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excavations in the 1990s, it became evident that there were other signs of burning and destruction throughout the site, but most notably at the royal palace. The internal feuding between
Piedras Negras and Yaxchilán, beginning in the fifth century AD, played a large role in the instability of the polity. The conflict between the two was not limited to fighting and warfare; the two polities both are known for their artistic output which offered an additional way in which to validate and enforce the polity's respective power. Though monument construction and dedication did not continue into the ninth century, occupation of the site itself did. The site was abandoned by AD 930. It is not possible to fully ascertain whether limited occupation continued as no archaeological evidence has yet been unearthed for occupation continuing after AD 930.
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409:: 781–808, induction long count: 9.17.10.9.4. Son of Ruler 4, brother of Yo’nal Ahk III and Ha’ K’in Xook, ruler 7 continued to use the East Group, specifically O-13, as the area for his stelae to be placed. In 785, he commissioned Throne 1, placing it in str. J-6, one of the finest pieces of sculpture from Piedras Negras. Ruler 7 engaged in numerous military conquests, including the defeat of Santa Elena in 787 and wars with Pomoná. Stela 12 depicts Ruler 7 with La Mar Ajaw, Parrot Chaak, sitting in judgement over captives from Pomoná, indicating a close military allegiance between the two. Ruler 7's campaigns ended in 808 when he was captured by K’inich Tatb’u Skull III, ruler of Yaxchilan, depicted in Lintel 10.
344:: 687–729, ascension long count: 9.12.14.13.1. All eight of his stelae, placed in West Group, indicating that K’inich Yo’nal Ahk II abandoned the South Group which had been used by his ancestor's. The son of Ruler 2, K’inich Yo’nal Ahk II is most known for his marriage alliance and military defense. He married Lady K’atun Ajaw from Namaan in AD 686. While the site of Namaan is currently unidentified, this marriage shows that Piedras Negras and Namaan were important to one other, and both would have benefited from the marriage. While Ahk II suffered a few military losses, notably the loss of La Mar and in 725 the capture of one of his
370:: 729–757, induction long count: 9.14.18.3.13. Ascension Stela: Stela 11. Son of K’inich Yo’nal Ahk II. Most of his stelae were in West Group. Using Panel 3, issued by Ruler 7, was placed in front of O-13, in the East Group. Excavated in 1997 by Héctor Escobedo and Tomás Barrientos, a royal interment, Burial 13, was found. The interment was similar to that of Burial 5, with the exception that it had been reentered later, indicated by absent or burned bones. Tomb reentry was culturally significant to the Maya, and indicates that Ruler 4 was well respected both in life and in death.
309:: 603–639, induction long count: 9.8.10.6.16. K’inich Yo’nal Ahk I ran a series of military conquests throughout the Usumacinta area, and defeated Palenque in AD 628, taking captive Ch’ok Balum, one of Palenque's lords. Stela 25 commemorates his accession. After K’inich Yo’nal Ahk I's accession, he razed the Early Classic monuments and some of the buildings, in an effort to discredit the symbols of earlier kings, and, additionally, began construction and renovating older architecture in the South Group to establish his dynasty and lineage.
321:: 639–686, induction Long Count: 9.10.6.5.9. The son of K’inich Yo’nal Ahk I, Ruler 2 continued his father's military conquests, and in 662, was victorious over Santa Elena, which is commemorated in Stela 35. Panel 15 celebrates the capture of an unknown polity and an unknown captive, which was issued by Ruler 2's son after his death. This act of commissioning an artist to memorial one's predecessor is not rare and can be seen again in Ruler 2's commission of Panel 2 which celebrates the
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96:. Piedras Negras was one of the most powerful of the Usumacinta ancient Maya urban centers. Occupation at Piedras Negras is known from the Late Preclassic period onward, based on dates retrieved from epigraphic information found on multiple stelae and altars at the site. Piedras Negras is an archaeological site known for its large sculptural output when compared to other ancient
225:. One of the captives might be the ninth king of Yaxchilan, Joy B'alam (also known as Knot-Eye Jaguar I), who continued to reign after the panel was made. As subservient rulers were often depicted as bound captives even while continuing to rule their own kingdoms, the panel suggests that Piedras Negras may have established its authority over the middle
218:, some 40 km up the Usumacinta River. Ceramics show the site was occupied from the mid-7th century BC to 850 AD. Its most impressive period of sculpture and architecture dated from about 608 through 810, although there is some evidence that Piedras Negras was already a city of some importance since 400 AD.
