes and
219:
After
Nikephoros's assassination by John Tzimiskes in December 969, Peter, despite his close association with the murdered emperor, continued in active service during Tzimiskes's reign (r. 969–976), when he participated in the
290:
already in 969, but this is more likely a generic use in the sense of "commander". Undeterred, Skleros shortly after rose in revolt, being proclaimed emperor by his supporters. Peter was sent out, together with the
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and is known in some modern works as "Peter Phokas". Although a eunuch, Peter proved himself a strong warrior, and his abilities as a general are uniformly praised in contemporary accounts. The historian
673:
302:. During the siege of the rebel fortress of Lapara, however, sometime in the summer of 976, Skleros's army attacked unexpectedly, routing the loyalist army. Withdrawing to
150:, and gave him overall command of the eastern army. This new post is most likely explained by the fact that, being a eunuch, Peter could not occupy the office of
98:. The exact relationship is unclear; although he is termed a slave, it is more likely that he was simply a manservant. Due to a mistranslation of a passage by
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guarded the eastern one. It is possibly during this campaign that Leo the Deacon's incident with his single combat against the "Scythian" leader took place.
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318:, they were decisively defeated by Skleros himself. Among many other loyalist commanders, Peter too fell on the battlefield.
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writes that he "abounded in bodily strength" and records that he once defeated in single combat the leader of a "Scythian" (
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In 968 Nikephoros II himself came east to take up the reins of his army. Peter participated in the emperor's invasion of
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from the high command of the
Byzantine Empire's eastern forces, Nikephoros appointed Peter to the new post of
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According to several
Byzantine sources, Peter was originally a servant or member of the personal retinue of
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in 970–971, while after
Tzimiskes' death he led the loyalist forces against the revolt of the general
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Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Zielke, Beate; Pratsch, Thomas, eds. (2013).
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In 976, Tzimiskes died, and the throne reverted to the legitimate emperors of the
123:. Nothing is known of his early life and career, but he may have held the post of
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of
Antioch instead. It is at this point that Peter probably received the rank of
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The
Perfect Servant: Eunuchs and the Social Construction of Gender in Byzantium
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and the subsequent prolonged siege of
Antioch, which culminated in the
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had the initiative, seizing one of the city's main towers in a
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and took
Muhammad captive, until the Antiochenes ransomed him.
276:
196:. At this time, Peter was marching with his forces towards
286:; he is mentioned by Leo the Deacon and Arab sources as a
603:. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.
586:"Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online"
298:, against the rebel's stronghold, the region around
238:. He is mentioned as guarding the western wall of
158:troops under Muhammad ibn Isa, who had arrived at
548:. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
521:Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976–1025)
129:(master of the table) as Arab sources call him
45:general. Originally a servant of the powerful
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674:Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
513:(in French). Paris: Éditions Albin Michel.
314:, but in a pitched battle at Rhageai near
140:In spring 967, following the dismissal of
507:Le monde byzantin: Vie et mort de Byzance
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86:, falling in battle in autumn 977.
16:Byzantine eunuch general (died 977)
545:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
74:, he fought as a senior commander
14:
621:The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025
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654:10th-century Byzantine generals
1:
597:Ringrose, Kathryn M. (2003).
224:in Bulgaria as leader of the
540:Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich
265:, under the tutelage of the
684:Byzantines killed in battle
162:. Peter defeated them near
58:of the East) under Emperor
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246:by the Byzantines, while
181:. In this operation, the
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592:(in German). De Gruyter.
152:Domestic of the Schools
66:and the subjugation of
618:Whittow, Mark (1996).
24:
257:, the young brothers
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222:war against the Rus'
212:capitulated. In the
96:Nikephoros II Phokas
60:Nikephoros II Phokas
689:10th-century slaves
488:, pp. 362–363.
464:, pp. 361–362.
428:, pp. 196–197.
392:, pp. 137–138.
296:Eustathios Maleinos
659:Byzantine generals
380:, Petros (#26496).
255:Macedonian dynasty
200:on the request of
38:; died 977) was a
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669:History of Aleppo
664:Byzantine eunuchs
610:978-0-226-72015-9
571:Missing or empty
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268:parakoimomenos
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306:in western
242:during its
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47:Cappadocian
649:977 deaths
643:Categories
322:References
240:Dorostolon
135:aṭ-Ṭrabāzī
84:Asia Minor
293:patrikios
288:patrikios
283:patrikios
232:Macedonia
202:Qarghuyah
184:strategos
156:Khurasani
90:Biography
40:Byzantine
504:(1946).
308:Anatolia
304:Kotyaion
300:Melitene
259:Basil II
171:Hamdanid
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316:Iconium
227:tagmata
160:Antioch
100:Zonaras
64:Antioch
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236:Thrace
210:Bakjur
198:Aleppo
121:Thrace
117:Magyar
68:Aleppo
43:eunuch
36:Πέτρος
511:(PDF)
244:siege
175:Syria
32:Greek
28:Peter
626:ISBN
605:ISBN
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550:ISBN
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378:PmbZ
277:doux
261:and
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