36:
98:
346:; thus, it can be described as CCVCCCC (C = consonant, V = vowel). On this basis it is possible to form rules for which representations of phoneme classes may fill the cluster. For instance, English allows at most three consonants in an onset, but among native words under standard accents (and excluding a few obscure loanwords such as
962:
The SSP expresses a very strong cross-linguistic tendency, however, it does not account for the patterns of all complex syllable margins, as there are both initial as well as final clusters violation the SSP, in two ways: the first occurs when two segments in a margin have the same sonority, which is
905:
Segments of a syllable are universally distributed following the
Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP), which states that, in any syllable, the nucleus has maximal sonority and that sonority decreases as you move away from the nucleus. Sonority is a measure of the amplitude of a speech sound. The
986:
The second instance of violation of the SSP is when a peripheral segment of a margin has a higher sonority than a segment closer to the nucleus. These margins are known as reversals and occur in some languages including
English
1203:
910:, is language-specific, but, in its broad lines, hardly varies from a language to another, which means all languages form their syllables in approximately the same way with regards to sonority.
1430:
Vitevitch, Michael S.; Luce, Paul A.; Charles-Luce, Jan; & Kemmerer, David. 1997. Phonotactics and syllable stress: Implications for the processing of spoken nonsense words.
111:
More details are needed on
English phonotactics; phonotactics for other languages need to be discussed; further needs to be said about universals or the lack thereof; see
1334:
Gaygen, Daniel E. 1997. Effects of probabilistic phonotactics on the segmentation of continuous speech. Doctoral dissertation, University at
Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
1437:
Vitevitch, Michael S.; Luce, Paul A.; Pisoni, David B.; & Auer, Edward T. 1999. Phonotactics, neighborhood activation, and lexical access for spoken words.
1313:
Frisch, S.; Large, N. R.; & Pisoni, D. B. 2000. Perception of wordlikeness: Effects of segment probability and length on processing non-words.
527:. The cluster , however, infringes the constraint for three-consonantal onsets in English. Therefore, the pronunciation has been reduced to by
1154:
118:
57:
1377:
Ohala, John J. & Ohala, M. 1986. Testing hypotheses regarding the psychological manifestation of morpheme structure constraints. In
690:
Every subsequence contained within a sequence of consonants must obey all the relevant phonotactic rules (the substring principle rule)
1354:
1337:
Greenberg, Joseph H. & Jenkins, James J. 1964. Studies in the psychological correlates of the sound system of
American English.
79:
1423:
Vitevitch, Michael S. & Luce, Paul A. 1999. Probabilistic phonotactics and neighborhood activation in spoken word recognition.
1345:
Laufer, B. (1997). "What's in a word that makes it hard or easy? Some intralexical factors that affect the learning of words".
164:
146:
1186:
1053:
900:
1416:
Vitevitch, Michael S. & Luce, Paul A. 1998. When words compete: Levels of processing in perception of spoken words.
918:
914:
1370:
Newman, Rochelle S.; Sawusch, James R.; & Luce, Paul A. 1996. Lexical neighborhood effects in phonetic processing.
1070:
1045:
1388:. 2015; Preferences and variation in word-initial phonotactics: a multi-dimensional evaluation of German and Polish.
50:
44:
302:
Both onset and coda may be empty, forming a vowel-only syllable, or alternatively, the nucleus can be occupied by a
1146:
1065:
61:
1385:
1299:
Bailey, Todd M. & Hahn, Ulrike. 2001. Determinants of wordlikeness: Phonotactics or lexical neighborhoods?
1089:"Preferences and variation in word-initial phonotactics: A multi-dimensional evaluation of German and Polish"
1021:
1010:
1006:
995:
948:
941:
934:
930:
926:
922:
818:
814:
717:
713:
709:
705:
677:
626:
619:
615:
611:
607:
588:
582:
524:
471:
467:
463:
435:
431:
427:
404:
400:
396:
378:
374:
370:
356:
343:
339:
335:
331:
310:
265:
261:
246:
234:
230:
226:
160:
156:
142:
1363:
Luce, Paul A. & Pisoni, Daniel B. 1998. Recognizing spoken words: The neighborhood activation model.