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Ruler 7 is the last known of king of
Piedras Negras. With his capture, the dynasty which had governed over Piedras Negras since AD 603 effectively ended. However, even before his capture, the polity seemed to be in decline. When Throne 1 was unearthed in 1930, it had been shattered. After additional
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revolutionized current understanding of Maya hieroglyphs. Proskouriakoff realized that stelae which depicted a person within a niche and the glyphic texts on them were in fact the long count recounting important events in the life of a ruler, such as their date of birth and accession to the throne.
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The artistry of the sculpture of the Late
Classic period of Piedras Negras is considered particularly fine. The site has two ball courts and several plazas; there are vaulted palaces and temple pyramids, including one that is connected to one of the many caves in the site. Along the banks of the
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anniversary of the death of K’inich Yo’nal Ahk I. It also recalls Turtle Tooth's receiving of 6 captives after battle and mentions his unknown overlord at another site. Later in his reign two stelae were placed in the West Group, whereas early stelae were raised in South Group.
191:, around the second half of the 8th century, during which the maximum population of the principal settlement is estimated to have been around 2,600. At the same time, Piedras Negras was also the largest polity in this region with a total population estimated to be around 50,000.
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sites. The wealth of sculpture, in conjunction with the precise chronological information associated with the lives of elites of
Piedras Negras, has allowed archaeologists to reconstruct the political history of the Piedras Negras polity and its geopolitical footprint.
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Piedras Negras is located along the eastern banks of the
Usumacinta River. The settlement is oriented around plazas, without a grid system. The polity is built into a series of hills, offering a natural defensive structure, and is currently heavily forested.
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nearby. It may also be a reference to its location as a prominent intermediary along the trade routes leading to the
Tabasco floodplain. Some authors think that the name is Paw Stone, but is more likely to be the name of the founder as
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Ruler 7 (reigned 781-808?) of
Piedras Negras was captured by K'inich Tatbu Skull IV of Yaxchilan. This event was recorded on the lintel 10 of Yaxchilan. Piedras Negras might have been abandoned within several years after this event.
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A unique feature of the monuments at
Piedras Negras is the frequent occurrence of the so-called "artists' signatures". Individual artists have been identified by the use of recurring glyphs on stelae and other reliefs.
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Before the site was abandoned, some monuments were deliberately damaged, including images and glyphs of rulers defaced, while other were left intact, suggesting a revolt or conquest by people literate in Maya writing.
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Relatively little is known of the Late
Preclassic/Early Classic rulers, but excavations of the West Group Plaza found masonry dating to the Early Classic, and altar 1 is dedicated to Ruler A, dating to AD 297.
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Proskouriakoff's contribution to Mayan epigraphy changed the idea of the ancient Maya from a people of peace and cosmology to a people actively participating and recording political and social histories.
385:: 758–767, induction long count: 9.16.6.17.1. Son of Ruler 4, ascension stela: Stela 14. Stelae were placed in the East Group, indicating a move from the South and West Groups previously used by rulers.
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280:): 510-514. Panel 2 mentions him, and states that Turtle Tooth had an overlord at an unknown cite. Ancient Maya name unknown, but some scholars believe his name to be Yah Ahk 1
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743:"The Application of Pedology, Stable Carbon Isotope Analyses and Geographic Information Systems to Ancient Soil Resource Investigations at Piedras Negras, Guatemala"
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397:: 767–780, induction long count: 9.16.16.0.4. Accession stela: Stela 23. Brother of Yo’nal Ahk III, son of Ruler 4, abdicated in 780, according to Throne 1.
