349:, Spain... The high proportion of Phoenician pottery among the new material found in 1997 in the Plaza de las Monjas in Huelva argues in favour, not of a few first sporadic contacts in the zone, but of a regular presence of Phoenician people from the start of the ninth century BC. The recent radiocarbon dates from the earliest levels in Carthage situate the founding of this Tyrian colony in the years 835–800 cal BC, which coincides with the dates handed down by Flavius Josephus and Timeus for the founding of the city.
547:– the first in the early 8th century BC and the second in the 6th century. Population growth and cramped conditions at home seem an insufficient explanation, while the economic and political dynamics produced by the competition between the frequently leaderless Greek city-states – newly introduced as a concept and striving to expand their spheres of economic influence – better fits as their true incentive. By means of this Greek expansion, the use of coins flourished throughout the
2729:
700:, beforehand. Sometimes certain classes of citizens were called upon to take part in the enterprises; sometimes one son was chosen by lot from every house where there were several sons; and strangers expressing a desire to join were admitted. A person of distinction was selected to guide the emigrants and to make the necessary arrangements. It was usual to honor these founders as heroes after their death. Some of the sacred fire was taken from the public hearth in the
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1159:
391:
6709:
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31:
528:
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704:, from which the fire on the public hearth of the new city was kindled. Just as each individual had his private shrines, so the new community maintained the worship of its chief domestic deities, the colony sending embassies and votive gifts to the mother-city's principal festivals for centuries afterwards.
963:
was preserved in a special place to remind people of the common ties. If the colony sent out a fresh colony on its own account, the mother-city was generally consulted, or was at least asked to furnish a leader. Frequently the colonies, declaring their commitment to the various metropolitic alliances
691:
remarks on the extensive Greek colonization, noting that "Indeed it seems as if the lands of the barbarians had been bordered round with a Greek sea-coast." Several formulae generally shaped the solemn and sacred occasions when a new colony set forth. If a Greek city decided to send out a colony, the
927:
During the
Ptolemaic rule of Judea, large-scale Jewish settlement in Egypt commenced. The Ptolemies brought in Jewish soldiers along with their families, while other Jews migrated from Judea to Egypt likely for economic opportunities. Additionally, the Ptolemies established Jewish colonies in the
958:
The charter of foundation contained general provisions for the arrangement of the affairs of the colony, and also some special enactments. A colony would usually adopt the constitution of the mother-city, but the new city remained politically independent. The "holy fire" of the
1056:
to the colony after its foundation. The colonists entered the conquered city in military array, preceded by banners, and the foundation was celebrated with special solemnities. The coloniae were free from taxes, and had their own
2062:
A Short
History of Greek Philosophy By John Marshall page 11 “For several centuries prior to the great Persian inversion of Greece, perhaps the very greatest and wealthiest city of the Greek world was Miletus”
421:, where the losers in internecine battles left to form a new city elsewhere; sometimes they would form to relieve population pressure and thereby to avoid internal unrest; and also, as a result of
991:
in Egypt, were somewhat different from ordinary colonies, with the members retaining the right of domicile in their own homeland and confining themselves to their own quarter in the foreign city.
2718:
1507:...at their new location, colonists were expected to retain ties with their metropolis. A colony that sided with its metropolis's enemy in a war, for example was regarded as disloyal...
1684:
1048:
The duty of leading the colonists and founding the settlement was entrusted to a commission usually consisting of three members. These men continued to stand in the relation of
425:. In most cases, however, colony founders aimed to establish trade relations with foreign countries and to further the wealth of the metropolis. Colonies were established in
1093:, and the right of settlement in Rome, and under certain conditions the power of becoming Roman citizens; though in course of time these rights underwent many limitations.
6966:
2071:
Ancient Greek civilization By David
Sansone page 79 “In the seventh and sixth centuries BC the city of Miletus was among the most prosperous and powerful of Greek Poleis.”
3856:
2566:
Greek colonists and native populations: Proceedings of the First
Australian Congress of Classical Archaeology, held in honour of emeritus professor A. D. Trendall.
6765:
2045:
Criti, Maria; Arapopoulou, Maria (2007). A History of
Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 417–420.
417:, a defeated people would sometimes found a colony, leaving their homes to escape the subjugation of a foreign enemy. Sometimes colonies formed as a result of
2711:
2174:
1940:
Ancient Greek
Colonization and Trade and their Influence on Greek Art | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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1441:
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was viewed as one of mutual affection. Differences were resolved peacefully whenever possible, war being seen as a last resort. (Note though that the
2510:
The Minoan
Thalassocracy: Myth and reality; Proceedings of the third international symposium at the Swedish Institute in Athens, 31 May–5 June 1982.
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783:. After the fall of that empire, the city was destroyed in the 12th century BC and starting about 1000 BC was resettled extensively by Ionians.
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1962:
1917:
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868:, the province of Kars in Caucasus, and also in Georgia. Those from southern Russia, Ukraine, and Crimea are often referred to as 'Northern
166:, by almost every type of artifact: architecture (fortifications, embankments and buildings), pottery, vessels, tools, weapons, seals, etc.
4844:
1436:
2250:
Pai, Hyung Il. "Culture
Contact and Culture Change: The Korean Peninsula and Its Relations with the Han Dynasty Commandery of Lelang," in
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2097:. "Historical Overview A Greek city-state on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor, at the mouth of Cayster River (Küçük Menderes), Ephesus ..."
3849:
2594:
2592:
Stek, Tesse D., and
Jeremia Pelgrom, eds. 2014. "Roman Republican colonization: New perspectives from archaeology and ancient history."
1757:
1737:
1147:
1124:. It was only in exceptional cases that the provincial colonies enjoyed the immunity from taxation which was granted to those in Italy.
1014:
211:
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1240:, self-sustaining agricultural military garrisons, were established in frontier outposts to secure the massive territorial gains and
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4854:
4829:
2564:
Niemeyer, Hans-Georg. 1990. "The
Phoenicians in the Mediterranean: A non-Greek model for expansion and settlement in antiquity." In
2050:
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proper. Those from Georgia, northeastern Anatolia, and the ones who lived in present-day Armenia are often referred to as 'Eastern
1100:
the colonies lost their military character. Colonization came to be regarded as a means of providing for the poorest class of the
6663:
5412:
4839:
4834:
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240:
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remarks that this was a "brief but effective campaign of colonisation and control", before the general returned north in 44 AD.
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5306:
5166:
5161:
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3540:
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Knappett, Carl, and Irene Nikolakopoulou. 2008. "Colonialism without colonies? A Bronze Age case study from Akrotiri, Thera."
1537:"Yeha and Hawelti: cultural contacts between Sabaʾ and DʿMT — New research by the German Archaeological Institute in Ethiopia"
779:
speakers from south central Anatolia. Later in that century, other Greeks arrived. The city at that time rebelled against the
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In colonial grounds: A comparative study of colonialism and rural settlement in first millennium BC west central Sardinia.
1108:
it was adopted as a way of granting land to veteran soldiers. The right of founding colonies passed into the hands of the
125:
2664:
34:
The Mediterranean c. 6th century BC: Phoenician settlements in red, Greek areas in blue, and other territories as marked.
6658:
5187:
4641:
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established agricultural military colonies for settling wartime refugees. Cao Cao also established military colonies in
1009:
Map showing Roman colonies as of the mid-2nd century AD. Augustus' "Roman coloniae" in north Africa are depicted in red.
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1073:, and were free from military service, their position as outposts being regarded as an equivalent. The members of the
794:. Over several centuries, numerous ancient Greek city-states were established on the coasts of Anatolia. Greeks began
708:
6252:
2233:, 377-462. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 448–449, 451–453.
1715:
1685:
Hegemony for Beginners: Egyptian Activity in the Southern Levant during the Second Half of the Fourth Millennium B.C.
1703:
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4778:
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150:. The fusion of southern Arabian culture and Agaw culture resulted in a third culture which are today known as the
93:
554:
Influential Greek colonies in the western Mediterranean – many in present-day southern Italy — included
345:
The earliest presence of Phoenician material in the West is documented within the precinct of the ancient city of
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The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Volume II; Frontier, Immigration, & Empire in Han China, 130 B.C. – A.D. 157
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formed in the Greek mainland and for religious reasons, would pay tribute in religious centres such as Delphi,
369:
2106:
Carlos Ramirez-Faria (1 January 2007). Concise Encyclopeida Of World History. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.
