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proliferation. Furthermore, C-PC induces apoptosis. When cells are treated with C-PC, ROS (Radical Oxygen
Species) are made. These molecules decrease BCl-2 (regulator of apoptosis) production. Here, BCl-2 inhibits proteins called caspases. Caspases are part of the apoptosis pathway. When BCl-2 decreases, the expression of caspases increases. As a result, apoptosis occurs. C-PC alone is not enough to treat cancer, it needs to work other drugs to overcome the persistence nature of tumour cells.
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213:. Phycocyanin is a characteristic light blue color, absorbing orange and red light, particularly 620 nm (depending on which specific type it is), and emits fluorescence at about 650 nm (also depending on which type it is). Allophycocyanin absorbs and emits at longer wavelengths than phycocyanin C or phycocyanin R. Phycocyanins are found in
340:, sometimes assisted with additional linker proteins. Each phycobilisome rod generally has two or more phycocyanin hexamers. Despite the overall similarity in structure and assembly of phycobiliproteins, there is a large diversity in hexamer and rod conformations, even when only considering phycocyanins. On a larger scale phycocyanins also vary in
511:. Using mixotrophic production produces higher growth rates and higher biomass compared to simply using a photoautotrophic culture. In the mixotrophic culture, the sum of heterotrophic and autotrophic growth separately was equal to the mixotrophic growth. Heterotrophic production of phycocyanin is not light limited, as per its definition.
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radicals are stabilized by the chromophore (a subunit of C-PC). For hydroxyl radicals to be scavenged, it must be done in low light and with high C-PC levels. Hydroxyl radicals are found at inflamed parts of the body. C-PC, being an anti-oxidant, scavenges these damage-inducing radicals, hence being an anti-inflammation agent.
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C-phycocyanin (C-PC) can be used as a natural blue food colouring. This food colourant can only be used for low temperature prepared goods because of its inability to maintaining its blue colouring in high heats unless there is an addition of preservatives or sugars. The type of sugar is irrelevant,
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There are many different methods of phycocyanin production including photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic and recombinant production. Photoautotrophic production of phycocyanin is where cultures of cyanobacteria are grown in open ponds in either subtropical or tropical regions. Mixotrophic
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C-phycocyanin is often found in cyanobacteria which thrive around hot springs, as it can be stable up to around 70 °C, with identical spectroscopic (light absorbing) behaviours at 20 and 70 °C. Thermophiles contain slightly different amino acid sequences making it stable under these higher
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The multiple promoter and response element sequences in the cpc operon enable cyanobacteria and red algae to adjust its expression in response to multiple environmental conditions. Expression of the cpcA and cpcB genes is regulated by light. Low light intensities stimulate synthesis of CPC and other
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is synthesized from heme and inserted into the C-PC apo-protein by three enzymatic steps. Cyclic heme is oxidised to linear biliverdin IXα by heme oxygenase and further converted to 3Z-phycocyanobilin, the dominant phycocyanobilin isomer, by 3Z-phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Insertion of
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Phycocyanin has both anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation properties. Peroxyl, hydroxyl, and alkoxyl radicals are all oxidants scavenged by C-PC. C-PC, however, has a greater effect on peroxyl radicals. C-PC is a metal binding antioxidant as it prevents lipid peroxidation from occurring. The peroxyl
804:
system. It can either disturb the production of menthofuran or disturb formation of α, β-unsaturated- γ-ketoaldehyde. Both of which are key components of the cytochrome P-450 system that produced a reactive metabolite that produce toxins when it binds to liver tissues. Another possible protection
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The two genes cpcA and cpcB, located in the cpc operon and translated from the same mRNA transcript, encode for the C-PC α- and β-chains respectively. Additional elements such as linker proteins, and enzymes involved in phycobilin synthesis and the phycobiliproteins are often encoded by genes in
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C-phycocyanin (C-PC) has anti-cancer effects. Cancer happens when cells continue to grow uncontrollably. C-PC has been found to prevent cell growth. C-PC stops the formation of tumour before the S phase. DNA synthesis is not performed due to the tumour cell entering G0, resulting in no tumour
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molecules. Both the α- and β-subunits have a PCB at amino acid 84, but the β-subunit has an additional PCB at position 155 as well. This additional PCB faces the exterior of the trimeric ring and is therefore implicated in inter-rod energy transfer in the phycobilisome complex. In addition to
257:, is for example used in the food and beverage industry as the natural coloring agent 'Lina Blue' or 'EXBERRY Shade Blue' and is found in sweets and ice cream. In addition, fluorescence detection of phycocyanin pigments in water samples is a useful method to monitor cyanobacteria biomass.
