123:"A micrometer-sized piece of semiconductor can trap photons inside it in such a way that they act like electrons in an atom. Now the 21 September PRL describes a way to link two of these "photonic atoms" together. The result of such a close relationship is a "photonic molecule," whose optical modes bear a strong resemblance to the electronic states of a diatomic molecule like hydrogen." "Photonic molecules, named by analogy with chemical molecules, are clusters of closely located electromagnetically interacting microcavities or "photonic atoms"." "Optically coupled microcavities have emerged as photonic structures with promising properties for investigation of fundamental science as well as for applications."
81:, which, in the presence of one excited atom, prevents nearby atoms from being excited to the same degree. In this case, as two photons enter the atomic cloud, the first excites an atom, annihilating itself in the interaction, but the transmitted energy must move forward inside the excited atom before the second photon can excite nearby atoms. In effect the two photons push and pull each other through the cloud as their energy is passed from one atom to the next, forcing them to interact. This photonic interaction is mediated by the electromagnetic interaction between photons and atoms.
104:
Owing to this similarity, optical microcavities can be termed 'photonic atoms'. Taking this analogy even further, a cluster of several mutually-coupled photonic atoms forms a photonic molecule. When individual photonic atoms are brought into close proximity, their optical modes interact and give rise to a spectrum of hybridized super-modes of photonic molecules. This is very similar to what happens when two isolated systems are coupled, like two
1841:
30:". They were first predicted in 2007. Photonic molecules are formed when individual (massless) photons "interact with each other so strongly that they act as though they have mass". In an alternative definition (which is not equivalent), photons confined to two or more coupled optical cavities also reproduce the physics of interacting
138:
modes of the ring or the clockwise and counterclockwise modes of the ring. This was followed by the demonstration of a lithographically-fabricated photonic molecule, inspired by an analogy with a simple diatomic molecule. However, other nature-inspired PM structures (such as âphotonic benzeneâ) have
103:
The term photonic molecule has been also used since 1998 for an unrelated phenomenon involving electromagnetically-interacting optical microcavities. The properties of quantized confined photon states in optical micro- and nanocavities are very similar to those of confined electron states in atoms.
142:
Photonic molecules offer advantages over isolated photonic atoms in a variety of applications, including bio(chemical) sensing, cavity optomechanics, and microlasers, Photonic molecules can also be used as quantum simulators of many-body physics and as building blocks of future optical quantum
615:
Boriskina, Svetlana V.; Benson, Trevor M.; Sewell, Phillip (2007). "Photonic molecules made of matched and mismatched microcavities: New functionalities of microlasers and optoelectronic components". In
Kudryashov, Alexis V; Paxton, Alan H; Ilchenko, Vladimir S (eds.).
69:
As the photons entered the cloud, their energy excited atoms along their path, causing them to lose speed. Inside the cloud medium, the photons dispersively coupled to strongly interacting atoms in highly excited
1703:
MartĂnez-ArgĂŒello, A. M.; Toledano-Marino, M. P.; TerĂĄn-JuĂĄrez, A. E.; Flores-Olmedo, E.; BĂĄez, G.; SadurnĂ, E.; MĂ©ndez-SĂĄnchez, R. A. (2022-02-21). "Molecular orbitals of an elastic artificial benzene".
1296:
Fan, J. A.; Bao, K.; Wu, C.; Bao, J.; Bardhan, R.; Halas, N. J.; Manoharan, V. N.; Shvets, G.; Nordlander, P.; Capasso, F. (2010). "Fano-like
Interference in Self-Assembled Plasmonic Quadrumer Clusters".
74:. This caused the photons to behave as massive particles with strong mutual attraction (photon molecules). Eventually the photons exited the cloud together as normal photons (often entangled in pairs).
1157:
Smotrova, E. I.; Nosich, A. I.; Benson, T. M.; Sewell, P. (2006). "Threshold reduction in a cyclic photonic molecule laser composed of identical microdisks with whispering-gallery modes".
1340:
Liu, N.; Mukherjee, S.; Bao, K.; Brown, L. V.; DorfmĂŒller, J.; Nordlander, P.; Halas, N. J. (2012). "Magnetic
Plasmon Formation and Propagation in Artificial Aromatic Molecules".