1474:
1395:
Pitt, Mark A. & McQueen, James M. 1998. Is compensation for coarticulation mediated by the lexicon?
364:
1306:
Coleman, John S. & Pierrehumbert, Janet. 1997. Stochastic phonological grammars and acceptability.
1320:
Gathercole, Susan E. & Martin, Amanda J. 1996. Interactive processes in phonological memory. In
1479:
907:
576:
303:
523:, approximately . In most dialects of English, shifted to . Theoretically, this would produce
1350:
1278:
1182:
1150:
1108:
829:
322:
222:
207:
112:
1402:
Storkel, Holly L. 2001. Learning new words: Phonotactic probability in language development.
1215:
1100:
870:
841:
781:
755:
729:
681:
570:
539:
408:
287:
258:
1178:
1075:
596:
551:
307:
238:
1409:
Storkel, Holly L. 2003. Learning new words II: Phonotactic probability in verb learning.
1327:
Hammond, Michael. 2004. Gradience, phonotactics, and the lexicon in
English phonology.
360:
281:
275:
254:
242:
1468:
1381:, edited by John J. Ohala & Jeri J. Jaeger, 239–252. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
1243:
1138:
1061:
592:
293:
176:
1204:"All TRs are not created equal: L1 and L2 perception of English cluster affrication"
1170:
532:
348:
1266:
967:. Such margins are found in a few languages, including English, as in the words
250:
1242:
Jany, Carmen; Gordon, Matthew; Nash, Carlos M; Takara, Nobutaka (2007-01-01).
1220:
822:
352:), phonemes in a three-consonantal onset are limited to the following scheme:
1282:
1244:"HOW UNIVERSAL IS THE SONORITY HIERARCHY?: A CROSS-LINGUISTIC ACOUSTIC STUDY"
1112:
665:
The second consonant in a complex onset must not be a voiced obstruent (e.g.
1088:
698:
694:
685:
633:
603:
191:
1104:
17:
237:
are not permitted at the beginning of a word in Modern
English but are in
659:
203:
195:
152:
528:
199:
221:
Phonotactic constraints are highly language-specific. For example, in
722:
185:
179:
1372:
Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance
810:
If the second consonant in a complex coda is voiced, so is the first
1459:
211:
505:
This constraint can be observed in the pronunciation of the word
906:
particular ranking of each speech sound by sonority, called the
1267:"Syllable structure universals and second language acquisition"
91:
29:
1054:
1046:
1324:, edited by Susan E. Gathercole. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
1349:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–155.
799:
793:
770:
744:
271:
Syllables have the following internal segmental structure:
876:
847:
787:
761:
735:
1454:
882:
873:
853:
844:
790:
764:
738:
879:
850:
151:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
796:
784:
767:
758:
741:
732:
704:The second consonant in a complex coda must not be
1143:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language
632:The first consonant in a complex onset must be an
1411:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
1404:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
1347:Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition and Pedagogy
1087:Orzechowska, Paula; Wiese, Richard (2015-01-01).
676:If the first consonant in a complex onset is not
1455:The Irvine Phonotactic Online Dictionary (IPhOD)
538:Not all languages have this constraint; compare
165:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
268:are used alongside vowels as syllable nuclei.
190:'having to do with arranging') is a branch of
565:Constraints on English phonotactics include:
542:
107:needs attention from an expert in linguistics
8:
1015:
1000:
917:is lower on the sonority hierarchy than the
554:
828:Two obstruents in the same coda must share
693:No glides in syllable codas (excluding the
1214:(3). Cambridge University Press: 623–654.
