323:
229:. Pie menus, which delay appearance until the pointer is not moving, reduce intrusiveness to the same level as mouse gestures for experienced users. Pie menus take up more screen space than linear menus, and the number of slices in an individual menu must be kept low for effectiveness by using submenus. When using pie menus, submenus may overlap with the parent menu, but the parent menu may become translucent or hidden.
125:
269:
232:
Pie menus are most suited for actions that have been laid out by humans, and have logical grouping choices. Linear menus are most suited for dynamic, large menus that have many possible options, without any logical grouping, since pie menus can only show a limited number of menu items. Around 3-12
233:
items can be reasonably accommodated in a radial layout, but additional items past that tend to counteract the benefits of using pie menus in the first place. This can be overcome with related techniques that allow chaining commands in one single gesture through submenus.
98:
together independently arrived at the concept of a context menu based on the angle to the origin where the exact angle and radius could be passed as parameters to a command, and a mouse click could be used to trigger an item or submenu.
217:
without looking at the menu while selecting from it. Nested pie menus can efficiently offer many options, and some pie menus can pop up linear menus, and combine linear and radial items in the same menu. Pie menus, just like any
184:
Users operate the menu by observing the labels or icons present as options, moving the pointer in the desired direction, then clicking to make a selection. This action is called a "mark ahead" ("mouse ahead" in the case of a
208:
Pie menus are faster and more reliable to select from than linear menus, because selection depends on direction instead of distance. The circular menu slices are large in size and near the pointer for fast interaction (see
714:
Callahan, Jack; Hopkins, Don; Weiser, Mark; Shneiderman, Ben (1988). "An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear menus". Proceedings of ACM CHI Conference on Human
Factors in Computing Systems. pp. 95–100.
65:. A goal of pie menus is to provide a smooth, reliable gestural style of interaction for novices and experts. A slice can lead to another pie menu; selecting this may center the
1137:
617:
102:
The first performance comparison to linear menus was performed in 1988, and showed an increase in performance of 15% less time and a reduction of selection errors.
1242:
1879:
634:
196:
Repetition of actions and memorization of the interface further simplify the user experience. Pie menus take advantage of the body's ability to
773:
244:-based have proven problematic with both pie and linear menus for cluttered digital tabletop, where physical objects might occlude menu items.
1466:
904:
20:
1055:
222:, are shown only when requested, resulting in less visual distraction and cognitive load than toolbars and menu bars that are always shown.
1009:
806:
279:
248:
1040:
1935:
1112:
241:
91:
The first documented radial menu is attributed to a system called PIXIE in 1969. Some universities explored alternative visual layouts.
66:
887:
Leithinger, D; Haller, M (October 10–12, 2007). "Improving Menu
Interaction for Cluttered Tabletop Setups with User-Drawn Path Menus".
1940:
932:
743:
304:
164:
1141:
1400:
80:
1394:
1426:
322:
146:
919:
1381:
1355:
1271:
1258:
1247:
836:
802:
365:, a computer desktop created to mimic paper files on a real world desk that uses pie menus as many of its control menus
1361:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1281:
690:
649:
570:
1086:
111:
featured an innovative icon-based radial menu system in 1993. Its ring menu system was adopted by later video games.
950:
515:
459:
345:
61:
Pie menus work well with keyboard acceleration, particularly four and eight item menus, on the cursor keys and the
1293:
1212:
977:
964:
135:
1739:
1459:
1388:
1385:
1320:
1265:
1262:
374:
142:
47:
889:
Horizontal
Interactive Human-Computer Systems, 2007. TABLETOP '07. Second Annual IEEE International Workshop on
529:
991:
255:. Video games often require custom widget development, so pie menu cost is lower in that particular scenario.
635:"Extremely Efficient Menu Selection: Marking Menus for the Flash Platform » b-log – betriebsraum weblog"
1914:
1197:
Wiseman, N. E.; Lemke, H. U.; Hiles, J. O. "PIXIE: A New
Approach to Graphical Man-Machine Communications".
