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1286:) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently used criterion for deciding whether two sounds should be assigned to the same phoneme. However, other considerations often need to be taken into account as well.
1053:, an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when the violation is necessary in order to obey a higher-ranked constraint. The approach was soon extended to morphology by
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have a phonological system equivalent to the system of sounds in spoken languages. The building blocks of signs are specifications for movement, location, and handshape. At first, a separate terminology was used for the study of sign phonology ("chereme" instead of "phoneme", etc.), but the concepts
980:
groups. Prosodic groups can be as small as a part of a syllable or as large as an entire utterance. Phonological processes are unordered with respect to each other and apply simultaneously, but the output of one process may be the input to another. The second most prominent natural phonologist is
1300:
The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual
716:). More recently, Lass (1998) writes that phonology refers broadly to the subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with the sounds of language, and in more narrow terms, "phonology proper is concerned with the function, behavior and organization of sounds as linguistic items." According to Clark
1304:
Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for
1030:. That is, all languages' phonological structures are essentially the same, but there is restricted variation that accounts for differences in surface realizations. Principles are held to be inviolable, but parameters may sometimes come into conflict. Prominent figures in this field include
663:, but establishing the phonological system of a language is necessarily an application of theoretical principles to analysis of phonetic evidence in some theories. The distinction was not always made, particularly before the development of the modern concept of the
874:
1735:
Bernards, Monique, "Ibn Jinnī", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis
Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 27 May 2021 First published online: 2021 First print edition: 9789004435964, 20210701,
960:
is transformed into the actual pronunciation (the so-called surface form). An important consequence of the influence SPE had on phonological theory was the downplaying of the syllable and the emphasis on segments. Furthermore, the generativists folded
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and has become a dominant trend in phonology. The appeal to phonetic grounding of constraints and representational elements (e.g. features) in various approaches has been criticized by proponents of "substance-free phonology", especially by
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of words for which aspiration is the only contrasting feature (two words can have different meanings but with the only difference in pronunciation being that one has an aspirated sound where the other has an unaspirated one).
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The vowels of modern (Standard) Arabic and (Israeli) Hebrew from the phonetic point of view. The two circles are totally separate—none of the vowel-sounds made by speakers of one language is made by speakers of the
1328:
In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, or replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme
858:. Baudouin de Courtenay's subsequent work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also worked on the theory of phonetic alternations (what is now called
1022:, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of
952:, and Morris Halle. The features describe aspects of articulation and perception, are from a universally fixed set and have the binary values + or −. There are at least two levels of representation:
694:(1939) defines phonology as "the study of sound pertaining to the system of language," as opposed to phonetics, which is "the study of sound pertaining to the act of speech" (the distinction between
1289:
The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, and , two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were
2563:
897:), published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from that period. Directly influenced by Baudouin de Courtenay, Trubetzkoy is considered the founder of
599:") can refer either to the field of study or to the phonological system of a given language. This is one of the fundamental systems that a language is considered to comprise, like its
1308:
Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of
655:
of the sounds or signs of language. Phonology describes the way they function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belongs to
968:
Natural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and, more explicitly, in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal
981:
Patricia
Donegan, Stampe's wife; there are many natural phonologists in Europe and a few in the US, such as Geoffrey Nathan. The principles of natural phonology were extended to
1185:
An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as
1523:. Department of Anthropology and Linguistics, University at Buffalo. Studies in linguistics, Occasional papers. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: Linstok Press.
760:, introduces what may be considered a list of the phonemes of Sanskrit, with a notational system for them that is used throughout the main text, which deals with matters of
1301:
speech, even at a word level, is highly co-articulated, so it is problematic to expect to be able to splice words into simple segments without affecting speech perception.
