230:
133:
26:
2201:
687:"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061"
310:
are under preliminary research, as of 2020, but there is no evidence that flavonoids have antioxidant activity in vivo, or affect physical health or diseases. Tea has one of the highest contents of flavonoids among common food and beverage products.
457:"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (tea), including catechins in green tea, and improvement of endothelium-dependent vasodilation (ID 1106, 1310), maintenance of normal blood pressure"
161:
Catechins constitute about 25% of the dry mass of a fresh tea leaf, although total catechin content varies widely depending on species, clonal variation, growing location, season, light variation, and altitude. They are present in nearly all
583:
Del Rio, Daniele; Stewart, Amanda J.; Mullen, William; Burns, Jennifer; Lean, Michael E. J.; Brighenti, Furio; Crozier, Alan (2004). "HPLC-MSnAnalysis of
Phenolic Compounds and Purine Alkaloids in Green and Black Tea".
253:
with increasing degrees of oxidation of tea leaves. Theaflavins contribute to the bitterness and astringency of black tea. The mean amount of theaflavins in a cup of black tea (200 ml) is 12.18 mg.
736:
Chung, Mei; Zhao, Naisi; Wang, Deena; Shams-White, Marissa; Karlsen, Micaela; Cassidy, AedĂn; Ferruzzi, Mario; Jacques, Paul F.; Johnson, Elizabeth J.; Wallace, Taylor C. (19 February 2020).
315:
are the largest type of flavonoids in growing tea leaves. According to a report released by USDA, in a 200-ml cup of tea, the mean total content of flavonoids is 266.68 mg for
738:"Dose–Response Relation between Tea Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Studies"
718:
1711:
722:
488:
Pietta, P. G.; Simonetti, P.; Gardana, C.; Brusamolino, A.; Morazzoni, P.; Bombardelli, E. (1998). "Catechin metabolites after intake of green tea infusions".
20:
534:
Peterson, J.; Dwyer, J.; Bhagwat, S.; Haytowitz, D.; Holden, J.; Eldridge, A.L.; Beecher, G.; Aladesanmi, J. (2005). "Major flavonoids in dry tea".
257:
Three main types of theaflavins are found in black tea, namely theaflavin (TF-1), theaflavin-3-gallate (TF-2), and theaflavin-3,3-digallate (TF-3).
430:
Balentine DA, Harbowy ME, Graham HN (1998). "Tea: the Plant and its
Manufacture; Chemistry and Consumption of the Beverage". In Spiller GA (ed.).
154:(EGCG), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin-3-gallate (ECg), epigallocatechin (EGC), catechin, and gallocatechin (GC). The content of EGCG is higher in
439:
1767:
2122:
619:
Crozier, Alan; Jaganath, Indu B.; Clifford, Michael N. (2009). "Dietary phenolics: Chemistry, bioavailability and effects on health".
206:
685:
EFSA Panel on
Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)2, 3 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy (2010).
210:
804:
188:
417:
1928:
1747:
195:
could not be shown for a link between tea catechins and the maintenance of normal blood LDL-cholesterol concentration.
1762:
1729:
868:
573:
U.S. Department of
Agriculture, USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.1, January 2007
1278:
151:
144:
1376:
1345:
1334:
273:
202:
1873:
1757:
349:
281:
93:
2117:
1752:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1569:
1451:
1094:
664:
1724:
1619:
628:
332:
331:
A 2020 review found low- to moderate-quality evidence that daily tea consumption might lower the risk for
1938:
1838:
1706:
1624:
1609:
1589:
1584:
1574:
1564:
1483:
1478:
1468:
1309:
1299:
712:
344:
198:
229:
2083:
1699:
1599:
1559:
633:
1614:
1604:
1579:
1473:
1303:
1235:
1159:
101:
2106:
1719:
1594:
1169:
797:
513:
132:
2099:
2092:
1329:
1119:
986:
888:
818:
769:
646:
601:
505:
435:
399:
168:
62:
1908:
1903:
1674:
1366:
1319:
1021:
996:
951:
759:
749:
698:
638:
593:
551:
543:
497:
468:
389:
381:
97:
1970:
1923:
1339:
1292:
1230:
976:
961:
893:
25:
2152:
1797:
1684:
1679:
1638:
1512:
1411:
1207:
1114:
946:
928:
878:
831:
764:
737:
394:
369:
2219:
1787:
1533:
1406:
1401:
1288:
1245:
1099:
1031:
971:
790:
517:
2225:
2204:
2177:
2167:
2162:
2142:
2071:
2041:
1975:
1446:
1202:
1184:
1149:
1054:
1001:
991:
956:
1253:
455:
EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on
Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies) (2011).
