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southern India and also later in the
Netherlands from all the accessible literature about this part of South Asia. Thus, his knowledge of Sanskrit, as well as of the Portuguese as a lingua franca was widely used by him; In addition, he cited in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, English, French and Italian. His portrayal of Tamil language was groundbreaking although he admitted that he had only basic skills ("he knew probably not much more than the alphabet”). He was quite different from the Jesuits who learned Tamil so well that they confound even the Tamil pundits in language competitions with their language proficiency. He was not comparable to the Jesuit priests in his knowledge of Tamil as they were better scholars of Tamil. Jesuits even shamed the Tamil pundits in language competitions with their language skills. The Jesuit priest,
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399:"greed over fear of God"). VOC furnished financial aid for Collegium Indicum in Leiden. VOC expected that the voluntary service missionaries would grow. A governor-general complained that VOC was deceived, "with these young Fanten we have more annoyance than with other ministers and subordinates,". The preacher had to turn on all sorts of ills - alcoholism, corruption, lax morals, slave trade and husbandry, abuse, etc. Preachers were also dependent on their ecclesiastical superiors in Batavia and they were able to put in complaints to the authorities at any time.
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had occupied the city. His parents married in 1629. His father was a merchant and lived on
Voldersgracht. His mother was the daughter of a local minister Isaac Junius. In 1630 his brother Jacob was born, who probably died in June 1636. In September and October his grandparents Junius died. His sister
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Baldaeus' parish encompassed the entire coastal area of Sri Lanka, together with the islands and the Tamil southern tip of India, a territory that had been divided by the
Portuguese in the 32 parishes, each with a church and a school and cared for by many monks and a Jesuit college. The aftermath of
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The company objected to
Baldaeus' suggestions for improving religious education and converting the Tamils, and ruled that funds should be raised from fines levied in the enforcements of school rules. Baldaeus refused to conform and was nearly accused by the Governor of dishonest financial dealings.
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Baldaeus served in Ceylon, both the Dutch
Reformed Church as well as the native, formerly Catholic Christians, whom he had almost put the new faith. In the ranks of soldiers in the service of the VOC, there were also many Lutherans, especially German, considered by the pastors as a rival faith and
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With an ethnological, historical, geographical and theological point of view, Baldaeus recorded everything that he himself or from the knowledge of high caste learned people (pundits). in addition he gathered material brought by interpreters from the holdings of the Jesuit libraries in Ceylon and
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With his zeal, however, he came into conflict with the profit-oriented Dutch East India
Company (VOC). VOC did not want to spend money on Christianity or education of the natives. VOC was greedy and overruled the Calvinistic preachers on ecclesiastical matters ("confusion breeds over godsvrucht",
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Baldaeus recorded everything of value with ethnological, historical, geographical and theological viewpoints from himself or of informants (e.g., a baptized pundit), interpreters, or from the collections of the Jesuit libraries in Ceylon and South India. His records are still accessible in the
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Catholic priests were committed preachers and their knowledge was highly valued. Baldaeus studied their writings and methods. He followed their model and travelled alone from church to church, converting about 12,387 local ex-Catholics to
Calvinism. Their religious training was important to him,
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from 1669 until his death at the age of 39 or 40, probably in 1671, as the widow remarried in June 1672 with Pieter Baelde. He left behind a full and faithful account of the civil, religious, and domestic condition of the countries through which he travelled. In this, he introduced also an
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the
Portuguese defeat and surrender at Jaffna created a vacuum for Christian preaching. Since the war was brutal with most of the Catholic slain and only 40 to 50 clergymen were among the survivors. For only four Calvinist preachers, this was a Herculean task as they were numerically few.
395:. Although primarily interested in proselytizing the Hindus and Catholics, he also strove for a better education for the natives, and as a result at the time of his departure, there were 18,000 school children whom he was responsible for as a religious teacher.
175:. He translated the Lord's Prayer into the Tamil language, and although it had mistakes, it was remarkable as the first treatise printed in Europe of any Indian language. Baldaeus went back to Holland and preached until he died while still a young man.
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because to his chagrin, he found the religious education of the locals was very superficial. Tamils were "nominal
Christians" or so-called "rice Christians" (according to the quantity of rice, which they received for their conversion).