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pigments, while pigment synthesis is repressed at high light intensities. Temperature has also been shown to affect synthesis, with specific pigment concentrations showing a clear maximum at 36 °C in
Arthronema africanum, a cyanobacterium with particular high C-PC and APC contents.
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Min, S. K., Park, J. S., Luo, L., Kwon, Y. S., Lee, H. C., Shim, H. J., ... & Shin, H. S. (2015). Assessment of C-phycocyanin effect on astrocytes-mediated neuroprotection against oxidative brain injury using 2D and 3D astrocyte tissue model. Scientific reports, 5,
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species. R-PC II is said to be the first PEB containing phycocyanin that originates in cyanobacteria. Its purified protein is composed of alpha and beta subunits in equal quantities. R-PC II has PCB at beta-84 and the phycoerythrobillin (PEB) at alpha-84 and beta-155.
823:
C-PC is stable when there is high sugar content. Knowing so, C-PC can be used for numerous types of foods, one of which being syrups. C-PC can be used for syrups ranging from green to blue colours. It can have different green tints by adding yellow food colourings.
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Lichen-forming fungi and cyanobacteria often have a symbiotic relationship and thus phycocyanin markers can be used to show the ecological distribution of fungi-associated cyanobacteria. As shown in the highly specific association between
529:
is an example of the heterotrophic production of C-PC because its habitat is hot, acidic springs and uses a number of carbon sources for growth. Recombinant production of C-PC is another heterotrophic method and involves gene engineering.
562:
adjacent gene clusters, and the cpc operon of
Arthrospira platensis also encodes a linker protein assisting in the assembly of C-PC complexes. In red algae, the phycobiliprotein and linker protein genes are located on the plastid genome.
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Excess oxygen in the brain generates
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS cause damage to brain neurons, leading to decreased neurological function. C-phycocyanin scavenges hydrogen peroxide, a type of ROS species, from the inside of
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Pure phycocyanin extractions can be isolated from algae. The basic segregation order is as follows. The rupturing of the cell wall, with mechanical forces (freeze thawing) or chemical agents (enzymes). Then, C-PC is isolated with
1003:
Adir N, Vainer R, Lerner N (December 2002). "Refined structure of c-phycocyanin from the cyanobacterium
Synechococcus vulcanus at 1.6 A: insights into the role of solvent molecules in thermal stability and co-factor structure".
959:
Wang XQ, Li LN, Chang WR, Zhang JP, Gui LL, Guo BJ, Liang DC (June 2001). "Structure of C-phycocyanin from
Spirulina platensis at 2.2 A resolution: a novel monoclinic crystal form for phycobiliproteins in phycobilisomes".
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is ~642 nm. This means that the pigment absorbs orange light, and emits reddish light. R-phycocyanin has an absorption maxima at 533 and 544 nm. The fluorescence emission maximum of R-phycocyanin is 646 nm.
268:
at these temperatures has been shown to be substantially lower. Photo-spectral analysis of the protein after 1 min exposure to 65 °C conditions in a purified state demonstrated a 50% loss of tertiary structure.
481:
is used to indicate cyanobacteria numbers, however since it is present in a large number of phytoplankton groups, it is not an ideal measure. For instance a study in the Baltic Sea used phycocyanin as a marker for
1744:
Guo N, Zhang X, Lu Y, Song X (March 2007). "Analysis on the factors affecting start-up intensity in the upstream sequence of phycocyanin beta subunit gene from
Arthrospira platensis by site-directed mutagenesis".
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Brient L, Lengronne M, Bertrand E, Rolland D, Sipel A, Steinmann D, Baudin I, Legeas M, Le Rouzic B, Bormans M (February 2008). "A phycocyanin probe as a tool for monitoring cyanobacteria in freshwater bodies".
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Narayan MS, Manoj GP, Vatchravelu K, Bhagyalakshmi N, Mahadevaswamy M (November 2005). "Utilization of glycerol as carbon source on the growth, pigment and lipid production in
Spirulina platensis".
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Guan X, Qin S, Su Z, Zhao F, Ge B, Li F, Tang X (July 2007). "Combinational biosynthesis of a fluorescent cyanobacterial holo-alpha-phycocyanin in
Escherichia coli by using one expression vector".
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Chaneva G, Furnadzhieva S, Minkova K, Lukavsky J (23 March 2007). "Effect of light and temperature on the cyanobacterium
Arthronema africanum - a prospective phycobiliprotein-producing strain".
