384:, lists of destinations along Roman roads, as the distances between points along the routes are indicated. Travelers would not have possessed anything so sophisticated as a modern map, but they needed to know what lay ahead of them on the road and how far. The Peutinger Table represents these roads as a series of stepped lines along which destinations have been marked in order of travel. The shape of the parchment pages accounts for the conventional rectangular layout. However, a rough similarity to the coordinates of
33:
561:
480:. . . ; I wish, however, and request that after his death it should be turned over to public use, such as some library." However, when the map was in the possession of Peutinger and his sons, others could only gain access to it directly on rare occasions. The map then became lost and was only rediscovered in 1597 by Marcus Welser (a member of the
488:), it was the description of the humanist Beatus Rhenanus that "aroused an intense desire in many people to inspect it." During the time it was lost, Peutinger and Welser attempted to create a facsimile edition of the map from the sketches they kept. These sketches were published in 1591 and the above-mentioned
313:
shown are distorted, especially in the east–west direction. The map shows many Roman settlements, the roads connecting them, and the distances between them, as well as other features such as rivers, mountains, forests, and seas. In total, no fewer than 555 cities and 3,500 other place names are shown
391:
The stages and cities are represented by hundreds of functional place symbols, used with discrimination from the simplest icon of a building with two towers to the elaborate individualized "portraits" of the three great cities. The editors
Annalina and Mario Levi concluded that the semi-schematic,
294:
560:
428:, after whom the map is named. The Peutinger family kept possession of the map for more than two hundred years until it was sold in 1714. It then was passed repeatedly between several royal and elite families until it was purchased by
206:
anachronistic for a 4th century map. Bowersock concluded that the original source is likely the map made by
Vipsanius Agrippa. This dating is also consistent with the map's inclusion of the Roman town of
476:
When Celtes gave the map to
Peutinger, he left instructions that later would influence its subsequent history and finally lead to the publication in 1598: "I bequeath to Mr. Dr. Conrad Peutinger the
463:) to the ancient Roman Empire. Celtes and Peutinger took pains to eliminate clues related to the map's original whereabouts and thus knowledge about its first three hundred years is likely lost.
459:
The map is considered by several scholars to have come into Celtes's possession by means of theft. Celtes, Peutinger, and their emperor tended to target artifacts that connected their empire (the
790:
499:, and in recognition of this, it was displayed to the public for a single day on 26 November 2007. Because of its fragile condition, it is not usually on public display.
549:
published a copy in London, and in 1911 a sheet was added showing the reconstructed sections of the
British Isles and the Iberian peninsula missing in the original.
1068:
570:
A modern version of the Roman Tabula
Peutingeriana, without the reconstructed British and Iberian panel in the west to India in the east. (Konrad Miller, 1887)
125:. According to one hypothesis, the existing map is based on a document of the 4th or 5th century that contained a copy of the world map originally prepared by
541:
In 1753 Franz
Christoph von Scheyb published a copy, and in 1872 Konrad Miller, a German professor, was allowed to copy the map. Several publishing houses in
1259:
1501:
1433:
377:
indicates that a twelfth original section has been lost in the surviving copy; the missing section was reconstructed in 1898 by Konrad Miller.
1511:
1289:
1140:
1043:
Welser, Marcus (1558-1614) Auteur adapté; Peutinger, Konrad (1465-1547) Auteur adapté; Ortelius, Abraham (1527-1598) Auteur du texte (1598).
1008:
974:
940:
906:
681:
226:
The original Roman map, of which this may be the only surviving copy, was last revised in the 4th or early 5th century. It shows the city of
1369:
660:
Emily Albu, The
Medieval Peutinger Map: Imperial Roman Revival in a German Empire. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014
1521:
1348:
Gautier Dalché, Patrick. 2003. "The
Medieval and Renaissance Transmission of the Tabula Peutingeriana". Translated by W. L. North. In
1312:
1182:
1172:
1118:
41:(section of a modern facsimile), top to bottom: Dalmatian coast, Adriatic Sea, southern Italy, Sicily, African Mediterranean coast
153:
388:'s earth-mapping gives some writers hope that some terrestrial representation was intended by the unknown original compilers.