484:
extensively utilized pie menus for player-directed interaction. These pie menus were primarily developed by
1370:
1719:
1565:
1305:
862:
422:
237:
1797:
480:
28:
575:
416:, a music search engine and internet jukebox that uses a pie menu for its main mode of interaction, by
83:, showing different options depending on what the pointer was pointing at when the menu was requested.
1452:
1352:- Free software Theta menus, proof of concept prototype for X10, written in June 1986 by Don Hopkins.
432:
759:
1688:
1678:
1600:
1824:
1764:
1749:
1656:
1631:
1595:
1494:
1063:
507:
493:
452:
356:
51:
1416:
1017:
76:
is a variant of this technique that makes the menu less sensitive to variance in gesture size.
1769:
1724:
1489:
1252:
900:
739:
729:
611:
186:
55:
1116:
1909:
1848:
1833:
1636:
1514:
1509:
1475:
1336:- Free software Pie Menus for X10 "uwm" Window Manager, written in June 1986 by Don Hopkins.
892:
675:
534:
392:
1180:
359:, an open source 3D modelling program, which currently has pie menus as an optional feature
50:. A pie menu is made of several "pie slices" around an inactive center and works best with
1812:
1754:
1709:
1646:
1626:
1374:
794:
764:
401:
396:
378:
341:
1315:
1904:
1884:
1858:
1807:
1651:
1504:
1308:- Open source "piewm" X11 window manager with pie menus, by Don Hopkins, maintained by
501:
475:
Counter-Strike:GO, a first person shooter computer game. The buy menu is a radial menu.
252:
226:
210:
107:
1302:- Open source C++ ActiveX pie menus for the Internet Explorer browser, by Don Hopkins.
1929:
1889:
1744:
1666:
1290:- Open source JavaScript pie menus for the Internet Explorer browser, by Don Hopkins.
1223:
455:
mouse driver for the Power Pad mouse M-1000 optionally offers a circular context menu
368:
350:
214:
197:
178:
1248:
Pie Menus for OLPC Sugar User
Interface, in Python with GTK, Cairo and Pango modules
803:"Designing to Facilitate Browsing: A Look Back at the Hyperties Workstation Browser"
19:
1853:
1661:
1621:
1580:
1575:
1550:
1540:
1499:
946:
58:. Pie slices are drawn with a hole in the middle for an easy way to exit the menu.
43:
1162:
1433:
Annotated
Bibliography of References to Gestures, Touchscreens, and Pen Computing
1287:
1274:- Open source Python pie menus for GTK/Cairo/Pango/OLPC/Sugar user interface, by
1874:
1843:
1792:
1729:
1555:
1343:
1309:
1275:
832:
798:
566:
485:
428:
190:
124:
95:
1296:, Open source JavaScript radial / pie menus for ALL browsers, by Nirvana Tikku.
1838:
1683:
1590:
1299:
1199:
Proceedings of 1969 CAD Conference
Southampton, IEEE Conference Publication 51
769:
446:
417:
407:
219:
62:
1444:
1219:
896:
603:
1899:
1894:
1802:
1776:
1714:
1585:
1560:
1545:
1330:- Free software Pie Menus for NeWS 1.1 written in March 1988 by Don Hopkins.
840:
810:
735:
539:
465:
RadialMenu, lightweight free software for
Windows programmed with AutoHotkey
442:
1056:"The Sims, Pie Menus, Edith Editing, and SimAntics Visual Programming Demo"
694:
653:
580:
1422:
181:: they display multiple options to a user and direct them to select one.
1734:
1671:
1605:
1570:
1535:
716:
1759:
1693:
1641:
438:
384:
362:
149: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1410:
1406:
200:, even when the mind has forgotten the corresponding symbolic labels.
1432:
1232:
413:
40:
1441:, lightweight free software for Windows programmed with AutoHotkey.
1342:- Free software Pie Menus for Suntools, written in January 1987 by
676:"Notes on the History of Radial menus, Pie menus and Marking menus"
1237:
1228:
335:
321:
18:
731:
Dungeons and
Desktops: The History of Computer Role-Playing Games
1367:
1448:
1438:
866:
404:, an advanced polygon and subdivision surface modeling package
388:
262:
118:
1409:
for libGDX, an open-source library for Java game developers.
