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temporary intermediate phosphatidylglycerolphosphate (PGP). PG is finally synthesized when a PGP phosphatase enzyme catalyzes the immediate dephosphorylation of the PGP intermediate to form PG. In bacteria, another membrane phospholipid known as cardiolipin can be synthesized by condensing two molecules of phosphatidylglycerol; a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme cardiolipin-synthase. In eukaryotic mitochondria phosphatidylglycerol is converted to cardiolipin by reacting with a molecule of cytidine diphosphate diglyceride in a reaction catalyzed by cardiolipin synthase.
50:
Phosphatidylglycerol is thought to be important in spreading of surfactant over the Type I cellular surface area. The major surfactant deficiency in premature infants relates to the lack of phosphatidylglycerol, even though it comprises less than 5% of pulmonary surfactant phospholipids. It is synthesized by head group exchange of a phosphatidylcholine enriched phospholipid using the enzyme
20:
45:
The general structure of phosphatidylglycerol consists of a L-glycerol 3-phosphate backbone ester-bonded to either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids on carbons 1 and 2. The head group substituent glycerol is bonded through a phosphomonoester. It is the precursor of surfactant and its presence
49:
Approximately 98% of alveolar wall surface area is due to the presence of type I cells, with type II cells producing pulmonary surfactant covering around 2% of the alveolar walls. Once surfactant is secreted by the type II cells, it must be spread over the remaining type I cellular surface area.
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Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is formed via a complex sequential pathway whereby phosphatidic acid (PA) is first converted to CDP-diacylglyceride by the enzyme CDP-diacylglyceride synthase. Then a PGP synthase enzyme exchanges glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) for cytidine monophosphase (CMP), forming the
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Richard J. King; Mary
Catherine MacBeth (6 October 1981). "Interaction of the lipid and protein components of pulmonarysurfactant Role of phosphatidylglycerol and calcium".
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Hostetler KY, van den Bosch H, van Deenen LL. The mechanism of cardiolipin biosynthesis in liver mitochondria. Biochim
Biophys Acta. 1972 Mar 23;260(3):507-13.
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Hostetler KY, van den Bosch H, van Deenen LL (March 1972). "The mechanism of cardiolipin biosynthesis in liver mitochondria".
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Dillon, Deirdre A.; Wu, Wen-I; Riedel, Bettina; Wissing, Josef B.; Dowhan, William; Carman, George M. (November 1996).
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194:"Function of phospholipids in Escherichia coli. Characterization of a mutant deficient in cardiolipin synthesis"
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235:"The Escherichia coli pgpB Gene Encodes for a Diacylglycerol Pyrophosphate Phosphatase Activity"
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General chemical structure of a phosphatidyl glycerol where R and R are fatty acid side chains
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Nishijima, S; Asami, Y; Uetake, N; Yamagoe, S; Ohta, A; Shibuya, I (February 1988).
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276:"Disruption of the Escherichia coli cls gene responsible for cardiolipin synthesis"
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46:(>0.3) in the amniotic fluid of the newborn indicates fetal lung maturity.
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Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism
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Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism
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and in the plasma membrane where it directly activates
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Pluschke, G.; Hirota, Y.; Overath, P. (1978-07-25).
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112:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes
147:"CDP-diacylglycerol synthase of microorganisms"
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403:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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66:Biosynthesis of Phosphatidylglycerol
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239:Journal of Biological Chemistry
198:Journal of Biological Chemistry
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292:10.1128/jb.170.2.775-780.1988
211:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)34655-0
163:10.1016/s0005-2760(97)00111-2
388:10.1016/0005-2760(72)90065-3
345:10.1016/0005-2760(72)90065-3
124:10.1016/0005-2736(81)90242-X
481:-ethanolamine/cephalin (PE)
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604:Platelet-activating factor
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145:Dowhan, W. (1997-09-04).
405:Medical Subject Headings
252:10.1074/jbc.271.48.30548
91:Lipid-gated ion channels
40:lipid-gated ion channels
280:Journal of Bacteriology
486:-choline/lecithin (PC)
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24:
680:Lysophosphatidic acid
460:Glycerophospholipids/
401:Phosphatidylglycerols
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36:pulmonary surfactant
28:Phosphatidylglycerol
245:(48): 30548–30553.
32:glycerophospholipid
662:Inositol phosphate
518:Phosphoinositides:
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462:Phosphoglycerides
204:(14): 5048–5055.
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733:Membrane biology
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157:(1–2): 157–165.
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390:. PMID 4556770.
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501:-inositol (PI)
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496:-glycerol (PG)
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58:Biosynthesis
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651:Metabolites
633:Sphingosine
619:Cardiolipin
599:Plasmalogen
86:Cardiolipin
722:Categories
703:Citicoline
354:1874/17621
97:References
300:0021-9193
220:0021-9258
171:0006-3002
34:found in
667:Inositol
635:backbone
567:PI(4,5)P
559:PI(3,5)P
551:PI(3,4)P
456:backbone
454:Glycerol
371:46101728
81:Glycerol
75:See also
693:Choline
363:4556770
318:2828323
261:8940025
179:9370328
132:6895322
538:PI(5)P
533:PI(4)P
528:PI(3)P
506:glyco-
442:Lipids
407:(MeSH)
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309:210721
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508:(GPI)
367:S2CID
30:is a
16:Lipid
524:PIP
359:PMID
314:PMID
296:ISSN
257:PMID
216:ISSN
175:PMID
167:ISSN
155:1348
128:PMID
577:PIP
544:PIP
384:doi
349:hdl
341:doi
337:260
304:PMC
288:doi
284:170
247:doi
243:271
206:doi
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