496:
619:
567:
1443:
252:
suggests that this information could have been preserved in the textual, not cartographic, form. The map also mentions
581:
216:
1359:. Edited by S. Bianchetti, M. R. Cataudella, and H. -J. Gehrke, 337–362. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.
1516:
1506:
647:
615:
449:
160:
1393:
1417:
1244:
362:
176:
126:
1082:
238:
from 402 to 476, which suggests a fifth century revision to Levi and Levi. The presence of certain cities of
1481:
1383:
429:
305:), designed to give a practical overview of the road network, as opposed to an accurate representation of
1426:
1083:"Fragmenta Tabulae antiquae in quis aliquot per Rom. Provincias Itinera ex Peutingerorum bibliotheca"
546:
306:
235:
1268:
Schmidt-Burkhardt, Astrit (2020), "Die
Papierschlange. Scheybs Kampf mit der Tabula Peutingeriana",
643:
278:, the state-run road network. It has been proposed that the surviving copy was created by a monk in
159:
Named after the 16th century German antiquarian Konrad
Peutinger, the map has been conserved at the
528:
122:
855:
283:
244:
1345:. Edited by Richard J. A. Talbert and Richard W. Unger, 99–110. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
416:
in 1494, who was unable to publish his find before his death and bequeathed the map in 1508 to
32:
1308:
1285:
1168:
1136:
1114:
1062:
1004:
998:
970:
936:
930:
902:
896:
677:
460:
370:
239:
184:
98:
1132:
671:
1277:
1211:— Includes the best easily available reproduction of the Tabula Peutingeriana, at 2:3 scale.
964:
508:
417:
149:
1388:
854:(Epitoma rei militaris 3, 6) suggest a more detailed "pictorial itinerary" than either the
623:
1437:
1298:
293:
274:
198:
The early imperial dating for the archetype of the map is supported by American historian
188:
78:
1190:
1463:
1357:
Brill's Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition
484:
and relative of Peutinger). According to Welser, who wrote a commentary on the map (the
466:
Unger opines that continuing to call this map "Peutinger" means honoring the pilfering.
1160:
409:
319:
227:
220:
199:
90:
55:
511:
and published shortly after his death in 1598. A partial first edition was printed at
1495:
1404:
Peutinger map as a seamless whole, in color, with overlaid layers, by Richard Talbert
1254:
841:
Not all the stages are between towns: sometimes a crossroads marks the staging point.
481:
413:
374:
358:
145:
102:
1485:
1249:
456:
palace in Vienna, and due to its fragility is housed away from any public display.
286:
measuring 6.75 metres long and 0.35 metres high, assembled from eleven sections, a
203:
140:
has suggested that the existing map could instead be based on an original from the
106:
83:
1341:
Elliott, Thomas. 2008. "Constructing a Digital Edition for the Peutinger Map". In
1044:
17:
1455:
1281:
1355:
Rathmann, Michael. 2016. "The Tabula Peutingeriana and Antique Cartography". In
1150:
520:
381:
354:
302:
287:
141:
114:
70:
175:
is thought to be a distant descendant of a map prepared under the direction of
1226:
852:...viarum qualitas, compendia, diverticula, montes, flumina ad fidem descripta
470:
249:
137:
932:
Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Fresh Perspectives, New Methods
630:. NY: Haper and Brothers. Accessed 30 August 2024 via biblicalcyclopedia.com.
334:
330:
314:
on the map. The three most important cities of the Roman Empire at the time—
192:
1484:
plots of nearly all points in segments in Non-European regions, for use in
1000:
Making Space Public in Early Modern Europe: Performance, Geography, Privacy
1477:
1467:: real-size reproduction with permission of the National Austrian Library
1403:
437:
425:
421:
397:
346:
310:
180:
130:
1327:
Albu, Emily. 2005. "Imperial Geography and the Medieval Peutinger Map".
