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1271:(another Ordine Nuovo's pentito) attended the assembly with Zorzi and Maggi in April 1969, in the library Ezzelino of Padua, where Freda announced the program of the train bombings. But since those bombs didn't kill anybody, it was not evidence of the involvement of Zorzi and Maggi in the next subversive strategy of Freda and Ventura, nor in the other acts of terrorism. The tragic events of 12 December 1969 didn't represent a loose cannon, but were the result of a subversive operation enrolled in a program well settled.
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36:
886:, an anarchist railway worker, died after falling from the fourth-floor window of the police station where he was being held. Serious discrepancies existed in the police account, which initially maintained that Pinelli had committed suicide by leaping from the window during a routine interrogation session. Three police officers interrogating Pinelli, including Commissioner
1308:
party), a journalist and founder of the far-right New Order organization, received regular funding from a press officer at the U.S. embassy in Rome. "So even before the 'stabilising' plans that
Atlantic circles had prepared for Italy became operational through the bombings, one of the leading members
964:
In 1987, after a number of trials, the Court of
Cassation ruled that despite evidence linking Freda, Ventura, and others to the Piazza Fontana bombing, it could not be determined for certain who planned it, nor who carried it out. The Court confirmed the convictions of Freda and Ventura in relation
980:
and some associates which contained the observation that, "the
Siciliano problem could be solved with a 9 calibre gun". Siciliano said that he had been present at a meeting with Zorzi and Carlo Maria Maggi in April 1969, in the Ezzelino bookstore in Padua owned by Giovanni Ventura, when Freda
988:
in the Veneto was convicted in June 2001, which was subsequently upheld on appeal in March 2004. Digilio displayed instances of memory loss after suffering a stroke in 1995. His subsequent confusion regarding dates and events led to the Court declaring him an unreliable witness.
1266:
The
Supreme Court rejected as «false» Digilio's «alleged affiliation with US services». The Court found that in 1969 the Venetian group of Zorzi and Maggi organized the attacks, but it is not proven their participation in the massacre of 12 December. The Court certified that
785:
On 25 April 1969, a bomb exploded at the Fiat booth at a Milan trade fair, in which five people were injured. There was also a bomb discovered at the city's central station. The explosion at Piazza
Fontana was not the first, but part of a well-coordinated series of attacks.
1369:
of the right-wing conspiracy involved in the series of
Strategy of tension terrorist bombings explained "The December 1969 explosion was supposed to be the detonator which would have convinced the political and military authorities to declare a state of emergency."
850:
1074:
was found responsible for obstructing the investigation and withholding information during the first trial in
Catanzaro. In an effort to protect extreme right-wing groups, Maletti destroyed a report concerning the Padua cell of
931:
was also arrested after a taxi driver, called
Cornelio Rolandi, identified him as the suspicious-looking client he had taken to the bank that day. After his alibi was judged insufficient, he was held for three years in
1179:
1 August 1985, new judgment: all defendants were acquitted for lack of evidence. The
Prosecutor had asked life imprisonment to Freda and Ventura, full acquittal to Valpreda, and acquittal for lack of evidence to
765:, Italy, killing 17 people and wounding 88. The same afternoon, another bomb exploded in a bank in Rome, and another was found unexploded in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. The attack was carried out by the
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newspaper
Taviani said that he did not believe the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was involved in organising the Milan bomb. However, he alleged, "It seems to me certain, however, that agents of the
1800:
1219:
20 February 1989, judgment: the defendants were acquitted for not having committed the crime. The Prosecutor had asked life imprisonment to Delle Chiaie and acquittal for lack of evidence to Fachini.
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for his participation in the Piazza Fontana bombing. Salvini also opened up a case against Sergio Minetto, an Italian official of the U.S.-NATO intelligence network, and "collaboratore di giustizia"
992:
In a 2004 trial of neo-fascists, the Milan Court of Appeal attributed the Piazza Fontana bombing to Freda and Ventura. However, since they had been acquitted in 1987 they could not be retried.
890:, were put under investigation in 1971 for his death, but a later inquiry, which ended on 25 October 1975, concluded that there were no wrongdoings regarding Pinelli's death: public prosecutor
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1957:
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Captain Antonio Labruna, of SID, was also implicated in aiding and abetting the departure of witnesses Marco Pozzan and Giannettini Guido. Maletti and Labruna were convicted in January 1987.
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23 February 1979, judgment: life imprisonment for Freda, Ventura and Giannettini. Acquitted: Valpreda and Merlino. Freda and Ventura were also sentenced in relation to the bombs placed in
1285:("New Order"), whose aim was to prevent the country from falling into the hands of the left wing by duping the public into believing the bombings were part of a communist insurgency.