606:in complex onsets (except when underlying
284:(obligatory, comprises nucleus and coda):
1219:
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1329:International Journal of English Studies
1271:International Journal of English Studies
1175:English Words: A Linguistic Introduction
43:This article includes a list of general
27:Sounds allowed in a language (phonetics)
1038:
1125:
229:do not occur. Similarly, the clusters
121:may be able to help recruit an expert.
323:English phonology § Phonotactics
7:
983:both violate English phonotactics).
155:. For the distinction between ,
202:. Phonotactics defines permissible
198:on the permissible combinations of
1265:Carlisle, Robert S. (2001-06-01).
1202:Schwartz, Geoffrey (August 2023).
306:. Phonotactics is known to affect
194:that deals with restrictions in a
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
951:are possible English words while
869:
840:
780:
754:
728:
327:The English syllable (and word)
245:(in which the latter appears as
96:
34:
937:is not allowed in codas. Hence
147:International Phonetic Alphabet
1425:Journal of Memory and Language
1397:Journal of Memory and Language
1315:Journal of Memory and Language
1301:Journal of Memory and Language
516:was identical to the vowel of
1:
933:is not allowed in onsets and
901:Sonority Sequencing Principle
895:Sonority Sequencing Principle
115:for more possible expansions.
919:alveolar lateral approximant
915:voiceless alveolar fricative
531:of the in what is known as
186:
180:
1460:World Phonotactics Database
929:is permitted in codas, but
925:is permitted in onsets and
913:To illustrate the SSP, the
509:: originally, the vowel of
109:. The specific problem is:
1496:
1322:Cognitive models of memory
1147:Cambridge University Press
1055:
1047:
898:
334:is divided into the onset
320:
225:, consonant clusters like
1221:10.1017/S0022226722000275
407:(not in most accents of
249:) and were permitted in
1308:Computational Phonology
1071:A Greek–English Lexicon
813:An obstruent following
726:, typically pronounced
680:, the second must be a
643:; combinations such as
257:. In contrast, in some
216:phonotactic constraints
143:phonetic transcriptions
119:WikiProject Linguistics
64:more precise citations.
1379:Experimental phonology
1208:Journal of Linguistics
1105:10.1515/flin-2015-0016
1016:
1001:
555:
543:
311:vocabulary acquisition
214:sequences by means of
140:This article contains
1418:Psychological Science
1062:Liddell, Henry George
921:, so the combination
569:All syllables have a
1384:Orzechowska, Paula;
1028:Notes and references
317:English phonotactics
1432:Language and Speech
577:geminate consonants
184:'voice, sound' and
1439:Brain and Language
1181:. pp. 58–69.
975:(though note that
908:sonority hierarchy
821:in a coda must be
662:, are not allowed)
304:syllabic consonant
208:consonant clusters
1390:Folia Linguistica
1156:978-0-521-53033-0
1093:Folia Linguistica
629:in complex onsets
136:
135:
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
1487:
1360:
1287:
1286:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1084:
1078:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
965:sonority plateau
950:
943:
936:
932:
928:
924:
889:
888:
885:
884:
881:
878:
875:
860:
859:
856:
855:
852:
849:
846:
820:
816:
806:
805:
802:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
777:
776:
773:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
751:
750:
747:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
719:
715:
711:
707:
679:
628:
621:
617:
614:are analysed as
613:
609:
590:
584:
561:
549:
526:
473:
469:
465:
437:
433:
429:
409:American English
406:
402:
398:
380:
376:
372:
358:
345:
341:
337:
333:
267:
263:
259:Slavic languages
248:
236:
232:
228:
189:
183:
162:
158:
131:
128:
122:
100:
99:
92:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1465:
1464:
1451:
1445:
1365:Ear and Hearing
1357:
1344:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1179:Wiley-Blackwell
1169:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1149:. p. 243.
1137:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1076:Perseus Project
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1009:but originally
903:
897:
872:
868:
843:
839:
783:
779:
757:
753:
731:
727:
673:does not occur)
597:Hiberno-English
325:
319:
308:second language
170:
169:
168:
132:
126:
123:
117:
101:
97:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1449:External links
1447:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1413:46: 1312–1323.
