518:, in wet years, is capable of killing off all seedlings. In the late 1940s a major disease outbreak happened, wiping out many immature juniper trees used for windbreaks in the U.S. In addition to killing off young plants, the value of older plants decreases due to infection. This is due to the decrease in aesthetic appeal, and the infection can increase the likelihood of the plant not surviving transplanting or taking longer to establish. An assessment of the economic losses from this disease has not been conducted.
113:
312:
color begin to turn to red brown and then ashen gray as they slowly die from the fungal disease. The infection progresses inward from the tips of branches and forms small lesions at points where infected tissue meets healthy tissue. Lesions then girdle limbs less than one centimeter in diameter, effectively killing the entire branch. Repeated blighting occurring in early summer may also result in abnormal bunching caused by
473:
disposed of either by burning or sealed in plastic bags and taken to a sanitary landfill. Pruning should take place only during dry weather as wet plants should not be pruned or handled. If possible, plan pruning so new growth will occur during drier parts of the year, late June to early August. Additionally, juniper nurseries should prune trees every 7–10 days in dry weather.
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will be dry before evening. Nurseries should not use shading frames which lengthen the time moisture is present on the plants. Additionally, new seedlings should not be planted near susceptible hosts and susceptible hosts should not be planted around nurseries because they will promote the spread of disease.
511:
due to their aesthetically pleasing appearance and general resistance to disease as well as using the heart wood for goods such as fence posts and other landscaping products. Juniper cones (aka juniper berries) from
Juniperus communis are also important in the production of gin, along with being used
264:
gradually move inwards down the branch, and into the main stem. Management strategies mainly include removing and destroying diseased tissue and limiting the presence of moisture on plants. Junipers become resistant to infection as they mature and the young yellow shoots turn dark green. Preventive
311:
Although spores from diseased juniper plants infect healthy hosts in the fall, symptoms are usually not seen until late winter or early spring. Often the first symptom noted is the browning of needle tips as the disease invades young, vulnerable tissue. New shoots that are normally yellow-green in
463:
Inadvertently wounding plant tissue should be avoided as much as possible and wounded plant tissue, i.e. juniper mulch or infected seedlings, should not be introduced to the nursery. If overhead irrigation is utilized, then watering should occur in the morning or early afternoon so that the plants
414:
blight of juniper is most aggressive during cool, moist weather often associated with spring. These conditions promote pycnidia to release their spores, which possess an optimal germination temperature range between 24 and 28 degrees
Celsius. Continuously wet foliage is needed for infection to
459:
areas on the branches and stems. Furthermore, avoid planting in poorly drained or heavily shaded areas as prolonged moisture or wetness will promote disease development. Proper spacing when planting will allow air movement to keep foliage relatively dry and limit germination of the fungus. In
484:
blight of juniper can be prevented via foliar fungicide applications. New growth, i.e. seedlings or new shoots, should be sprayed every 7–10 days in a nursery or every 10–14 days in landscaping. Sprays should continue until new growth has matured from susceptible yellow color to resistant dark
472:
Pruning back the blighted areas at least 3 inches below the infected shoot and removing infected seedlings will prevent the movement of the fungus into the host or to another host. Shears should be disinfected between each cut with alcohol or bleach solution. All diseased plant waste should be
385:
reproduces by conidia (asexual spores), which are produced in survival structures called pycnidia. During wet, rainy periods, the conidia are released from the pycnidia and spread to uninfected tissue via rain splash. Spores then germinate, infecting immature scales (minute needles) of trees or
332:
blight of juniper only infects young, succulent tissue such as immature leaves or branches. Junipers that have been wounded or freshly pruned junipers also yield higher infection rates due to an increase of new growth. Mature juniper plants lack these characteristics and are usually immune to
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green color. Seasonal new growth should mature by early to mid-summer, however, pruning and wet periods of weather will stimulate new growth which should be sprayed at appropriate intervals until mature. Fungicides should always be applied after new shoot growth and before disease symptoms.