1397:, Dr. Dobb's Journal, November 1992, pp 30–39, by Carl Rollo.
1284:- Open source OpenLaszlo pie menus for Flash, by Don Hopkins.
511:(where the menu was used to accelerate the pacing of combat)
1138:"Ring of Fire: How Secret of Mana Perfected the Action RPG"
371:, a commercial 3D modelling program that used marking menus
331:
225:
Pie menus show available options, in contrast to invisible
1318:- Free software Pie Menus for TCK/Tk, written in 1992 for
629:
627:
1010:"S Pen on the Note 4 is better than ever: Feature Focus"
809:: Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory. Archived from
286:
1041:"4 new noteworthy features of the Galaxy Note 5's S n"
691:"Theta Menus Proposal and Pie Menu Designs - May 1986"
16:
Software menu where elements are arranged in a circle
1425:, Animated JavaScript navigation component based on
1867:
1821:
1785:
1702:
1614:
1528:
1482:
1087:"'Grand Theft Auto V' Plays Like A Whole New Game"
604:"User Learning and Performance with Marking Menus"
1181:"The Curse of Monkey Island - Gamer Walkthroughs"
951:"A Tale Of Two Atoms: AtomPub And Atom Interface"
79:As a kind of context menu, pie menus are often
837:"Pie Menus on Python/GTK/Cairo for OLPC Sugar"
46:where selection depends on direction. It is a
1460:
8:
992:"Make sure you're using the S Pen correctly"
571:"The Design and Implementation of Pie Menus"
204:Comparison with other interaction techniques
616:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
338:can trigger a Pie Menu for every active app
326:A pie menu in the Sugar desktop environment
1467:
1453:
1445:
797:; Plaisant, Catherine; Botafogo, Rodrigo;
1880:List of graphical user interface elements
381:extensions RadialContext and easyGestures
305:Learn how and when to remove this message
165:Learn how and when to remove this message
561:
559:
557:
555:
497:, for weapon and radio station selection
602:Gordon Kurtenbach1 and William Buxton.
551:
1253:Slashdot article: Pie-menus in Mozilla
1140:. videogamesarerad.com. Archived from
920:Understanding 3-D animation using Maya
717:http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/57167.57182
609:
247:Pie menus are unavailable as standard
1222:is a marking menu implementation for
276:This section may contain information
7:
1368:3D Circle Menu Variation - Cube Menu
198:remember muscle motion and direction
147:adding citations to reliable sources
1429:(SVG/VML) by softwaretailoring.net.
353:, a commercial 3D modelling program
1380:Asymetrix pie menu component, by
1257:Asymetrix pie menu component, by
1231:- A simple implementation in pure
1039:Staff, GreenBot (14 August 2015).
14:
1016:. October 2, 2014. Archived from
891:. Newport, RI. pp. 121–128.
1356:Pie Menu Articles by Don Hopkins
1294:JavaScript/jQuery Radmenu Plugin
1213:JavaScript/jQuery Radmenu Plugin
267:
189:, "wave ahead" in the case of a
123:
1401:Pie Menus Demonstration in Java
776:from the original on 2014-07-15
760:"Retrospective: Secret Of Mana"
177:Pie menus are a self-revealing
134:needs additional citations for
1377:, by conquex with source code.
674:Gord Kurtenbach (April 2004).
1:
431:, GUI implementation for the
425:via the Constellation plug-in
1627:Head-up display in computing
1427:Raphaël (JavaScript library)
1113:"Secret of Mana - Retroview"
105:The role-playing video game
1054:Hopkins, Don (2018-07-07).
519:, also called a "Verb Coin"
94:In 1986, Mike Gallaher and
1957:
1936:Graphical control elements
1476:Graphical control elements
516:The Curse of Monkey Island
462:, starting with the Note 3
460:Samsung Galaxy Note series
1941:User interface techniques
1115:. RPGamer. Archived from
1085:Seitz, Dan (2013-09-17).
410:, a 3D modeling software.