89:
The interaction of the photons suggests that the effect could be employed to build a system that can preserve quantum information, and process it using quantum logic operations.
547:
Rakovich, Y.; Donegan, J.; Gerlach, M.; Bradley, A.; Connolly, T.; Boland, J.; Gaponik, N.; Rogach, A. (2004). "Fine structure of coupled optical modes in photonic molecules".
1106:
Boriskina, S. V. (2006). "Theoretical prediction of a dramatic Q-factor enhancement and degeneracy removal of whispering gallery modes in symmetrical photonic molecules".
445:
Benson, T. M.; Boriskina, S. V.; Sewell, P.; Vukovic, A.; Greedy, S. C.; Nosich, A. I. (2006). "Micro-Optical
Resonators for Microlasers and Integrated Optoelectronics".
301:
Deutsch, Ivan H.; Chiao, Raymond Y.; Garrison, John C. (1992-12-21). "Diphotons in a nonlinear Fabry-PĂ©rot resonator: Bound states of interacting photons in an optical
1617:
Hong, Y.; Pourmand, M.; Boriskina, S. V.; Reinhard, B. R. M. (2013). "Enhanced Light
Focusing in Self-Assembled Optoplasmonic Clusters with Subwavelength Dimensions".
95:
It may be possible to arrange the photonic molecules in such a way within the medium that they form larger two-dimensional structures (similar to drawings).
1778:
752:
Bayer, M.; Gutbrod, T.; Reithmaier, J.; Forchel, A.; Reinecke, T.; Knipp, P.; Dremin, A.; Kulakovskii, V. (1998). "Optical Modes in
Photonic Molecules".
187:
Shen, Jung-Tsung; Fan, Shanhui (2007-04-13). "Strongly
Correlated Two-Photon Transport in a One-Dimensional Waveguide Coupled to a Two-Level System".
830:
Boriskina, S. V. (2006). "Spectrally engineered photonic molecules as optical sensors with enhanced sensitivity: A proposal and numerical analysis".
139:
been proposed and shown to support confined optical modes closely analogous to the ground-state molecular orbitals of their chemical counterparts.
1668:
Ahn, W.; Boriskina, S. V.; Hong, Y.; Reinhard, B. R. M. (2012). "PhotonicâPlasmonic Mode
Coupling in On-Chip Integrated Optoplasmonic Molecules".
523:
472:
248:
Shen, Jung-Tsung; Fan, Shanhui (2007-12-27). "Strongly correlated multiparticle transport in one dimension through a quantum impurity".
92:
The system could also be useful in classical computing, given the much-lower power required to manipulate photons than electrons.
2045:
2115:
2040:
1771:
2227:
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2110:
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to just a few degrees above absolute zero. Using weak laser pulses, small numbers of photons were fired into the cloud.
1261:
Nordlander, P.; Oubre, C.; Prodan, E.; Li, K.; Stockman, M. I. (2004). "Plasmon
Hybridization in Nanoparticle Dimers".
153:
Finally, hybrid photonic-plasmonic (or opto-plasmonic) and elastic molecules have also been proposed and demonstrated.
657:
Grossmann, Tobias; Wienhold, Tobias; Bog, Uwe; Beck, Torsten; Friedmann, Christian; Kalt, Heinz; Mappes, Timo (2013).
2288:
1764:
109:
2262:
2161:
1791:
134:, although they did not use the term "photonic molecule". The two modes forming the molecule could then be the
126:
The first photonic realization of the two-level system of a photonic molecule was by Spreew et al., who used
2283:
2156:
131:
1916:
787:
Lin, B. (2003). "Variational analysis for photonic molecules: Application to photonic benzene waveguides".
2181:
2171:
1921:
985:
Hu, Y. W.; Xiao, Y. F.; Liu, Y. C.; Gong, Q. (2013). "Optomechanical sensing with on-chip microcavities".
900:
450:
1434:"Design and Implementation of Noble Metal Nanoparticle Cluster Arrays for Plasmon Enhanced Biosensing"
2100:
1860:
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556:
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267:
206:
135:
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Nakagawa, A.; Ishii, S.; Baba, T. (2005). "Photonic molecule laser composed of GaInAsP microdisks".
