272:
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Mediterranean and the earliest
Phoenician ships located globally. Ballard devised a meticulous strategy aimed at surveying, planning, and photographing the two most ancient shipwrecks. His paramount objective was to gather essential details-including size, age, cargo type, home port, intended route, destination, cause of shipwreck, and the cargo's economic significance within Mediterranean networks- while disturbing sites as minimally as possible.
369:
31:
199:
602:, a Harvard University archaeologist, joined the expedition in 1999 thirty miles off the shore of Israel. Larry was hesitant at first due to the possibility of them being Byzantine, which is not worth the trouble, instead of the coveted Iron Age Phoenician ships that are not well studied. Working together, their gamble paid off when they realized the importance of their finds.
634:. Inscriptions found on the side of these indicate both its usage and its contents. The mushroom-style rim is seen in many Phoenician amphorae and is vital in determining the origins of the ships crew. Ballard believes that the cause of the wreck is a bad storm that caused these ships to be left where they have been found. The ships could have either been headed to
303:, the Phoenicians began to expand their trade influence to their neighbors and among the first to bring wine to Egypt. From there they expanded from beyond mere trading to establishing colonies of trading cities throughout the Mediterranean. They continued along the southern shores to found Carthage in 814 BC in northern Africa, and from there to the
582:. The Marsala Ship's "nationality" was painted on the sides with letters by its Punic builders from Carthage. The warship carried small cups and bowls for individual servings and wine amphorae of miscellaneous shapes. The remains of marijuana stems — which may have been chewed by the oarsmen — were also found in the wreck.
618:. The ships contained a total of 781 amphoras: the Tanit contained 385 visible amphoras and Elissa contained 396. Many were found still intact, but missing the wine inside of it and filled with different sediments. These amphoras date back to the middle to end of the eighth century, consistent with Phoenician settlement.
338:) rivers. While it is clear that the Phoenician colonies along the coast had planted vineyards, and the Phoenicians likely traded wine with the tribes along the rivers inland, it is not yet certain how far they took winemaking inland. In Portugal, however, the Phoenicians were known to trade amphorae of wine for local
262:
to both gods and kings, increasing its trade value in the ancient world. Around 1000 BC, the
Mediterranean wine trade exploded, making the Phoenicians and their extensive maritime trade network prime beneficiaries of the increased demand. The Phoenicians not only traded in wine produced in Canaan but
380:
Beyond the
Phoenicians' own expansion and colonization, the civilization did much to influence the Greek and Roman civilizations to pursue their own campaigns of expansion. Dealing directly with the Greeks, the Phoenicians taught them not only their knowledge of winemaking and viticulture but also
528:
archaeologists uncovered a
Phoenician settlement and a remarkably well preserved plastered wine press in Tell el-Burak, 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) South of Sidon in Lebanon. The press is the oldest wine such installation uncovered in mainland Phoenicia and is one of the finest examples of ancient
489:
into a 28-volume set. His writings detailed advanced knowledge of the influence of topography on vineyard production, with recommendations, for example, that the north slope of a hill be planted to shield grapevines from the excessively hot North
African sun. The work also discussed winemaking
605:
The Tanit and the Elissa ships were both found upright and in great condition for research thanks to the presence of cold water at that depth and the absence of sediment. These shipwrecks are the most ancient discovered in the deep sea, marking the first Iron Age vessels uncovered in the
621:
One particular amphora that is important for wine is the "torpedo" shaped ones which were lined with resin and pine pitch. Dr. Patrick McGovern of the
Molecular Archeology Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania Museum used different techniques to find the presence of
925:
Frost, 1972, p. 116: “... The most recent campaign off this area of the Isola Lunga has just closed (September 1971). a Punic ship of such unique importance has been found that all other work was discontinued in its favour.” Anzovin, p. 275 item 4240
421:
regions. The
Phoenicians spread this strain throughout the Mediterranean—most notably to its Iberian colonies. Ampelographers theorize that this vine is the ancestor of many of today's most widely planted white grapes. According to research from the
224:
could be found throughout the known world and all could be fermented, it took some degree of knowledge and skill to turn these grapes into palatable wine. This knowledge was passed along the trading routes that emerged from the
154:
to record ancient knowledge of winemaking and viticulture. While no original copies of Mago's or other
Phoenician wine writers' works have survived, there is evidence from quotations of Greek and Roman writers such as
529:
Mediterranean wine presses. Before the discovery, archaeological evidence of winemaking in mainland
Phoenicia had been scarce due to the lack of systematic archaeological surveys of the Lebanese coastline. The
626:
on the ships. Tartaric acid is an acid found in wine due to its presence of grapes. His analysis solidified the theory that these ships were used to ship wine in large quantities through the
Mediterranean.