584:
contains a substantive discussion of a possible copyist error in the map
1471:
1302:
1263:, vol. 17 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 637
963:
Wood, Christopher S.; Wood, Professor Christopher S. (15 August 2008).
791:"The Medieval and Renaissance Transmission of the Tabula Peutingeriana"
512:
453:
392:
semi-pictorial symbols reproduce Roman cartographic conventions of the
385:
366:
350:
323:
254:
231:
208:
628:
The Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature
542:
433:
279:
212:
144:
period. According to Albu, the map was likely stolen by the humanist
118:
94:
1221:— Includes a reproduction of the Tabula Peutingeriana, at 1:1 scale.
469:
An early scholar who accused Celtes of the theft was the theologian
329:
Besides the totality of the empire, the map also shows areas in the
1207:
Itineraria picta: Contributo allo studio della Tabula Peutingeriana
148:, who bequeathed it to his friend, the economist and archaeologist
966:
Forgery, Replica, Fiction: Temporalities of German Renaissance Art
342:
1352:. Edited by Francesco Prontera, 43–52. Florence: Leo S. Olschki.
315:
110:
361:, one of the main ports for trade with the Roman Empire on the
282:
in 1265, but this is disputed. The map consists of an enormous
1450:
179:, a Roman general, architect, and a confidant to the emperor
1408:
258:, a state that came into existence only in the 5th century.
599:
597:
272:
is thought to be the only known surviving map of the Roman
89:
The map is a parchment copy, dating from around 1200, of a
1248:
163:(the former Imperial Court Library) in Vienna since 1738.
1334:
Brodersen, Kai. 2004. "Mapping (in) the Ancient World".
242:
that were destroyed in the mid-fifth century provides a
215:, which was never rebuilt after its destruction in an
726:, pp. 169–170, 175, 177, 178–179, 181, 182, 184.
183:; it was engraved in stone and put on display in the
997:
Vanhaelen, Angela; Ward, Joseph P. (26 April 2013).
436:; upon his death in 1737, it was purchased for the
408:The map was discovered in a library in the city of
365:. On the western end of the scroll, the absence of
76:(ancient Roman road map) showing the layout of the
1111:Rome in the East: The transformation of an empire
898:Mapping European Empire: Tabulae imperii Europaei
326:—are represented with special iconic decoration.
248:(a map's latest plausible creation date), though
1447:(high-resolution JPEGs & Alphabetical index)
301:It is a very schematic map (similar to a modern
676:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13, 14.
507:The map was copied for Brabantian cartographer
156:as part of a large-scale book stealing scheme.
1350:Tabula Peutingeriana. Le Antiche Vie Del Mondo
58:for 'The Peutinger Map'), also referred to as
400:, of which this is the sole known testimony.
8:
1459:– Interactive Navigation and Index with Zoom
1343:Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages
1304:Rome's World: The Peutinger Map Reconsidered
1227:"The Tabula Peutingeriana, a Roman Road Map"
442:
1067:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
859:
773:
771:
267:
68:
47:
36:
27:Map of the road network in the Roman Empire
1413:as route planner, plotted on OpenStreetMap
969:. University of Chicago Press. p. 8.
603:
1451:Sorin Olteanu's LTDM Project (soltdm.com)
806:
735:
723:
1418:Bibliotheca Augustana: complete scan of
750:
638:
636:
531:published another version in Amsterdam,
495:In 2007, the map was placed on UNESCO's
292:
230:, founded in 328, and the prominence of
31:
829:
593:
1472:Commentary on the Tabula Peutingeriana
1219:(in Italian), Bologna: Edizioni Edison
1060:
762:
746:
744:
545:then made copies. In 1892, publishers
290:reproduction of the original scroll.
7:
1215:Levi, Annalina; Levi, Mario (1978),
1205:Levi, Annalina; Levi, Mario (1967),
1181:Lendering, Jona (12 October 2020) ,
1030:
882:
817:
713:. White Star Publishers. p. 16.
704:
702:
700:
527:in December 1598, also at Antwerp.