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20 March 1981, judgment of appeal: all defendants were acquitted. The Appeal Court confirmed the sentence for Freda and Ventura (15 years of jail) in relation to the bombs placed in
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30 June 2001, judgment: life imprisonment for Delfo Zorzi, Carlo Maria Maggi and Giancarlo Rognoni. Carlo Digilio received immunity from prosecution in exchange for his information.
911:, former leaders of Lotta Continua, were convicted of plotting Calabresi's assassination, while members Ovidio Bompressi and Leonardo Marino were sentenced for carrying it out.
2403:
2255:
1033:, Sergio Siracusa, of having paid a sum to the justice collaborator Martino Siciliano, but Siracusa refused to testify. The sum ranged between 50 and 100 millions of the then
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read that "U.S. intelligence agents were informed in advance about several right-wing terrorist bombings, including the December 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing in Milan and the
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announced the program of the train bombings. Despite a death threat from Pino Rauti, electrician Tullio Fabris testified that he had supplied Freda with primers and timers.
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2001:
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1365:, with the aim of blaming the crime on communist cells, discrediting the political left, and be a catalyst to move away from democratic institutions. One member
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The composition of the bombs used in Piazza Fontana was identical to that of the explosives that Ventura hid in a friend's home a few days after the attacks.
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military intelligence service was about to send a senior officer from Rome to Milan to prevent the bombing, but decided to send a different officer from
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957:, Giovanni Ventura and Rauti were arrested and charged with planning the terrorist attacks of 25 April 1969 at the Trade Fair and Railway Station in
1979:
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12 March 2004, judgment of appeal: Zorzi and Maggi were acquitted for lack of evidence, Rognoni were acquitted for not having committed the crime.
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and Milan, and confirmed the sentences to Valpreda and Merlino for conspiracy. The Prosecutor had asked for all the defendants to life in prison.
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The bags where the bombs were hidden had been bought a couple of days before the attacks in a shop in Padua, the city where Freda lived.
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Stefano Tringali, accused of abetting, benefited from the prescription after being sentenced to one year in prison in the appeal trial.
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five years later, but did nothing to alert the Italian authorities or to prevent the attacks from taking place." It also alleged that
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Several elements brought the investigators to the theory that members of extreme right-wing groups were responsible for the bombings:
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and Philip Willan, the bombing was the work of a network of far-right militants, as part of a terrorist campaign known as a
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Also in 1987, the Milanese Guido Salvini reopened the investigation based on new evidence. Martino Siciliano, a member of
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established that his fall had been caused by fainting and losing balance, tired after three days of intense questioning.
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before being sentenced for the crime. In 1987 he was acquitted by the Supreme Court of Cassation for lack of evidence.
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204:
2224:
Daniele Ganser, "Nato's Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe" (New York: Routledge, 2005)
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1176:, 13 December 1984, new appeal trial. Defendants: Pietro Valpreda, Mario Merlino, Franco Freda and Giovanni Ventura.
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held Calabresi responsible for the death of Pinelli, and in 1972 he was murdered by left-wing militants in revenge.
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27 January 1975, third trial. Co-defendants: anarchists and neo-fascists. After a year, new suspension: Defendant:
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Colonia Italia. Giornali radio e tv: cosi' gli Inglesi ci controllano. Le prove nei documenti top secret di Londra
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Catanzaro, 18 March 1974, second trial. It was suspended after 30 days due to the inclusion of new defendants:
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reported that Carlo Rocchi, CIA's man in Milan, was discovered in 1995 searching for information concerning
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and Milan from April to August 1969, while Valpreda and Merlino were sentenced to 4 ½ years for conspiracy.
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and arranged for potential witnesses to leave the country. Maletti subsequently emigrated to South Africa.
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Despite Calabresi being exonerated (he was not in the room when Pinelli fell), the far-left organisation
1801:"Morto il generale Gianadelio Maletti, l'agente segreto condannato per il depistaggio di piazza Fontana"
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10 June 1982: the Supreme Court cancelled the judgment, acquitted Giannettini and ordered a new trial.
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of the subversive right was literally in the pay of the American embassy in Rome", the report says.
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961:, and the 8 and 9 August 1969 bombings of several trains, followed by the Piazza Fontana bombing.
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Philip Willan, "Puppetmasters: The Political Use of Terrorism in Italy" (London: Constable, 1991
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were among those who supplied the materials and who muddied the waters of the investigation."