1407:
1406:44: 1321–1337.
1400:
1393:
1386:Wiese, Richard
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1257:
1234:
1194:
1187:
1162:
1155:
1139:Crystal, David
1130:
1118:
1079:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
899:Main article:
896:
893:
892:
891:
826:
825:with the nasal
811:
808:
702:
691:
688:
674:
663:
630:
623:
600:
585:
579:
573:
503:
502:
501:
500:
499:
498:
493:
488:
483:
475:
474:
460:
459:
458:
457:
452:
447:
439:
438:
424:
423:
422:
421:
413:
412:
393:
392:
391:
390:
382:
381:
338:, the nucleus
321:Main article:
318:
315:
300:
299:
298:
297:
291:
279:
255:Middle English
163:⟩, see
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
104:
102:
95:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1492:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1441:68: 306–311.'
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1356:9780521585514
1352:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1171:Harley, Heidi
1166:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:Scott, Robert
1063:
1059:
1051:
1042:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1005:
1003:
998:) or French (
994:
990:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
960:
958:
954:
947:
940:
920:
916:
911:
909:
902:
894:
887:
867:
866:
858:
838:
837:
831:
827:
824:
812:
809:
804:
778:, but rarely
775:
749:
725:
724:
703:
700:
696:
692:
689:
687:
683:
675:
672:
670:
664:
661:
657:
655:
650:
648:
642:
640:
635:
631:
624:
605:
601:
598:
594:
593:syllable coda
586:
580:
578:
574:
572:
568:
567:
566:
563:
560:
558:
553:
548:
546:
541:
536:
534:
530:
522:
521:
515:
514:
508:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
477:
476:
462:
461:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
441:
440:
426:
425:
420:
417:
416:
415:
414:
410:
395:
394:
389:
386:
385:
384:
383:
369:
368:
366:
362:
355:
354:
353:
351:
350:
342:and the coda
330:
324:
316:
314:
312:
309:
305:
295:
292:
289:
286:
285:
283:
280:
277:
274:
273:
272:
269:
260:
256:
252:
244:
240:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
182:
178:
177:Ancient Greek
174:
166:
154:
150:
148:
144:
130:
120:
116:
114:
113:the talk page
108:
105:This article
103:
94:
93:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1475:Phonotactics
1444:
1438:
1431:
1427:40: 374–408.
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1399:39: 347–370.
1396:
1392:49: 439-486.
1389:
1378:
1374:23: 873–889.
1371:
1364:
1346:
1341:20: 157–177.
1338:
1328:
1321:
1317:42: 481–496.
1314:
1307:
1303:44: 568–591.
1300:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1211:
1207:
1197:
1174:
1165:
1142:
1133:
1121:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1069:
1041:
1014:
999:
992:
988:
985:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
961:
956:
952:
945:
938:
912:
904:
864:
862:
835:
833:
721:
668:
666:
653:
652:
646:
644:
638:
637:
564:
556:
544:
537:
533:yod-dropping
519:
517:
512:
510:
506:
504:
495:
490:
485:
480:
454:
449:
444:
418:
387:
349:sphragistics
347:
328:
326:
301:
290:(obligatory)
270:
220:
215:
173:Phonotactics
172:
171:
159:and ⟨
141:
124:
110:
106:
76:
67:
48:
1420:9: 325–329.
1227:22 December
1126:Laufer 1997
963:known as a
595:(except in
365:approximant
206:structure,
62:introducing
18:Phonotactic
1469:Categories
1434:40: 47–62.
1294:References
1188:0631230327
823:homorganic
699:diphthongs
604:affricates
296:(optional)
278:(optional)
127:March 2011
70:April 2009
45:references
1480:Phonology
1367:19: 1–36.
1310:3: 49–56.