905:
455:
2075:
1967:
1957:
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1825:
162:
2222:
2151:
1985:
1739:
1713:
1650:
1563:
1494:
1243:
1209:
1200:
Hartmann, M.; BrandĂŁo, F.; Plenio, M. (2007). "Effective Spin
Systems in Coupled Microcavities".
1139:
1010:
883:
Boriskina, S. V.; Dal Negro, L. (2010). "Self-referenced photonic molecule bio(chemical)sensor".
865:
839:
639:
621:
529:
501:
478:
427:
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Firstenberg, O.; Peyronel, T.; Liang, Q. Y.; Gorshkov, A. V.; Lukin, M. D.; VuletiÄ, V. (2013).
2252:
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117:
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Hara, Y.; Mukaiyama, T.; Takeda, K.; Kuwata-Gonokami, M. (2003). "Photonic molecule lasing".
2207:
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460:
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322:
275:
214:
78:
2197:
2050:
1787:
150:â which support confined surface plasmon states â have been termed âplasmonic molecules.â
703:
449:. NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. Vol. 216. p. 39.
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1409:
1384:
2277:
2232:
2212:
2135:
2095:
2030:
1962:
1885:
1743:
1654:
1552:"Adaptive on-chip control of nano-optical fields with optoplasmonic vortex nanogates"
1014:
287:
127:
105:
63:
1143:
869:
643:
533:
234:
2257:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2085:
2035:
1952:
1385:"Optimizing Gold Nanoparticle Cluster Configurations (n†7) for Array Applications"
699:
482:
431:
147:
71:
31:
1483:"Spectrally and spatially configurable superlenses for optoplasmonic nanocircuits"
1247:
1231:
218:
515:
364:"Seeing light in a new light: Scientists create never before seen form of matter"
2166:
2060:
1972:
1840:
1735:
773:
730:
326:
808:
568:
279:
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2007:
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1911:
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38:
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27:
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1239:
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1135:
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816:
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423:
334:
226:
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698:
Spreeuw, R. J. C.; van Druten, N. J.; Beijersbergen, M. W.; Eliel, E. R.;
2242:
2070:
1585:
1178:
1127:
1049:
962:
937:
914:
201:
56:
844:
683:
658:
500:. Springer Series in Optical Sciences. Vol. 156. pp. 393â421.
496:
Boriskina, S. V. (2010). "Photonic Molecules and Spectral Engineering".
414:
405:
2202:
2090:
2025:
1942:
1937:
1681:
1449:
1400:
1361:
1318:
1282:
1092:
635:
577:
1811:
37:
Researchers drew analogies between the phenomenon and the fictional "
23:
1718:
936:
Jiang, X.; Lin, Q.; Rosenberg, J.; Vahala, K.; Painter, O. (2009).
1820:
1806:
1568:
1499:
1214:
626:
506:
262:
120:, which are hybridized super-modes of the total coupled system.
59:
1760:
1816:
704:"Classical realization of a strongly driven two-level system"
938:"High-Q double-disk microcavities for cavity optomechanics"
659:"Polymeric photonic molecule super-mode lasers on silicon"
1432:
Yan, B.; Boriskina, S. V.; Reinhard, B. R. M. (2011).
1383:
Yan, B.; Boriskina, S. V.; Reinhard, B. R. M. (2011).
2190:
2144:
2016:
1930:
1904:
1848:
1799:
379:"Attractive photons in a quantum nonlinear medium"
99:Interacting optical cavities as photonic molecules
498:Photonic Microresonator Research and Applications
62:were pumped into a vacuum chamber. The cloud was
447:Frontiers in Planar Lightwave Circuit Technology
1487:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
34:, and have been termed as photonic molecules.
1772:
1550:Boriskina, S. V.; Reinhard, B. R. M. (2011).
8:
592:Antia, Meher (1998). "A Molecule of Light".
832:Journal of the Optical Society of America B
1779:
1765:
1757:
1481:Boriskina, S. V.; Reinhard, B. M. (2011).
1717:
1593:
1567:
1526:
1516:
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1408:
1213:
961:
904:
843:
682:
625:
576:
505:
454:
413:
261:
200:
179:
146:In complete analogy, clusters of metal
7:
618:Laser Resonators and Beam Control IX
366:. Science-daily.com. September 2013.