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was the first to decipher the names and dates of a Maya dynasty from her work with the monuments at this site, a breakthrough in the decipherment of the
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Piedras Negras had been populated since the 7th century BC. Its population seems to have peaked twice. The first population peak happened in the
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Corpus of Maya
Hieroglyphic Inscriptions Program (CMHI) of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University
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286:: 514–53, induction Long Count Date: 9.4.0.0.0. Lintel 12 depicts Ruler C receiving 4 captives, including Knot-eye Jaguar of
352:, as commemorated in Stela 8. K’inich Yo’nal Ahk II's tomb has been identified as Burial 5, under Patio 1 in front of J-3.
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Piedras Negras is located in the Southern Lowlands of Guatemala, very close to the border with Mexico.
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river is a large boulder with the emblem glyph of Yo’ki’b carved on it, facing skyward.
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ending during Ruler C's reign. Both would have been causes of celebration in antiquity.
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Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya
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290:. Stela 30, long count 9.5.0.0.0 (AD 534), is possibly a celebration of a
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by Palenque, the ruler was victorious over Yaxchilan in 727, capturing a
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Panel 12 of Piedras Negras shows three neighboring rulers as captives of
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for the conservation of Piedras Negras. It is today part of Guatemala's
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ending. Stela 29, long count 9.5.5.0.0 (AD 539), is in celebration of a
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The site was first explored, mapped, and its monuments photographed by
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525:. Prouskourikoff was buried here in Group F after her death in 1985.
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Using the abundant number of stelae recovered from Piedras Negras,
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An archeological project at Piedras Negras was conducted by the
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A Brief History of Piedras Negras—As Told by the Ancient Maya.
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Sinkholes and caves such as this are frequently associated in
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Förstemann, Ernst (1902). "Eine historische Maya-Inschrift".
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Engaging Ancient Maya Sculpture at Piedras Negras, Guatemala.
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Piedras Negras was an independent city-state for most of the
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Engaging Ancient Maya Sculpture at Piedras Negras, Guatemala
635:. California: Stanford University Press. pp. 421–431.
946:. Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 108–134.
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Ritual, Violence, and the Fall of the Classic Maya Kings
663:"SETTLEMENT AND POPULATION AT PIEDRAS NEGRAS, GUATEMALA"
27:
Mayan archaeological site in Petén Department, Guatemala
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8th-century disestablishments in the Maya civilization
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7th-century BC establishments in the Maya civilization
795:"DIGITAL CAHULEU: Andrews Collection, Patten Rubbing"
1978:
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for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico
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2061:Populated places established in the 7th century BC
510:Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala
469:Maler's late 19th century map of Piedras Negras
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690:Martin, Simon & Grube, Nikolai (2000).
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769:"The Captives on Piedras Negras, Panel 12"
484:from 1931 to 1939 under the direction of
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964:Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens
961:Martin, Simon; Grube, Nikolai (2000).
696:. London: Thames and Hudson. pp.
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631:Sharer, Robert; Traxler, Loa (2006).
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249:Late Preclassic/Early Classic Rulers
335:Stelae: 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39
506:Universidad del Valle de Guatemala
198:The Emblem Glyph of Piedras Negras
25:
456:Maya rulers § Piedras Negras
84:located on the north bank of the
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477:at the end of the 19th century.
73:is the modern name for a ruined
364:Stelae: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
2051:Maya sites in Petén Department
204:Early and Late Classic periods
163:on Throne 1 and altar 4 show.
1:
1041:Description and Photo Gallery
229:in about 9.4.0.0.0 (514 AD).
929:University of Oklahoma Press
883:University of Oklahoma Press
741:Johnson, Kristopher (2004).