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Nitrogen and also iron limitation induce phycobiliprotein degradation. Organic carbon sources stimulate C-PC synthesis in Anabaena spp., but seem to have almost no effector negative effect in
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Liu, Q., Huang, Y., Zhang, R., Cai, T., & Cai, Y. (2016). Medical application of Spirulina platensis derived C-phycocyanin. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016.
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Martelli G, Folli C, Visai L, Daglia M, Ferrari D (January 2014). "Thermal stability improvement of blue colorant C-Phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis for food industry applications".
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Kuddus, M., Singh, P., Thomas, G., & Al-Hazimi, A. (2013). Recent developments in production and biotechnological applications of C-phycocyanin. BioMed Research International, 2013.
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Vadiraja BB, Gaikwad NW, Madyastha KM (1998). "Hepatoprotective effect of C-Phycocyanin: protection for carbon tetrachloride and R-(+)-pulegone-mediated hepatotoxicty in rats".
670:
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Sloth JK, Wiebe MG, Eriksen NT (January 2006). "Accumulation of phycocyanin in heterotrophic and mixotrophic cultures of the acidophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria".
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1913:
Venugopal V, Prasanna R, Sood A, Jaiswal P, Kaushik BD (2006). "Stimulation of pigment accumulation in Anabaena azollae strains: effect of light intensity and sugars".
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Patel, A., Mishra, S., & Ghosh, P. K. (2006). Antioxidant potential of C-phycocyanin isolated from cyanobacterial species Lyngbya, Phormidium and Spirulina spp.
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Romay C, Armesto J, Remirez D, González R, Ledon N, García I (January 1998). "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of C-phycocyanin from blue-green algae".
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780:, reducing oxidative stress. Astrocytes also increase the production of growth factors like BDNF and NDF, therefore, enhance nerve regeneration. C-PC also prevents
1515:
Liu J, Zhang X, Sui Z, Zhang X, Mao Y (March 2005). "Cloning and characterization of c-phycocyanin operon from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis FACHB341".
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cofactors, there are many predictable non-covalent interactions with the surrounding solvent (water) that are hypothesized to contribute to structural stability.
2100:
Romay C, González R, Ledón N, Remirez D, Rimbau V (June 2003). "C-phycocyanin: a biliprotein with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects".
578:, six putative promoter sequences have been identified in the region, with four of them showing expression of green fluorescent protein when transformed into
260:
The phycobiliproteins are made of two subunits (alpha and beta) having a protein backbone to which 1–2 linear tetrapyrrole chromophores are covalently bound.
2135:
Romay CH, Armesto J, Remirez D, Gonzalez R, Ledon N, Garcia I (1998). "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of C-phycocyanin from blue-green algae".
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Chaiklahan R, Chirasuwan N, Bunnag B (April 2012). "Stability of phycocyanin extracted from Spirulina sp.: Influence of temperature, pH and preservatives".
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1313:"Empirical Model for Phycocyanin Concentration Estimation as an Indicator of Cyanobacterial Bloom in the Optically Complex Coastal Waters of the Baltic Sea"
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Marquez FJ, Sasaki K, Kakizono T, Nishio N, Nagai S (1993). "Growth characteristics of Spirulina platensis in mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions".
1052:"R-phycocyanin II, a new phycocyanin occurring in marine Synechococcus species. Identification of the terminal energy acceptor bilin in phycocyanins"
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Phycocyanin can be used in many practices, it is particularly used medicine and foods applications. It can also be used in genetics, where it acts a
2582:
1790:"The upstream sequence of the phycocyanin β subunit gene from Arthrospira platensis regulates expression of gfp gene in response to light intensity"
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Romay C, Ledon N, González R (August 1998). "Further Studies on anti-inflammatory activity of phycocyanin from some animal model of inflammation".
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cyanobacteria. Even if cyanobacteria have large concentrations of phycocyanin, productivity in the ocean is still limited due to light conditions.
313:. The structure begins with the assembly of phycobiliprotein monomers, which are heterodimers composed of α and β subunits, and their respective
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Pizarro SA, Sauer K (May 2001). "Spectroscopic study of the light-harvesting protein C-phycocyanin associated with colorless linker peptides".
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2001:"Primary structure of phycocyanin from the unicellular rhodophyte Cyanidium caldarium. II. Complete amino acid sequence of the beta subunit"
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Ratha SK, Prasanna R (February 2012). "Bioprospecting microalgae as potential sources of "Green Energy"—challenges and perspectives".