1417:
province in 209 AD as a means to clearly demarcate a border between his realm and that of his political rival
1037:(colonies of Roman citizens) were specially intended to secure the two coasts of Italy, and were hence called
92:
eras were sovereign and self-governing from their inception. While Greek colonies were often founded to solve
2089:
Michael Gagarin (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome. Oxford University Press. pp. 2–.
1698:
Naomi Porat, "Local Industry of Egyptian Pottery in Southern Palestine During the Early Bronze I Period," in
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served the same purpose for the mainland, but they were also inhabited by Latins and much more populated.
843:
334:
162:
Egyptian settlement and colonisation is attested from about 3200 BC onward, all over the area of southern
138:
of southern Arabia, with a civilization based on agriculture, began to colonize the highlands of northern
146:. The indigenous peoples with whom the Sabaeans came into contact were the ancestors of the contemporary
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Wandering Greeks: The ancient Greek diaspora from the age of Homer to the death of Alexander the Great.
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for the exclusive purpose of establishing military settlements, partly with the old idea of securing
983:) formed a special class of Greek colonists, each being assigned an individual plot of land (κλῆρος,
666:
489:
214:
reports that the earliest dated ship — dating to 3000 BC – may have possibly belonged to the Pharaoh
2692:
Ancient Greek Colonization and Trade and their Influence on Greek Art-The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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198:. Recently, a contemporary brewery belonging to a Bronze Age Egyptian settlement has been found in
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Keppie, Lawrence. 1984. "Colonisation and veteran settlement in Italy in the first century A.D."
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Edited by Paul Erdkamp, 148–63. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
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1976:
Robin Lane Fox examines the cultural connections made by Euboean adventurers in the 8th century
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The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC).
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Historia de Cartagena: De Qart-Ḥadašt a Carthago Nova / colaboradores: Martín Lillo Carpio ...
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and other officers of State. To this constitution the original inhabitants had to submit. The
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in the middle of the 6th century BC, Miletus was considered the greatest and wealthiest Greek
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Greek city-states began to establish colonies between 900 and 800 BC; the first two were
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248:
244:
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Edited by Carol Dougherty and Leslie Kurke, 57–74. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2036:"The Greeks". Encyclopædia Britannica. US: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2008. Online Edition.
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Broadhead, William. 2007. "Colonization, land distribution, and veteran settlement." In
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
1405:, but by the 150s AD the Han presence in the Western Regions began to wane. Towards the
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in larger numbers. One third of the conquered territory was taken for the settlers. The
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in Ionia was an ancient Greek city on the west coast of Anatolia, near the mouth of the
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Salmon, Edward T. 1936. "Roman colonisation from the Second Punic War to the Gracchi."
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world. From the late 9th to the 5th century BC, the most active colony-founding city,
56:
and its metropolis often remained close, and took specific forms during the period of
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880:' or Caucasus Greeks. Many Greek-founded colonies are well known cities to this day.
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or Latinitas. This secured to them the right of acquiring property, the concept of
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298:
The most famous and successful of Phoenician colonies was founded by settlers from
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101:
69:
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1373:, pursued a slow, cautious policy of settlement on the advice of Ban Yong, son of
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Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas.
1999:
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More than thirty Greek city-states had multiple colonies, dotted all across the
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113:
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61:
30:
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Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History
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The cultures within ancient Greek culture: Contact, conflict, collaboration.
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Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens
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kingdoms, but conducted largely peaceful trade relations with surrounding
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1398:
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1211:
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780:
748:
673:). Another area with significant Greek colonies was the coast of ancient
373:
307:
264:
199:
183:
139:
135:
77:
42:
2413:
2nd ed. Translated by Mary Turton. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2373:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD)
2352:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD)
2331:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD)
2310:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD)
2289:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD)
2265:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD)
1893:"Miletus | Ancient Greek City, Turkey, & Map | Britannica"
1831:"Political and Economic Implications of the New Phoenician Chronologies"
1560:
1536:
872:', in contrast to those from 'South Pontus', which strictly speaking is
850:
in Anatolia is one of the longest among all places the Greeks settled.
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4942:
4932:
4691:
4661:
4651:
4646:
4626:
4621:
4501:
4448:
4362:
4157:
4147:
4137:
4132:
4122:
3786:
3777:
3762:
3752:
3712:
3687:
3641:
3579:
3575:
3435:
3415:
3389:
3375:
3369:
3221:
3201:
3191:
3186:
3150:
3145:
3100:
3064:
3060:
2999:
2931:
2886:
2831:
2795:
2791:
2770:
2766:
2399:
Edited by Irad Malkin, 113–57. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2191:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 5–8, 23–33, 53–56, 173.
1619:"Peasantries and Elites without Urbanism: The Civilization of Ethiopia"
1410:
1386:
1327:
1261:
1253:
1236:
1215:
1214:
on the easternmost fringes of Central Asia. After the nomadic Mongolic
1097:
948:
885:
827:
772:
760:
674:
635:
623:
619:
603:
595:
583:
575:
567:
563:
501:
441:
292:
268:
215:
143:
2686:
1650:
1618:
1029:, usually to the number of three hundred and partly of members of the
460:(southern Italy) and several colonies on the Libyan coast of northern
7572:
7561:
7555:
7490:
7465:
7446:
7435:
7399:
7370:
7365:
7334:
7319:
7218:
7180:
6892:
6877:
6592:
6522:
6502:
6464:
6330:
6136:
6029:
5966:
5956:
5901:
5519:
5504:
5100:
5085:
5060:
5055:
5040:
4701:
4696:
4463:
4443:
4187:
4177:
4172:
4043:
4003:
3993:
3978:
3813:
3767:
3757:
3741:
3706:
3671:
3656:
3651:
3565:
3483:
3469:
3430:
3385:
3319:
3206:
3195:
3166:
2989:
2968:
2927:
2906:
2890:
2871:
2851:
2811:
1402:
905:
897:
853:
803:
787:
744:
740:
732:
697:
693:
688:
658:
627:
521:
513:
461:
430:
346:
256:
175:
167:
163:
53:
2458:
Donnellan, Lieve, Valentino Nizzo, and Gert-Jan Burgers, eds. 2016.
1880:
From the 8th century BC the coast of Thrace was colonised by Greeks.
1226:
in 121 BC, settlers from various regions of China under the rule of
1017:
to send out colonies for the purpose of securing new conquests. The
2559:
Legionary recruitment and veteran settlement during the Principate.
2515:
Hodos, Tamar. 1999. "Intermarriage in the western Greek colonies."
2254:, Vol. 23, No. 3, Archaeology of Empires (February 1992): 306-319 .
1535:
Japp, Sarah; Gerlach, Iris; Hitgen, Holger; Schnelle, Mike (2011).
1310:
sent Han Chinese to the northeastern frontier and settled defeated
1137:
318:
in the western Mediterranean, notably a colony in southeast Spain,
279:. From Spain and Morocco, the Phoenicians controlled access to the
27:
Founding of colonies from a mother-city during the classical period
7527:
7519:
7454:
7429:
7324:
7304:
7279:
7155:
7114:
6602:
6577:
6474:
6414:
6399:
6267:
6227:
5979:
5891:
5886:
5856:
5851:
5826:
5509:
5050:
5005:
4957:
4529:
4481:
4182:
4152:
4099:
4074:
4013:
3983:
3771:
3747:
3636:
3631:
3544:
3514:
3510:
3303:
3226:
3171:
3135:
3120:
3105:
3074:
3023:
3009:
2973:
2801:
2780:
2402:————. 2003. "Hybridity and the cultures within Greek culture." In
1414:
1288:
1203:
1101:
1079:
1004:
969:
952:
791:
752:
736:
615:
607:
579:
555:
526:
505:
426:
407:
389:
272:
260:
252:
237:
191:
29:
3834:
7543:
7484:
7299:
6607:
6582:
6532:
6019:
6009:
3395:
3309:
3235:
3216:
3176:
2963:
1362:
1322:. Ma pursued a similar policy in the south when he defeated the
908:. Greek was the lingua franca of Anatolia from the conquests of
901:
599:
6948:
6747:
6647:
5789:
5218:
4722:
4069:
3889:
3838:
2700:
2578:————. 1955. "Roman expansion and Roman colonization in Italy."