446:
contact a local extension office. If blight is already established in a population, then the most effective management strategies include sanitation and chemical application to prevent further infection. The infectious spores are transported to new host tissue via wind, water, insects, human
428:
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can produce viable spores for reinfection, however, pycnidia formation is most common on dying shoots. The fungus is capable of forming pycnidia in dry shoots for up to two years after the tissue has died off. As long as the environmental conditions are right, secondary
488:
Fungicide applications are not always suitable for large stands of juniper trees. When practical, however, foliar chemical applications can significantly reduce the amount of disease on juniper plants. A variety of broad-spectrum fungicides may be used to control
349:
blights, diagnosis can often be difficult. Although the observation of symptoms is the first step in identification of this pathogen, the presence of both alpha and beta spores in the pycnidium must be verified in order to confirm the existence of
460:
general, junipers should be spaced 3–5 ft apart in hedges or landscaping, 5–7 ft for shrub rows, and 8–10 ft apart for tree hedges, windbreaks, or reforestation. Rows should be planted 12–20 feet apart depending on the variety.
362:
is grown on cultures of potato dextrose agar. If the resources for this method of diagnosis are not available, contact a local extension office to be directed to an expert in plant pathogens or a laboratory that can assist with the process.
493:
blight on juniper. Typically fungicides marketed to combat leaf, tip, and flower blight on ornamentals will effectively manage disease development by inhibiting fungal growth and development. Fungicides with active ingredients such as
498:
or mancozeb, a combination of zinc, manganese, and ethylene bisdithiocarbamate, should help prevent disease development. Information about appropriate fungicides specific to a particular area can be found at a local extension office.
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will continue to be produced. At the end of the prime growing season, new spores (contained in pycnidia) overwinter on dead, dry tissue until conditions improve, in which the reproductive cycle starts up again.
455:
Some precautionary measures include integrating only healthy juniper seedlings into a new or existing population. Avoid plants with yellow or grey discoloration on the needles or black or grey
403:
There are two spore types produced by this pathogen, an alpha-spore and beta-spore. The alpha-spore is viable and can germinate, but the beta-spore is not viable and will not germinate.
447:
handling, and equipment. Therefore, careful preventive measures, sanitation methods, and management strategies are required to restrict the movement of disease from host to host.
415:
occur. Areas with heavy shade and poor drainage allow for moist, slow drying areas for the disease to thrive in. Exposure to 100 percent humidity for as little as 7 hours can
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808:
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infection. On average, their branches also have larger diameters, which allow lesions to heal rather than become girdled and kill the terminal branch.
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248:. The fungus infects new growth of juniper trees or shrubs, i.e. the seedlings or young shoots of mature trees. Infection begins with the
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321:
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358:, which do not play a part in disease contagion. Beta spores are rarely found in the wild, but proliferate when
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354:. Alpha spores are spherical spores active in host infection while beta spores, are long, narrow,
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Planting only resistant varieties of juniper is the most efficient method of preventing
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Pycnidia fruiting bodies can be seen on lesions of a juniper that has been infected by
305:
89:
594:
Pero, Ronald W.; Frank L. Howard (1969). "Activity of
Juniper Diffusates on Spores of
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733:
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390:); the pathogen does not infect healthy, mature twigs. Within 3 weeks of infection
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strategies include planting only resistant varieties and spraying new growth with
941:
1059:
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249:
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Hahn, G.G.; C. Hartley; and R.G. Pierce (1917). "A nursery blight of cedars".
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Alpha spores are spherically shaped while beta spores are long and filamentous
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Peterson, Glenn W. (1988). "Disease management in windbreaks".
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A resistant juniper tree surrounded by junipers infected with
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disease discovered in 1917 caused by the fungal pathogen
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717:
553:
551:
549:
898:
Dow AgroSciences: Dithane Turf&Ornamental
Fungicide
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Dow AgroSciences: Dithane Turf&Ornamental
Fungicide
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Otta, J.D. (1978). "Alpha and beta spore occurrence in
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USFS: Index of
Species Information – Juniperus ashei
823:
USFS: Index of
Species Information – Juniperus ashei
925:
61:
51:
43:
23:
507:All juniper species are considered valuable in
8:
660:OSU: Common Diseases of Conifers in Oklahoma
512:to flavor foods, sauces, and preserve food.
883:OSU:Common Diseases of Conifers in Oklahoma
477:Management strategies: chemical application
913:
98:
29:
682:Peterson, Glenn W. (1972). "Infection of
318:or more commonly known as Witches Broom.