1399:
because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see
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that interact with one another; those that are active and those that are suppressed is language-specific. Rather than acting on segments, phonological processes act on
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1293:
of the same phoneme in
English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in
1839:
Ferdinand de
Saussure: Origin and Development of His Linguistic Thought in Western Studies of Language. A contribution to the history and theory of linguistics
1221:.) In some other languages, however, these two sounds are perceived as different, and they are consequently assigned to different phonemes. For example, in
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is made by both speakers, but Arabic lacks the mid articulation of short vowels, while Hebrew lacks the distinction of vowel length.
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An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with
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in the mid-20th century. Some subfields of modern phonology have a crossover with phonetics in descriptive disciplines such as
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Kaisse, Ellen M.; and Shaw, Patricia A. (1985). On the theory of lexical phonology. In E. Colin and J. Anderson (Eds.),
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534:, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular
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1217:, native speakers of English would still hear the same words; that is, the two sounds are perceived as "the same"
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The study of phonology as it exists today is defined by the formative studies of the 19th-century Polish scholar
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Gussenhoven, Carlos & Jacobs, Haike. "Understanding
Phonology", Hodder & Arnold, 1998. 2nd edition 2005.
1253:(right) from the phonemic point of view. Note the intersection of the two circles—the distinction between short
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Hale, Mark; Reiss, Charles (2000). "'Substance abuse' and 'dysfunctionalism': Current trends in phonology".
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2258:. Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, memoirs II. Baltimore: Waverley Press.
901:, but the concept had also been recognized by de Courtenay. Trubetzkoy also developed the concept of the
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Gilbers, Dicky; de Hoop, Helen (1998). "Conflicting constraints: An introduction to optimality theory".
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also contributed with a focus on linguistic structure independent of phonetic realization or semantics.
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is not aspirated (pronounced ). However, English speakers intuitively treat both sounds as variations (
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1213:. (Traditionally, it would be argued that if an aspirated were interchanged with the unaspirated in
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linguistic analysis, or reflects an actual process in the way the human brain processes a language.
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1360:(the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and
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Early evidence for a systematic study of the sounds in a language appears in the 4th century BCE
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1620:. Massachusetts, US; Oxford, UK; Victoria, Australia; Berlin, Germany: Blackwell Publishing.
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linear sequence of segments, called phonemes or feature combinations but rather as involving
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Sign
Language Structure: An outline of the visual communication systems of the American deaf
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Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic
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of features that reside on multiple tiers. Autosegmental phonology later evolved into
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1991:. (1964). Current issues in linguistic theory. In J. A. Fodor and J. J. Katz (Eds.),
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17:
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Donegan, Patricia. (1985). On the
Natural Phonology of Vowels. New York: Garland.
873:
538:. At one time, the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of
2525:
Twaddell, William F. (1935). On defining the phoneme. Language monograph no. 16.
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441:
62:
2313:
Preliminaries to speech analysis: The distinctive features and their correlates
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Trager, George L.; Bloch, Bernard (1941). "The syllabic phonemes of
English".
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1982:
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1403:), even though the sublexical units are not instantiated as speech sounds.
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and surface phonetic representation. Ordered phonological rules govern how
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1758:(Second, revised and expanded ed.). Berlin: Language Science Press.
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1309:
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The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of
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all levels of language in which sound or signs are structured to convey
2360:Économie des changements phonétiques: Traité de phonologie diachronique
1970:. New York: H. Holt and Company. (Revised version of Bloomfield's 1914
1889:
1400:
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834:
664:
539:
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2479:
2417:
2288:
Jakobson, Roman (1949). "On the identification of phonemic entities".
1956:
866:) and may have had an influence on the work of Saussure, according to
2572:
1364:(how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of
1246:
842:
had been coined a few years earlier, in 1873, by the French linguist
783:
765:
600:
129:
1753:
1690:(3rd ed.). Massachusetts, US; Oxford, UK; Victoria, Australia:
948:. The features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson,
782:, a pioneer in phonology, wrote prolifically in the 10th century on
651:, which concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and
2500:
2471:
2409:
2045:. Linguistic inquiry monographs (No. 9). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
1948:
1268:
1240:
881:
An influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the
872:
779:
721:
630:
2581:
2425:
Sapir, Edward (1933). "La réalité psychologique des phonémes".