2212:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 241–244, 249–250.
1342:
as rival symbols of royal power, and reinstating Han authority
1244:
trade routes leading into Central Asia. Emperor Wu oversaw the
448:, spawned more than 60 colonies encompassing the shores of the
3266:
947:
of 431–404 BC broke out partly due to a dispute between
665:. The settlements they established there included the city of
2476:
Forrest, W. G. 1957. "Colonisation and the rise of Delphi."
2448:
Routledge History of the Ancient World. New York: Routledge.
2395:
Antonaccio, Carla M. 2001. "Ethnicity and colonization." In
987:). The trade factories set up in foreign countries, such as
747:
is said to have founded the first colony) and the shores of
2589:
Aspects of Greek and Roman Life. London: Thames and Hudson.
2552:
A Small Greek World: Networks In the Ancient Mediterranean.
2411:
The Phoenicians and the west: Politics, colonies and trade.
1182:(202 BC–220 AD) extended its rule over what is now much of
846:
were spoken in Anatolia in the various city states and the
539:
Two new waves of colonists set out from Greece between the
2568:
Edited by Jean-Paul Descœudres, 469–89. Oxford: Clarendon.
2561:
Edited by Margaret M. Roxan. London: University of London.
2283:
2281:
1061:, a copy of the Roman, electing from their own body their
96:
in the mother-city by expelling a part of the population,
2149:"Ancient Greek colonies | 5.97 | Maria Daniels"
2606:
Roman colonies in the first century of their foundation.
1377:, as the Eastern Han Empire came into conflict with the
1401:
in battle and colonies were established all the way to
1576:
Aethiopica: International Journal of Ethiopian Studies
2677:
6. The Greek "Renaissance" - Colonization and Tyranny
2524:
The corrupting sea: A study of Mediterranean history.
2425:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
1480:
Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times
1283:
of northern Korea dealt with occasional raids by the
2418:
The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colonies and Trade.
719:
colonies were founded, ranging from Egypt to India.
7571:
7518:
7475:
7445:
7398:
7389:
7348:
7257:
7226:
7217:
7179:
7141:
7123:
7100:
7082:
7064:
7046:
7028:
7000:
6993:
6921:
6815:
6785:
6488:
6365:
6354:
6281:
6203:
6160:
6107:
5965:
5817:
5808:
5734:
5649:
5587:
5542:
5492:
5443:
5365:
5242:
5180:
5149:
4991:
4878:
4822:
4744:
4570:
4543:
4515:
4472:
4420:
4262:
4201:
4098:
3964:
3913:
3801:
3680:
3624:
3493:
3454:
3338:
3285:
3249:
3159:
3038:
2982:
2951:
2915:
2739:
2229:Yü, Ying-shih. (1986). "Han Foreign Relations," in
1716:
Ancient Egyptian brewery found in downtown Tel Aviv
1673:
Southern Canaan as an Egyptian Protodynastic Colony
1357:, had military colonies established in what is now
771:(13th century BC), Miletus saw the arrival of the
2453:Negotiating identity in the ancient Mediterranean.
1988:A list of Greek colonies with individual articles.
1477:
860:, on the south shores of the Black Sea and in the
638:by Phocaea and Massalia (c. 545 BC) and
52:rather than a territory-at-large. Bonds between a
2595:Papers of the Royal Netherlands Institute in Rome
1334:, resettling hundreds of Vietnamese into China's
259:, and established colonies as far west as modern
467:Greeks founded two similar types of colony, the
134:process in history occurred around 1000 BC, the
2522:Horden, Peregrine, and Nicholas Purcell. 2000.
2080:Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times, 1984.
2636:Leiden, The Netherlands: University of Leiden.
1541:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
228:Phoenicia § Important cities and colonies
210:as early as 3000 BC, and perhaps earlier. The
60:. Generally, colonies founded by the ancient
6960:
6759:
3850:
2712:
2668:by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev
2430:Branigan, Keith. 1981. "Minoan colonialism."
1855:Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (2003).
936:The relation between colony and mother-city (
306:, literally "New Town"), known in English as
8:
2545:Religion and Colonization In Ancient Greece.
1906:Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond (1959).
1397:. In 127 AD Ban Yong was able to defeat the
1264:under Han rule, and by 108 BC completed the
818:were among the renowned philosophers of the
112:colonies were used for trade, expansion and
2175:Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
1954:Travelling Heroes: In the Epic Age of Homer
7395:
7223:
6997:
6967:
6953:
6945:
6766:
6752:
6744:
6644:
6362:
5814:
5805:
5786:
5546:
5449:
5239:
5215:
4732:
4719:
4426:
4095:
4066:
3910:
3886:
3857:
3843:
3835:
2719:
2705:
2697:
2653:Map of Greek Colonies 9th-6th Centuries BC
2622:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2615:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2487:Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2455:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2312:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, pp. 125–126.
1957:. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 131.
1623:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1442:List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia
1353:Cao Song, an Eastern Han administrator of
1083:, the allies, and possessed the so-called
80:remained tied to their metropolis, though
2675:, Introduction to Ancient Greek History.
2620:Maritime networks in the Mycenaean world.
2492:Colony and mother city in ancient Greece.
2478:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
2423:————. 2001. "Aspects of 'colonization.'"
1861:. Oxford University Press. p. 1515.
1579:. Harrassowitz Verlag. 2006. p. 283.
1295:who in turn became heavily influenced by
692:citizenry almost invariably consulted an
2375:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, pp. 37–38.
1704:University College London web post, 2000
1700:Bulletin of the Egyptological, Seminar 8
928:cities of Cyrenaica (modern-day Libya).
520:, both established about 800 BC by
6988:With correspondence to modern geography
2512:Stockholm: Swedish Institute at Athens.
2499:Collected Papers On Greek Colonization.
2397:Ancient perceptions of Greek ethnicity.
2004:National Preserve of Tauric Chersonesos
1836:. Universidad Pompeu Fabra. p. 179
1748:
1746:
1694:
1692:
1468:
302:in 814–813 BC and called Kart-Hadasht (
2687:A complete catalogue of ancient ports.
2587:Roman colonization under the Republic.
2432:Annual of the British School at Athens
1736:(Volume 54, Number 3, May/June 2001).
751:. In addition, Greeks were settled in
487:), an independent city-state, and the
2464:Belgisch Historisch Instituut te Rome
2333:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 476.
2291:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 660.
2267:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 659.
856:traditionally lived in the region of
433:as early as the 8th century BC.
7:
6258:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
2531:Papers of the British School at Rome
2354:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, p. 36.
1437:List of cities founded by the Romans
222:Phoenician and Carthaginian colonies
2460:Conceptualizing early colonisation.
1758:Archaeological Institute of America
1738:Archaeological Institute of America
1702:(1986/1987), pp. 109-129. See also
1148:Protectorate of the Western Regions
212:Archaeological Institute of America
7110:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium
2625:Tsetskhladze, Gocha R., ed. 2006.
2554:New York: Oxford University Press.
2420:4th ed. London: Thames and Hudson.
1521:The Babylonian and Oriental Record
1476:Thomas R. Martin (1 August 2000).
932:Relations of colony and metropolis
798:on the western coast of Anatolia (
590:by Chalcis (c. 734 BC);
337:, Professor of Archaeology at the
25:
2598:2014 (62). Rome: Palombi Editori.
1795:Sabatino Moscati (January 2001).
1484:. Yale University Press. p.
618:by Phocaea and Massalia (c.
7208:
7201:
6806:
6727:
6717:
6708:
6707:
2727:
2168:Most of this text is taken from
1593:A History of African Archaeology
1230:colonized the Hexi Corridor and
1157:
1136:
6728:
3361:Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)
2000:"About Chersonesos, Sevastopol"
1951:Robin Lane Fox (9 March 2010).
1909:A history of Greece to 322 B.C.
1858:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
1272:. Han Chinese colonists in the
830:another ancient Greek city and
251:. They had trading contacts in
2733:Phoenician cities and colonies
2439:A companion to the Roman army.
1912:Clarendon Press. p. 109.