260:: AD 297- ?, induction
136:language of the Classic Maya
987:"Piedras Negras, Guatemala"
508:, with permission from the
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773:Decipherment.wordpress.com
749:. Brigham Young University
482:University of Pennsylvania
461:Modern history of the site
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379:Stelae: 9, 10, 11, 22, 40
296:hotun (a five-year period)
66:Throne 1 of Piedras Negras
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428:Decline of Piedras Negras
167:History of Piedras Negras
18:Piedras Negras, Guatemala
498:Brigham Young University
130:means "black stones" in
2056:Kings of Piedras Negras
747:Scholarsarchive.byu.edu
661:Zachary Nathan Nelson.
877:O'Neil, Megan (2014).
850:"Mesoweb Encyclopedia"
519:Tatiana Proskouriakoff
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443:Tatiana Proskouriakoff
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185:Late Preclassic period
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1098:Actun Tunichil Muknal
534:United States dollars
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346:sajal (a lesser lord)
342:K’inich Yo’nal Ahk II
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48:17.16667°N 91.26250°W
1280:Altar de Sacrificios
995:Global Heritage Fund
530:World Monuments Fund
490:Linton Satterthwaite
307:K’inich Yo’nal Ahk I
175:Photo of Altar 4 by
969:Thames & Hudson
824:peabody.harvard.edu
820:"Untitled Document"
538:Sierra del Lacandón
403:Stelae: 13, 18, 23
315:Stelae: 25, 26, 31
302:Late Classic Rulers
270:: AD ca 460-ca 478
227:Usumacinta drainage
189:Late Classic period
179:, published in 1901
53:17.16667; -91.26250
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532:earmarked 100,000
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151:[ˈjoʔkʼib]
134:. Its name in the
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1113:Barton Creek Cave
368:Itzam K'an Ahk II
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138:has been read in
82:Maya civilization
16:(Redirected from
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1285:Arroyo de Piedra
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475:Teoberto Maler
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19:
1965:
1886:San Gervasio
1726:Chichen Itza
1671:Aguada Fénix
1625:Zapote Bobal
1555:Takalik Abaj
1545:San Clemente
1509:
1198:Nim Li Punit
1018:
1014:
1003:. Retrieved
999:the original
990:
963:
955:Bibliography
943:
937:
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926:
921:
913:
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857:. Retrieved
853:
844:
832:. Retrieved
828:the original
823:
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802:. Retrieved
798:
789:
777:. Retrieved
772:
763:
751:. Retrieved
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673:. Retrieved
669:
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528:In 2002 the
527:
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127:
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116:
108:
70:
69:
29:
1993:Casa Blanca
1980:El Salvador
1731:Chunchucmil
1686:Balankanche
1595:Wajxaklajun
1560:Tamarindito
1540:San Bartolo
1470:Mixco Viejo
1425:Kaminaljuyu
1360:El Porvenir
1305:Cerro Quiac
1248:Xunantunich
1223:San Estevan
1178:Lower Dover
854:Mesoweb.com
523:Maya Script
268:K'an Ahk II
161:hieroglyphs
51: /
2046:Maya sites
2040:Categories
2024:See also:
2008:San Andrés
1988:Cara Sucia
1901:Tortuguero
1776:Hormiguero
1751:Comalcalco
1721:Chinkultic
1706:Chacchoben
1580:Tres Islas
1465:Machaquila
1455:La Joyanca
1365:El Temblor
1350:El Mirador
1325:Chutixtiox
1315:Chitinamit
1228:Santa Rita
1173:Louisville
1133:Chaa Creek
1118:Cahal Pech
1108:Baking Pot
1082:Maya sites
1005:2008-04-05
859:15 October
834:13 January
804:15 October
779:15 October
753:9 February
675:15 October
547:References
424:Throne: 1
361:Panel: 15
338:Throne: 2
258:K'an Ahk I
39:91°15′45″W
1946:Yaxchilan
1876:Punta Sur
1811:Kohunlich
1771:Ekʼ Balam
1756:Dzibanche
1741:Chunlimón
1736:Chunhuhub
1648:El Puente
1525:Qʼumarkaj
1460:La Muerta
1450:La Corona
1445:La Blanca
1440:La Amelia
1370:El Tintal
1335:Dos Pilas
1267:Guatemala
1183:Lubaantun
1153:KaʼKabish
1027:0935-0535
670:famsi.org
512:(IDAEH).