1993:
The structure of language: Readings in the philosophy language
1471:
Brentari, Diane; Fenlon, Jordan; Cormier, Kearsy (July 2018).
1118:
940:. In that view, phonological representations are sequences of
635:
619:
2177:. Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics. Blackwell Publishers.
1209:) of the same phonological category, that is of the phoneme
1000:. Phonological phenomena are no longer seen as operating on
2173:(1995). "Phonological Theory". In John A. Goldsmith (ed.).
911:, one of the most prominent linguists of the 20th century.
2159:(pp. 202–222). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
526:
that studies how languages systematically organize their
37:
For the study of language production and perception, see
2379:
Phonemics: A technique for reducing languages to writing
1026:
and vary according to their selection of certain binary
965:
into phonology, which both solved and created problems.
1995:(pp. 91–112). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
1904:
Evolutionary phonology: The emergence of sound patterns
2164:
Autosegmental and metrical phonology: A new synthesis
1684:
Clark, John; Yallop, Colin; Fletcher, Janet (2007).
1098:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
907:. Another important figure in the Prague school was
3301:
3108:
2902:
2674:
2041:Clements, George N.; and Samuel J. Keyser. (1983).
1841:, Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn , 1973.
2266:
2043:CV phonology: A generative theory of the syllable
2013:(1985). "The geometry of phonological features".
1805:). (1873) "Sur la nature des consonnes nasales".
1568:. Cambridge, UK; New York; Melbourne, Australia:
1041:In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991,
854:to serve as a one-word equivalent for the German
728:, or the field of linguistics studying that use.
1617:English Phonetics and Phonology: An Introduction
1112:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
2269:An introduction to natural generative phonology
1935:Bloch, Bernard (1941). "Phonemic overlapping".
838:in a series of lectures in 1876–1877. The word
583:are now considered to apply universally to all
542:in spoken languages, but may now relate to any
2427:Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique
2385:Sandler, Wendy and Lillo-Martin, Diane. 2006.
1927:Anderson, John M.; and Ewen, Colin J. (1987).
1668:(published 1939), translated by C. Baltaxe as
2593:
2522:. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague 7.
2339:(2nd ed.). London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
1316:, and analysis using this approach is called
500:
8:
2290:Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague
1979:A prosodic model of sign language phonology.
1825:, Volume 2, Walter de Gruyter, 1971, p. 396.
1565:Phonology: An Introduction to Basic Concepts
1189:. For example, in English, the "p" sound in
686:Definitions of the field of phonology vary.
2311:; Fant, Gunnar; and Halle, Morris. (1952).
1807:Revue critique d'histoire et de littérature
1477:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1153:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
846:. In a paper read at 24 May meeting of the
2600:
2586:
2578:
2381:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
1687:An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
1557:
1555:
786:morphology and phonology in works such as
647:Phonology is typically distinguished from
644:, 'word, speech, subject of discussion').
507:
493:
49:
2231:
2157:Current approaches to phonological theory
1744:
1742:
1368:, sometimes in a given order that can be
1173:Learn how and when to remove this message
2562:) is being considered for deletion. See
2109:Transactions of the Philological Society
1972:An introduction to the study of language
1931:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1034:, Jean Lowenstamm, Jean-Roger Vergnaud,
885:. One of its leading members was Prince
27:Study of sound organization in languages
2389:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
2387:Sign language and linguistic universals
2199:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1855:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1463:
1356:Phonology also includes topics such as
720:(2007), it means the systematic use of
551:at a level beneath the word (including
61:
2396:(1925). "Sound patterns in language".
1714:
1674:, University of California Press, 1969
1640:
1592:
1485:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.117
832:) shaped the modern usage of the term
675:, which result in specific areas like
1660:
1658:
7:
2370:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2251:. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
1823:Selected Writings: Word and Language
1151:adding citations to reliable sources
1102:. For the distinction between ,
850:, Dufriche-Desgenettes proposed for
397:Conservative and innovative language
2449:A dissertation on natural phonology
2195:Hale, Mark; Reiss, Charles (2008).