1447:List of settlements in Illyria
1150:to the west in the Tarim Basin
848:list of ancient Greek theatres
531:Ancient Greek colonies of the
398:home from the Greek period of
48:founded from a mother-city or
1:
4329:
4316:
4297:
4280:
2646:Ancient History Encyclopedia
2517:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
1524:. D. Nutt. 1894. p. 107.
1248:in 111 BC, bringing areas of
650:(762/61 and 632/31 BC).
602:, shortly after Massalia, by
508:coast and the Greek emporium
126:Sabean colonization of Africa
120:Sabean Colonization of Africa
5457:Funeral and burial practices
4642:Military of Mycenaean Greece
2473:Oxford: Thames & Hudson.
2409:Aubet, Maria Eugenia. 2001.
2371:de Crespigny, Rafe. (2007).
2350:de Crespigny, Rafe. (2007).
2329:de Crespigny, Rafe. (2007).
2308:de Crespigny, Rafe. (2007).
2287:de Crespigny, Rafe. (2007).
2263:de Crespigny, Rafe. (2007).
1829:Maria Eugenia Aubet (2008).
1770:Martín Lillo Carpio (1992).
1728:World's Oldest Planked Boats
1617:Gamst, Frederick C. (1970).
1365:in 119 AD. However, Empress
1116:, who used it mainly in the
919:in the eleventh century AD.
896:traders (756 BC) as well as
727:By the 15th century BC, the
7609:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
7056:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa
2632:van Dommelen, Peter. 1998.
1452:Alexandria (disambiguation)
7668:
7616:Legacy of the Roman Empire
6858:Alexandria in the Caucasus
5381:Greek Revival architecture
3713:Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)
2618:Tartaron, Thomas E. 2013.
2444:Cornell, Timothy J. 1995.
2208:Di Cosmo, Nicola. (2002).
1801:. I.B.Tauris. p. 48.
1590:Robertshaw, Peter (1990).
1389:allies located around the
1314:tribes within Han China's
998:
912:up to the invasion of the
723:Greek colonies in Anatolia
382:Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea
367:
357:
225:
123:
7604:
7199:
6986:
6804:
6703:
6654:
6643:
5804:
5785:
5549:
5452:
5238:
5214:
4789:Attalid kings of Pergamon
4735:
4731:
4718:
4597:Antigonid Macedonian army
4429:
4094:
4065:
3909:
3885:
3872:
3466:Portus Magonis (Portimão)
3030:Strato's Tower (Caesarea)
2613:The first Western Greeks.
2451:Demetriou, Denise. 2012.
2187:Chang, Chun-shu. (2007).
2125:"Ancient Jewish Diaspora"
1635:10.1017/S001041750000596X
1596:. J. Currey. p. 96.
1067:coloniae civium Romanorum
1035:coloniae civium Romanorum
786:Before the invasion from
681:(e.g. Aspalathos, modern
360:Iron Age Greek migrations
247:in the early part of the
3212:Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)
2573:Journal of Roman Studies
1346:over Jiaozhi. Historian
1338:in 43 AD, seizing their
1330:, in what is now modern
1266:Han conquest of Gojoseon
1041:. The far more numerous
1013:It was an old custom in
622:and early 6th century);
370:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
7611:; Proposed; in Danger
7405:Palestinian territories
6863:Alexandria on the Indus
2490:Graham, A. John. 1983.
2483:Garland, Robert. 2014.
1752:Schuster, Angela M.H. "
1369:, regent for the young
800:Pre-Socratic philosophy
707:After the conquests of
570:(c. 8th century);
493:(ἐμπόριov, pl. ἐμπόρια
339:Pompeu Fabra University
322:, which was eventually
182:, from regions such as
7647:History of colonialism
7151:Aelia Augusta Aeclanum
6934:Alexandropolis Maedica
6868:Alexandria Prophthasia
4823:Artists & scholars
4738:List of ancient Greeks
4375:Second Athenian League
4224:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
4049:Ancient Greek colonies
2611:Ridgway, David. 1992.
2494:2nd ed. Chicago: Ares.
2416:Boardman, John. 1999.
1683:Branislav Anđelković,
1671:Branislav Anđelković,
1407:end of the Han dynasty
1246:Han conquest of Nanyue
1166:end of the Han dynasty
1146:in 87 BC, showing the
1010:
844:Ancient Greek dialects
715:, a further number of
536:
410:
354:Ancient Greek colonies
351:
35:
7637:Colonies in antiquity
6888:Laodicea in Phoenicia
5942:Sybaris on the Traeis
4667:Sacred Band of Thebes
4407:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
3921:Cycladic civilization
3056:Cape Melqart (Cefalù)
2666:The Roman Law Library
2469:Dunbabin T. J. 1948.
1218:ruler Hunye (渾邪) was
1096:From the time of the
1008:
816:Diogenes of Apollonia
543:and the start of the
530:
497:), a trading colony.
483:“home”, pl. ἀποικίαι
393:
343:
178:and exported back to
39:Colonies in antiquity
33:
6843:Alexandria Arachosia
5467:mythological figures
5188:Ancient Greek tribes
4313:Peloponnesian League
3733:Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)
3571:Carthage (Cartagena)
2959:Callista (Santorini)
2897:Tipasa in Mauretania
2857:Rusippisir (Taksebt)
2543:Malkin, Irad. 1987.
1432:Classical demography
1371:Emperor Shang of Han
1104:. After the time of
594:(Marseille, c.
535:, 8th-3rd century BC
479:“away from” + οἶκος
174:pottery produced in
6929:Antigonia (Paeonia)
5579:Tunnel of Eupalinos
5574:Theatre of Dionysus
5198:Ancient Macedonians
4814:Tyrants of Syracuse
4326:Amphictyonic League
3926:Minoan civilization
3470:Olissipona (Lisbon)
2602:Sweetman, Rebecca J
2471:The Western Greeks.
2170:Harry Thurston Peck
2151:. Perseus.tufts.edu
1340:sacred bronze drums
1316:Tianshui Commandery
1122:conquered territory
910:Alexander the Great
892:), were founded by
713:Alexander the Great
549:Mediterranean Basin
335:María Eugenia Aubet
263:, at Gadir (modern
249:first millennium BC
74:Alexander the Great
58:classical antiquity
7642:Greek colonization
7432:: Emmaus Nicopolis
7415:: Aelia Capitolina
7227:Of legion veterans
7084:Gallia Narbonensis
7066:Gallia Lugdunensis
7030:Britannia Inferior
7002:Britannia Superior
6853:Alexandria Eschate
6253:Menestheus's Limin
5907:Pandosia (Lucania)
5795:Greek colonisation
5157:Athenian statesmen
4918:Diogenes of Sinope
4779:Kings of Macedonia
4769:Kings of Commagene
4637:Macedonian phalanx
4617:Hellenistic armies
4365:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
4229:Indo-Greek Kingdom
3951:Hellenistic Greece
3642:Balanaea (Baniyas)
2872:Rusuccuru (Dellys)
2658:2015-09-16 at the
2648:Greek Colonization
2557:Mann, J. C. 1983.
2526:Oxford: Blackwell.
2129:My Jewish Learning
1756:", Dec. 11, 2000.