358:
356:
354:
352:
350:
348:
346:
344:
77:The effect is caused by a so-called
1438:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
1389:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
620:. Vol. 6452. pp. 64520X.
16:Theoretical natural state of matter
14:
663:Light: Science & Applications
143:information processing networks.
1839:
22:are a form of matter in which
1:
2228:Macroscopic quantum phenomena
1232:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.160501
219:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.153003
2238:Order and disorder (physics)
516:10.1007/978-1-4419-1744-7_16
108:coming together to form the
1736:10.1103/PhysRevA.105.022826
774:10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.2582
731:10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.2642
327:10.1103/PhysRevLett.69.3627
2305:
809:10.1103/PhysRevE.68.036611
569:10.1103/PhysRevA.70.051801
280:10.1103/PhysRevA.76.062709
1837:
1007:10.1007/s11467-013-0384-y
602:10.1103/PhysRevFocus.2.14
2263:Thermo-dielectric effect
2162:Enthalpy of vaporization
1856:BoseâEinstein condensate
465:10.1007/1-4020-4167-5_02
388:(Submitted manuscript).
106:hydrogen atomic orbitals
2157:Enthalpy of sublimation
1518:10.1073/pnas.1016181108
1202:Physical Review Letters
1073:Applied Physics Letters
862:10.1364/JOSAB.23.001565
754:Physical Review Letters
711:Physical Review Letters
307:Physical Review Letters
189:Physical Review Letters
26:bind together to form "
2172:Latent internal energy
1922:Color-glass condensate
1639:10.1002/adma.201202830
1982:Magnetically ordered
594:Physical Review Focus
85:Possible applications
1861:Fermionic condensate
1586:10.1364/OE.19.022305
1179:10.1364/OL.31.000921
1128:10.1364/OL.31.000338
1050:10.1364/OL.28.002437
987:Frontiers of Physics
963:10.1364/OE.17.020911
915:10.1364/OL.35.002496
32:atomic energy levels
2076:Chemical ionization
1968:Programmable matter
1958:Quantum spin liquid
1826:Supercritical fluid
1728:2022PhRvA.105b2826M
1631:2013AdM....25..115H
1578:2011OExpr..1922305B
1509:2011PNAS..108.3147B
1444:(50): 24437â24453.
1354:2012NanoL..12..364L
1311:2010NanoL..10.4680F
1275:2004NanoL...4..899N
1224:2007PhRvL..99p0501H
1171:2006OptL...31..921S
1120:2006OptL...31..338B
1085:2005ApPhL..86d1112N
1042:2003OptL...28.2437H
999:2013FrPhy...8..475H
954:2009OExpr..1720911J
897:2010OptL...35.2496B
854:2006JOSAB..23.1565B
801:2003PhRvE..68c6611L
766:1998PhRvL..81.2582B
723:1990PhRvL..65.2642S
684:10.1038/lsa.2013.38
675:2013LSA.....2E..82G
561:2004PhRvA..70e1801R
406:10.1038/nature12512
398:2013Natur.502...71F
319:1992PhRvL..69.3627D
272:2007PhRvA..76f2709S
211:2007PhRvL..98o3003S
163:Luminiferous aether
64:cooled using lasers
2223:Leidenfrost effect
2152:Enthalpy of fusion
1917:Quarkâgluon plasma
1619:Advanced Materials
20:Photonic molecules
2271:
2270:
2253:Superheated vapor
2248:Superconductivity
2218:Equation of state
2066:Flash evaporation
2018:Phase transitions
2003:String-net liquid
1896:Photonic molecule
1866:Degenerate matter
1706:Physical Review A
1682:10.1021/nn204577v
1450:10.1021/jp207821t
1401:10.1021/jp112146d
1395:(11): 4578â4583.
1362:10.1021/nl203641z
1319:10.1021/nl1029732
1283:10.1021/nl049681c
1093:10.1063/1.1855388
789:Physical Review E
760:(12): 2582â2585.
717:(21): 2642â2645.
636:10.1117/12.714344
549:Physical Review A
525:978-1-4419-1743-0
474:978-1-4020-4164-8
313:(25): 3627â3630.