430:
In 1667, he wrote a detailed petition to the Dutch government, complaining about the greed of Dutch East India
Company and also about how badly it affected the ecclesiastical affairs in Ceylon. He was not offered a place at the
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A Description of the East-India Coasts of Malabar and Coromandel and also of the Isle of Ceylon with their Adjacent Kingdoms & Provinces by Philip Baldeus (translated from the High-Dutch printed at Amsterdam
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Baldaeus' book created the long-held belief that origin of European civilization started in India with Hindu and Buddhist origins. He was the first who told the wider European audience about
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Market Square stands a white limestone inscription which marks the place where Rev. Baldeus has regularly preached Christianity to the Tamils. This tamarind tree was uprooted during the
168:, living in the north of the island. It was initially published in Dutch and German, while the English translation was published by the Ceylon Government Railway (1960).
1544:
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and documented their life and culture. He was one of the first Europeans to publish at length about the region. He also made drawings and paintings of life in
519:"Detailed description of the East Indian coast or of Lagoon areas of Malabar and Coromandel" (includes: "short guide to the time sophisticated language arts")
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and ended in South India. These were populated by Tamil Catholics who were converted Hindus. By 1660 the Dutch controlled the whole island except the
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and its detailed records. In addition, he quoted in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, English, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Sanskrit. His depiction of the
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who stunned the Tamil pundits of Sangam Academy with his knowledge of classical Tamil even wrote his classical work in Tamil called
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He wrote much about the religious, civil and domestic conditions of the places he visited and introduced his account of the
525:"Abgotterey of the East Indian heathen. A truthful and detailed description of the worship of the Hindus and Hindu idols."
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was groundbreaking. He had rudimentary knowledge in his own words. He probably did not know much more than the alphabet.
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occurring in Delft in that year, it is supposed he was then raised by his grandfather Michiel in Delft. After attending
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At present in Trincomalee there is a Baldeus Theological College training preachers for working as Calvinists in Asia.
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Maria was baptized on 16 November 1636. On the next day the mother died. Four days later his father was buried in the
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He could not continue his linguistic studies because the Church, bound by the state, thought it a waste of time.
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A True and Exact Description of the most Celebrated East-India Coasts of Malabar and Coromandel
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Philips was the son of Jan Baelde (1610-1636) and Maria de Jonge (Junius). His father had a
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in 1661, Baldaeus took part. Around 1662 he returned to Ceylon and Baldaeus learned
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and remarried Elisabeth Tribolet on board of a ship and on his way to Ceylon.
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Description of the East Indian Countries of Malabar, Coromandel, Ceylon, etc.
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Description of the East Indian Countries of Malabar, Coromandel, Ceylon, etc.
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The Quirlung the milk sea by gods and the Asuras in Baldaeus' "Abgotterey"
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he followed the footsteps of his maternal uncle and Reformed missionary,
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Rose, Hugh James; Rose, Henry John; Wright, Thomas (1 January 1841).
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Baldaeus had a good understanding of the culture and religion of the
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The family name is spelled in several ways. Baldaeus, Baelde, Balde.
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DTB Delft inv. 55, folio 90v ; DTB Delft inv. 38, folio 222v
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in Northern Ceylon where the Tamil people lived. He learned the
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763:"Baldaeus Theological College - Info - Welcome to Baldaeus"
212:. So, when he was four years old Philips became an orphan.
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with an invading Dutch force. As the second European after
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Portrait of Philippus Baldaeus and Gerrit Mossopotam, 1668
809:. Biblotheek Nationaal Archief 56 H 10. pp. 190–191.
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View of Masulipatnam in 1676. From Philippus Baldaeus,
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Missionary and ethnologist in South India and Sri Lanka
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Philippus Baldaeus. "Korte Malabaersche Letter-Kons".
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in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the
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he documented the life, language and culture of the
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17th-century Dutch Calvinist and Reformed ministers
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Naauwkeurige beschryvinge van Malabar en Chromandel
522:"Description of the great and famous island Ceylon"
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
239:For a year and a half Philips studied philosophy,
515:The book is divided into the following sections:
435:as contrary to his expectations. He preached in
187:The Baelde family lived on Voldersgracht, where
460:(in Dutch, 1671) The book is dedicated to the
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191:, who was born in the same year, also grew up
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419:During 1665-1666 Baldaeus travelled via the
220:After all these losses, some because of the
793:Digital Library for Dutch Literature (DBNL)
278:Baldaeus preached from 1657 to 1658 during
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683:(31). Amsterdam: P.N. van Kampen: 193–231.