1039:coloniae maritimae
1011:
888:(Greek: Τραπεζοῦς
838:, a member of the
796:Western philosophy
537:
473:(ἀποικία from ἀπό
411:
364:Greek colonisation
316:their own colonies
130:One of the oldest
36:
7624:
7623:
7600:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7425:Caesarea Maritima
7349:Possible colonies
7239:Caesarea Maritima
7197:
7196:
7156:Castra Taurinorum
7102:Germania Inferior
6942:
6941:
6848:Alexandria Ariana
6798:Ptolemais Hermiou
6741:
6740:
6699:
6698:
6639:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6205:Iberian Peninsula
6137:Lipara/Meligounis
6103:
6102:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5754:Cypriot syllabary
5645:
5644:
5554:Athenian Treasury
5538:
5537:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5205:
4799:Ptolemaic dynasty
4759:Archons of Athens
4714:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4585:Athenian military
4566:
4565:
4399:League of Corinth
4381:Thessalian League
4357:Chalcidian League
4339:Acarnanian League
4249:Ptolemaic Kingdom
4061:
4060:
4057:
4056:
3832:
3831:
3462:Portus Hannibalis
3351:Arambys (Mogador)
3236:Ushu (Palaetyrus)
3217:Porphyreon (Jieh)
3086:Kapara (Soluntum)
2902:Tipasa in Numidia
2852:Rusicade (Skikda)
2681:Open Yale Courses
2504:Hägg, Robin, and
2252:World Archaeology
2239:978-0-521-24327-8
2218:978-0-521-77064-4
2197:978-0-472-11534-1
2112:978-81-269-0775-5
2095:978-0-19-517072-6
1964:978-0-679-76386-4
1919:978-0-19-814260-7
1868:978-0-19-956738-6
1808:978-1-85043-533-4
1603:978-0-85255-065-6
1495:978-0-300-08493-1
1391:Taklamakan Desert
1348:Rafe de Crespigny
1320:Longxi Commandery
1228:Emperor Wu of Han
1077:served among the
1071:Roman citizenship
945:Peloponnesian War
454:Iberian Peninsula
452:in the east, the
208:ancient Egyptians
206:was known to the
158:Egyptian colonies
18:Phoenician colony
16:(Redirected from
7659:
7396:
7376:Emmaus Nicopolis
7244:Aelia Capitolina
7224:
7212:
7205:
6998:
6969:
6962:
6955:
6946:
6883:Laodicea Paralos
6810:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6745:
6731:
6730:
6721:
6711:
6710:
6645:
6363:
5862:Heraclea Lucania
5815:
5806:
5787:
5547:
5479:Twelve Olympians
5450:
5240:
5216:
4804:Seleucid dynasty
4784:Kings of Paionia
4733:
4720:
4590:Scythian archers
4497:Graphe paranomon
4427:
4334:
4331:
4321:
4318:
4302:
4299:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4096:
4067:
3946:Classical Greece
3931:Mycenaean Greece
3911:
3887:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3836:
3601:Tagilit (Tíjola)
3376:Shalat (Chellah)
3346:Azama (Azemmour)
2731:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2698:
2384:
2369:
2363:
2348:
2342:
2327:
2321:
2306:
2300:
2285:
2276:
2261:
2255:
2248:
2242:
2227:
2221:
2206:
2200:
2185:
2179:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2121:
2115:
2104:
2098:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1996:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1948:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1835:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1776:Ed. Mediterráneo
1767:
1761:
1750:
1741:
1724:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1483:
1473:
1332:northern Vietnam
1192:northern Vietnam
1161:
1140:
1128:Chinese colonies
1075:coloniae Latinae
1043:coloniae Latinae
864:in northeastern
698:Oracle of Delphi
653:The Greeks also
326:by their enemy,
84:colonies of the
21:
7667:
7666:
7662:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7657:
7656:
7627:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7592:
7567:
7558:: Philippopolis
7514:
7487:: Arca Caesarea
7471:
7441:
7403:
7391:
7385:
7344:
7253:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7193:
7175:
7137:
7133:Augusta Emerita
7119:
7096:
7078:
7060:
7042:
7024:
6989:
6982:
6973:
6943:
6938:
6917:
6908:Seleucia Pieria
6811:
6802:
6781:
6772:
6742:
6737:
6695:
6650:
6627:
6490:
6484:
6367:
6358:
6350:
6321:Melaina Korkyra
6277:
6199:
6156:
6109:Aeolian Islands
6099:
5961:
5819:
5800:
5799:
5773:
5730:
5641:
5583:
5534:
5488:
5439:
5361:
5352:Wedding customs
5234:
5233:
5202:
5193:Thracian Greeks
5176:
5167:Olympic victors
5145:
4987:
4874:
4818:
4809:Kings of Sparta
4794:Kings of Pontus
4764:Kings of Athens
4740:
4727:
4706:
4602:Army of Macedon
4562:
4539:
4511:
4468:
4416:
4389:(370–c. 230 BC)
4387:Arcadian League
4371:(c. 400–188 BC)
4369:Aetolian League
4363:Boeotian League
4345:Hellenic League
4332:
4319:
4309:(c. 650–404 BC)
4300:
4294:Italiote League
4287:
4283:
4277:Doric Hexapolis
4267:
4258:
4254:Seleucid Empire
4197:
4090:
4089:
4053:
3960:
3936:Greek Dark Ages
3905:
3904:
3881:
3868:
3863:
3833:
3828:
3797:
3688:Aspis (Kelibia)
3676:
3620:
3489:
3475:Ossonoba (Faro)
3450:
3334:
3281:
3245:
3182:Athar (Tripoli)
3155:
3034:
2978:
2947:
2911:
2787:Iol (Cherchell)
2735:
2725:
2660:Wayback Machine
2643:
2506:Nanno Marinatos
2392:
2390:Further reading
2387:
2370:
2366:
2349:
2345:
2328:
2324:
2307:
2303:
2286:
2279:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2245:
2228:
2224:
2207:
2203:
2186:
2182:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2105:
2101:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1798:The Phoenicians
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1751:
1744:
1726:Ward, Cheryl. "
1725:
1721:
1714:
1710:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1427:
1395:Western Regions
1297:Chinese culture
1268:in what is now
1260:, and northern
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:from 189-220 AD
1162:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1130:
1003:
1001:Colonia (Roman)
997:
951:and her colony
934:
925:
923:Jewish colonies
820:Milesian school
725:
388:
366:
358:Main articles:
356:
236:were the major
230:
224:
160:
128:
122:
114:empire-building
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7665:
7663:
7655:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7629:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7618:
7612:
7605:
7602:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7584:
7577:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7559:
7553:
7547:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7524:
7522:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7512:
7506:
7500:
7494:
7488:
7481:
7479:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7463:
7457:
7451:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7433:
7427:
7422:
7416:
7409:
7407:
7393:
7390:Locations with
7387:
7386:
7384:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7352:
7350:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7261:
7259:
7258:Of late Empire
7255:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7230:
7228:
7221:
7215:
7214:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7191:
7185:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7147:
7145:
7139:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7129:
7127:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7117:
7112:
7106:
7104:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7094:
7088:
7086:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7076:
7070:
7068:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7058:
7052:
7050:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7040:
7034:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7017:
7015:Lindum Colonia
7012:
7006:
7004:
6995:
6991:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6964:
6957:
6949:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6931:
6925:
6923:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6819:
6817:
6813:
6812:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6789:
6787:
6783:
6782:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6748:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6725:
6715:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6648:
6641:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6494:
6492:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6371:
6369:
6360:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6287:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6209:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6166:
6164:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6111:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6055:Megara Hyblaea
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6035:Hybla Gereatis
6032:
6027:
6025:Heraclea Minoa
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5971:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5823:
5821:
5812:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5771:
5769:Attic numerals
5766:
5764:Greek numerals
5761:
5759:Greek alphabet
5756:
5751:
5746:
5740:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5655:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5593:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5550:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5459:
5453:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5413:Musical system
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5372:
5370:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5248:
5246:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4845:Mathematicians
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4754:Kings of Argos
4750:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4612:Cretan archers
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4411:Achaean League
4408:
4405:Euboean League
4402:
4396:
4393:Epirote League
4390:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4341:(c. 500–31 BC)
4336:
4323:
4310:
4304:
4291:
4273:
4271:
4269:Confederations
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4193:Lissus (Crete)
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3941:Archaic Greece
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3866:Ancient Greece
3864:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3780:
3775:
3765:
3760:
3758:Sicca (El Kef)
3755:
3750:
3745:
3735:
3730:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3603:
3598:
3588:
3583:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3553:
3548:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3518:
3508:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3452:
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3325:Ras il-Wardija
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3207:Gebal (Byblos)
3204:
3202:Botrys (Teros)
3199:
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3081:Heraclea Minoa
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2812:Kissi (Djinet)
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2641:External links
2639:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2629:Leiden: Brill.
2623:
2616:
2609:
2608:Oxford: Oxbow.
2599:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2575:26 (1): 47–67.
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2547:Leiden: Brill.
2541:
2534:
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2502:
2501:Leiden: Brill.
2495:
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2480:6 (2): 160–75.