1980:
1861:
1691:
1421:
1386:
1324:
1314:
1212:
1164:
981:
966:
908:
385:
277:
250:
237:
infusion: Finer black tea has a more orange tone than red as a result of higher
105:
34:
754:
547:
2157:
2134:
1913:
1898:
1878:
1501:
1456:
1436:
1396:
1391:
1381:
1371:
1222:
1134:
1109:
1084:
1064:
1036:
1011:
913:
898:
301:
289:
269:
246:
238:
214:
113:
82:
74:
54:
703:
686:
473:
456:
2147:
2026:
2021:
2000:
1990:
1985:
1965:
1802:
1519:
1441:
1194:
1089:
1074:
1046:
1026:
1006:
858:
850:
501:
320:
316:
312:
307:
234:
218:
192:
177:
173:
155:
136:
121:
117:
89:
70:
66:
30:
773:
650:
605:
403:
782:
509:
1995:
1960:
1945:
1933:
1866:
1856:
1851:
1822:
1812:
1807:
1792:
1506:
1268:
1079:
1016:
923:
883:
863:
140:
109:
2182:
2061:
2036:
2016:
1955:
1817:
1461:
1144:
1139:
1104:
78:
50:
597:
555:
2172:
2078:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2031:
1950:
1918:
1526:
1263:
1258:
1179:
1174:
1154:
1129:
1069:
1059:
938:
918:
903:
873:
642:
285:
265:
181:
667:. Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 2016
1124:
228:
131:
24:
1540:
786:
813:
163:
58:
245:
Catechin monomer structures are metabolized into dimers
418:
2133:
2009:
1889:
1831:
1780:
1740:
1665:
1637:
1552:
1494:
1429:
1420:
1359:
1277:
1244:
1221:
1193:
1045:
937:
849:
840:
416:Thermo Scientific (Dionex) Application Note 275.
272:, bitter polyphenolic compounds that bind to and
280:conjugates all of the catechins, such as EGCG (
798:
57:, natural plant compounds which are found in
8:
717:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2130:
1737:
1426:
846:
805:
791:
783:
721:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
586:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
529:
527:
763:
753:
702:
632:
472:
393:
21:Health effects of phenols and polyphenols
536:Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
139:UV 280 nm chromatogram. Highest peak is
360:
213:(vanillic acid) are the main catechins
710:
569:
567:
565:
434:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 35.
217:found in humans after consumption of
7:
370:"Tea and health: studies in humans"
69:of tea. Polyphenols in tea include
2123:Tea Research and Extension Station
14:
207:3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-hippuric acid
92:include, but are not limited to,
2200:
2199:
1437:Afternoon/High tea/Evening meal
211:3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid
94:epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
189:European Food Safety Authority
1:
374:Current Pharmaceutical Design
193:cause and effect relationship
124:are also found in green tea.
386:10.2174/1381612811319340008
29:Most of the polyphenols in
2242:
548:10.1016/j.jfca.2004.05.006
420:. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
368:Khan N, Mukhtar H (2013).
302:Polyphenol § Research
299:
152:epigallocatechin-3-gallate
18:
2195:
1346:Strobilanthes tonkinensis
827:
319:, and 233.12 mg for
203:3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2088:Teas of related species
1929:Hong Kong–style milk tea
1874:Epigallocatechin gallate
755:10.1093/advances/nmaa010
704:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1489
474:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2055
350:Phenolic content in wine
282:Epigallocatechin gallate
2118:Lipton Institute of Tea
1452:East Asian tea ceremony
621:Natural Product Reports
502:10.1002/biof.5520080119
205:(protocatechuic acid),
187:A 2011 analysis by the
47:phenolic content in tea
16:Natural plant compounds
1712:Consumption by country
333:cardiovascular disease
242:
147:
65:affect the flavor and
42:
1310:English afternoon tea
742:Advances in Nutrition
376:(Literature Review).
345:Health effects of tea
232:
199:4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
135:
88:Polyphenols found in
28:
2084:List of Chinese teas
143:, second highest is
1507:Teahouse or tearoom
276:organic compounds.