95:
They either introduced or encouraged the dissemination of wine knowledge to several regions that today continue to produce wine suitable for international consumption. These include modern-day
501:
Today there are no surviving remnants of Mago's work or its Latin translation. What is known is documented through quotations of his books by Greek and Roman authors, most notably the Roman
474:. The colony shared an indelible association with wine and was described in the 4th century as having countrysides full of grapevines and olives. Carthaginian wine produced from the
852:
34:
Through their extensive maritime trade network, the Phoenicians played a significant role in spreading viticulture and winemaking throughout the Mediterranean basin.
598:, the founder of the Titanic, used similar techniques along with years of expertise to lead an expedition to what he believed to be Phoenician ships carrying wine.
498:
issued a decree requesting its translation into Latin. It was among the few works saved from the Carthaginian library when the Romans destroyed the city in 146 BC.
837:
928:
The first warship known from archeological evidence is the Marsala Ship, a wreck discovered in 1969 in the harbor of Marsala in western Sicily, Italy.
1050:
Ballard, Robert D.; Stager, Lawrence E.; Master, Daniel; Yoerger, Dana; Mindell, David; Whitcomb, Louis L.; Singh, Hanumant; Piechota, Dennis (2002).
246:
In addition to being a valuable trade commodity for personal consumption, wine also began to take on religious and cultural significance. Wine, or
2067:
376:
vine spread by the Phoenicians across the Mediterranean was an ancestor vine to many of the world's most widely planted white grape varieties.
614:
An important part in completing his objective would be to examine the cargo that can be found inside the ships, particularly the plethora of
984:
939:
1889:
537:; this came one year after the launch of the excavations by the Tell el-Burak Archaeological Project. The excavated area revealed a large
1023:
486:
170:, such as which side of a slope was most ideal for grape growing, and producing a wide variety of different wine styles ranging from
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819:
789:
751:
719:
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buildings, including three plastered structures and the winepress. Among the finds were a large number of transport amphorae and a
42:
was one of the first to have had a significant effect on the history of wine. Phoenicia was a civilization centered in current day
860:
1440:
1126:
630:
Another amphora found that is important in understanding the relationship between Phoenicians and wine is the Mushroom-Lipped
1607:
423:
2163:
2093:
2098:
809:
594:, at a depth of 1,200 feet, gained grainy video of what appeared to be two outlines of ships. After seeing this video,
357:
brought viticulture further inland. Excavation in Valdepeñas has revealed the remnants of the ancient Iberian town of
243:
species were identified as especially favorable for winemaking, cuttings of which were spread via these trade routes.
202:
The Phoenicians transported wine across the Mediterranean in amphorae, vessels once also known as the "Canaanite jar."
405:
The most enduring legacy of Phoenicia's era of expansion was the propagation and spread of ancestral grapevines that
389:
had such an enduring presence in the Greek and Roman world that the adjective "Bybline" (from the Phoenician town of
2018:
1985:
1814:
482:
147:
2108:
1998:
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in present-day Spain sometime in the 9th century, though a small outpost may have been established even earlier.