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The supreme Court of Cassation sentenced two members of the Italian secret services – General
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5 July 1991: the Appeal Court in Catanzaro confirmed the acquittal of Stefano Delle Chiaie.
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1717:[Piazza Fontana: charged an Army's general] (in Italian). Rome. 10 April 1998.
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1895:"Ergastolo a Freda, Ventura e Giannettini, colpevoli della strage di piazza Fontana"
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1037:. Salvini charged Casson of violation of the preliminary secret, but the judges of
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976:, decided to cooperate when presented with a taped telephone conversation between
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1740:"Punto a favore di Salvini e Siracusa Le accuse di Casson archiviate a Brescia"
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coordinator in Northeastern Italy in the sixties and seventies. The newspaper
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Plaque in memory of the 17 victims of the terrorist bombing in Piazza Fontana
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18 January 1977, fourth trial. Defendants: anarchists, neo-fascists and SID.
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1195:(10 months) – to having misled the investigation and acquitted Marshal
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2108:"Processo d' appello per la strage I familiari: «La città ci aiuti»",
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207:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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for lack of territorial jurisdiction. Then it was transferred to
2046:"LE PROVE NON BASTANO PER CONDANNARE MERLINO DUE ANNI A MALETTI"
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Catanzaro, 26 October 1987, new trial. Neo-fascists defendants:
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and Milan, for which they each received a sentence of 16 years.
1518:"Né omicidio né suicidio: Pinelli cadde perché colto da malore"
383:
1723:...per le indagini preliminari di Milano, dottor Guido Salvini
1718:
1700:
1612:"Quel tragico 12 dicembre 1969 Chi mise la bomba nella banca?"
1351:
984:
Carlo Digilio, confessed explosives expert and advisor to the
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1958:"Catanzaro: anche per Valpreda l'accusa chiederĂ l'ergastolo"
1917:"Si torna a cercare la veritĂ sulla strage di piazza Fontana"
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Milan, 24 February 2000, new trial. Neo-fascists defendants:
755:(the National Agricultural Bank) in Piazza Fontana (near the
2024:"PIETRO VALPRESA E' INNOCENTE NON MISE LA BOMBA NELLA BANCA"
1826:
Lucarelli, Carlo; Biondo, Nicola; Catamo, Giuliana (2007).
1003:
officer David Carrett on charges of political and military
1183:
27 January 1987: the Supreme Court confirmed the sentence.
2002:"ERGASTOLO A FREDA E VENTURA VOLLERO LA STRAGE DI MILANO"
1113:, 23 February 1972, the trial started. Main defendants:
1587:"STRAGE DI PIAZZA FONTANA AZZERATI 17 ANNI DI INDAGINI"
1025:. The inquiry was also conducted by the Venetian judge
878:
The Piazza Fontana bombing was initially attributed to
196:
1758:"Question time of the Italian deputy Vincenzo FragalĂ "
2146:"Ultima sentenza sulla strage: neofascisti assolti",
2127:"Piazza Fontana, l' appello cancella gli ergastoli",
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3 May 2005: the Supreme Court confirmed the sentence.
1332:
organization in Italy), told investigators that the
1275:
Political theories of responsibility for the bombing
2165:"Dolore e beffa, i familiari pagheranno le spese",
1340:in order to put the blame on left-wing anarchists.
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101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1160:Catanzaro, 22 May 1980, starts the appeal process.
2089:"Tre ergastoli per la strage di piazza Fontana",
1279:The bombing was the work of the right-wing group
2290:(Chiarelettere, 2015). pp 236–261. (In Italian).
1715:"Piazza Fontana, indagato un generale dell'Arma"
1538:"Definitive le condanne per Sofri e gli altri",
1254:Milan, 16 October 2003, starts the appeal trial.
740:attack that occurred on 12 December 1969 when a
2244:"Strage di Piazza Fontana spunta un agente USA"
1733:
1731:
1693:"Strage di Piazza Fontana spunta un agente USA"
882:. After over 80 arrests were made, the suspect
1070:), and a member of the secret masonic society
2256:"CIA Organized Secret Army in Western Europe"
1288:A 2000 parliamentary report published by the
1065:
395:
27:Terrorist attack carried out in Milan in 1969
8:
2404:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1969
1121:. Ten days later, the process was moved to
777:, and possibly undetermined collaborators.
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2301:La notte della Repubblica - Piazza Fontana
1873:
1871:
1869:
1691:Bellu, Giovanni Maria (11 February 1998).
1607:
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2439:Terrorist incidents in Italy in the 1960s
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1832:(in Italian). Einaudi. pp. 100–101.