1283:1578-7044
1113:0165-4004
1011:/dɛkstʁə/
959:are not.
832:(compare
720:(compare
695:offglides
658:, with a
634:obstruent
581:No onset
491:sclerosis
332:/twɛlfθs/
192:phonology
1331:4: 1–24.
1173:(2003).
1141:(2003).
1056:τακτικός
1022:/stʁikt/
1007:/dɛkstʁ/
660:sonorant
496:squirrel
329:twelfths
223:Japanese
204:syllable
200:phonemes
196:language
187:taktikós
157:/ /
153:Help:IPA
1254:: 1096.
1074:at the
942:/slɪps/
830:voicing
591:in the
571:nucleus
540:Spanish
529:elision
288:Nucleus
145:in the
58:improve
1353:
1281:
1185:
1153:
1111:
1017:strict
1002:dextre
996:/bɛts/
977:phsinx
969:sphinx
953:*lsips
949:/pʌls/
723:asthma
682:liquid
636:(e.g.
552:French
486:scream
472:/jɹlw/
450:sprawl
445:sputum
388:stream
344:/lfθs/
239:German
175:(from
161:
47:, but
1277:(1).
1248:ICPhS
1099:(2).
1033:Notes
989:steal
957:*pusl
946:pulse
939:slips
861:with
716:, or
686:glide
684:or a
620:/dʒɹ/
616:/tʃɹ/
455:splat
436:/jɹl/
282:Rhyme
276:Onset
243:Dutch
212:vowel
181:phōnḗ
149:(IPA)
1351:ISBN
1339:Word
1279:ISSN
1229:2023
1183:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1109:ISSN
1048:φωνή
993:bets
981:fatc
979:and
973:fact
971:and
955:and
944:and
935:/sl/
931:/ls/
927:/ls/
923:/sl/
651:or *
618:and
612:/dɹ/
610:and
608:/tɹ/
547:egue
507:blue
481:skew
419:stew
375:/tʃ/
361:stop
336:/tw/
294:Coda
264:and
253:and
247:/ɣn/
241:and
235:/ɡn/
233:and
231:/kn/
227:/rv/
210:and
1216:doi
1101:doi
1024:).
819:/ŋ/
817:or
815:/m/
752:or
718:/ð/
714:/ʒ/
710:/ŋ/
706:/r/
697:of
678:/s/
656:oop
627:/h/
625:No
602:No
589:/h/
587:No
583:/ŋ/
575:No
557:plu
550:or
545:pli
468:/k/
464:/s/
432:/p/
428:/s/
405:/j/
401:/t/
397:/s/
379:/ɹ/
371:/s/
357:/s/
340:/ɛ/
266:/r/
262:/l/
251:Old
1471::
1273:.
1269:.
1252:16
1250:.
1246:.
1212:59
1210:.
1206:.
1177:.
1145:.
1107:.
1097:49
1095:.
1091:.
1068:;
1064:;
1060:.
1052:,
1013:,
991:,
865:ts
863:ki
836:ds
834:ki
712:,
708:,
671:op
669:zd
654:rk
649:at
647:nt
641:op
639:st
562:.
559:ie
535:.
520:ue
513:ue
511:bl
470:+
466:+
434:+
430:+
403:+
399:+
377:+
373:+
367::
363:+
359:+
313:.
218:.
1359:.
1285:.
1275:1
1231:.
1218::
1191:.
1159:.
1128:.
1115:.
1103::
987:(
890:)
886:/
883:s
880:t
877:ɪ
874:k
871:/
857:/
854:z
851:d
848:ɪ
845:k
842:/
807:)
803:/
800:ə
797:m
794:ð
791:z
788:æ
785:ˈ
782:/
774:/
771:ə
768:m
765:s
762:æ
759:ˈ
756:/
748:/
745:ə
742:m
739:z
736:æ
733:ˈ
730:/
701:)
667:*
645:*
622:)
599:)
525:*
518:c
411:)
167:.
129:)
125:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.