282:to the article's subject.
249:graphical control element
213:). Experienced users use
48:graphical control element
897:10.1109/TABLETOP.2007.24
530:Crossing-based interface
389:Unix Desktop Environment
1915:Zoomable user interface
259:Notable implementations
54:input, and well with a
1720:Client-side decoration
1364:, by Greg Bronevetsky.
863:"www.markingmenus.org"
807:University of Maryland
327:
238:interaction techniques
24:
1798:Breadcrumb navigation
1419:, by Christoph Menge.
1395:Pie Menus for Windows
1185:gamerwalkthroughs.com
933:"Maximum PC Oct 1998"
738:. 2008. p. 220.
325:
280:important or relevant
251:in common commercial
29:user interface design
22:
1238:Pie Menus in c2 wiki
801:; Weiland, William.
433:One Laptop per Child
287:improve this section
143:improve this article
1020:on January 19, 2022
650:"Dynamic Pie Menus"
478:The 2000 videogame
1657:Progress indicator
1632:HUD in video games
1373:2009-07-04 at the
1169:. 3 February 2019.
1163:"Review: Unavowed"
953:. newtechpost.com.
922:by John Edgar Park
576:Dr. Dobb's Journal
508:Secret of Evermore
505:and its successor
494:Grand Theft Auto V
328:
179:gestural interface
25:
1923:
1922:
1770:Window decoration
1725:Disclosure widget
1529:Data input-output
1490:Adjustment handle
1014:Android Authority
978:Mozilla Firefox 4
906:978-0-7695-2013-1
569:(December 1991).
315:
314:
307:
175:
174:
167:
81:context-sensitive
69:in the new menu.
1948:
1868:Related concepts
1849:Inspector window
1834:Alert dialog box
1827:
1730:Frame / Fieldset
1510:Hamburger button
1469:
1462:
1455:
1446:
1403:, by Carl Rollo.
1243:Pie Menus for Qt
1202:
1189:
1188:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1111:Campbell, Greg.
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1062:. Archived from
1051:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1006:
1000:
999:
987:
981:
975:
969:
968:
965:"AUUGN Mar 2003"
961:
955:
954:
943:
937:
936:
929:
923:
917:
911:
910:
884:
878:
877:
875:
874:
865:. Archived from
859:
853:
852:
850:
848:
839:. Archived from
829:
823:
822:
820:
818:
795:Shneiderman, Ben
791:
785:
784:
782:
781:
756:
750:
749:
726:
720:
712:
706:
705:
703:
702:
693:. Archived from
686:
680:
679:
671:
665:
664:
662:
661:
652:. Archived from
645:
639:
638:
631:
622:
621:
615:
607:
599:
593:
592:
590:
588:
579:. Archived from
563:
535:Menu (computing)
310:
303:
299:
296:
290:
271:
270:
263:
170:
163:
159:
156:
150:
127:
119:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1863:
1822:
1817:
1813:Virtual desktop
1781:
1698:
1610:
1524:
1478:
1473:
1384:. Source code:
1375:Wayback Machine
1324:by Don Hopkins.
1261:. Source code:
1209:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1008:
1007:
1003:
990:Graziano, Dan.
989:
988:
984:
976:
972:
963:
962:
958:
945:
944:
940:
935:. October 1998.
931:
930:
926:
918:
914:
907:
886:
885:
881:
872:
870:
861:
860:
856:
846:
844:
831:
830:
826:
816:
814:
793:
792:
788:
779:
777:
758:
757:
753:
746:
728:
727:
723:
713:
709:
700:
698:
688:
687:
683:
673:
672:
668:
659:
657:
647:
646:
642:
633:
632:
625:
608:
601:
600:
596:
586:
584:
565:
564:
553:
548:
526:
472:
397:X Window System
393:window managers
379:Mozilla Firefox
342:Android Browser
320:
311:
300:
294:
291:
284:
272:
268:
261:
236:However, using
206:
171:
160:
154:
151:
140:
128:
117:
89:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1905:Widget toolkit
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1885:Layout manager
1882:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1859:Palette window
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1808:Navigation bar
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1652:Loading screen
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1505:Drop-down list
1502:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1420:
1414:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1382:Paolo Tosolini
1378:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1313:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1269:
1259:Paolo Tosolini
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1226:
1216:
1208:
1207:External links
1205:
1204:
1203:
1201:. p. 463.