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Eriksen NT (August 2008). "Production of phycocyanin--a pigment with applications in biology, biotechnology, foods and medicine".
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strains, phycocyanin has enough phylogenetic resolution to resolve the evolutionary history of the group across the northwestern
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at ~621 nm, varying slightly depending on the organism and conditions such as temperature, pH, and protein concentration
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582:. The presence of other positive elements such as light-response elements in the same region have also been demonstrated.
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3Z-phycocyanobilin into the C-PC apo-protein via thioether bond formation is catalysed by phycocyanobilin lyase.
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Ohta N, Matsuzaki M, Misumi O, Miyagishima SY, Nozaki H, Tanaka K, Shin-I T, Kohara Y, Kuroiwa T (April 2003).
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2537:. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series A: Chemistry and Biology. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 353–391.
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2439:"Phycocyanin-mediated apoptosis in AK-5 tumor cells involves down-regulation of Bcl-2 and generation of ROS"
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1603:"Complete sequence and analysis of the plastid genome of the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae"
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C-phycocyanin is found to have hepatotoxicity protection. Vadiraja et al. (1998) found an increase in the
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mechanism by C-PC can be the scavenging of reactive metabolites (or free radicals if the cause is CCl4).
1823:
1458:"Ecological Specialization of Two Photobiont-Specific Maritime Cyanolichen Species of the Genus Lichina"
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Ortiz-Álvarez R, de Los Ríos A, Fernández-Mendoza F, Torralba-Burrial A, Pérez-Ortega S (16 July 2015).
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1644:"Biosynthesis of a fluorescent cyanobacterial C-phycocyanin holo-alpha subunit in a heterologous host"
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production of algae is where the algae are grown on cultures that have an organic carbon source like
243:", which conventionally means a shade of blue-green (close to "aqua") and is derived from the Greek “
97:
1275:
Buchweitz M (2016). "Natural Solutions for Blue Colors in Food". In Carle R, Schweiggert RM (eds.).
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The promoter for the cpc operon is located within the 427-bp upstream region of the cpcB gene. In
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Phycocyanin has ecological significance in indicating cyanobacteria bloom. Normally chlorophyll
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can. Instead, phycobiliproteins aggregate to form clusters that adhere to the membrane called
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247:" which means a somewhat different color: "dark blue". The product phycocyanin, produced by
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2328:"C-Phycocyanin inhibits cell proliferation and may induce apoptosis in human HepG2 cells"
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205:. All phycobiliproteins are water-soluble, so they cannot exist within the membrane like
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As of March 21, 2023, there are 310 crystal structures of phycocyanin deposited in the
2017:
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1380:"Recent developments in production and biotechnological applications of C-phycocyanin"
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2235:"Factors That Effect Antioxidant Activity of C-Phycocyanins from Spirulina Platensis"
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1225:"Purification and properties of unicellular blue-green algae (order Chroococcales)"
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conditions. Molecular weight is around 30,000 Da. Stability of this protein
2542:
2533:. In Evangelista V, Barsanti L, Frassanito AM, Passarelli V, Gualtieri P (eds.).
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during toxic summer blooms. Some filamentous organisms in the Baltic Sea include
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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1184:"Spectroscopic properties of C-phycocyanin and of its alpha and beta subunits"
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Basha OM, Hafez RA, El-Ayouty YM, Mahrous KF, Bareedy MH, Salama AM (2008).
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resolution. The (αβ) monomer consists of 332 amino acids and 3 thio-linked
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Pardhasaradhi BV, Ali AM, Kumari AL, Reddanna P, Khar A (November 2003).
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1926:
841:"Light guides. Directional energy transfer in a photosynthetic antenna"
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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and a central channel. Trimers aggregate in pairs to form hexamers (αβ)
182:
1337:
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800:(CCl4) or R-(+)-pulegone. C-PC protects the liver by the means of the
2722:
1814:
937:
244:
151:
1999:
Troxler RF, Ehrhardt MM, Brown-Mason AS, Offner GD (December 1981).
328:. Monomers spontaneously aggregate to form ring-shaped trimers (αβ)
2233:
Zhou ZP, LIU, Chen XL, Wang JX, Chen M, Zhang YZ, Zhou BC (2005).
601:, C-PC production is repressed by glucose but stimulated by heme.
550:
296:
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232:
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221:). Phycobiliproteins have fluorescent properties that are used in
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113:
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Stanier RY, Kunisawa R, Mandel M, Cohen-Bazire G (June 1971).