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2016:
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1293:Korean peoples
1196:northern Korea
1188:Inner Mongolia
1176:Imperial China
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1142:
1135:
1134:
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1110:Roman emperors
1027:Roman citizens
999:Main article:
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995:Roman colonies
993:
933:
930:
924:
921:
781:Hittite Empire
767:. In the late
724:
721:
696:, such as the
683:Split, Croatia
545:Archaic Period
419:civil disorder
415:Ancient Greece
355:
352:
341:, Barcelona:
314:later founded
281:Atlantic Ocean
267:), and modern
223:
220:
159:
156:
152:Habesha people
124:Main article:
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6233:Hemeroscopion
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5810:Magna Graecia
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5684:Arcadocypriot
5682:
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5672:
5670:
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5657:
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5637:Zeus, Olympia
5635:
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5622:Hera, Olympia
5620:
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5525:Mount Olympus
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5493:Sacred places
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5338:
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5317:Olympic Games
5315:
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5308:
5307:Homosexuality
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5300:
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4703:
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4678:
4677:Seleucid army
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4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
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4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4351:Delian League
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4327:
4324:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4307:Ionian League
4305:
4295:
4292:
4288: 560 BC
4278:
4275:
4274:
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4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:Magna Graecia
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
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3898:
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3794:
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3673:
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3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:Marat (Amrit)
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
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3561:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:Gadir (Cadiz)
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
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3404:
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3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Caricus Murus
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3310:Gaulos (Gozo)
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3151:Ṣiṣ (Palermo)
3149:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
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2960:
2957:
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2954:
2950:
2944:
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2939:
2936:
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2926:
2924:
2921:
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2905:
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2900:
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2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2863:
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2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2768:
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2763:
2760:
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2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2693:
2690:
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2682:
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2671:
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2667:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2604:., ed. 2011.
2603:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2582:9 (2): 63–75.
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2540:77 (1): 1–42.
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2508:, eds. 1984.
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2051:0-521-83307-8
2048:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1848:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1788:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:This Old Boat
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:, chancellor
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:Jushi Kingdom
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:Jing Province
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:Trưng Sisters
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:In 37 AD the
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:Hainan Island
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1232:Ordos Plateau
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:Hexi Corridor
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1164:China at the
1160:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:standing army
1020:
1016:
1015:ancient Italy
1007:
1002:
994:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
962:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
940:
931:
929:
922:
920:
918:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:Pontic Greeks
875:
871:
870:Pontic Greeks
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
849:
845:
841:
840:Ionian League
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:Meander River
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
722:
720:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:in France by
625:
621:
617:
613:
610:in Italy and
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
534:
529:
525:
523:
519:
518:Bay of Naples
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
491:
486:
482:
478:
477:
472:
471:
465:
463:
459:
458:Magna Graecia
456:in the west,
455:
451:
447:
446:Ionian League
443:
439:
438:Mediterranean
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
387:
386:Pontic Greeks
383:
379:
378:Magna Graecia
375:
371:
365:
361:
353:
350:
348:
342:
340:
336:
333:According to
331:
329:
325:
321:
320:Carthago Nova
317:
313:
312:Carthaginians
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:Mediterranean
242:
239:
235:
229:
221:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
157:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
127:
119:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:social unrest
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:
40:
32:
19:
7539:Dura-Europos
7499:: Heliopolis
7392:modern names
7340:Dura-Europos
6980:Ancient Rome
6898:Philadelphia
6828:Alexandretta
6778:
6774:Hellenistic/
6528:Dionysopolis
6498:Abonoteichos
6450:Pantikapaion
6040:Hybla Heraea
5376:Architecture
5332:Prostitution
5021:Aristophanes
4880:Philosophers
4850:Philosophers
4682:Spartan army
4413:(280–146 BC)
4401:(338–322 BC)
4395:(370–168 BC)
4383:(374–196 BC)
4377:(378–355 BC)
4359:(430–348 BC)
4353:(478–404 BC)
4347:(499–449 BC)
4048:
4034:Peloponnesus
3956:Roman Greece
3441:Thymiaterium
3315:Għajn Qajjet
3140:Sant'Antioco
2762:Hippo Regius
2673:Donald Kagan
2672:
2665:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2593:
2586:
2585:————. 1969.
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2550:————. 2011.
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2498:
2497:————. 2001.
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2372:
2367:
2351:
2346:
2330:
2325:
2309:
2304:
2288:
2264:
2259:
2251:
2246:
2230:
2225:
2209:
2204:
2188:
2183:
2173:
2164:
2153:. Retrieved
2143:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:
2119:
2102:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2041:
2032:
2025:De republica
2024:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
2003:
1994:
1983:
1975:
1968:. Retrieved
1953:
1946:
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1908:
1901:
1887:
1879:
1872:. Retrieved
1857:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1797:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1772:
1765:
1731:
1722:
1711:
1699:
1679:
1667:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1592:
1585:
1575:
1569:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1506:
1499:. Retrieved
1479:
1471:
1457:Roman Empire
1352:
1301:
1281:commanderies
1235:
1184:China proper
1174:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1059:constitution
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:Latin League
1021:, having no
1012:
984:
980:
979:(κληροῦχοι,
974:
960:
957:
937:
935:
926:
889:
852:
785:
731:had reached
726:
706:
687:
679:Adriatic Sea
652:
646:, Libya) by
553:
538:
499:
494:
488:
484:
474:
468:
466:
435:
412:
344:
332:
303:
297:
285:trade routes
231:
204:Shipbuilding
161:
132:colonisation
129:
106:Carthaginian
38:
37:
7421:: Ptolemais
7115:Mogontiacum
7048:Roman Dacia
7010:Camulodunum
6913:Serraepolis
6676:Place names
6588:Salmydessus
6410:Kalos Limen
6390:Chersonesus
6380:Borysthenes
6085:Tauromenion
5897:Metapontion
5659:Proto-Greek
5612:Erechtheion
5607:Athena Nike
5569:Philippeion
5398:Mathematics
5369:and science
5252:Agriculture
5116:Stesichorus
5026:Bacchylides
5016:Archilochus
4903:Antisthenes
4893:Anaximander
4865:Seven Sages
4855:Playwrights
4835:Geographers
4830:Astronomers
4657:Pezhetairos
4284: 1100
4264:Federations
4163:Megalopolis
4100:City states
4075:City states
3693:Bulla Regia
3241:Umm al-Amad
3126:Pantelleria
2995:Akka (Acre)
2881:Aïn Oulmene
2862:Rusubbicari
2846:Tamentfoust
2806:Constantine
2533:52: 77–114.
2427:322: 33–42.
1970:24 February
1874:24 February
1840:24 February
1780:12 February
1733:Archaeology
1547:: 145–160.
1501:24 February
1359:Yiwu County
1304:Eastern Han
1270:North Korea
1208:Tarim Basin
1186:as well as
1180:Han dynasty
1178:during the
1144:Han dynasty
1112:during the
1102:Roman Plebs
1086:ius Latinum
862:Pontic Alps
808:Anaximander
717:Hellenistic
667:Chersonesos
620:540 BC
596:598 BC
584:734 BC
394:Ruins of a
304:Qart-ḥadašt
234:Phoenicians
148:Agaw people
110:Han Chinese
98:Hellenistic
62:Phoenicians
46:city-states
7631:Categories
7614:See also:
7589:: Seleucia
7552:: Laodicea
7438:: Neronias
7285:Heliopolis
7189:Singidunum
7166:Mediolanum
6823:Ai-Khanoum
6793:Alexandria
6776:Macedonian
6578:Polemonion
6455:Phanagoria
6425:Kimmerikon
6420:Kerkinitis
6405:Hermonassa
6395:Dioscurias
6291:Aspalathos
6238:Kalathousa
6213:Akra Leuke
6142:Phoenicusa
5927:Scylletium
5912:Poseidonia
5832:Brentesion
5719:Pamphylian
5714:Macedonian
5632:Samothrace
5617:Hephaestus
5564:Long Walls
5543:Structures
5484:Underworld
5430:Technology
5393:Literature
5327:Philosophy
5292:Euergetism
5181:By culture
5126:Thucydides
4968:Pythagoras
4963:Protagoras
4953:Parmenides
4938:Heraclitus
4923:Empedocles
4913:Democritus
4898:Anaximenes
4888:Anaxagoras
4840:Historians
4333: 595
4320: 550
4301: 800
4286: – c.