2175:The Handbook of Phonological Theory
2068:The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology
1851:Hale, Mark; Reiss, Charles (2008).
2458:(1934). "The phonemic principle".
2121:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1948.tb00556.x
1929:Principles of dependency phonology
1755:Phonology in the twentieth century
989:, who founded natural morphology.
820:, who (together with his students
25:
2566:to help reach a consensus. ›
2348:Phonology as functional phonetics
2249:Methods in structural linguistics
628:, 'voice, sound', and the suffix
2539:
2107:(1948). "Sounds and prosodies".
1245:The vowels of modern (Standard)
1123:
848:Société de Linguistique de Paris
724:to encode meaning in any spoken
477:
2330:Phonology in generative grammar
1094:International Phonetic Alphabet
2442:Cours de linguistique générale
2302:10.1080/01050206.1949.10416304
2233:10.1080/00437956.1954.11659523
2071:. Cambridge University Press.
1711:Alternative ISBN 1-4051-3083-0
1205:, which cannot give origin to
1:
2142:10.1016/S0024-3841(97)00021-1
2006:. New York: Harper & Row.
1906:. Cambridge University Press.
595:The word "phonology" (as in "
2368:Linguistics: An Introduction
2273:. New York: Academic Press.
2254:Hockett, Charles F. (1955).
2242:The sound pattern of Russian
2004:The sound pattern of English
1637:Paperback ISBN 0-631-19776-1
1589:Paperback ISBN 0-521-28183-0
1333:), as well as, for example,
1312:; these units can be called
1197:(pronounced ) while that in
933:The Sound Pattern of English
337:Functional discourse grammar
203:Ethnography of communication
2830:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
2315:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
2216:"The strategy of phonemics"
2197:The Phonological Enterprise
2162:Goldsmith, John A. (1989).
2065:de Lacy, Paul, ed. (2007).
1853:The Phonological Enterprise
756:, an auxiliary text to the
457:Second-language acquisition
3406:
2335:Ladefoged, Peter. (1982).
2332:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
2166:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
2155:. In D. A. Dinnsen (Ed.),
1721:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1647:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1599:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1570:Cambridge University Press
1401:Phonemes in sign languages
636:
620:
135:Syntax–semantics interface
43:Phonology (disambiguation)
36:
29:
2619:
2366:Napoli, Donna Jo (1996).
2027:10.1017/S0952675700000440
1902:Blevins, Juliette. 2004.
1535:"Definition of PHONOLOGY"
1473:"Sign Language Phonology"
1453:Second language phonology
1418:Accent (sociolinguistics)
958:underlying representation
954:underlying representation
877:Nikolai Trubetzkoy, 1920s
818:Jan Baudouin de Courtenay
563:, articulatory features,
447:Philosophy of linguistics
347:Interactional linguistics
2564:templates for discussion
2520:Grundzüge der Phonologie
2362:. Berne: A. Francke S.A.
2247:Harris, Zellig. (1951).
1977:Brentari, Diane (1998).
1666:Grundzüge der Phonologie
1443:Phonological development
1362:phonological alternation
891:Grundzüge der Phonologie
692:Grundzüge der Phonologie
30:Not to be confused with
3390:Linguistics terminology
2862:Regional North American
2569:Phonetics and phonology
2447:Stampe, David. (1979).
2240:Halle, Morris. (1959).
2153:autosegmental phonology
1671:Principles of Phonology
1539:www.merriam-webster.com
1413:Absolute neutralisation
1090:phonetic transcriptions
1006:some parallel sequences
998:autosegmental phonology
895:Principles of Phonology
844:A. Dufriche-Desgenettes
706:'s distinction between
661:theoretical linguistics
657:descriptive linguistics
3286:Dialects and varieties
2857:Received Pronunciation
2702:American Sign Language
2438:de Saussure, Ferdinand
2214:Halle, Morris (1954).