250:Physical Review A
168:Photoluminescence
118:hydrogen molecule
2296:
2289:Particle physics
2208:Compressed fluid
1843:
1788:States of matter
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1562:(22): 22305â15.
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1493:(8): 3147â3151.
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202:quant-ph/0701170
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116:orbitals of the
79:Rydberg blockade
2304:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2198:Baryonic matter
2186:
2140:
2111:Saturated fluid
2051:Crystallization
2012:
1986:Antiferromagnet
1926:
1900:
1844:
1835:
1795:
1785:
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948:(23): 20911â9.
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906:10.1.1.470.1926
882:
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845:physics/0603228
829:
828:
824:
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751:
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746:
706:
700:Woerdman, J. P.
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596:. Vol. 2.
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456:10.1.1.518.8691
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392:(7469): 71â75.
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2284:Atomic physics
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2177:Trouton's rule
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1948:Liquid crystal
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1801:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1750:
1749:
1695:
1660:
1625:(1): 115â119.
1609:
1556:Optics Express
1542:
1473:
1424:
1375:
1332:
1305:(11): 4680â5.
1288:
1269:(5): 899â903.
1253:
1208:(16): 160501.
1192:
1159:Optics Letters
1149:
1108:Optics Letters
1098:
1063:
1036:(24): 2437â9.
1030:Optics Letters
1020:
993:(5): 475â490.
977:
942:Optics Express
928:
891:(14): 2496â8.
885:Optics Letters
875:
822:
779:
744:
702:(1990-11-19).
690:
649:
607:
584:
539:
524:
488:
473:
437:
369:
340:
293:
240:
195:(15): 153003.
178:
177:
175:
172:
171:
170:
165:
158:
155:
132:ring resonator
128:optical fibers
100:
97:
86:
83:
72:Rydberg states
52:
49:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2301:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
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2279:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Mpemba effect
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:Cooling curve
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2136:Vitrification
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Recombination
2099:
2097:
2096:Melting point
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:Critical line
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:Boiling point
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Exotic matter
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
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1720:
1715:
1712:(2): 022826.
1711:
1707:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1676:(1): 951â60.
1675:
1671:
1664:
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1648:
1644:
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1359:
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1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:(3): 338â40.
1113:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:(4): 041112.
1078:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
978:
973:
969:
964:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
841:
837:
833:
826:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
795:(3): 036611.
794:
790:
783:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
748:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
701:
694:
691:
685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
653:
650:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
623:
619:
611:
608:
603:
599:
595:
588:
585:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
555:(5): 051801.
554:
550:
543:
540:
535:
531:
527:
521:
517:
513:
508:
503:
499:
492:
489:
484:
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476:
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466:
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457:
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448:
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429:
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416:
411:
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403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
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373:
370:
365:
359:
357:
355:
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336:
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328:
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316:
312:
308:
304:
297:
294:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
259:
256:(6): 062709.
255:
251:
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236:
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228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
198:
194:
190:
183:
180:
173:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
156:
154:
151:
149:
148:nanoparticles
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:to realize a
129:
124:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
98:
96:
93:
90:
84:
82:
80:
75:
73:
67:
65:
61:
58:
50:
48:
46:
45:
40:
35:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2258:Superheating
2131:Vaporization
2126:Triple point
2121:Supercooling
2086:Lambda point
2036:Condensation
1953:Time crystal
1931:Other states
1895:
1871:Quantum Hall
1753:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1348:(1): 364â9.
1345:
1342:Nano Letters
1341:
1335:
1302:
1299:Nano Letters
1298:
1291:
1266:
1263:Nano Letters
1262:
1256:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1165:(7): 921â3.
1162:
1158:
1152:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1033:
1029:
1023:
990:
986:
980:
945:
941:
931:
888:
884:
878:
835:
831:
825:
792:
788:
782:
757:
753:
747:
714:
710:
693:
666:
662:
652:
617:
610:
593:
587:
552:
548:
542:
497:
491:
446:
440:
415:1721.1/91605
389:
385:
372:
310:
306:
303:quantum wire
302:
296:
253:
249:
243:
192:
188:
182:
152:
145:
141:
136:polarization
125:
122:
102:
94:
91:
88:
76:
68:
54:
51:Construction
42:
36:
19:
18:
2167:Latent heat
2116:Sublimation
2061:Evaporation
1996:Ferromagnet
1991:Ferrimagnet
1973:Dark matter
1905:High energy
838:(8): 1565.