421:Panel: 3
376:Altar: 2
288:Yaxchilan
274:Yat Ahk I
208:Yaxchilan
126:The name
122:Etymology
113:Geography
94:Guatemala
36:17°10′0″N
1998:Cihuatán
1961:Yoʼokop
1861:Palenque
1856:Oxkintok
1716:Chicanná
1701:Calakmul
1696:Bonampak
1635:Honduras
1615:Zacpeten
1585:Uaxactun
1530:Río Azul
1520:Quiriguá
1485:Naachtun
1435:Kʼatepan
1415:Ixtonton
1290:Balberta
1275:Aguateca
1213:Pacbitun
1163:La Milpa
1148:El Pilar
1103:Altun Ha
516:Mayanist
415:Altar 4
358:Altar 1
156:sinkhole
145:Yo'k'ib'
105:Location
2013:Tazumal
1941:Xtampak
1881:Río Bec
1851:Ocomtún
1831:Mayapan
1816:Komchen
1711:Chactún
1681:Balamku
1666:Acanceh
1620:Zaculeu
1575:Topoxte
1565:Tayasal
1505:Pajaral
1500:Naranjo
1475:Montana
1400:Iximche
1380:Guaytán
1375:El Zotz
1355:El Perú
1345:El Chal
1340:El Baúl
1320:Chocolá
1300:Cancuén
1295:Bejucal
1238:Uxbenka
1218:Pusilha
1193:Minanha
1168:Lamanai
1123:Caracol
729:Xibalba
504:of the
284:Ruler C
223:Ruler C
212:Chiapas
132:Spanish
88:in the
77:of the
1951:Yaxuná
1936:Xpuhil
1931:Xlapak
1921:Xcaret
1896:Toniná
1871:Pomona
1826:La Mar
1796:Joljaʼ
1781:Izamal
1658:Mexico
1605:Xultun
1600:Witzna
1590:Ucanal
1550:Seibal
1420:Ixtutz
1390:Holtun
1385:Holmul
1243:Xnaheb
1203:Nohmul
1158:Kʼaxob
1143:Cuello
1128:Cerros
1090:Belize
1025:
1015:Globus
975:
931:, 2014
889:
704:
437:Glyphs
323:k’atun
292:k'atun
216:Mexico
1926:Xelha
1911:Uxmal
1906:Tulum
1891:Sayil
1846:Muyil
1821:Labna
1806:Kiuic
1801:Kabah
1791:Jaina
1786:Izapa
1766:Edzna
1691:Becan
1643:Copán
1610:Yaxha
1570:Tikal
1535:Sacul
1495:Nakum
1490:Nakbe
1430:Kinal
1405:Ixkun
1395:Itzan
1310:Chama
1138:Colha
721:Ibid.
666:(PDF)
350:sajal
1956:Yula
1916:Uxul
1836:Maní
1746:Coba
1410:Ixlu
1233:Tipu
1023:ISSN
973:ISBN
916:2011
887:ISBN
861:2017
836:2022
806:2017
781:2017
755:2016
702:ISBN
677:2017
500:and
488:and
276:(or
98:Maya
75:city
1676:Aké
698:139
496:of
142:as
2042::
1019:81
1017:.
993:.
989:.
971:.
967:.
901:^
881:.
869:^
852:.
822:.
797:.
771:.
745:.
700:.
668:.
641:^
555:^
543:.
214:,
1970:)
1964:(
1074:e
1067:t
1060:v
1029:.
1008:.
981:.
895:.
863:.
838:.
808:.
783:.
757:.
731:.
710:.
679:.
148:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