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
2185:US 'supported anti-left terror in Italy'
1667:
1665:
1582:
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953:, came under suspicion. On 3 March 1972
1566:L'Italia degli anni di piombo 1965-1978
1437:
1721:from the original on 4 November 2005.
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1460:
1458:
1417:Piazza Fontana: The Italian Conspiracy
2434:Terrorist incidents in Europe in 1969
1703:from the original on 9 February 1999.
1487:
1485:
7:
2271:Bull, Anna Cento and Cooke, Philip.
1467:Bull, Anna Cento and Cooke, Philip.
99:adding citations to reliable sources
2254:Washington Post, 14 November 1990,
1671:"Freda e Ventura erano colpevoli",
1493:"1969: Deadly bomb blasts in Italy"
1738:Ferraro, Luciano (12 April 1998).
1446:"Accidental Death of an Anarchist"
915:Official investigations and trials
623:Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro
469:Defenestration of Giuseppe Pinelli
25:
2369:20th-century mass murder in Italy
1746:from the original on 9 July 2021.
1343:In an August 2000 interview with
1029:who charged the then director of
537:Milan police headquarters bombing
45:This article has multiple issues.
2242:La Repubblica, 11 February 1998
2068:"DELLE CHIAIE E' TORNATO LIBERO"
1768:from the original on 9 July 2021
1397:Accidental Death of an Anarchist
1304:(at that time the leader of the
1011:(Uncle Otto), who served as the
753:Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura
366:
315:Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura
279:Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura
177:
75:
34:
874:Deaths of Pinelli and Calabresi
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2394:December 1969 events in Europe
1357:According to analysts such as
1:
1938:"Tutti fuori, neri e rossi",
1191:(1 year of jail) and Captain
773:paramilitary terrorist group
677:Kidnapping of James L. Dozier
2419:Neo-fascist attacks in Italy
1980:"UNA STRAGE SENZA COLPEVOLI"
1790:, 18 March 1995, pp. 312-313
1129:for reasons of public order.
1067:Servizio Informazioni Difesa
1762:Italian Chamber of Deputies
1294:Piazza della Loggia bombing
866:in memory of the anarchist
595:Murder of Vittorio Occorsio
553:Piazza della Loggia bombing
203:the claims made and adding
2470:
2384:Building bombings in Italy
1807:(in Italian). 19 July 2021
1106:Main stages of the trial:
1045:rejected his accusations.
633:Murder of Antonio Esposito
628:Killing of Fausto and Iaio
459:Murder of Antonio Annaruma
2454:Military history of Milan
2374:Attacks on bank buildings
2273:Ending Terrorism in Italy
1879:La notte della Repubblica
1469:Ending Terrorism in Italy
1409:La notte della Repubblica
506:Murder of Luigi Calabresi
421:
281:building in December 2007
270:
262:
1637:, 3 February 1998, p. 30
1097:Main stages of the trial
734:Strage di Piazza Fontana
579:Murder of Mikis Mantakas
574:Murder of Sergio Ramelli
558:Italicus Express bombing
110:"Piazza Fontana bombing"
2429:1969 disasters in Italy
2379:1960s building bombings
2286:Fasanella - Cereghino.
1147:(Italian secret agent).
965:to the bombs placed in
18:Piazza Fontana massacre
1651:, Berghahn Books, 2012
1199:, accused of perjury.
1066:
1049:State security service
924:
870:
856:
733:
726:Piazza Fontana bombing
618:Acca Larentia killings
464:Piazza Fontana bombing
433:Battle of Valle Giulia
258:Piazza Fontana bombing
2444:Years of Lead (Italy)
2409:False flag operations
2364:1969 murders in Italy
2303:from Rai.Tv (Italian)
1400:(a satirical play by
1384:(documentary film by
995:In 1998, Milan judge
922:
909:Giorgio Pietrostefani
862:
852:
656:Murder of Mario Amato
413:Years of Lead (Italy)
2424:1969 crimes in Italy
2335:45.46306°N 9.19417°E
2203:Paolo Emilio Taviani
1423:"Commissione Stragi"
1367:Vincenzo Vinciguerra
1311:Paolo Emilio Taviani
1306:MSI Fiamma-Tricolore
1290:Olive Tree coalition
1214:Stefano Delle Chiaie
1210:Massimiliano Fachini
934:preventive detention
95:improve this article
2414:Mass murder in 1969
2331: /
2168:Corriere della Sera
2149:Corriere della Sera
2130:Corriere della Sera
2111:Corriere della Sera
2092:Corriere della Sera
2076:, 21 February 1989
1966:, 13 December 1980
1903:, 24 February 1979
1674:Corriere della Sera
1541:Corriere della Sera
1404:about the bombings)
1390:Pier Paolo Pasolini
1363:strategy of tension
1189:Gian Adelio Maletti
1064:, the head of SID (
2399:Explosions in 1969
2114:, 14 October 2003
1881:, Nuova Eri, 1992
1788:Sentenza-ordinanza
1649:Italian Neofascism
1647:Bull, Anna Cento.