1764:10.5281/zenodo.5509618
1448:Phonological hierarchy
1295:historical linguistics
1275:
1266:
1087:This section contains
1075:Evolutionary Phonology
970:phonological processes
878:
677:articulatory phonology
284:Theoretical frameworks
238:Philosophy of language
218:History of linguistics
41:. For other uses, see
2337:A course in phonetics
2256:A manual of phonology
1614:Carr, Philip (2003).
1272:
1249:(left) and (Israeli)
1244:
936:(SPE), the basis for
876:
750:. In particular, the
704:Ferdinand de Saussure
634:(which is from Greek
561:articulatory gestures
178:Conversation analysis
2548:at Wikimedia Commons
2451:. New York: Garland.
2350:. Oxford: Blackwell.
2320:Phonology Yearbook 2
2244:. The Hague: Mouton.
2151:(1979). The aims of
1750:Anderson, Stephen R.
1692:Blackwell Publishing
1562:Lass, Roger (1998).
1433:List of phonologists
1147:improve this section
1081:Analysis of phonemes
1020:Government phonology
987:Wolfgang U. Dressler
974:distinctive features
946:distinctive features
938:generative phonology
746:grammar composed by
681:laboratory phonology
597:phonology of English
422:Internet linguistics
332:Construction grammar
3211:Proto-Indo-European
2867:White South African
2516:Trubetzkoy, Nikolai
2326:Kenstowicz, Michael
2011:Clements, George N.
1998:Chomsky, Noam; and
1964:Bloomfield, Leonard
1809:13, No. 23, p. 368.
1384:and topics such as
1038:, and John Harris.
544:linguistic analysis
357:Systemic functional
152:Applied linguistics
94:General linguistics
18:Phonological theory
2171:Goldsmith, John A.
2149:Goldsmith, John A.
2015:Phonology Yearbook
1878:Linguistic Inquiry
1517:Stokoe, William C.
1366:phonological rules
1276:
1267:
887:Nikolai Trubetzkoy
879:
822:Mikołaj Kruszewski
688:Nikolai Trubetzkoy
572:linguistic meaning
462:Theory of language
432:Origin of language
387:Autonomy of syntax
342:Grammaticalization
188:Discourse analysis
183:Corpus linguistics
3372:
3371:
2872:Standard Canadian
2613:world's languages
2544:Media related to
2375:Pike, Kenneth Lee
2206:978-0-19-953397-8
2184:978-1-4051-5768-1
2078:978-0-521-84879-4
1915:Goldsmith 1995:1.
1862:978-0-19-953397-8
1773:978-3-96110-327-0
1701:978-1-4051-3083-7
1627:978-0-631-19775-1
1579:978-0-521-23728-4
1428:English phonology
1282:of the speech of
1183:
1182:
1175:
1077:in recent years.
1051:optimality theory
1014:optimality theory
801:Kitāb Al-Khaṣāʾiṣ
793:Kitāb Al-Muḥtasab
673:speech perception
669:psycholinguistics
659:and phonology to
522:is the branch of
517:
516:
305:Distributionalism
248:Psycholinguistics
16:(Redirected from
3397:
3224:Kerkrade dialect
2847:General American
2602:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2543:
2512:
2483:
2434:
2421:
2382:
2363:
2351:
2322:(pp. 1–30).
2305:
2284:
2272:
2237:
2235:
2226:(2–3): 197–209.
2210:
2188:
2145:
2124:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2038:
1960:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1848:
1842:
1835:E. F. K. Koerner
1832:
1826:
1816:
1810:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1727:
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1720:
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1710:
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1675:
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1653:
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1550:
1549:
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1525:
1524:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1468:
1343:feature geometry
1220:
1212:
1178:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1127:
1119:
1109:
1105:
1010:feature geometry
868:E. F. K. Koerner
811:
702:being basically
639:
638:
623:
622:
536:language variety
509:
502:
495:
481:
427:LGBT linguistics
417:Internationalism
392:Compositionality
253:Sociolinguistics
228:Neurolinguistics
223:Interlinguistics
208:Ethnomethodology
50:
21:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3297:
3251:Scottish Gaelic
3104:
2958:Standard Modern
2898:
2710:Modern Standard
2670:
2615:
2606:
2567:
2536:
2486:
2456:Swadesh, Morris
2454:
2444:. Paris: Payot.