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2103:
1882:
1824:
1753:
1645:
1246:
1229:
988:
943:
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is the earliest warship known from archeological evidence. It is a wreck discovered in 1971 in an area called
1993:
1366:
1202:
656:
591:
410:
71:
2178:
1856:
1779:
1224:
805:
494:" made from dried grapes. Carthage's rival, Rome, indicated the significance of Mago's treatise when the
146:
that would later spread viticulture across Europe. The agricultural treatises of the Carthaginian writer
2168:
1794:
1563:
1207:
661:
139:
481:
The city of Carthage also served as a center of knowledge, exemplified by the work of the Punic writer
218:
grape juice, that cultures realized its value as a trade commodity. Although wild grapes of the genus
1445:
964:
358:
2023:
1975:
1875:
1425:
1119:
887:"Phoenician lime for Phoenician wine: Iron Age plaster from a wine press at Tell el-Burak, Lebanon"
443:
263:
also developed markets for wine produced in colonies and port cities around the Mediterranean Sea.
2013:
1518:
530:
251:
237:
and to the Mediterranean, eventually reaching Phoenicia. Specific varieties of grapevines of the
350:
1967:
1914:
1498:
1435:
1071:
908:
885:
Orsingher, Adriano; Amicone, Silvia; Kamlah, Jens; Sader, Hélène; Berthold, Christoph (2020).
815:
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781:
775:
747:
715:
485:, who consolidated the agricultural and viticultural knowledge of the 3rd- and 2nd-century BC
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466:' most successful colony and survived in its Punic form until its destruction in 146 BC by
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361:, founded sometime in the 7th century BC. Among the remnants were several examples of
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in Europe. One subvariety, known to ampelographers and wine historians as
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shipbuilding technologies that encouraged the Greeks to expand beyond the
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traveled the peninsula's interior, establishing trading routes along the
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135:
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IN DEEP WATER. National Geographic, 00279358, Jan2001, Vol. 199, Issue 1
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63:
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made from dried grapes to an early example of the modern Greek wine
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in the south central part of what is now Spain, suggests that the
327:
323:
300:
270:
220:
197:
179:
131:
82:, including the propagation of several ancestral varieties of the
29:
365:
ceramics, pottery and artifacts, including winemaking equipment.
159:
that the Phoenicians were skilled winemakers and viticulturists.
138:
had a direct influence on the growing winemaking cultures of the
1135:
1091:
335:
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and the Iberian Peninsula. The Phoenicians were the founders of
280:
207:
1871:
1108:
1089:
769:
767:
765:
763:
162:
They were capable of planning vineyards according to favorable
343:
1867:
186:(often known as the "Canaanite jar") for the transport and
811:
The Phoenicians and the West: politics, colonies and trade
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
349:
A recent discovery in the modern-day winemaking region of
250:
as the Phoenicians called it, was associated with various
46:. Between 1550 BC and 300 BC, the Phoenicians developed a
182:
as an ingredient. The Phoenicians also spread the use of
1052:"Iron Age Shipwrecks in Deep Water off Ashkelon, Israel"
965:"Saudi Aramco World magazine article -The Punic Warship"
287:, at least two thousand years before Alexander the Great
70:. Through contact and trade, they spread not only their
1104:
206:
Historians think it was shortly after the discovery of
780:(Third ed.). Oxford University Press. pp.
590:
Beginning in 1997, a U.S. Naval research submarine,
2076:
2060:
2032:
1984:
1966:
1933:
1905:
1772:
1734:
1629:
1606:
1489:
1376:
1364:
1257:
1185:
1142:
1024:"Ancient Shipwrecks Discovered Off Coast of Israel"
737:
735:
733:
731:
842:History of Portugal Accessed: December 17th, 2009
417:, was brought to Phoenicia from the Caucasus and
150:were among the most important early texts in the
859:. University of California-Davis. Archived from
541:palace, Late Bronze Age structures, and various
291:From their principal settlements in cities like
27:Relationship between Phoenician culture and wine
409:believe eventually gave rise to several modern
642:, routes that have not previously been known.