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10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0556:ssotlh>2.0.co;2
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that contains a large amount of C-PC and a small amount of
344:, although the biological relevance of this is debatable.
1311:
Woźniak M, Bradtke KM, Darecki M, Krężel A (March 2016).
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2284:
685:
2535:
Algal Toxins: Nature, Occurrence, Effect and Detection
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Phycocyanin shares a common structural theme with all
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Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
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International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
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Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
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Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics
347:As an example, the structure of C-phycocyanin from
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1277:Handbook on Natural Pigments in Food and Beverages
1378:Kuddus M, Singh P, Thomas G, Al-Hazimi A (2013).
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796:when C-PC is treated against heptatoxins such as
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2675:1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one
1642:Tooley AJ, Cai YA, Glazer AN (September 2001).
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2378:Liu Q, Huang Y, Zhang R, Cai T, Cai Y (2016).
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684:Please review the contents of the section and
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2531:"Oddities and Curiosities in the Algal World"
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1828:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
8:
497:An important cyanobacteria named spirulina (
370:R-phycocyanin II (R-PC II) is found in some
324:Each subunit is typically composed of eight
1182:Glazer AN, Fang S, Brown DM (August 1973).
1167:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
185:-protein complex from the light-harvesting
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1431:Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering
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2041:"Phycocyanin from Algae and Applications"
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503:) is a micro algae that produces C-PC.
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1703:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
1560:Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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2102:Current Protein & Peptide Science
882:Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology
7:
762:Anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation
225:kits. Phycocyanin is from the Greek
2005:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1794:Electronic Journal of Biotechnology
1188:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1056:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
926:Journal of Environmental Monitoring
845:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
276:Phycocyanin pigment extracted from
2335:The Egyptian Journal of Immunology
1285:10.1016/b978-0-08-100371-8.00017-8
14:
646:due to its natural fluorescence.
2252:10.1111/j.1745-4514.2005.00035.x
962:Acta Crystallographica Section D
750:
658:
470:Phycocyanin is produced by many
1857:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.05.010
1845:Enzyme and Microbial Technology
1788:Lu Y, Zhang X (15 April 2005).
1127:Photochemistry and Photobiology
1806:10.2225/vol8-issue1-fulltext-9
1241:10.1128/MMBR.35.2.171-205.1971
1050:Ong LJ, Glazer AN (May 1987).
686:add the appropriate references
616:ammonium sulfate precipitation
1:
2512:10.1016/j.procbio.2012.01.010
2485:10.1016/j.procbio.2013.10.008
2443:Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
2018:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)43250-4
1384:BioMed Research International
1201:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)43559-X
1069:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45573-1
1018:10.1016/s0005-2728(02)00359-6
858:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)31212-7
108:Available protein structures:
2543:10.1007/978-1-4020-8480-5_17
2239:Journal of Food Biochemistry
1872:Journal of Applied Phycology
1517:Journal of Applied Phycology
1483:10.1371/journal.pone.0132718
1443:10.1016/0922-338x(93)90034-6
671:reliable medical references
442:Extinction Coefficient (ε)
390:C-phycocyanin has a single
2834:
1808:(inactive 24 April 2024).
1109:"C - PC (C - Phycocyanin)"
839:Glazer AN (January 1989).
239:is from the English word “
16:Protein complexes in algae
1970:10.1080/09637480500410085
1892:10.1007/s10811-007-9167-6
1759:10.1007/s10529-006-9266-5
1715:10.1007/s00253-008-1542-y
1572:10.1007/s12010-007-8000-7
1537:10.1007/s10811-005-6418-2
982:10.1107/S0907444901004528
894:10.1134/S000368381202010X
677:or relies too heavily on
630:. After, the sample gets
484:filamentous cyanobacteria
103:
28:
2380:"Medical Application of
2114:10.2174/1389203033487216
784:and glial inflammation.
420:Absorption maximum (nm)
386:Spectral characteristics
354:has been refined to 1.6
293:Phycocyanin (αβ) monomer
250:Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
2818:Photosynthetic pigments
1229:Bacteriological Reviews
1141:(inactive 6 May 2024).