114:antibonding
2278:Categories
2182:Volatility
2145:Quantities
2106:Regelation
2081:Ionization
2056:Deposition
2008:Superglass
1978:Antimatter
1912:QCD matter
1891:Supersolid
1886:Superfluid
1849:Low energy
1719:2108.12027
669:(5): e82.
578:2262/29166
174:References
39:lightsaber
1744:237347078
1655:205247073
1569:1111.0022
1500:1110.6822
1215:0704.3056
1015:122299018
901:CiteSeerX
627:0704.2154
507:1207.1274
451:CiteSeerX
288:119608892
263:0707.4335
44:Star Wars
28:molecules
2243:Spinodal
2191:Concepts
2071:Freezing
1690:22148502
1670:ACS Nano
1647:23055393
1604:22109072
1537:21300898
1468:22299057
1419:21603065
1370:22122612
1327:20923179
1240:17995228
1187:16599212
1144:22088884
1136:16480201
1058:14690107
972:19997328
923:20634875
870:59580074
817:14524916
739:10042655
644:55006344
534:13276928
424:24067613
335:10046872
235:37715281
227:17501344
157:See also
57:rubidium
55:Gaseous
2203:Binodal
2091:Melting
2026:Boiling
1943:Crystal
1938:Colloid
1724:Bibcode
1627:Bibcode
1595:3298770
1574:Bibcode
1528:3044402
1505:Bibcode
1459:3268044
1410:3095971
1350:Bibcode
1307:Bibcode
1271:Bibcode
1220:Bibcode
1167:Bibcode
1116:Bibcode
1081:Bibcode
1038:Bibcode
995:Bibcode
950:Bibcode
893:Bibcode
850:Bibcode
797:Bibcode
762:Bibcode
719:Bibcode
671:Bibcode
557:Bibcode
483:8299535
432:1699899
394:Bibcode
315:Bibcode
268:Bibcode
207:Bibcode
110:bonding
41:" from
24:photons
1831:Plasma
1812:Liquid
1742:
1688:
1653:
1645:
1602:
1592:
1535:
1525:
1466:
1456:
1417:
1407:
1368:
1325:
1248:592659
1246:
1238:
1185:
1142:
1134:
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1013:
970:
921:
903:
868:
815:
737:
642:
532:
522:
481:
471:
453:
430:
422:
386:Nature
333:
286:
233:
225:
1821:Vapor
1807:Solid
1800:State
1740:S2CID
1714:arXiv
1651:S2CID
1564:arXiv
1495:arXiv
1244:S2CID
1210:arXiv
1140:S2CID
1011:S2CID
866:S2CID
840:arXiv
707:(PDF)
640:S2CID
622:arXiv
530:S2CID
502:arXiv
479:S2CID
428:S2CID
382:(PDF)
284:S2CID
258:arXiv
231:S2CID
197:arXiv
60:atoms
1792:list
1686:PMID
1643:PMID
1600:PMID
1533:PMID
1464:PMID
1415:PMID
1366:PMID
1323:PMID
1236:PMID
1183:PMID
1132:PMID
1054:PMID
968:PMID
919:PMID
813:PMID
735:PMID
520:ISBN
469:ISBN
420:PMID
331:PMID
223:PMID
112:and
1817:Gas
1732:doi
1710:105
1678:doi
1635:doi
1590:PMC
1582:doi
1523:PMC
1513:doi
1491:108
1454:PMC
1446:doi
1442:115
1405:PMC
1397:doi
1393:115
1358:doi
1315:doi
1279:doi
1228:doi
1175:doi
1124:doi
1089:doi
1046:doi
1003:doi
958:doi
911:doi
858:doi
805:doi
770:doi
727:doi
679:doi
632:doi
598:doi
573:hdl
565:doi
512:doi
461:doi
410:hdl
402:doi
390:502
323:doi
305:".
276:doi
215:doi
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