2424:
2392:
2373:
2356:Martinet, André
2354:
2344:Martinet, André
2342:
2309:Jakobson, Roman
2287:
2281:
2263:Hooper, Joan B.
2261:
2213:
2207:
2194:
2185:
2169:
2127:
2103:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2064:
2009:
1981:Cambridge, MA:
1937:American Speech
1934:
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1919:
1914:
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1897:
1875:
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1850:
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1801:Anon (probably
1800:
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1748:
1747:
1740:
1734:
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1713:
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1682:
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1664:Trubetzkoy N.,
1663:
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1613:
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1528:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1495:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1409:
1382:suprasegmentals
1380:, the study of
1326:
1318:morphophonology
1284:native speakers
1179:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1144:
1128:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1083:
963:morphophonology
913:Louis Hjelmslev
899:morphophonology
864:morphophonology
805:
789:Kitāb Al-Munṣif
734:
593:
585:human languages
577:
513:
472:
471:
382:
374:
373:
285:
277:
276:
272:Writing systems
163:Anthropological
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87:
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35:
28:
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15:
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3278:
3273:
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3263:
3258:
3256:Serbo-Croatian
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
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3226:
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2549:
2535:
2534:External links
2532:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2513:
2501:10.2307/409203
2495:(3): 223–246.
2484:
2472:10.2307/409603
2466:(2): 117–129.
2452:
2445:
2435:
2422:
2410:10.2307/409004
2390:
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2189:
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2146:
2125:
2115:(1): 127–152.
2101:
2090:
2077:
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2039:
2007:
1996:
1986:
1975:
1961:
1949:10.2307/486567
1943:(4): 278–284.
1932:
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1920:
1918:
1917:
1908:
1895:
1884:(1): 157–169.
1868:
1861:
1843:
1827:
1819:Roman Jakobson
1811:
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1728:
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1654:
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1420:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1376:,) as well as
1325:
1322:
1314:morphophonemes
1280:transcriptions
1181:
1180:
1131:
1129:
1122:
1110:⟩, see
1086:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1047:Paul Smolensky
1036:Monik Charette
994:John Goldsmith
909:Roman Jakobson
733:
730:
726:human language
592:
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580:Sign languages
576:
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532:sign languages
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3100:Luxembourgish
3098:
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3088:Maastrichtian
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2136:(1–2): 1–12.
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2098:0-8240-5424-5
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2059:0-262-03098-5
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1252:
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1236:
1235:minimal pairs
1232:
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1207:minimal pairs
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1200:
1196:
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1177:
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1141:
1137:
1132:This section
1130:
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1101:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1068:Charles Reiss
1065:
1060:
1056:
1055:John McCarthy
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1032:Jonathan Kaye
1029:
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1021:
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883:Prague school
875:
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869:
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617:Ancient Greek
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369:Structuralism
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3354:West Frisian
3141:Massachusett
2654:Prepositions
2623:
2608:
2557:
2526:
2519:
2492:
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2404:(2): 37–51.
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2105:Firth, J. R.