492:Aphanizomenon flosaquae
35:Allophycocyanin 12-mer
2305:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9149
1669:10.1073/pnas.181340998
1620:10.1093/dnares/10.2.67
1092:"Non-polymer Entities"
431:Emission maximum (nm)
306:
294:
281:
278:Microcystis aeruginosa
175:
2195:10.1007/s000110050338
2183:Inflammation Research
2149:10.1007/s000110050256
2137:Inflammation Research
2071:10.1007/s000110050256
2059:Inflammation Research
1747:Biotechnology Letters
599:Galdieria sulphuraria
593:. In the rhodophytes
514:Galdieria sulphuraria
500:Arthrospira platensis
300:
292:
275:
171:
24:Phycobilisome protein
2680:Bisdemethoxycurcumin
2500:Process Biochemistry
2473:Process Biochemistry
2405:10.1155/2016/7803846
1915:Folia Microbiologica
1279:. pp. 355–384.
798:Carbon tetrachloride
466:Ecological relevance
2529:Barsanti L (2008).
1884:2007JAPco..19..537C
1660:2001PNAS...9810560T
1529:2005JAPco..17..181L
1474:2015PLoSO..1032718O
1397:10.1155/2013/742859
1329:2016RemS....8..212W
974:2001AcCrD..57..784W
595:Cyanidium caldarium
488:Nodularia spumigena
334:rotational symmetry
189:family, along with
2787:Phycoerythrocyanin
2685:Desmethoxycurcumin
1927:10.1007/bf02931450
614:and purified with
307:
295:
282:
176:
2805:
2804:
2728:Condensed tannins
2552:978-1-4020-8479-9
2364:on 15 March 2018.
1338:10.3390/rs8030212
1294:978-0-08-100371-8
759:
758:
735:
591:A. platensis
575:A. platensis
517:is a unicellular
463:
462:
380:Protein Data Bank
342:crystal structure
311:phycobiliproteins
199:accessory pigment
166:
165:
162:
161:
157:structure summary
2825:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2562:
2556:
2516:
2515:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2407:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2357:. Archived from
2332:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2288:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2020:
2011:(23): 12176–84.
1996:
1990:
1989:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1851:(1–2): 168–175.
1840:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1819:
1817:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1671:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1485:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1399:
1375:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1158:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1047:
1030:
1029:
1000:
994:
993:
968:(Pt 6): 784–92.
956:
950:
949:
938:10.1039/b714238b
920:
914:
913:
877:
871:
870:
860:
836:
788:Hepatoprotection
754:
753:
745:
742:
736:
734:
693:
662:
661:
654:
632:frozen and dried
472:photoautotrophic
406:
400:emission maximum
301:Phycocyanin (αβ)
219:blue-green algae
187:phycobiliprotein
105:
33:
21:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2772:Allophycocyanin
2760:
2732:
2694:
2661:
2618:
2595:
2589:
2559:
2553:
2528:
2524:
2522:Further reading
2519:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2449:(11): 1165–70.
2436:
2435:
2431:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2260:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2034:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1820:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1654:(19): 10560–5.
1641:
1640:
1636:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1468:(7): e0132718.
1455:
1454:
1450:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1377:
1376:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1194:(16): 5679–85.
1181:
1180:
1176:
1159:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1049:
1048:
1033:
1012:(2–3): 168–74.
1002:
1001:
997:
958:
957:
953:
922:
921:
917:
879:
878:
874:
838:
837:
833:
829:
820:
811:
802:Cytochrome-P450
790:
773:
771:Neuroprotection
764:
755:
751:
746:
740:
737:
694:
683:
679:primary sources
663:
659:
652:
640:
607:
566:Phycocyanobilin
559:
523:allophycocyanin
468:
392:absorption peak
388:
360:phycocyanobilin
339:
331:
304:
287:
191:allophycocyanin
173:Phycocyanobilin
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2713:Anthocyanidins
2710:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2593:plant pigments
2590:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2506:(4): 659–664.
2490:
2479:(1): 154–159.
2460:
2429:
2388:C-Phycocyanin"
2367:
2318:
2299:(2): 428–431.
2280:
2271:
2258:
2245:(3): 313–322.
2225:
2216:
2189:(8): 334–338.
2170:
2127:
2092:
2046:
2032:
1991:
1948:
1905:
1878:(5): 537–544.
1862:
1835:
1780:
1736:
1693:
1634:
1593:
1550:
1523:(2): 181–185.
1507:
1448:
1437:(5): 408–410.
1421:
1353:
1344:
1317:Remote Sensing
1300:
1293:
1264:
1235:(2): 171–205.
1215:
1174:
1114:
1097:
1083:
1062:(13): 6323–7.
1031:
995:
951:
915:
888:(2): 109–125.