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798:International Institute for Asian Studies
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
587:. genealogieburggraaf.nl. Archived from
376:were often sharply attacked in sermons.
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317:. When the Dutch occupied the coast of
199:origin. His great-grandfather had left
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706:Ahmedabad: From Royal city to Megacity
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282:'s campaign against the Portuguese in
295:Dutch campaign against the Portuguese
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1545:Protestant missionaries in Sri Lanka
606:. Fellowes – via Google Books.
348:, a city he never actually visited.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1474:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
448:, including the translation of the
1550:Dutch Reformed Church missionaries
1134:Colonies and trading posts of the
871:Colonies and trading posts of the
703:Yagnik, Achyut (2 February 2011).
259:, he went into the service of the
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1555:Dutch East India Company people
1195:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies
732:"The Newsletter 35 Autumn 2004"
618:"Stamboom van de famile Baelde"
34:needs additional citations for
585:"Parenteel van Andries BAELDE"
1:
1540:Dutch Protestant missionaries
693:DTB Delft inv. 127 , folio 68
657:DTB Delft inv. 38, folio 227v
504:Netherlands literature about
1530:17th-century Dutch explorers
639:DTB Delft inv. 68 , folio 84
571:DTB Delft inv. 55, folio 119
444:, and some specimens of the
407:Return to the Dutch Republic
251:(1649) and then theology in
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440:interesting account of the
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1148:Colonies in the Americas
1136:Dutch West India Company
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819:: CS1 maint: location (
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58:"Philippus Baldaeus"
43:improve this article
1290:Noordsche Compagnie
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1266:Society of Suriname
1112:Vietnam (1637–1643)
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
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988:Commandments
962:Directorates
901:Governorates
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746:. Retrieved
739:the original
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325:and studied
307:Nagapattinam
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232:, active in
226:Latin school
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166:Tamil people
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99:January 2022
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1520:1672 deaths
1515:1632 births
1340:(1815–1975)
1314:Smeerenburg
1302:Settlements
1292:(1614–1642)
1246:Slave Coast
1138:(1621–1792)
1070:settlements
1028:Banjarmasin
1015:Residencies
918:Cape Colony
875:(1602–1798)
554:Mahabharata
494:Point Pedro
152:during the
1509:Categories
1457:New Guinea
1450:Until 1962
1429:Until 1954
1413:Until 1949
1404:Gold Coast
1397:Until 1872
1381:Until 1853
1362:Coromandel
1350:Until 1825
1241:Senegambia
1231:Gold Coast
1068:Opperhoofd
933:Coromandel
782:(in Dutch)
748:2009-12-28
560:References
539:Thembavani
506:south Asia
284:Negapatnam
267:, went to
69:newspapers
1309:Jan Mayen
1180:Essequibo
1092:Mauritius
1058:Pontianak
1048:Palembang
815:cite book
779:Short bio
500:of 1963.
437:Geervliet
393:Sinhalese
342:Ahmedabad
303:Tuticorin
249:Groningen
142:Geervliet
1476:Suriname
1190:Pomeroon
1175:Demerara
1053:Preanger
1038:Cheribon
948:Moluccas
673:(1867).
550:Ramayana
490:tamarind
327:Hinduism
323:Sanskrit
269:Makassar
146:minister
1478:gained
1470:Became
1441:Surinam
1372:Suratte
1367:Malacca
1200:Surinam
1165:Cayenne
1155:Berbice
1077:Myanmar
1033:Batavia
1000:Malabar
979:Suratte
943:Malacca
938:Formosa
923:Celebes
892:Batavia
680:De Gids
546:Krishna
498:cyclone
462:bailiff
346:Gujarat
319:Malabar
286:on the
273:Malacca
197:Flemish
83:scholar
1388:Dejima
1357:Bengal
1226:Arguin
1205:Tobago
1160:Brazil
1107:Tonkin
1087:Dejima
1082:Canton
1043:Malang
1023:Bantam
995:Bantam
974:Persia
969:Bengal
928:Ceylon
713:
471:Legacy
454:Europe
391:, and
389:Tamils
299:Mannar
253:Leiden
222:plague
150:Jaffna
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1102:Timor
908:Ambon
742:(PDF)
735:(PDF)
315:Vanni
241:logic
201:Ypres
138:Delft
90:JSTOR
76:books
1097:Siam
821:link
788:1672
711:ISBN
552:and
305:and
293:The
243:and
179:Life
62:news
247:in
132:or
45:by
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