2082:. Retrieved
2067:
2042:
2018:
2014:
2003:
1992:
1978:
1971:
1967:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1922:Bibliography
1911:
1903:
1898:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1852:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1797:
1785:. Retrieved
1754:
1731:
1705:. Retrieved
1686:
1679:
1669:
1665:
1631:. Retrieved
1616:
1609:
1583:. Retrieved
1564:
1542:. Retrieved
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1476:
1466:
1394:
1358:phonotactics
1355:
1327:
1324:Other topics
1313:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1288:
1277:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1233:, there are
1214:
1198:
1190:
1184:
1169:
1160:
1145:Please help
1133:
1106:and ⟨
1088:
1072:
1040:
1018:
1005:
1001:
991:
967:
931:
928:Morris Halle
924:Noam Chomsky
921:
917:glossematics
904:archiphoneme
902:
894:
890:
880:
855:
851:
839:
833:
830:Kazan School
826:Lev Shcherba
815:
804:
798:
787:
774:
757:
753:Shiva Sutras
751:
737:
735:
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708:
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695:
691:
685:
646:
641:
629:
625:
612:
594:
578:
555:, onset and
519:
518:
315:Glossematics
295:Constituency
267:interpreting
114:
105:Lexicography
47:
3084:Limburgish
2975:Greenlandic
2852:New Zealand
2785:Northern Wu
2644:Determiners
2624:Phonologies
2609:Phonologies
2552:‹ The
2296:: 205–213.
2021:: 225–252.
1803:Louis Havet
1787:28 December
1337:structure,
1059:Alan Prince
1043:Alan Prince
996:introduced
950:Gunnar Fant
944:made up of
806: [
758:Ashtadhyayi
739:Ashtadhyayi
615:comes from
611:. The word
591:Terminology
567:, etc.), or
524:linguistics
467:Terminology
442:Orthography
362:Usage-based
263:Translating
158:Acquisition
63:Linguistics
3379:Categories
3344:Vietnamese
3215:Ripuarian
3206:Portuguese
3116:Macedonian
3095:Lithuanian
3005:Hindustani
2842:Australian
2795:Historical
2742:Belarusian
2639:Adjectives
2518:. (1939).
2440:. (1916).
2433:: 247–265.
2002:. (1968).
1966:. (1933).
1390:intonation
1351:intonation
1331:allomorphs
1291:allophones
1203:allophones
1049:developed
1028:parameters
1024:principles
983:morphology
930:published
856:Sprachlaut
762:morphology
653:perception
605:morphology
437:Orismology
322:Functional
310:Generative
300:Dependency
120:Pragmatics
110:Morphology
100:Diachronic
3385:Phonology
3334:Ukrainian
3241:Sardinian
3219:Colognian
3176:Old Saxon
3161:Norwegian
3126:Maldivian
3070:Latgalian
3015:Icelandic
3010:Hungarian
2889:Esperanto
2775:Cantonese
2752:Bulgarian
2725:Levantine
2697:Afrikaans
2546:Phonology
2084:8 January
1983:MIT Press
1782:2629-172X
1717:cite book
1707:8 January
1643:cite book
1633:8 January
1595:cite book
1585:8 January
1544:3 January
1519:(1978) .
1423:Cherology
1310:morphemes
1195:aspirated
1134:does not
1064:Mark Hale
992:In 1976,
922:In 1968,
860:allophony
776:Ibn Jinni
770:semantics
649:phonetics
613:phonology
520:Phonology
412:Iconicity
407:Etymology
327:Cognitive
290:Formalist
243:Phonetics
233:Philology
125:Semantics
115:Phonology
39:Phonetics
32:Phenology
3231:Romanian
3040:Japanese
2998:Biblical
2985:Hawaiian
2980:Gujarati
2943:Standard
2935:Galician
2923:Parisian
2894:Estonian
2825:Standard
2770:Mandarin
2766:Chinese
2730:Tunisian
2715:Egyptian
2687:Acehnese
2659:Pronouns
2634:Grammars
2554:template
2527:Language
2489:Language
2460:Language
2398:Language
2377:(1947).
2358:(1955).
2346:(1949).
2265:(1976).
2035:62237665
1968:Language
1752:(2021).