872:
830:
828:
825:
819:
816:
810:
807:
789:
786:
772:
769:
763:
760:
757:
756:
749:
747:
666:
664:
657:
651:
648:
639:
636:
628:gel-filtration
620:chromatography
612:centrifugation
606:
603:
558:
555:
551:coastal margin
548:Atlantic Ocean
527:G. sulphuraria
467:
464:
461:
460:
457:
454:
453:Quantum Yield
450:
449:
446:
443:
439:
438:
435:
432:
428:
427:
424:
421:
417:
416:
415:R-Phycocyanin
413:
412:C-Phycocyanin
410:
387:
384:
337:
329:
302:
286:
283:
211:phycobilisomes
164:
163:
160:
159:
154:
148:
147:
134:
128:
127:
117:
110:
109:
101:
100:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
63:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2830:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Phycoerythrin
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Anthoxanthins
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Chlorophyll f
2650:
2648:
2647:Chlorophyll d
2645:
2643:
2642:Chlorophyll c
2640:
2638:
2637:Chlorophyll b
2635:
2633:
2632:Chlorophyll a
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:(3): 207–16.
2107:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:(3): 459–64.
1752:
1748:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:(5): 556–63.
1132:
1128:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
999:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
955:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
932:(2): 248–55.
931:
927:
919:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
876:
873:
868:
864:
859:
854:
850:
846:
842:
835:
832:
826:
824:
817:
815:
808:
806:
803:
799:
795:
787:
785:
783:
779:
770:
768:
761:
748:
744:
733:
730:
726:
723:
719:
716:
712:
709:
705:
702: –
701:
700:"Phycocyanin"
697:
696:Find sources:
691:
687:
681:
680:
676:
672:
667:This section
665:
656:
655:
649:
647:
645:
637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
605:Biotechnology
604:
602:
600:
596:
592:
587:
583:
581:
577:
576:
570:
567:
563:
556:
554:
552:
549:
545:
544:
539:
538:
531:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:
510:
504:
502:
501:
495:
493:
489:
485:
480:
475:
473:
465:
458:
455:
452:
451:
447:
444:
441:
440:
436:
433:
430:
429:
425:
422:
419:
418:
414:
411:
408:
407:
404:
401:
397:
393:
385:
383:
381:
376:
373:
372:Synechococcus
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
351:
350:Synechococcus
345:
343:
335:
332:, which have
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
299:
291:
284:
280:cyanobacteria
279:
274:
270:
267:
261:
258:
256:
252:
251:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
217:(also called
216:
215:cyanobacteria
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:phycoerythrin
192:
188:
184:
180:
174:
170:
158:
155:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
88:
86:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
67:
64:
62:
58:
55:
54:Phycobilisome
52:
48:
43:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2776:
2756:Xanthophylls
2708:Anthocyanins
2667:Curcuminoids
2614:Betaxanthins
2534:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2476:
2472:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2359:the original
2341:(2): 161–7.
2338:
2334:
2321:
2296:
2292:
2274:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2219:
2186:
2182:
2143:(1): 36–41.
2140:
2136:
2130:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2065:(1): 36–41.
2062:
2058:
2035:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1964:(7): 521–8.
1961:
1957:
1951:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1824:cite journal
1797:
1793:
1783:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1613:(2): 67–77.
1610:
1607:DNA Research
1606:
1596:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1387:
1383:
1347:
1320:
1316:
1276:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1163:cite journal
1130:
1126:
1086:
1059:
1055:
1009:
1005:
998:
965:
961:
954:
929:
925:
918:
885:
881:
875:
848:
844:
834:
821:
812:
791:
782:astrogliosis
774:
765:
738:
728:
721:
714:
707:
695:
675:verification
668:
641:
638:Applications
608:
598:
594:
590:
588:
584:
579:
573:
571:
564:
560:
557:Biosynthesis
542:
540:species and
535:
532:
526:
512:
505:
498:
496:
491:
487:
478:
476:
469:
445:1.54x10 Mcm
395:
389:
377:
371:
369:
348:
346:
323:
315:chromophores
308:
277:
265:
262:
259:
248:
236:
226:
197:. It is an
178:
177:
18:
2797:Xanthonoids
2777:Phycocyanin
2738:Carotenoids
2624:Chlorophyll
2609:Betacyanins
1921:(1): 50–6.
1709:(1): 1–14.
1566:(1): 52–9.
809:Anti-cancer
669:needs more
317:linked via
223:immunoassay
207:carotenoids
203:chlorophyll
179:Phycocyanin
45:Identifiers
2700:Flavonoids
2384:platensis
1390:: 742859.
1323:(3): 212.
1111:. AnaSpec.