102:epicatechin gallate
2107:Camellia taliensis
243:
150:Catechins include
148:
63:chemical compounds
43:
2213:
2212:
2191:
2190:
2100:Camellia sasanqua
2093:Camellia japonica
1776:
1775:
1633:
1632:
1355:
1354:
1330:Maghrebi mint tea
1120:Huangshan Maofeng
819:Camellia sinensis
598:10.1021/jf0354848
441:978-0-8493-2647-9
169:Camellia sinensis
2233:
2203:
2202:
2131:
1909:Burmese milk tea
1844:Phenolic content
1738:
1427:
1320:Lapsang souchong
1095:Lu'an Melon Seed
847:
807:
800:
793:
784:
778:
777:
767:
757:
733:
727:
726:
716:
708:
706:
682:
676:
675:
673:
672:
661:
655:
654:
643:10.1039/b802662a
636:
616:
610:
609:
580:
574:
571:
560:
559:
531:
522:
521:
485:
479:
478:
476:
452:
446:
445:
427:
421:
414:
408:
407:
397:
365:
98:epigallocatechin
2241:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2187:
2129:
2005:
1971:Seven-color tea
1924:Doodh pati chai
1891:
1885:
1827:
1772:
1736:
1667:
1666:Production and
1661:
1629:
1548:
1490:
1416:
1351:
1340:Russian Caravan
1335:Prince of Wales
1298:Breakfast tea (
1280:
1273:
1240:
1236:Huoshan Huangya
1231:Junshan Yinzhen
1217:
1189:
1041:
977:Dongfang meiren
933:
842:
836:
823:
811:
781:
735:
734:
730:
709:
684:
683:
679:
670:
668:
663:
662:
658:
634:10.1.1.608.4407
618:
617:
613:
592:(10): 2807–15.
582:
581:
577:
572:
563:
533:
532:
525:
487:
486:
482:
454:
453:
449:
442:
429:
428:
424:
415:
411:
367:
366:
362:
358:
341:
329:
306:Phenols called
304:
298:
263:
227:
130:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1839:Health effects
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1798:Compressed tea
1795:
1790:
1788:Flowering teas
1784:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1685:Decaffeination
1677:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1516:
1513:Cha chaan teng
1509:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1296:
1285:
1283:
1281:flavoured teas
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1208:Baihao Yinzhen
1205:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1170:Mengding Ganlu
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1115:Taiping houkui
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
943:
941:
935:
934:
932:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
855:
853:
844:
838:
837:
835:
834:
828:
825:
824:
812:
810:
809:
802:
795:
787:
780:
779:
748:(4): 790–814.
728:
677:
656:
627:(8): 1001–43.
611:
575:
561:
542:(6): 487–501.
523:
496:(1–2): 111–8.
480:
447:
440:
422:
409:
380:(34): 6141–7.
359:
357:
354:
353:
352:
347:
340:
337:
328:
325:
297:
294:
262:
259:
249:and oligomers
226:
223:
129:
126:
49:refers to the
19:Main article:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2238:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:Tea research
2113:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1939:Arnold Palmer
1937:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1904:Builder's tea
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:ISO procedure
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1768:United States
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1534:Sukiya-zukuri
1531:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1425:
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2168:Koththamalli
2143:Cannabis tea
2105:
2098:
2091:
2072:Tea classics
1976:Shahi haleeb
1843:
1696:Cultivation
1675:Leaf grading
1668:distribution
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1447:Tasseography
1344:
1185:Tamaryokucha
1055:Anji bai cha
1022:Shui Jin Gui
997:Huang Meigui
992:Huangjin Gui
952:Ban Tian Yao
817:
745:
741:
731:
713:cite journal
694:
691:EFSA Journal
690:
680:
669:. Retrieved
665:"Flavonoids"
659:
624:
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589:
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461:EFSA Journal
460:
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251:thearubigins
244:
197:
186:
172:, including
167:
160:
149:
87:
46:
44:
38:
35:flavan-3-ols
2068:Literature
1981:Suutei tsai
1862:Flavan-3-ol
1781:Preparation
1570:Azerbaijani
1325:Masala chai
1315:Jasmine tea
1279:Blended or
967:Da Hong Pao
962:Bu Zhi Chun
894:Jin Jun Mei
697:(2): 1489.
467:(4): 2055.
335:and death.
292:qualities.
278:Gallic acid
274:precipitate
247:theaflavins
239:theaflavins
233:Darjeeling
225:Theaflavins
221:infusions.