4214:Cappadocia
4019:Ionian Sea
4009:Hellespont
3974:Aegean Sea
3703:Hadrumetum
3521:Akra Leuka
3400:Casablanca
3232:Sur (Tyre)
2519:18: 61–78.
2462:Brussels:
2434:76: 23–33.
2381:9004156054
2360:9004156054
2339:9004156054
2318:9004156054
2297:9004156054
2273:9004156054
2155:2009-05-05
2134:2024-06-05
1629:(4): 375.
1385:and their
1224:Huo Qubing
1210:region of
1206:, and the
1114:Principate
1091:commercium
981:klêrouchoi
961:metropolis
939:metropolis
842:. All the
836:Clazomenae
832:Anaxagoras
824:Heraclitus
812:Anaximenes
769:Bronze Age
729:Mycenaeans
671:Sevastopol
510:Pithecusae
368:See also:
226:See also:
78:successors
50:metropolis
41:were post-
7652:Roman law
7583:: Antioch
7564:: Palmyra
7493:: Berytus
7413:Jerusalem
7249:Ptolemais
7171:Placentia
7161:Florentia
7020:Londinium
6664:in Epirus
6613:Trapezous
6558:Mesambria
6543:Eupatoria
6513:Apollonia
6508:Anchialos
6470:Theodosia
6440:Nymphaion
6430:Myrmekion
6400:Gorgippia
6356:Black Sea
6341:Tragurion
6326:Nymphaion
6311:Epidauros
6306:Epidamnos
6296:Apollonia
6273:Zacynthos
6195:Ptolemais
6189:Apollonia
6162:Cyrenaica
6152:Therassía
6147:Strongyle
6127:Ereikousa
6050:Leontinoi
5990:Apollonia
5867:Hipponion
5664:Mycenaean
5627:Parthenon
5559:Lion Gate
5462:Mythology
5425:Sculpture
5388:Astronomy
5322:Pederasty
5297:Festivals
5282:Education
5162:Lawgivers
5131:Timocreon
5111:Sophocles
5106:Simonides
5081:Philocles
5076:Panyassis
5071:Mimnermus
5036:Herodotus
5031:Euripides
5001:Aeschylus
4948:Leucippus
4908:Aristotle
4687:Strategos
4553:Synedrion
4507:Ostracism
4487:Areopagus
4439:Free city
4234:Macedonia
4118:Byzantion
4024:Macedonia
3989:Cyrenaica
3966:Geography
3900:Geography
3824:Tahpanhes
3819:Gibraltar
3814:Phoenicus
3809:Myriandus
3718:Kerkouane
3595:Almunecar
3406:Volubilis
3277:Tsabratan
3131:Selinunte
3101:Lilybaeum
2868:El Bahri)
2842:Rusguniae
2817:Macomades
2752:Cartennae
1659:143872194
1643:0010-4175
1553:0308-8421
1250:Guangdong
1242:Silk Road
1118:provinces
1069:retained
1050:patrons (
989:Naucratis
890:Trapezous
834:was from
826:lived in
709:Macedonia
702:Prytaneum
663:Black Sea
655:colonised
644:Cyrenaica
624:Antipolis
582:(c.
541:Dark Ages
533:Black Sea
450:Black Sea
423:ostracism
404:Catalonia
396:peristyle
324:conquered
196:Tel Erani
90:Classical
7587:Samandağ
7534:Damascus
7530:: Bostra
7468:: Gerasa
7462:: Gadara
7460:Umm Qais
7381:Neronias
7330:Neapolis
7295:Damascus
7275:Seleucia
7265:Laodicea
7125:Hispania
7074:Lugdunum
7038:Eboracum
6976:Colonies
6903:Seleucia
6779:colonies
6713:Category
6691:Theatres
6618:Tripolis
6553:Kerasous
6548:Heraclea
6480:Tyritake
6435:Nikonion
6346:Thronion
6268:Salauris
6223:Emporion
6180:Berenice
6170:Balagrae
6122:Euonymos
6095:Tyndaris
6080:Syracuse
6075:Selinous
6045:Kamarina
6000:Casmenae
5985:Akrillai
5902:Neápolis
5837:Caulonia
5818:Mainland
5749:Linear B
5744:Linear A
5674:Dialects
5651:Language
5445:Religion
5403:Medicine
5337:Religion
5302:Folklore
5287:Emporium
5262:Clothing
5257:Calendar
5141:Xenophon
5136:Tyrtaeus
5121:Theognis
5096:Polybius
5091:Plutarch
5066:Menander
5046:Hipponax
4973:Socrates
4928:Epicurus
4774:Diadochi
4672:Sciritae
4632:Hetairoi
4607:Ballista
4572:Military
4535:Gerousia
4525:Ekklesia
4492:Ecclesia
4474:Athenian
4422:Politics
4335:–279 BC)
4322:–366 BC)
4303:–389 BC)
4239:Pergamon
4209:Bithynia
4202:Kingdoms
4143:Pergamon
4085:Military
4080:Politics
3877:Timeline
3783:Thysdrus
3727:Monastir
3698:Carthage
3606:Toscanos
3586:Saguntum
3576:Rushadir
3525:Alicante
3455:Portugal
3421:Oualidia
3381:Tamusida
3330:Tas-Silġ
3294:Cospicua
3292:Maleth (
3111:Neapolis
3095:Cagliari
3061:Drepanum
3020:Shikmona
2938:Lapathus
2866:Zemmouri
2836:Azeffoun
2827:Rachgoun
2777:Igilgili
2747:Camarata
2656:Archived
2023:Cicero,
1925:8 August
1814:8 August
1561:41622129
1425:See also
1419:Sun Quan
1399:Karasahr
1383:Shanshan
1375:Ban Chao
1367:Deng Sui
1355:Dunhuang
1344:and laws
1306:general
1285:Goguryeo
1220:defeated
1212:Xinjiang
977:cleruchs
894:Milesian
866:Anatolia
749:Anatolia
743:( where
669:(modern
612:Emporion
592:Massalia
572:Syracuse
522:Euboeans
490:emporion
485:apoikiai
400:Empúries
374:Emporion
308:Carthage
283:and the
200:Tel Aviv
188:En Besor
172:Egyptian
140:Ethiopia
76:and his
66:Carthage
43:Iron Age
7581:Antakya
7550:Latakia
7546:: Emesa
7511:: Tyrus
7505:: Sidon
7497:Baalbek
7477:Lebanon
7402:and the
7361:Ascalon
7315:Sebaste
7290:Palmyra
7270:Antioch
7234:Berytus
6873:Attalia
6833:Antioch
6733:Outline
6686:Temples
6623:Zaliche
6603:Thèrmae
6593:Sesamus
6563:Odessos
6538:Cytorus
6533:Cotyora
6283:Illyria
6248:Mainake
6243:Kypsela
6132:Hycesia
6090:Thermae
6070:Segesta
6060:Messana
6015:Helorus
5995:Calacte
5975:Akragas
5937:Sybaris
5922:Rhegion
5877:Krimisa
5827:Alision
5736:Writing
5709:Locrian
5699:Epirote
5669:Homeric
5602:Artemis
5589:Temples
5530:Olympia
5500:Eleusis
5435:Theatre
5420:Pottery
5347:Warfare
5342:Slavery
5277:Economy
5272:Cuisine
5267:Coinage
5244:Society
5229:Culture
5224:Society
5172:Tyrants
5011:Alcaeus
4993:Authors
4943:Hypatia
4933:Gorgias
4870:Writers
4692:Toxotai
4662:Sarissa
4652:Peltast
4647:Phalanx
4627:Hoplite
4622:Hippeis
4545:Macedon
4517:Spartan
4502:Heliaia
4449:Proxeny
4158:Larissa
4153:Kerkyra
4148:Eretria
4138:Miletus
4133:Ephesus
4128:Corinth
4123:Chalcis
4044:Taurica
3914:Periods
3895:History
3787:El Djem
3778:Thapsus
3768:Tayinat
3763:Tabarka
3753:Ruspina
3681:Tunisia
3616:Tyreche
3580:Melilla
3541:Iboshim
3446:Rusibis
3416:Rusadir
3411:Mogador
3390:Tangier
3370:Larache