526:
280:blight of juniper commonly infects the
442:blight. For information on resistant
300:), but also has the ability to infect
20:
1111:Fungal conifer pathogens and diseases
873:USDA FS: Phomopsis Blight of Junipers
760:IPM: Phomopsis Twig Blight of Juniper
572:USDA FS: Phomopsis Blight of Junipers
294:, and rocky mountain juniper plants (
7:
1070:30681f8f-be17-4c2f-a241-66bb5cbcf0aa
903:Syngenta: Banner-Maxx Turf Fungicide
848:IPM:Phomopsis Twig Blight of Juniper
809:Syngenta: Banner-Maxx Turf Fungicide
341:Due to commonalities in symptoms of
908:AL Ext: Phomopsis Blight of Juniper
776:AL Ext: Phomopsis Blight of Juniper
14:
868:MBG: Phomopsis Blight of Juniper
858:Greenwood Nursery: Plant Spacing
853:OSU: Phomopsis Blight of Juniper
787:Greenwood Nursery: Plant Spacing
671:MBG: Phomopsis Blight of Juniper
419:seedlings to be fully infected.
111:
386:shrubs in the cypress family (
1:
260:, on susceptible tissue, the
35:A juniper tree infected with
734:10.1016/0167-8809(88)90042-4
102:Phomopsis blight of juniper
269:until plants have matured.
24:Phomopsis blight of juniper
1127:
78:, rocky mountain juniper (
726:Agric. Ecosystems Environ
315:Moniliophthora perniciosa
213:
206:
108:Scientific classification
106:
101:
28:
927:Phomopsis juniperivora
863:UofI: Phomopsis Blight
692:Phomopsis juniperovora
627:Phomopsis juniperovora
596:Phomopsis juniperovora
558:UofI: Phomopsis Blight
435:
383:Phomopsis juniperovora
379:
377:Phomopsis juniperovora
326:
245:Phomopsis juniperovora
217:Phomopsis juniperovora
56:Phomopsis juniperovora
878:KSU: Juniper Diseases
583:KSU: Juniper Diseases
516:Phompsis juniperovora
430:
374:
324:
47:Tip Blight of Juniper
708:10.1094/phyto-63-246
684:Juniperus virginiana
631:Juniperus virginiana
612:10.1094/phyto-60-491
468:Sanitation practices
433:Phomopsis juniperova
308:to varying degrees.
297:Juniperus scopulorum
199:P. juniperovora
81:Juniperus scopulorum
37:Phomopsis juniperova
451:Preventive measures
728:. 22/23: 501–511.
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380:
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273:Hosts and symptoms
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1078:Open Tree of Life
919:Taxon identifiers
633:and in culture".
282:eastern red cedar
236:blight of juniper
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94:
66:eastern red cedar
44:Common names
18:Species of fungus
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1060:BMSSYS0000014135
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292:creeping juniper
287:Juniperus sabina
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76:creeping juniper
71:Juniperus sabina
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392:P. juniperovora
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302:Chinese juniper
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155:Sordariomycetes
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86:Chinese juniper
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842:External links
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702:(2): 246–251.
696:Phytopathology
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641:(7): 727–728.
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606:(3): 491–495.
600:Phytopathology
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367:Disease cycle
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360:P. juniperova
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343:P. juniperova
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1016:iNaturalist
635:Can. J. Bot
407:Environment
356:stylospores
252:of asexual
250:germination
1100:Categories
542:: 533–540.
522:References
503:Importance
423:Management
145:Ascomycota
141:Division:
1106:Phomopsis
942:Q10628365
491:Phomopsis
482:Phomopsis
444:cultivars
440:Phomopsis
417:propagate
412:Phomopsis
347:Phomopsis
337:Diagnosis
330:Phomopsis
284:, savin (
278:Phomopsis
267:fungicide
232:Phomopsis
193:Species:
186:Phomopsis
175:Valsaceae
131:Kingdom:
125:Eukaryota
68:, savin (
1042:MycoBank
1034:11066688
990:Fungorum
936:Wikidata
457:necrotic
397:inoculum
258:pycnidia
223:G.G.Hahn
171:Family:
121:Domain:
1008:5253417
262:mycelia
254:conidia
181:Genus:
161:Order:
151:Class:
1083:787706
1067:NZOR:
1047:119144
1021:383614
995:119144
982:PHOPJU
969:996356
240:foliar
1029:IRMNG
956:4GPN9
238:is a
135:Fungi
62:Hosts
1003:GBIF
977:EPPO
686:and
304:and
88:and
1055:NBN
964:EoL
951:CoL
730:doi
704:doi
694:".
690:by
643:doi
608:doi
598:".
290:),
84:),
74:),
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