1883:
1120:
8:
1890:
1876:
1868:
1373:
1127:
1113:
1105:
1086:
985:"The Marsala Punic Warship by Honor Frost"
940:"The Marsala Punic Warship by Honor Frost"
524:In September 2020, a team of Lebanese and
902:
490:practices, including early examples of "
283:was cultivated and then domesticated in
2068:Clarification and stabilization of wine
683:
50:that expanded their influence from the
857:Integrated Viticulture Online Database
434:may have been first introduced by the
1045:
1043:
7:
880:
878:
258:. Wine was considered an acceptable
578:in western Sicily, Italy, near the
25:
1152:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
746:. Harper Collins. pp. 9–32.
478:valley was particularly popular.
372:Ampelographers theorize that the
279:evidence from ancient Rome shows
2131:
1839:
533:site was mapped in 2002 using a
1056:American Journal of Archaeology
710:. Simon and Schuster. pp.
586:The Tanit and Elissa shipwrecks
397:denoting wine of high quality.
424:University of California-Davis
1:
2094:Glossary of viticulture terms
194:Early history in wine trading
2099:Glossary of winemaking terms
777:The Oxford Companion to Wine
74:but also their knowledge of
38:The culture of the ancient
2195:
2019:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
774:Robinson, J., ed. (2006).
707:Vintage: The Story of Wine
517:
267:Expansion and colonization
130:The Phoenicians and their
2127:
2109:History of the wine press
1999:Sparkling wine production
1833:
1102:
667:History of the wine press
470:forces at the end of the
2104:Wine tasting descriptors
1825:Wine tasting descriptors
1754:Phenolic content in wine
1646:Alternative wine closure
1230:Great French Wine Blight
458:Carthage, in modern-day
48:maritime trading culture
1994:Malolactic fermentation
838:History of vine growing
744:A Short History of Wine
657:Ancient Greece and wine
592:American submarine NR-1
712:18–43, 61–86 & 106
377:
374:Vitis vinifera pontica
288:
203:
35:
1795:Wine and food pairing
742:Phillips, R. (2000).
662:Ancient Rome and wine
562:The Marsala shipwreck
552:consisting mostly of
371:
274:
201:
33:
2164:Culture of Phoenicia
1446:Muscat of Alexandria
808:(6 September 2001).
806:Aubet, MarĂa Eugenia
704:Johnson, H. (1989).
672:History of merchants
442:, in the modern-day
401:Spread of grapevines
359:Cerro de las Cabezas
2024:Yeast in winemaking
1976:Carbonic maceration
1028:archive.nytimes.com
904:10.15184/aqy.2020.4
535:magnetometry survey
509:Archeological finds
487:Mediterranean world
444:Spanish wine region
415:V. vinifera pontica
2014:Traditional method
1815:Wine personalities
1519:Cabernet Sauvignon
897:(377): 1224–1244.
782:141, 520 & 714
378:
289:
204:
36:
18:Phoenicians (wine)
2151:
2150:
2145:
2144:
1915:Late harvest wine
1865:
1864:
1602:
1601:
1499:Alicante Bouschet
1247:Judgment of Paris
574:in the harbor of
450:, around 500 BC.
252:Levantine deities
178:, made with pine
68:Iberian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
2186:
2136:
2135:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1869:
1844:
1843:
1759:Proteins in wine
1426:GrĂĽner Veltliner
1374:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1106:
1087:
1080:
1079:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1020:
1014:
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999:
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996:
987:. Archived from
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975:
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954:
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942:. Archived from
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930:
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906:
882:
873:
872:
870:
868:
863:on June 14, 2010
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796:
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739:
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580:Aegadian Islands
305:Balearic Islands
231:Zagros Mountains
21:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2188:
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2185:
2184:
2183:
2174:History of wine
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2138:Wine portal
2130:
2123:
2114:History of wine
2072:
2056:
2028:
1980:
1962:
1943:Deacidification
1929:
1901:
1896:
1866:
1861:
1846:Wine portal
1838:
1829:
1768:
1730:
1635:
1625:
1598:
1485:
1466:Sauvignon blanc
1401:Cayetana blanca
1369:
1367:grape varieties
1360:
1253:
1181:
1138:
1133:
1098:
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1068:10.2307/4126241
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685:
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648:
612:
600:Lawrence Stager
588:
564:
522:
516:
511:
456:
411:grape varieties
403:
385:. The wines of
269:
196:
188:storage of wine
152:history of wine
134:descendants of
28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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2004:Sugars in wine
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1996:
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1953:Chaptalization
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1764:Sugars in wine
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1736:Wine chemistry
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1481:Welschriesling
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1203:Ancient Greece
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1132:
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1124:
1117:
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1103:
1100:
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1090:
1082:
1081:
1062:(2): 151–168.