1191:
1190:
1172:
1154:
1129:
1103:
1077:
1046:
1031:
1001:
982:
970:
956:
938:
924:
912:
905:
879:
854:
824:
786:
772:. 2014-06-01.
751:
744:
721:
707:
681:
666:
640:
623:
594:
550:
549:
547:
544:
543:
542:
537:
532:
525:
522:
521:
520:
512:
502:Secret of Mana
498:
491:The videogame
489:
476:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
456:
449:
436:
426:
420:
411:
405:
399:
382:
372:
366:
360:
354:
348:
339:
319:
316:
313:
312:
275:
273:
266:
260:
257:
227:mouse gestures
205:
202:
173:
172:
131:
129:
122:
116:
113:
108:Secret of Mana
88:
85:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1953:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:Look and feel
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1667:Splash screen
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:Informational
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1566:Toggle switch
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:Command input
1481:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:Demonstration
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:, Open source
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1144:on 2020-07-28
1143:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1119:on 2014-01-18
1118:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1066:on 2018-12-19
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
986:
983:
979:
974:
971:
967:. March 2003.
966:
960:
957:
952:
948:
942:
939:
934:
928:
925:
921:
916:
913:
908:
902:
898:
894:
890:
883:
880:
869:on 2010-03-28
868:
864:
858:
855:
843:on 2007-04-27
842:
838:
834:
828:
825:
813:on 2009-12-25
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
790:
787:
775:
771:
767:
766:
761:
755:
752:
747:
745:9781439865248
741:
737:
733:
732:
725:
722:
718:
711:
708:
697:on 2011-06-11
696:
692:
689:Don Hopkins.
685:
682:
677:
670:
667:
656:on 2009-11-20
655:
651:
648:Don Hopkins.
644:
641:
636:
630:
628:
624:
619:
613:
605:
598:
595:
583:on 2009-12-25
582:
578:
577:
572:
568:
562:
560:
558:
556:
552:
545:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
527:
523:
518:
517:
513:
510:
509:
504:
503:
499:
496:
495:
490:
487:
483:
482:
477:
474:
473:
469:
464:
461:
457:
454:
450:
448:
444:
440:
437:
434:
430:
427:
424:
421:
419:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
383:
380:
376:
373:
370:
369:PowerAnimator
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
351:Autodesk Maya
349:
347:
343:
340:
337:
333:
330:
329:
324:
317:
309:
306:
298:
288:
283:
281:
274:
265:
264:
258:
256:
254:
250:
245:
243:
240:that are not
239:
234:
230:
228:
223:
221:
216:
215:muscle memory
212:
203:
201:
199:
194:
192:
188:
182:
180:
169:
166:
158:
148:
144:
138:
137:
132:This section
130:
126:
121:
120:
114:
112:
110:
109:
103:
100:
97:
92:
86:
84:
82:
77:
75:
70:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
1854:Modal window
1786:Navigational
1662:Progress bar
1622:Balloon help
1581:Radio button
1576:List builder
1551:Cycle button
1541:Color picker
1519:
1500:Context menu
1417:WPF Pie Menu
1362:Circle Menus
1319:
1198:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:the original
1132:
1121:. Retrieved
1117:the original
1106:
1094:. Retrieved
1090:
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1064:the original
1059:
1049:
1034:
1022:. Retrieved
1018:the original
1013:
1004:
995:
985:
973:
959:
947:John Breslin
941:
927:
915:
888:
882:
871:. Retrieved
867:the original
857:
847:December 15,
845:. Retrieved
841:the original
833:Hopkins, Don
827:
817:December 15,
815:. Retrieved
811:the original
799:Hopkins, Don
789:
778:. Retrieved
763:
754:
730:
724:
710:
699:. Retrieved
695:the original
684:
669:
658:. Retrieved
654:the original
643:
597:
587:December 15,
585:. Retrieved
581:the original
574:
567:Hopkins, Don
514:
506:
500:
492:
479:
301:
292:
285:Please help
277:
246:
235:
231:
224:
207:
195:
183:
176:
161:
152:
141:Please help
136:verification
133:
106:
104:
101:
93:
90:
78:
74:marking menu
73:
71:
60:
44:context menu
36:
32:
26:
1875:File viewer
1844:File dialog
1793:Address bar
1556:Date picker
1423:wheelnav.js
1389:Piemenu.com
1386:Piemenu.com
1344:Mark Weiser
1310:Russ Nelson
1276:Don Hopkins
1266:Piemenu.com
1263:Piemenu.com
1220:Flower Menu
1167:davidyat.es
1070:18 December
1024:January 19,
980:(in German)
486:Don Hopkins
423:Quicksilver
211:Fitts's law
96:Don Hopkins
37:radial menu
1930:Categories
1839:Dialog box
1703:Containers
1684:Status bar
1591:Search box
1439:RadialMenu
1413:available.