1474:Online-Database of the DFG-project
1149:Bell, Bethany (26 November 2007),
1131:, Transaction Publishers, p.
1113:, London and New York: Routledge,
777:
440:Imperial Court Library in Vienna (
25:
1502:Historic maps of the Roman Empire
1209:(in Italian), Rome: Bretschneider
929:Unger, Richard (31 August 2008).
895:Foster, Russell (26 June 2015).
559:
448:). It is today conserved at the
396:described by 4th century writer
129:during the reign of the emperor
1270:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Ideengeschichte
1152:Ancient Roman road map unveiled
1003:. Routledge. pp. 132–134.
789:Patrick Gautier-Dalché (2003).
380:The map appears to be based on
202:, based on numerous details of
1307:, Cambridge University Press,
670:Albu, Emily (29 August 2014).
1:
532:
492:was the work's introduction.
345:. It also shows a "Temple to
341:), and even an indication of
1512:Memory of the World Register
1394:Resources in other libraries
1282:10.17104/1863-8937-2020-1-77
1167:, Harvard University Press,
873:Accession number: Codex 324.
497:Memory of the World Register
582:Jublains archeological site
523:, who would print the full
191:area in Rome, close to the
1538:
901:. Routledge. p. 116.
673:The Medieval Peutinger Map
644:"Die Tabula Peutingeriana"
82:, the road network of the
1522:Austrian National Library
1389:Resources in your library
1245:Ravenstein, Ernest George
648:Austrian National Library
450:Austrian National Library
161:Austrian National Library
1336:Journal of Roman Studies
517:Fragmenta tabulæ antiquæ
363:southwest coast of India
333:, India and the Ganges,
177:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
1260:Encyclopædia Britannica
1217:La Tabula Peutingeriana
478:Itinerarium Antonii Pii
297:Rome (from a facsimile)
1129:History of Cartography
1109:Ball, Warwick (2000),
935:. BRILL. p. 119.
860:
443:
430:Prince Eugene of Savoy
298:
268:
69:
62:, Peutinger tables or
48:
42:
37:
1478:AncientMiddleEast.com
1440:, Cartographic Images
1427:Slide #120 Monograph:
711:Maps Through the Ages
296:
35:
1465:Tabula Peutingeriana
1457:Tabula Peutingeriana
1445:Tabula Peutingeriana
1431:, First century A.D.
1429:Tabula Peutingeriana
1420:Tabula Peutingeriana
1411:Tabula Peutingeriana
1375:Tabula Peuringeriana
1127:Bagrow, Leo (2010),
861:Tabula Peutingeriana
751:Levi & Levi 1967
547:Williams and Norgate
357:) on the modern-day
269:Tabula Peutingeriana
236:Western Roman Empire
154:Emperor Maximilian I
93:original. It covers
66:, is an illustrated
49:Tabula Peutingeriana
38:Tabula Peutingeriana
1045:"Tabula itineraria"
650:. 21 November 2018.
529:Johannes Janssonius
424:and antiquarian in
307:geographic features
123:Indian subcontinent
1436:2007-04-21 at the
1225:Nussli, Christos,
885:, pp. 13, 14.
856:Antonine Itinerary
412:by German scholar
299:
245:terminus ante quem
133:(27 BC – AD 14).
60:Peutinger's Tabula
43:
18:Peutingerian Table
1517:Roman itineraries
1507:13th-century maps
1370:Library resources
1291:978-3-406-74861-5
1142:978-1-4128-2518-4
1010:978-1-135-10467-2
976:978-0-226-90597-6
942:978-90-474-4319-3
908:978-1-317-59306-5
683:978-1-107-05942-9
461:Holy Roman Empire
371:Iberian Peninsula
240:Germania Inferior
185:Porticus Vipsania
152:, who gave it to
99:Iberian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
1529:
1317:
1299:Talbert, Richard
1294:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1220:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1189:, archived from
1177:
1156:
1145:
1123:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1087:www.europeana.eu
1079:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
994:
988:
987:
985:
983:
960:
954:
953:
951:
949:
926:
920:
919:
917:
915:
892:
886:
880:
874:
871:
865:
863:
848:
842:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
804:
798:
797:
795:
786:
780:
775:
766:
760:
754:
748:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
714:
709:Brown, Kevin J.