1039:
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1001:
976:
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918:
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611:
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596:Robert Ballard
587:
584:
563:
560:
555:Vitis vinifera
547:paleobotanical
518:Main article:
515:
512:
510:
507:
476:Bagradas river
455:
452:
407:ampelographers
402:
399:
334:) and Iberus (
277:Vitis vinifera
268:
265:
254:—most notably
195:
192:
140:ancient Greeks
123:, France, and
85:Vitis vinifera
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2191:
2180:
2179:Lebanese wine
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2015:
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1965:
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1749:Acids in wine
1747:
1745:
1744:Aroma of wine
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1608:Major regions
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1564:Montepulciano
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1016:
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1005:
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991:on 2008-09-14
990:
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946:on 2008-09-14
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821:9780521795432
817:
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793:
791:0-19-860990-6
787:
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770:
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760:
755:
753:0-06-093737-8
749:
745:
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734:
732:
728:
723:
721:0-671-68702-6
717:
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692:
690:
688:
684:
677:
673:
670:
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665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
652:Lebanese Wine
650:
649:
645:
643:
641:
637:
633:
628:
625:
624:tartaric acid
619:
617:
609:
607:
603:
601:
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585:
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577:
573:
569:
561:
559:
557:
556:
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548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
521:
520:Tell el-Burak
514:Tell el-Burak
513:
508:
506:
504:
499:
497:
493:
488:
484:
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473:
469:
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298:
294:
286:
282:
278:
275:Lebanon Map:
273:
266:
264:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
241:
236:
233:down through
232:
228:
223:
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217:
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177:
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69:
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61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
2169:Ancient wine
2129:
1986:Fermentation
1837:
1820:Wine tasting
1441:Muscat blanc
1411:Chenin blanc
1208:Ancient Rome
1197:
1059:
1055:
1031:. Retrieved
1027:
1018:
1009:
1004:
993:. Retrieved
989:the original
979:
968:. Retrieved
959:
948:. Retrieved
944:the original
934:
927:
921:
894:
890:
867:December 17,
865:. Retrieved
861:the original
856:
847:
835:
830:
810:
800:
776:
743:
706:
629:
620:
613:
604:
589:
572:Punta Scario
571:
568:Marsala Ship
565:
553:
523:
500:
496:Roman senate
480:
457:
414:
404:
379:
373:
348:
332:Guadalquivir
317:
290:
247:
245:
238:
219:
210:itself, the
205:
161:
129:
94:
83:
56:North Africa
37:
2089:Wine bottle
2061:Other steps