1635:Sentenza-ordinanza
1595:, 28 January 1987
1544:, 23 January 1997
1526:, 29 October 1975
1499:. 12 December 1965
1315:Christian Democrat
1055:Gianadelio Maletti
925:
892:Gerardo D'Ambrosio
880:Italian anarchists
871:
857:
811:Calogero Galatioto
709:Terrorism in Italy
188:possibly contains
2389:Crime in Lombardy
2340:45.46306; 9.19417
2275:, Routledge, 2013
1941:il Giornale nuovo
1839:978-88-06-18524-4
1764:. 20 April 1998.
1471:, Routledge, 2013
1386:Giovanni Bonfanti
1269:Martino Siciliano
1246:Giancarlo Rognoni
1238:Carlo Maria Maggi
1145:Guido Giannettini
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305:12 December 1969
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190:original research
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16:(Redirected from
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2313:12 December 1969
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2133:, 13 March 2004
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1786:Salvini, Guido.
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1620:, 20 March 1981
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1568:, Rizzoli, 1991
1558:Indro Montanelli
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1197:Gaetano Tanzilli
1138:Giovanni Ventura
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1023:Operation Gladio
884:Giuseppe Pinelli
868:Giuseppe Pinelli
854:Giuseppe Pinelli
826:Gerolamo Papetti
814:Carlo Garavaglia
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1501:. Retrieved
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808:Carlo Gaiani
799:Giulio China
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93:Please help
88:verification
85:
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47:Please help
44:
2338: /
2307:On this day
1811:11 February
1617:Stampa Sera
1562:Mario Cervi
1381:12 dicembre
1327:stay-behind
1234:Delfo Zorzi
1227:Third trial
1102:First trial
1058: [
978:Delfo Zorzi
941:Neo-fascist
841:Carlo Silva
817:Paolo Gerli
771:neo-fascist
636: [
598: [
326:Mass murder
321:Attack type
2353:Categories
2323:45°27′47″N
1742:. Venice.
1432:References
1302:Pino Rauti
951:Pino Rauti
927:Anarchist
829:Mario Pasi
454:Hot Autumn
197:improve it
121:newspapers
50:improve it
2326:9°11′39″E
1963:La Stampa
1922:La Stampa
1900:La Stampa
1523:La Stampa
1127:Catanzaro
1005:espionage
1001:U.S. Navy
999:indicted
738:terrorist
373:New Order
201:verifying
56:talk page
2311:BBC News
1766:Archived
1744:Archived
1719:Archived
1701:Archived
1503:29 April
1497:BBC News
1402:Dario Fo
1374:See also
1180:Merlino.
1053:General
745:exploded
736:) was a
287:Location
277:Milan's
151:May 2015
1298:Brescia
1043:Brescia
1039:Trieste
747:at the
730:Italian
702:Related
354:Injured
336:Weapons
330:bombing
297:, Italy
195:Please
135:scholar
2280:
1836:
1772:9 July
1656:
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1319:Gladio
1313:, the
864:Plaque
346:Deaths
312:Target
137:
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116:
108:
2309:from
2209:, in
1449:(PDF)
1338:Padua
1165:Padua
1155:Padua
1123:Milan
1062:]
1031:SISMI
967:Padua
959:Milan
763:Milan
761:) in
758:Duomo
640:]
602:]
295:Milan
142:JSTOR
128:books
2278:ISBN
1834:ISBN
1813:2024
1774:2021
1654:ISBN
1560:and
1505:2006
1474:ISBN
1388:and
1323:NATO
1244:and
1212:and
1174:Bari
1136:and
1117:and
1111:Rome
1041:and
907:and
742:bomb
724:The
686:1982
670:1981
649:1980
611:1978
588:1976
567:1975
546:1974
525:1973
499:1972
478:1970
447:1969
426:1968
340:Bomb
302:Date
114:news
1352:CIA
1334:SID
1325:'s
1296:in
1013:CIA
751:of
199:by
97:by
2355::
2187:,
2070:,
2048:,
2026:,
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