215:metabolites
106:epicatechin
75:theaflavins
55:polyphenols
2153:Dried lime
2135:Herbal tea
1914:Butter tea
1899:Bubble tea
1890:Tea-based
1879:Theaflavin
1848:Compounds
1748:Bangladesh
1741:By country
1725:Chittagong
1680:Processing
1620:Senegalese
1553:By country
1502:Tea garden
1412:Vietnamese
1367:Australian
1223:Yellow tea
1135:Kamairicha
1065:Baimao Hou
1037:Tieguanyin
947:Bai Jiguan
939:Oolong tea
929:Yingdehong
879:Darjeeling
671:2020-04-15
556:10113/7266
490:BioFactors
356:References
308:flavonoids
300:See also:
296:Flavonoids
290:astringent
270:astringent
182:oolong tea
166:made from
114:kaempferol
83:flavonoids
2148:Chamomile
2001:Yuenyeung
1991:Teh tarik
1986:Sweet tea
1966:Noon chai
1803:Decoction
1763:Sri Lanka
1716:Auctions
1707:Companies
1625:Taiwanese
1610:Pakistani
1590:Hong Kong
1585:Dominican
1575:Brazilian
1565:Argentine
1520:Chashitsu
1479:Taiwanese
1442:Tea party
1402:Taiwanese
1293:Lady Grey
1289:Earl Grey
1203:Bai Mudan
1195:White tea
1130:Kabusecha
1100:Gunpowder
1090:Genmaicha
1075:Biluochun
1047:Green tea
1032:Tieluohan
1027:Shui Xian
972:Dong ding
851:Black tea
843:varieties
629:CiteSeerX
321:black tea
317:green tea
313:Catechins
235:black tea
219:green tea
178:black tea
174:white tea
156:green tea
137:Green tea
128:Catechins
122:myricitin
118:quercetin
110:flavanols
90:green tea
71:catechins
67:mouthfeel
61:. These
39:catechins
31:green tea
2220:Category
2205:Category
2042:Strainer
2010:See also
1996:Thai tea
1961:Milk tea
1946:Jagertee
1934:Iced tea
1867:Catechin
1857:Theanine
1852:Caffeine
1823:Tea lady
1813:Steeping
1793:Infusion
1730:Guwahati
1700:Diseases
1600:Japanese
1560:American
1484:Ryukyuan
1469:Japanese
1269:Kombucha
1150:Longjing
1080:Chun Mee
1017:Ruan zhi
1002:Jin Xuan
957:Baozhong
884:Dianhong
774:32073596
651:19636448
606:15137818
518:37684286
432:Caffeine
404:23448443
339:See also
327:Research
241:content.
141:caffeine
112:such as
2183:Rooibos
2163:Guayusa
2062:Tea set
2037:Infuser
2017:Teaware
1956:Lei cha
1818:Tea bag
1692:Tasting
1639:History
1615:Russian
1605:Mexican
1580:Chinese
1462:Yum cha
1457:Chinese
1430:Customs
1422:Culture
1407:Turkish
1387:Chinese
1377:British
1360:General
1300:English
1213:Shoumei
1180:Shincha
1160:Maojian
1145:Kukicha
1140:Konacha
1110:HĹŤjicha
1105:Gyokuro
987:Gaoshan
982:Fo Shou
909:Nilgiri
841:Common
832:History
765:7360449
510:9699018
395:4055352
286:tannins
266:Tannins
261:Tannins
79:tannins
51:phenols
2173:Kuding
2158:Ginger
2079:Coffee
2057:Gaiwan
2052:Teapot
2047:Teacup
2032:Chawan
1951:Kahwah
1919:Chifir
1892:drinks
1832:Health
1758:Rwanda
1720:London
1595:Indian
1527:Mizuya
1474:Korean
1397:Nepali
1392:Korean
1382:Ceylon
1372:Arabic
1264:Lahpet
1259:Doncha
1254:Pu-erh
1175:Sencha
1155:Matcha
1085:Dafang
1070:Bancha
1060:Aracha
1012:Rougui
919:Tibeti
914:Sikkim
904:Keemun
899:Kangra
874:Congou
869:Ceylon
772:
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120:, and
104:, and
81:, and
2027:Caddy
2022:Chest
1753:Kenya
1657:Japan
1652:India
1647:China
1495:Areas
1304:Irish
1165:Mecha
1125:Hyson
1007:Qilan
864:Bohea
859:Assam
514:S2CID
288:with
2178:Mate
1541:Roji
924:Rize
770:PMID
723:link
719:link
647:PMID
602:PMID
506:PMID
436:ISBN
400:PMID
268:are
209:and
180:and
164:teas
145:EGCG
53:and
45:The
33:are
2226:Tea
814:Tea
760:PMC
750:doi
699:doi
639:doi
594:doi
552:hdl
544:doi
498:doi
469:doi
390:PMC
382:doi
59:tea
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