2052:Wine cellar
2009:SĂĽssreserve
1701:Wine cellar
1691:Wine bottle
1632:accessories
1630:Packaging,
1589:Tempranillo
1218:Noah's wine
1198:Phoenicians
1144:Viticulture
853:"Mourvedre"
492:raisin wine
464:Phoenicians
436:Phoenicians
428:French wine
393:) became a
355:Phoenicians
320:Phoenicians
240:V. vinifera
235:Mesopotamia
214:product of
172:straw wines
90:wine grapes
88:species of
76:viticulture
60:Greek Isles
40:Phoenicians
2158:Categories
1968:Maceration
1958:Wine press
1948:Destemming
1899:Winemaking
1805:Wine fraud
1800:Wine fault
1785:Oenophilia
1721:Wine label
1716:Wine glass
1681:Port tongs
1579:Sangiovese
1574:Pinot noir
1534:Douce noir
1461:Rkatsiteli
1406:Chardonnay
1396:Catarratto
1370:by acreage
1344:Biodynamic
1307:Aromatized
1096:winemaking
1033:2024-05-14
995:2008-09-07
970:2008-09-07
950:2008-09-07
678:References
550:assemblage
539:Bronze Age
472:Punic Wars
462:, was the
383:Aegean Sea
363:Phoenician
351:Valdepeñas
330:, Baetis (
168:topography
80:winemaking
66:, and the
1920:Noble rot
1810:Winemaker
1790:Sommelier
1726:Wine rack
1706:Wine cork
1696:Wine cave
1686:Screw cap
1656:Corkscrew
1621:New World
1616:Old World
1594:Zinfandel
1569:Mourvèdre
1476:Trebbiano
1416:Colombard
1317:Noble rot
1297:Fortified
1275:Sparkling
1242:New World
1076:0002-9114
913:0003-598X
891:Antiquity
834:Infovini
503:Columella
448:Catalonia
440:Barcelona
432:Mourvèdre
387:Phoenicia
216:fermented
212:alcoholic
157:Columella
99:, Syria,
1935:Pressing
1857:Glossary
1773:Industry
1666:Jug wine
1661:Decanter
1651:Box wine
1549:Isabella
1544:Grenache
1524:Carignan
1471:SĂ©millon
1456:Riesling
1451:Palomino
1194:Ancient
1177:Vineyard
1172:Veraison
1157:Oenology
646:See also
636:Carthage
632:Decanter
616:Amphoras
543:Iron Age
454:Carthage
419:Anatolia
260:offering
227:Caucasus
184:amphorae
136:Carthage
125:Portugal
72:alphabet
2119:Terroir
2077:Related
1925:Vintage
1907:Harvest
1852:Outline
1676:Muselet
1638:storage
1529:Cinsaut
1504:Barbera
1431:Macabeo
1391:Aligoté
1349:Organic
1339:Natural
1292:Dessert
1237:Georgia
1187:History
1167:Terroir
1162:Species
576:Marsala
558:seeds.
460:Tunisia
285:Lebanon
176:retsina
164:climate
105:Tunisia
101:Algeria
97:Lebanon
44:Lebanon
2084:Winery
2047:Solera
1671:Kvevri
1559:Merlot
1554:Malbec
1354:Kosher
1330:Other
1285:Orange
1258:Styles
1225:France
1074:
911:
818:
788:
750:
718:
526:German
430:grape
426:, the
395:byword
391:Byblos
340:silver
309:Málaga
293:Byblos
248:chemer
144:Romans
113:Greece
64:Sicily
58:, the
52:Levant
2034:Aging
1584:Syrah
1539:Gamay
1509:Bobal
1421:Glera
1386:Airén
1378:White
1334:Table
1322:Straw
1312:Fruit
1270:White
1213:China
1092:Wines
640:Egypt
610:Cargo
468:Roman
328:Douro
324:Tagus
313:Cádiz
301:Sidon
221:Vitis
180:resin
132:Punic
121:Spain
117:Italy
109:Egypt
1636:and
1365:Top
1280:Rosé
1136:Wine
1094:and
1072:ISSN
909:ISSN
869:2009
816:ISBN
786:ISBN
748:ISBN
716:ISBN
566:The
531:tell
483:Mago
342:and
336:Ebro
318:The
311:and
299:and
297:Tyre
281:wine
229:and
208:wine
166:and
148:Mago
142:and
78:and
2042:Oak
1491:Red
1302:Ice
1265:Red
1064:doi
1060:106
899:doi
638:or
446:of
438:to
344:tin
54:to
2160::
1070:.
1058:.
1054:.
1042:^
1026:.
907:.
895:94
893:.
889:.
877:^
855:.
814:.
784:.
762:^
730:^
714:.
686:^
505:.
346:.
326:,
295:,
256:El
190:.
127:.
119:,
115:,
111:,
107:,
103:,
92:.
62:,
1891:e
1884:t
1877:v
1634:,
1128:e
1121:t
1114:v
1078:.
1066::
1036:.
1012:.
998:.
973:.
953:.
915:.
901::
871:.
840:"
836:"
824:.
794:.
756:.
724:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