1503:60752232
1407:See also
1397:modality
1374:bleeding
1335:syllable
1187:phonemes
1163:May 2019
1104:/ /
1100:Help:IPA
978:prosodic
942:segments
889:, whose
744:Sanskrit
696:language
607:and its
553:syllable
546:either:
540:phonemes
530:or, for
213:Forensic
193:Distance
140:Typology
55:a series
53:Part of
3359:Yiddish
3324:Turkish
3309:Tagalog
3293:Swedish
3281:Spanish
3266:Slovene
3236:Russian
3196:Persian
3166:Occitan
3146:Medumba
3136:Marathi
3080:Latvian
3060:Kurdish
3050:Konkani
3035:Italian
3020:Ingrian
2989:Hebrew
2963:Ancient
2948:Bernese
2939:German
2919:French
2915:Finnish
2910:Faroese
2837:English
2807:Cornish
2802:Chukchi
2780:Hokkien
2762:Catalan
2757:Burmese
2747:Bengali
2737:Avestan
2706:Arabic
2611:of the
2556:below (
2053:(pbk);
1890:4179099
1378:prosody
1370:feeding
1231:Quechua
1227:Bengali
1155:removed
1140:sources
1092:in the
976:within
852:phoneme
840:phoneme
835:phoneme
828:in the
803:
732:History
665:phoneme
609:lexicon
168:Applied
78:History
73:Outline
3339:Uyghur
3271:Somali
3261:Slovak
3201:Polish
3191:Pashto
3186:Ottawa
3171:Ojibwe
3156:Nepali
3151:Navajo
3065:Kyrgyz
3055:Korean
2993:Modern
2954:Greek
2928:Quebec
2882:Middle
2821:Dutch
2817:Danish
2720:Hejazi
2692:Adyghe
2682:Abkhaz
2573:Curlie
2559:Curlie
2509:409203
2507:
2480:409603
2478:
2418:409004
2416:
2277:
2203:
2181:
2130:Lingua
2096:
2075:
2061:(hbk).
2057:
2049:
2033:
1957:486567
1955:
1888:
1859:
1780:
1770:
1736:2021-4
1698:
1624:
1576:
1501:
1491:
1386:stress
1349:, and
1339:stress
1274:other.
1251:Hebrew
1247:Arabic
1229:, and
1108:
784:Arabic
766:syntax
748:Pāṇini
718:et al.
713:parole
709:langue
700:speech
603:, its
601:syntax
528:phones
483:Portal
381:Topics
130:Syntax
3349:Welsh
3329:Ubykh
3314:Tamil
3276:Sotho
3246:Scots
3181:Oromo
3131:Māori
3121:Malay
3075:Latin
3045:Kiowa
3030:Irish
3025:Inuit
2968:Koine
2812:Czech
2664:Verbs
2649:Nouns
2505:JSTOR
2476:JSTOR
2414:JSTOR
2031:S2CID
1953:JSTOR
1886:JSTOR
1499:S2CID
1459:Notes
1096:(IPA)
810:]
780:Mosul
722:sound
642:lógos
637:λόγος
631:-logy
626:phōnḗ
83:Index
3364:Zuni
3319:Taos
2275:ISBN
2220:Word
2201:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2094:ISBN
2086:2011
2073:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2047:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1789:2021
1778:ISSN
1768:ISBN
1723:link
1709:2011
1696:ISBN
1649:link
1635:2011
1622:ISBN
1601:link
1587:2011
1574:ISBN
1546:2022
1489:ISBN
1388:and
1347:tone
1261:and
1223:Thai
1215:spot
1199:spot
1138:any
1136:cite
1066:and
1057:and
1045:and
926:and
862:and
824:and
797:and
768:and
742:, a
711:and
698:and
671:and
621:φωνή
565:mora
557:rime
265:and
258:Text
3302:T–Z
3109:M–S
2903:F–L
2877:Old
2790:Old
2675:A–E
2571:at
2497:doi
2468:doi
2406:doi
2298:doi
2228:doi
2138:doi
2134:104
2117:doi
2023:doi
1945:doi
1760:doi
1481:doi
1372:or
1219:/p/
1211:/p/
1193:is
1191:pot
1149:by
1002:one
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915:'s
778:of
690:in
679:or
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