338:
438:
Sweden then suffered serious harm from the
Karelians, causing great alarm. They sailed into Lake Mälar from the sea whether calm or stormy it might be, secretly within the Svealand isles in stealthily advancing files. Once their minds to the idea did turn that they the town of Sigtuna should burn,
328:
in Asknäs has also been sometimes connected to the attack. Historians generally agree that the raid took place, but question extent of damage and identity of the attackers. Archeological record from
Sigtuna provides no clear evidence of a major attack, no layer of burnt buildings or other evidence
374:, so blaming the raid on them may have been a way to justify attacks in the 14th century. Karelians were not normally described as pirates in written sources, and historian Hain Rebas has questioned whether the ships they commonly used on the
378:
were even suited for sailing to
Sigtuna. Additionally, there is no mention of the raid in Russian chronicles describing 1187, even though at other times they do sometimes write about Karelians who were dependent of Novgorod.
406:, also attributed the attack to Estonians. Several researches regard this version more reliable, especially as Estonians definitely had ships and ability to sail to Sigtuna. For example,
72:
427:
and once on
Estonians. Some researchers consider Curonian participation possible, as they actively engaged in piracy, and were known to cooperate with Estonians.
439:
and so thoroughly they put it to the flame that it since then has never been the same. There
Archbishop Jon was killed, a deed that many a heathen thrilled.
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mentions
Estonian raid to Sweden in 1203, and states that such attacks were a common occurrence.
276:
129:
124:
708:"Settlements and piracy on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea: the Middle Ages to modern times"
732:
687:
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The ruins of
Almarestäket bishop's castle abandoned in the 15th century, photographed in 2013.
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652:: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea
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and other sources which do not exist anymore, and he stated that
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burned down
Sigtuna. Other 16th-century historians, including
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The
Chronicle of Duke Erik: A Verse Epic from Medieval Sweden
606:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFCarlquistHoggĂ–sterberg2011 (
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625:
Carlquist, Erik; Hogg, Peter C.; Ă–sterberg, Eva (2011).
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in 1187. The pillage is most commonly attributed to
366:was written at the period of Swedish conflict with
362:, but its reliability is not considered very high.
352:The earliest source to identify the raiders is the
349:, which describe the attackers simply as heathens.
423:, blaming it in different parts of text once on
436:
345:The oldest sources mentioning the raid are the
66:
8:
73:
59:
51:
587:sfn error: no target: CITEREFŽulkus2011 (
568:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTarvel2018 (
461:sfn error: no target: CITEREFTarvel2018 (
546:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMägi2018 (
524:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMägi2018 (
505:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMägi2018 (
483:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMägi2018 (
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312:was burned down on 12 August 1187, and
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308:According to chronicles, the town of
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602:Carlquist, Hogg & Ă–sterberg 2011
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358:from 1320s, which describes them as
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675:"Sigtuna hävitamine 1187. aastal"
1:
370:, which at the time included
409:Livonian Chronicle of Henry
802:
781:Battles of the Middle Ages
631:. Nordic Academic Press.
430:
419:mentions the raid in his
92:
786:Battles involving Sweden
95:Swedish–Novgorodian Wars
706:Žulkus, Vladas (2011).
415:17th-century historian
333:Identity of the raiders
771:12th century in Sweden
441:
342:
646:Mägi, Marika (2018).
340:
729:10.15181/ab.v16i0.34
716:Archaeologia Baltica
673:Tarvel, Enn (2007).
390:, making use of the
20:was the raid of the
686:(in Estonian) (2).
544:, pp. 363–364.
522:, pp. 362–363.
314:Archbishop Johannes
421:Scondia illustrata
417:Johannes Messenius
343:
221:Russo–Swedish Wars
84:Russo-Swedish wars
18:Pillage of Sigtuna
776:Looting in Europe
766:Conflicts in 1187
566:, pp. 26–27.
388:Swedish Chronicle
324:. The killing of
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432:Eric's Chronicle
400:Laurentius Petri
392:Eric's Chronicle
364:Eric's Chronicle
355:Eric's Chronicle
329:has been found.
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404:Johannes Magnus
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503:, p. 362.
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481:, p. 363.
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382:In the 1540s,
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34:Eastern Baltic
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638:9789185509577
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740:. Retrieved
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695:. Retrieved
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619:Bibliography
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322:Almarestäket
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94:
17:
15:
583:Žulkus 2011
564:Tarvel 2018
457:Tarvel 2018
384:Olaus Petri
376:Lake Ladoga
287:(1788–1790)
282:(1741–1743)
277:(1700–1721)
272:(1656–1658)
262:(1610–1617)
257:(1590–1595)
252:(1558–1583)
247:(1554–1557)
237:(1495–1497)
232:(1479–1482)
227:(1475–1476)
755:Categories
444:References
386:wrote his
737:1392-5520
723:: 58–71.
692:1406-4030
650:Austrvegr
542:Mägi 2018
520:Mägi 2018
501:Mägi 2018
479:Mägi 2018
425:Curonians
396:Estonians
360:Karelians
292:(1808–09)
185:1350–1351
180:1348–1349
175:1338–1339
170:1321–1323
160:1311–1314
155:1300–1301
150:1293–1295
145:1283–1284
140:1256–1257
135:1249–1250
125:1236–1237
115:1227–1228
46:Karelians
42:Curonians
38:Estonians
32:from the
368:Novgorod
326:Jon Jarl
24:town of
742:19 July
697:19 July
372:Karelia
318:Uppsala
310:Sigtuna
304:Pillage
26:Sigtuna
22:Swedish
735:
690:
662:
635:
267:(1656)
242:(1499)
30:pagans
711:(PDF)
678:(PDF)
656:BRILL
44:, or
744:2022
733:ISSN
699:2022
688:ISSN
683:Tuna
660:ISBN
633:ISBN
608:help
589:help
570:help
548:help
526:help
507:help
485:help
463:help
402:and
215:1448
210:1444
205:1411
200:1399
195:1396
190:1395
165:1318
130:1240
120:1229
110:1187
105:1164
100:1142
16:The
725:doi
648:In
316:of
28:by
757::
731:.
721:16
719:.
713:.
680:.
658:.
654:.
556:^
534:^
493:^
471:^
48:.
40:,
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727::
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641:.
610:)
591:)
572:)
550:)
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509:)
487:)
465:)
74:e
67:t
60:v
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