1288:JavaScript
1282:OpenLaszlo
1148:2012-02-29
1123:2008-12-24
1096:5 February
1060:medium.com
873:2010-04-07
780:2014-08-20
770:Future plc
701:2010-04-07
660:2009-12-29
546:References
447:Windows RT
418:Aza Raskin
408:SolidWorks
295:March 2011
220:popup menu
155:March 2015
63:number pad
23:A pie menu
1900:Scrolling
1895:Mouseover
1803:Hyperlink
1777:Workspace
1715:Tree view
1710:Accordion
1586:Scrollbar
1561:Grid view
1546:Combo box
736:CRC Press
540:Pie chart
443:Windows 8
191:dataglove
1823:Special
1735:Menu bar
1672:Throbber
1606:Text box
1571:List box
1536:Checkbox
1520:Pie menu
1407:Pie Menu
1371:Archived
1340:Suntools
774:Archived
612:cite web
524:See also
481:The Sims
441:App for
395:for the
332:Pie Menu
318:Software
253:toolkits
41:circular
33:pie menu
1825:windows
1760:Toolbar
1745:Popover
1694:Tooltip
1679:Sidebar
1642:Infobar
1601:Spinner
1321:SimCity
1300:ActiveX
439:OneNote
435:project
385:Metisse
375:Mozilla
363:BumpTop
357:Blender
346:Android
242:pointer
87:History
67:pointer
1765:Window
1750:Ribbon
1596:Slider
1495:Button
1316:TCL/Tk
1272:Python
1233:Tcl/Tk
1229:Tcl/Tk
1091:Uproxx
903:
742:
453:Cherry
414:Songza
336:Mac OS
52:stylus
1740:Panel
1689:Toast
1647:Label
470:Games
429:Sugar
187:mouse
115:Usage
56:mouse
39:is a
1910:WIMP
1637:Icon
1515:Menu
1328:NeWS
1218:The
1098:2015
1072:2018
1026:2022
996:CNET
901:ISBN
849:2009
819:2009
765:Edge
740:ISBN
618:link
589:2009
458:The
451:The
445:and
402:modo
387:and
377:and
334:for
278:not
31:, a
1755:Tab
1350:X10
1334:X10
1306:X11
893:doi
344:in
193:).
145:by
35:or
27:In
1932::
1224:Qt
1183:.
1165:.
1089:.
1058:.
1012:.
994:.
949:.
899:.
835:.
805:.
768:.
762:.
734:.
626:^
614:}}
610:{{
573:.
554:^
391:,
72:A
1468:e
1461:t
1454:v
1435:.
1391:.
1358:.
1346:.
1312:.
1278:.
1268:.
1187:.
1151:.
1126:.
1100:.
1074:.
1043:.
1028:.
998:.
909:.
895::
876:.
851:.
821:.
783:.
748:.
719:.
704:.
678:.
663:.
637:.
620:)
606:.
591:.
488:.
308:)
302:(
297:)
293:(
289:.
168:)
162:(
157:)
153:(
139:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