3339:Morocco
3271:Tripoli
3222:Sarepta
3187:Baalbek
3160:Lebanon
3146:Tharros
3065:Trapani
2932:Larnaca
2887:Thagora
2832:Rusazus
2796:Tigzirt
2792:Iomnium
2771:Algiers
2767:Icosium
2740:Algeria
2580:Phoenix
2027:, ii, 9
2009:7 April
1411:Cao Cao
1393:in the
1387:Xiongnu
1328:Jiaozhi
1308:Ma Yuan
1262:Vietnam
1254:Guangxi
1237:Tuntian
1216:Xiongnu
1098:Gracchi
1052:patroni
966:Olympia
953:Corcyra
949:Corinth
886:Trabzon
828:Ephesus
773:Carians
761:Miletus
677:on the
675:Illyria
661:in the
636:Corsica
604:Phocaea
576:Corinth
564:Chalcis
560:Rhegion
516:in the
504:on the
502:Al Mina
495:emporia
470:apoikía
444:of the
442:Miletus
293:Senegal
289:Britain
277:Mogador
269:Morocco
243:in the
238:trading
144:Eritrea
136:Sabeans
86:Archaic
7573:Turkey
7562:Tadmur
7556:Shahba
7491:Beirut
7466:Jerash
7447:Jordan
7436:Banias
7400:Israel
7371:Gadara
7366:Gerasa
7320:Bostra
7219:Levant
7181:Moesia
7143:Italia
6994:Europe
6922:Europe
6893:Nicaea
6878:Edessa
6838:Apamea
6786:Africa
6723:Portal
6671:People
6659:Cities
6598:Sinope
6583:Rhizos
6573:Phasis
6523:Bathus
6518:Athina
6503:Amisos
6465:Tanais
6460:Pityus
6385:Charax
6336:Pharos
6331:Orikon
6228:Helike
6218:Alonis
6185:Cyrene
6117:Didyme
6030:Himera
6005:Catana
5967:Sicily
5957:Thurii
5952:Terina
5917:Pixous
5872:Hydrus
5847:Croton
5679:Aeolic
5597:Aphaea
5520:Dodona
5505:Delphi
5474:Temple
5150:Others
5101:Sappho
5086:Pindar
5061:Lucian
5056:Ibycus
5041:Hesiod
4978:Thales
4746:Rulers
4725:People
4702:Xyston
4697:Xiphos
4558:Koinon
4464:Tyrant
4454:Stasis
4444:Koinon
4244:Pontus
4219:Epirus
4188:Sparta
4178:Rhodes
4173:Megara
4168:Thebes
4113:Athens
4039:Pontus
4004:Epirus
3994:Cyprus
3979:Aeolis
3742:Djerba
3738:Meninx
3723:Lepcis
3707:Sousse
3672:Ugarit
3662:Shuksi
3657:Safita
3652:Paltus
3560:Málaga
3556:Malake
3501:Abdera
3484:Tavira
3366:Likush
3320:Mtarfa
3257:Lepcis
3196:Beirut
3091:Karaly
3015:Reshef
3005:Michal
2990:Achzib
2983:Israel
2969:Rhodes
2952:Greece
2943:Marion
2928:Kition
2916:Cyprus
2907:Timici
2891:Taoura
2822:Malaca
2379:
2358:
2337:
2316:
2295:
2271:
2237:
2216:
2195:
2178:(1898)
2110:
2093:
2049:
1961:
1916:
1865:
1805:
1730:", in
1657:
1651:178114
1649:
1641:
1600:
1559:
1551:
1492:
1403:Turfan
1381:, the
1278:Lelang
1274:Xuantu
1198:, the
1063:Senate
1019:Romans
985:klêros
914:Seljuk
906:Amasra
898:Samsun
882:Sinope
874:Pontus
858:Pontus
854:Greeks
804:Thales
788:Persia
777:Luwian
757:Pontus
745:Teucer
741:Cyprus
733:Rhodes
694:oracle
689:Cicero
659:Crimea
640:Cyrene
632:Alalia
628:Achaea
600:Agathe
598:) and
568:Zancle
514:Ischia
506:Syrian
462:Africa
431:Thrace
384:, and
347:Huelva
310:. The
273:Tingis
257:Greece
194:, and
192:Rafiah
176:Canaan
168:Narmer
164:Canaan
108:, and
54:colony
7528:Bosra
7520:Syria
7503:Saida
7455:Petra
7430:Imwas
7325:Petra
7310:Tyrus
7305:Sidon
7280:Emesa
6681:Stoae
6649:Lists
6568:Oinòe
6491:coast
6489:South
6475:Tyras
6445:Olbia
6415:Kepoi
6368:coast
6366:North
6359:basin
6301:Aulon
6263:Rhode
6175:Barca
6065:Naxos
6020:Henna
5980:Akrai
5947:Taras
5932:Siris
5892:Medma
5887:Locri
5852:Cumae
5842:Chone
5820:Italy
5726:Koine
5704:Ionic
5694:Doric
5689:Attic
5510:Delos
5408:Music
5051:Homer
5006:Aesop
4958:Plato
4860:Poets
4530:Ephor
4482:Agora
4459:Tagus
4434:Boule
4183:Samos
4108:Argos
4014:Ionia
3999:Doris
3984:Crete
3802:Other
3793:Utica
3772:Thyna
3748:Ruspe
3667:Sumur
3647:Carne
3632:Arwad
3625:Syria
3610:Velez
3566:Onoba
3551:Mahón
3545:Ibiza
3536:Herna
3515:Ceuta
3511:Abyla
3494:Spain
3480:Balsa
3431:Gadir
3426:Zilil
3386:Tinga
3304:Mdina
3286:Malta
3261:Khoms
3250:Libya
3227:Sidon
3192:Birut
3136:Sulci
3121:Olbia
3106:Motya
3075:Erice
3046:Bitan
3039:Italy
3024:Haifa
3010:Jaffa
2974:Delos
2923:Dhali
2877:Sarai
2802:Cirta
2781:Jijel
2756:Tenes
1834:(PDF)
1655:S2CID
1647:JSTOR
1557:JSTOR
1464:Notes
1415:Anhui
1361:near
1312:Qiang
1289:Buyeo
1204:Gansu
1106:Sulla
1080:socii
970:Delos
968:, or
917:Turks
792:polis
753:Ionia
737:Crete
648:Thera
616:Spain
608:Hyele
588:Naxos
580:Tenea
481:oîkos
427:Ionia
408:Spain
271:, at
265:Cádiz
261:Spain
253:Egypt
241:power
180:Egypt
102:Roman
82:Greek
7544:Homs
7509:Tyre
7485:Arqa
7419:Acre
7356:Gaza
6816:Asia
6608:Tium
6375:Akra
6316:Issa
6010:Gela
5882:Laüs
5857:Elea
5515:Dion
5367:Arts
5357:Wine
4983:Zeno
4580:Wars
3591:Sexi
3505:Adra
3436:Sala
3396:Anfa
3267:Oyat
3177:Arqa
3172:Ampi
3167:Amia
3116:Nora
3071:Eryx
3050:Chia
3000:Dora
2964:Paxi
2377:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2335:ISBN
2314:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2269:ISBN
2235:ISBN
2214:ISBN
2193:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2011:2014
1972:2013
1959:ISBN
1927:2013
1914:ISBN
1876:2013
1863:ISBN
1842:2013
1816:2013
1803:ISBN
1782:2013
1639:ISSN
1598:ISBN
1549:ISSN
1503:2013
1490:ISBN
1363:Hami
1318:and
1287:and
1276:and
975:The
955:.)
904:and
902:Rize
884:and
814:and
755:and
739:and
711:and
657:the
578:and
566:and
556:Cyme
429:and
362:and
328:Rome
300:Tyre
291:and
275:and
255:and
232:The
184:Arad
170:had
142:and
88:and
70:Rome
6978:of
5312:Law
3300:Ann
2172:'s
1631:doi
1326:of
1222:by
1202:of
802:).
685:).
634:in
614:in
586:);
574:by
562:by
512:at
476:apó
413:In
295:.
287:to
216:Aha
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4330:c.
4317:c.
4298:c.
4281:c.
3234:,
2280:^
2127:.
2002:.
1974:.
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1691:^
1653:.
1645:.
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558:;
551:.
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