706:
695:
694:
692:
690:
667:
661:
658:
652:
651:
640:
631:
624:"Eleutheropolis"
613:
607:
601:
563:
537:
534:
521:Johannes Moretus
515:in 1591 (titled
509:Abraham Ortelius
503:Printed editions
446:
418:Konrad Peutinger
394:itineraria picta
339:Insula Taprobane
271:
211:near modern-day
150:Konrad Peutinger
113:, including the
74:
51:
40:
21:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1492:
1491:
1438:Wayback Machine
1400:
1399:
1398:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1324:
1322:Further reading
1315:
1297:
1292:
1267:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1214:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1183:"Peutinger Map"
1180:
1175:
1161:Bowersock, Glen
1159:
1148:
1143:
1126:
1121:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1011:
996:
995:
991:
981:
979:
977:
962:
961:
957:
947:
945:
943:
928:
927:
923:
913:
911:
909:
894:
893:
889:
881:
877:
872:
868:
849:
845:
840:
836:
828:
824:
816:
812:
805:
801:
793:
788:
787:
783:
776:
769:
761:
757:
749:
742:
734:
730:
722:
718:
708:
707:
698:
688:
686:
684:
669:
668:
664:
659:
655:
642:
641:
634:
620:John McClintock
614:
610:
604:Ravenstein 1911
602:
595:
591:
578:
573:
572:
571:
569:
564:
555:
535:
505:
406:
275:cursus publicus
264:
262:Map description
189:Campus Agrippae
169:
109:, and parts of
79:cursus publicus
64:Peutinger Table
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1480:, geo-located
1475:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1441:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:External links
1362:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1295:
1290:
1265:
1255:Chisholm, Hugh
1241:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1193:on 5 June 2023
1178:
1173:
1157:
1146:
1141:
1124:
1119:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1074:
1035:
1023:
1009:
989:
975:
955:
941:
921:
907:
887:
875:
866:
843:
834:
822:
820:, p. 123.
810:
807:Lendering 2020
799:
781:
767:
755:
740:
738:, p. 185.
736:Bowersock 1994
728:
724:Bowersock 1994
716:
696:
682:
662:
653:
632:
608:
606:, p. 637.
592:
590:
587:
586:
585:
577:
574:
566:
565:
558:
557:
556:
554:
551:
504:
501:
405:
402:
320:Constantinople
263:
260:
234:, seat of the
228:Constantinople
221:Mount Vesuvius
200:Glen Bowersock
168:
165:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1534:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:9780521764803
1310:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1174:0-674-77756-5
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1120:0-415-11376-8
1116:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1012:
1006:
1002:
1001:
993:
990:
978:
972:
968:
967:
959:
956:
944:
938:
934:
933:
925:
922:
910:
904:
900:
899:
891:
888:
884:
879:
876:
870:
867:
862:
857:
853:
847:
844:
838:
835:
832:, p. 189
831:
826:
823:
819:
814:
811:
808:
803:
800:
792:
785:
782:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
759:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
732:
729:
725:
720:
717:
712:
705:
703:
701:
697:
685:
679:
675:
674:
666:
663:
657:
654:
649:
646:(in German).
645:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
588:
583:
580:
579:
575:
568:
562:
552:
550:
548:
544:
539:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
502:
500:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
482:Welser family
479:
474:
472:
467:
464:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
445:
444:Hofbibliothek
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:Conrad Celtes
411:
403:
401:
399:
395:
389:
387:
383:
382:"itineraries"
378:
376:
375:British Isles
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:Malabar Coast
356:
353:(present-day
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
312:
308:
304:
295:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:
270:
261:
259:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
166:
164:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
146:Conrad Celtes
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:British Isles
100:
97:(without the
96:
92:
87:
85:
81:
80:
75:
73:
72:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:
50:
39:
34:
30:
19:
1464:
1456:
1444:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1409:Omnes Viae:
1384:Online books
1374:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1303:
1276:(1): 77‒92,
1273:
1269:
1258:
1234:, retrieved
1231:Euratlas.net
1230:
1216:
1206:
1195:, retrieved
1191:the original
1186:
1165:Roman Arabia
1164:
1151:
1128:
1110:
1090:. Retrieved
1086:
1077:
1052:. Retrieved
1048:
1038:
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
999:
992:
980:. Retrieved
965:
958:
946:. Retrieved
931:
924:
912:. Retrieved
897:
890:
878:
869:
851:
846:
837:
830:Talbert 2010
825:
813:
802:
784:
765:, p. 37
758:
731:
719:
710:
687:. Retrieved
672:
665:
656:
627:
616:James Strong
611:
540:
524:
516:
506:
494:
489:
485:
477:
475:
468:
465:
458:
441:
407:
393:
390:
379:
338:
328:
300:
273:
265:
253:
243:
225:
204:Roman Arabia
197:
172:
170:
158:
135:
107:North Africa
91:Late Antique
88:
84:Roman Empire
77:
67:
63:
59:
46:
45:
44:
29:
1486:GoogleEarth
1331:57:136‒148.
1329:Imago Mundi
1250:"Map"
1016:23 February
982:23 February
948:23 February
914:23 February
850:Vegetius' "
763:Bagrow 2010
689:23 February
536: 1652
420:, a German
355:Kodungallur
311:land masses
303:transit map
142:Carolingian
115:Middle East
71:itinerarium
1496:Categories
1338:94:183–190
1155:, BBC News
1103:References
1092:2021-02-26
1054:2021-02-26
753:, p.
471:Johann Eck
373:, and the
250:Emily Albu
223:in AD 79.
195:building.
138:Emily Albu
121:, and the
1422:1887-1888
1236:15 August
1031:Bell 2007
883:Albu 2014
818:Ball 2000
490:Praefatio
486:Praefatio
335:Sri Lanka
331:Near East
193:Ara Pacis
167:Archetype
136:However,
1434:Archived
1301:(2010),
1247:(1911),
1163:(1994),
1063:cite web
622:(1880).
576:See also
438:Habsburg
432:for 100
426:Augsburg
422:humanist
398:Vegetius
347:Augustus
288:medieval
217:eruption
181:Augustus
131:Augustus
101:and the
1257:(ed.),
1197:12 July
1049:Gallica
864:offers.
858:or the
513:Antwerp
454:Hofburg
452:at the
404:History
386:Ptolemy
367:Morocco
351:Muziris
324:Antioch
255:Francia
232:Ravenna
209:Pompeii
187:in the
127:Agrippa
1372:about
1311:
1288:
1187:Livius
1171:
1139:
1117:
1007:
973:
939:
905:
778:Nussli
680:
626:. In:
543:Europe
525:Tabula
434:ducats
369:, the
309:: the
284:scroll
280:Colmar
213:Naples
173:Tabula
119:Persia
95:Europe
1253:, in
794:(PDF)
589:Notes
519:) by
410:Worms
349:" at
343:China
56:Latin
1482:.KMZ
1309:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1238:2016
1199:2023
1169:ISBN
1137:ISBN
1115:ISBN
1069:link
1018:2022
1005:ISBN
984:2022
971:ISBN
950:2022
937:ISBN
916:2022
903:ISBN
691:2022
678:ISBN
618:and
322:and
316:Rome
266:The
171:The
111:Asia
1449:at
1278:doi
553:Map
219:of
105:),
1498::
1284:,
1274:14
1272:,
1229:,
1185:,
1135:,
1133:37
1085:.
1065:}}
1061:{{
1047:.
770:^
743:^
699:^
635:^
596:^
538:.
533:c.
473:.
318:,
117:,
86:.
1488:.
1280::
1095:.
1071:)
1057:.
1033:.
1020:.
986:.
952:.
918:.
796:.
693:.
337:(
54:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