851:(1): 1–4.
827:References
741:March 2018
711:newspapers
519:rhodophyte
120:structures
2751:Retinoids
2746:Carotenes
2601:Betalains
2591:Types of
2382:Spirulina
2043:. Oilgae.
1815:1807/5704
1155:101133523
778:astrocyte
543:Rivularia
426:533, 544
409:Property
326:α-helices
319:thioether
285:Structure
255:Spirulina
231:meaning “
78:IPR001659
2812:Category
2792:Quinones
2690:Curcumin
2455:14617790
2424:27293463
2398:: 1–14.
2355:42395208
2347:20306699
2211:24249892
2122:12769719
1978:16503562
1943:22719533
1935:16821712
1900:32093759
1775:23575772
1767:17242853
1723:18563408
1688:11553806
1629:12755171
1588:38038885
1580:18025568
1502:26181436
1462:PLOS ONE
1416:24063013
1147:11367580
1026:12460674
990:11375497
946:18246219
910:18430041
902:22586907
650:Medicine
622:-either
396:in vitro
364:cofactor
356:Angstrom
352:vulcanus
266:in vitro
137:RCSB PDB
73:InterPro
2723:Flavans
2657:Chlorin
2415:4879233
2386:Derived
2313:9712713
2203:9754867
2157:9495584
2079:9495584
2027:7028751
1986:2352249
1880:Bibcode
1731:9638809
1656:Bibcode
1525:Bibcode
1493:4504470
1470:Bibcode
1407:3770014
1325:Bibcode
1259:4998365
1210:4198883
1078:3571260
970:Bibcode
867:2491842
725:scholar
690:removed
580:E. coli
537:Lichina
509:glucose
305:hexamer
183:pigment
66:PF00502
2549:
2453:
2422:
2412:
2353:
2345:
2311:
2269:14418.
2209:
2201:
2165:672069
2163:
2155:
2120:
2087:672069
2085:
2077:
2025:
1984:
1976:
1941:
1933:
1898:
1773:
1765:
1729:
1721:
1686:
1676:
1627:
1586:
1578:
1545:548831
1543:
1500:
1490:
1414:
1404:
1291:
1257:
1250:378380
1247:
1208:
1153:
1145:
1076:
1024:
988:
944:
908:
900:
865:
727:
720:
713:
706:
698:
644:tracer
398:. Its
362:(PCB)
321:bond.
245:kyanos
237:cyanin
235:” and
152:PDBsum
126:
116:
98:SUPFAM
50:Symbol
2765:Other
2362:(PDF)
2351:S2CID
2331:(PDF)
2207:S2CID
2161:S2CID
2083:S2CID
1982:S2CID
1939:S2CID
1896:S2CID
1800:(1).
1771:S2CID
1727:S2CID
1679:58505
1584:S2CID
1541:S2CID
1151:S2CID
906:S2CID
732:JSTOR
718:books
456:0.81
233:algae
228:phyco
181:is a
94:SCOPe
85:SCOP2
2547:ISBN
2451:PMID
2420:PMID
2396:2016
2343:PMID
2309:PMID
2199:PMID
2153:PMID
2118:PMID
2075:PMID
2023:PMID
1974:PMID
1931:PMID
1830:link
1763:PMID
1719:PMID
1684:PMID
1625:PMID
1576:PMID
1498:PMID
1412:PMID
1388:2013
1289:ISBN
1255:PMID
1206:PMID
1169:link
1143:PMID
1074:PMID
1022:PMID
1010:1556
986:PMID
942:PMID
898:PMID
863:PMID
818:Food
704:news
673:for
597:and
490:and
437:646
434:642
423:621
253:and
241:cyan
193:and
145:PDBj
141:PDBe
124:ECOD
114:Pfam
90:1cpc
61:Pfam
39:1all
2539:doi
2508:doi
2481:doi
2410:PMC
2400:doi
2301:doi
2297:249
2247:doi
2191:doi
2145:doi
2110:doi
2067:doi
2013:doi
2009:256
1966:doi
1923:doi
1888:doi
1853:doi
1810:hdl
1802:doi
1755:doi
1711:doi
1674:PMC
1664:doi
1615:doi
1568:doi
1564:142
1533:doi
1488:PMC
1478:doi
1439:doi
1402:PMC
1392:doi
1333:doi
1281:doi
1245:PMC
1237:doi
1196:doi
1192:248
1135:doi
1064:doi
1060:262
1014:doi
978:doi
934:doi
890:doi
853:doi
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626:or
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